VM235 THERMODYNAMICS

Energy Analysis
of Steady/Unsteady Flow Processes

(Chapter 5)
Preview

• Conservation of mass
• Energy transport by mass
• Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
• Nozzle and Diffusers
• Turbine and Compressors
• Throttling valves
• Mixing Chambers
• Heat Exchangers

• Unsteady-Flow Processes
 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
Energy
balance:

Mass balance:
Nozzles and Diffusers

Ø Kinetic Energy Change

Flow Ø Potential Energy Change
Acceleration
Ø Flow Work
enthalpy
Ø Internal Energy
Flow Ø Heat transfer
Deceleration
Ø Work
Turbine and Compressor

Produces ØHeat transfer

Work ØWORK
ØKinetic Energy
ØPotential Energy Change
ØFlow Work
Consumes ØInternal Energy
Energy
Turbine
Throttling Valve

Inlet Exit
Mixing Chamber

Exit

Inlet 2

Inlet 1
Heat Exchanger

ØA simple two-pipe system where Fluid A is warmer than Fluid B.

ØHeat is transferred from Fluid A to Fluid B

Fluid B (water)

Fluid A (R-134)
Heat Exchanger
Compressed
liquid
Hot R-134 in entering from at 70oC
and exits at 35oC. Superheated
∙ R = 6kg/min
PR = 1MPa, m
vapor

Cold water in entering from at 15oC

and exits at 25oC
PW = 300kPa

Compressed
QUESTION: liquid
∙
(a) The mass flow rate of water mw= ? Compressed liquid
(b) The heat transfer Q = ? from the refrigerant to water.
Heat Exchanger

Assumptions:
ü Steady Flow Process

ü Work, W = ? ∙
ü Heat Transfer ?

ü Kinetic Energy Change, Δke = ?

ü Potential Energy Change, Δpe = ?

Heat Exchanger

Compressed liquid

Mass Balance:
Superheated vapor

∙ =m
∙ =m
m1 2 W
∙ =m
∙ =m
m3 4 R

Energy Balance:
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ Compressed liquid
E1 + E3 = E2 + E4

Compressed liquid
Heat Exchanger

∙ 1 = ∙m2 =∙mW
m
∙ ∙ ∙
m3 = m4 = mR
Heat Exchanger
(b) The heat transfer Q = ? from the refrigerant to water.

Choose the volume occupied by

water as our control volume
 Water Pump D2 = 0.20m

Water is often extracted from

underground by pumps:
Height = 65 m
∙
Volume flow rate, V = 15L/s
∙
Work, W = ?
Assumptions:
ØSteady Flow Process

ØHeat Transfer, Q = 0

Mass Balance: Massin = Massout

∙ ∙
m1 = m 2
Energy Balance: Energyin = Energyout
∙
W = Δke + Δpe
 Water Pump

Mass Balance: Massin = Massout

m∙ = m∙
1 2
∙ ∙
m= ρ V = 1000 kg/m3 X 15 L/s
= 15kg/s

The velocity at the inlet and the exit of the pipes are
determined as:

Where A2 is the area of the pipe at the exit

Water Pump

∙
Energy Balance: W = Δ ke + Δpe

∙ [
m + ∙g∙z ]
System integration

§ Combinations of devices like compressor, pump, turbine, heat

exchanger, throttling devices, …
§ Engineer’s creativity, for overall objective
§ Constrains: structure, cost, weight, …
Example 4 devices integration

Hot air
Known: …
Q=0 Q=0 Determine:
Ws=?
• Ws, T4
T4=?
Assumptions:
• SS
Water • Qext à0
̇ =0
• 𝑊"# for the steam
generator
• ∆PE, ∆KE à 0
• ∆p3à4 à0 for the water
• Hot air as ideal gas
 Solution

CV Mass balance:
Gas: , Water steam:

Energy rate balance (SS):

water

States 1&2: Air Table A-17, at 478 K, h1 = 480.35 kJ/kg, and at 400 K, h2 =400.98 kJ/kg
State 3: liquid water, h3 = hf (T3) = 162.9 kJ /kg (Table A-4)
State 5: two-phase water,
Solutions cont.

∆p3à4 =0 à p3 =p4 =0.275MPa

Fix state 4 à T4
??

Enthalpy h4
p4=0.275 MPa
Steam generator (heat exchanger): h4=2825 kJ/kg
Superheated water
Table A-6
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES

• Charging of a rigid tank from a • The shape and size of a control

supply line is an unsteady-flow volume may change during an
process since it involves changes unsteady-flow process.
within the control volume.

Many processes of interest, involve changes within the control volume

with time. Such processes are called unsteady-flow, or transient-flow,
processes.
Mass balance

Energy
balance

25
Charging of a
Rigid Tank by
Steam

26
Discharge of Heated Air
at Constant Temperature

27
 Temperature variation in a well-stirred tank

0.6kW
Known:
• Initially 45kg liquid water,
45 ˚C
• p inlet = p exit
• unsteady

Plot:
• T water vs. t

Paddle wheel Assumptions:

• Uniform T(t) by paddle
Remove energy
at rate 7.6kW
• ∆PE, ∆KE à 0
CV
• Q only with cooling coil
• Water incompressible
Solution

Energy balance:
̇ = 𝑚2
𝑚1 ̇
+uniform (c- specific heat)
Water incompressible
Only f(T)

T 2 =T

Enthalpy term:

How? à Initial state t=0, T=T1

Solution cont.

t → ∞, T → 296 K
Homework 3