PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

CENTRIPETAL FORCE
When a body is travelling at
constant speed around a
circular path, the body must
be acted by the force
directing towards the center
in order to maintain its
circular motion. This center-
seeking force is called
centripetal force.

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CENTRIPETAL
ACCELERATION
The acceleration of the object as it travels and
maintain a circular path.

Velocity

Radius

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CENTRIPETAL FORCE
Centripetal
acceleration

mass of
rotating body

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CENTRIPETAL FORCE
Example 01

A race car accelerates uniformly from a speed of 40.0

m/s to a speed of 60.0 m/s in 5.00 s while traveling
counterclockwise around a circular track of radius 400m.
When the car reaches a speed of 50.0 m/s, find (a) the
magnitude of the car’s centripetal acceleration (b) the
angular speed (c) the tangential acceleration, and (d)
the magnitude of the total acceleration.

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CENTRIPETAL FORCE
Example 01

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NEWTONS’ UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
If two particles with masses m1 and m2 are
separated by a distance r, then a gravitational
force acts along a line joining them, with
magnitude given by

– Where G = 6.67x10-11 m3/kg.s2 ,it is a constant of proportionality

called constant of universal gravitation

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NEWTONS’ UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
Guided by the third law of motion, the forces are
the same in magnitude but opposite in direction

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NEWTONS’ UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION Example 01

(a) Three 0.300kg billiard balls

are placed on a table at the
corners of a right triangle. Find
the net gravitational force on the
cue ball (designated as m1)
resulting from the forces exerted
by the other two balls. (b) Find
the components of the
gravitational force of m2 on m3.
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NEWTONS’ UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATIONExample 01

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NEWTONS’ UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATIONExample 01

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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION

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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION

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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION Example 01

An astronaut standing on the surface of Ceres, the largest

asteroid, drops a rock from a height of 10.0 m. It takes
8.06 s to hit the ground. (a) Calculate the acceleration of
gravity on Ceres. (b) Find the mass of Ceres, given that
the radius of Ceres is RC = 510 km. (c) Calculate the
gravitational acceleration 50.0 km from the surface of
Ceres.

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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION Example 01

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 KEPLER’S LAW
1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one
of the focal points.
2. A line drawn from the Sun to any planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal time intervals.
3. The square of the orbital period of any planet is
proportional to the cube of the average distance from
the planet to the Sun.

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KEPLER’S LAW
The first law arises as a natural consequence of the
inverse-square nature of Newton’s law of gravitation. Any
object bound to another by a force that varies as 1/r 2
will move in an elliptical orbit. As shown in Active Figure
7.21a, an ellipse is a curve drawn so that the sum of the
distances from any point on the curve to two internal
points called focal points or foci (singular, focus) is
always the same. The semi-major axis a is half the
length of the line that goes across the ellipse and
contains both foci. For the Sun – planet configuration
(Active Fig. 7.21b), the Sun is at one focus and the
other focus is empty. Because the orbit is an ellipse, the
distance from the Sun to the planet continuously changes.

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KEPLER’S LAW

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KEPLER’S LAW

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 01

A 600-kg satellite is in a circular orbit about Earth at a

height above Earth equal to Earth’s mean radius. Find (a)
the satellite’s orbital speed, (b) the period of its revolution,
and (c) the gravitational force acting on it.

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 01

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 01

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 01

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 02

A satellite of mass 200 kg is

launched from a site on Earth’s
equator into an orbit 200 km
above the surface of Earth. (a)
Assuming a circular orbit, what is
the orbital period of this
satellite? (b) What is the
satellite’s speed in it’s orbit?

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 02

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KEPLER’S LAW Example 02

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