EGB323 Week 8 Lecture ENG 2019

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics
Momentum
Prof. Ted Steinberg

Science and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
1 / 59 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Materials Lecture
Today’s Lecture
Continuity of Flow
Momentum and Fluid Flow
Applications of the Momentum Equation
Reaction of a Jet

Continuity of Flow Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass, often termed the
continuity relation, states that the fluid mass
cannot change
This follows the first first law of thermodynamics
– matter can neither be created nor destroyed
Therefore, it is possible to develop a relationship
describing flow using the conservation of mass
principle

Continuity of Flow
The concept of conservation of mass can be applied
to all fluid flows

Mathematically (1-D)
Mass of fluid = Mass of fluid + Increase of
entering per leaving per mass of fluid
unit time unit time in the control
volume per
unit time
∂ρ
P P R
(ρAu)in = (ρAu)out + CV ∂t dV
where, u is velocity and V is volume

Continuity of Flow Steady Flow
Steady Flow
In the case of steady flow there is no build up in
the control volume and the relationship reduces
to
Mass of fluid = Mass of fluid

entering per leaving per
unit time unit time
P P
(ρAu)in = (ρAu)out

Continuity of Flow Streamtubes
Streamtubes
This principle can be applied to steady flow in a
streamtube
There can be no flow through the walls of a
streamtube
Hence, the mass entering per unit time must
equal the mass leaving per unit time

Continuity of Flow Streamtubes
Streamtubes - Steady Flow
ρ1∂A1u1 = ρ2∂A2u2

Continuity of Flow Equation of Continuity
Equation of Continuity
Equation of Continuity for the flow of a compressible
fluid through a streamtube (steady flow)
ρ1∂A1u1 = ρ2∂A2u2
General Equation of Continuity
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂t + ∂x (ρux ) + ∂y (ρuy ) + ∂z (ρuz ) = 0
Density and velocity must be continuum
functions
Flow can be steady or unsteady, viscous or
frictionless, compressible or incompressible
Continuity of Flow Real Fluids
Real Fluids
In pipes and conduits fluid flow varies from
wall-to-wall
Therefore the average velocity across the
cross-sectional area must be used
ρ1A1ū1 = ρ2A2ū2

Average Velocity
The average velocity is defined as the average
speed through a cross section
The velocity varies from zero at the walls to
some maximum at or near R the centreline
1
ū = A A u dA

Average Velocity
Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe
Consider turbulent flow through a pipe of radius
R
The velocity at any distance from the pipe wall
can be approximated with Prandtl’s one-seventh
power law:
1
y 7
u = umax R
y is the distance from the pipe wall
R is the radius of the pipe

Continuity of Flow Application
Application (Examples)
Provides a means of calculating velocities at
different points in a system
Used to determine the relationship between
flows into and out of a junction

Continuity of Flow Example
Example – From Cengel and Cimbala

Water flow through a garden hose nozzle
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a
40 litre bucket. The inner diameter of the hose is 2
cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm at the nozzle exit. If it
takes 50 s to fill the bucket with water determine the
velocity of the water at the exit.

Solution
Assumptions
1
Water is incompressible
2
Flow through the hose is steady
3
There is no waste of water from splashing, etc.
4
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/l

Solution
Analysis
The volume and mass flow rates can be calculated
from knowing that it takes 50 s to fill a 40 l bucket
V
Q = ∆t = 40
50 = 0.8 l/s = 8 · 10
−4 3
m /s
ṁ = ρQ = 1 × 0.8 = 0.8 kg/s
Average exit velocity
Q 8·10−4
ue = Ae = π0.0042
= 15.9 m/s

Continuity of Flow Flow at Junctions
Flow at Junctions
Incompressible steady flow through a pipe junction
Total inflow to junction = Total outflow from junction
ρ1 A1 ū1 = ρ2 A2 ū2 + ρ3 A3 ū3

Continuity of Flow Flow at Junctions
Flow at Junctions
For an incompressible fluid, ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ3
Therefore, A1 ū1 = A2 ū2 + A3 ū3
In general, if we consider the flow towards the

junction as positive and flow away from the junction
as negative, then for steady flow at any junction the
algebraic sum of all mass flows must be zero:
P
ρi Ai ūi = 0

Example
The main line of a “tee” junction is 15 cm in diameter
and the branch is 10 cm in diameter. A steady flow
of water at 15◦ C enters the main pipe with an
average velocity of 3 m/s and leaves the main pipe
with an average velocity of 2.15 m/s. Find the
velocity of the flow, the volume flow rate and the
mass flow rate in the branch line.

Example

Solution
Assumptions
Assume an incompressible flow. Therefore,
ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ 3
Equation of Continuity for steady flow

ρAū = ṁ
Therefore,
ρ1 A1 ū1 = ρ2 A2 ū2 + ρ3 A3 ū3

A1 ū1 = A2 ū2 + A3 ū3

Solution
Finding the Velocity
A1 ū1 = A2 ū2 + A3 ū3
π 2 π 2 π 2
4 0.15 × 3 = 4 0.1 ū2 + 4 0.15 × 2.15
0.152 × 3 = 0.12 ū2 + 0.152 × 2.15
0.12
3 = 0.15 2 ū2 + 2.15
2
ū2 = 0.85 0.15
0.12
= 1.91 m/s

Solution
Finding the Volume Flow Rate
π
Q2 = A2 ū2 = 4 × 0.12 × 1.91 = 0.015 m3 /s
Finding the Mass Flow Rate

ṁ2 = ρQ2 = 1000 × 0.015 = 15 kg/s

Momentum and Fluid Flow Derivation
Momentum and Fluid Flow

Each particle in the fluid stream has momentum
Whenever the velocity of the particle changes,
magnitude or direction, the momentum of the
particles change
Just as in mechanics the momentum of a
particle is described as being the mass
multiplied by its velocity
Momentum ≡ m · u

Newton’s 2nd Law

Newton’s 2nd Law states that:
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the
net force acting on it
The acceleration of a body is inversely
proportional to the mass
The rate of change of the momentum of a body
is equal to the net force acting on the body

Momentum
A force is required to produce a change in
momentum
This may be provided by contact with a solid
boundary or by one part of the fluid stream
acting on another
F = ma = m du
dt =
m
δt δu = ṁδu = ṁ(u2 − u1)

Applied to a Control Volume

Assuming that the flow is steady and
non-uniform
Assuming that there is no build-up in the control
volume
The mass flow across the control volume can be
expressed as:
ρ1A1u1 = ρ2A2u2 = ṁ

Applied to a Control Volume

The rate of momentum can be defined as:
ρAuu ≡ ṁu
Therefore the rate of change of momentum
across the control volume is:
ρ2A2u2u2 − ρ1A1u1u1 = ṁ(u2 − u1) = F
That is, Force = Mass flow per unit time ×
Change in velocity
This is the resultant force acting on a fluid
element in the direction of motion

Momentum and Fluid Flow Momentum Equation for Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow
Momentum Equation for Two- and

Three-Dimensional Flow Along a Streamline
Momentum and force are vector quantities
They can be resolved into x and y directions
Then they are treated as we would have done in
classical physics
Hence,
~ = Fx~i + Fy~j + Fz ~k
F
The resultant forces magnitude can be given by,
q
F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2

Graphically in Two-Dimensions

Two-Dimensions
In this example
Fx = ṁ(u2 cos φ − u1 cos θ)
Fy = ṁ(u2 sin φ − u1 sin θ)
In General
Total force exerted on = Rate of change of mo-
the fluid in a control mentum in the given
volume in a given di- direction of the fluid
rection passing through the
control volume
F = ṁ(uout − uin )
Total Force
For any control volume the total force which acts
upon it will be made up of three component forces
1
F1 is the force exerted in the given direction on
the fluid in the control volume by any solid body
within the control volume or coinciding with the
boundaries of the control volume
2
the fluid in the control volume by body forces,
such as gravity
3
the fluid in the control volume by the fluid
outside the control volume
Total Force
The total force is the sum of these three forces:
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = ṁ(uout − uin )
The force, R, exerted by the fluid on the solid
body inside or coinciding with the control volume
in the given direction will be equal and opposite
to F1 so that R = −F1
the fluid in the control volume by any solid body
within the control volume or coinciding with the
boundaries of the control volume

Applications of the Momentum Equation Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat Plate
Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

Plate
When a jet of fluid strikes a stationary flat plate,
it does not rebound but flows over the plate in all
radial directions
The impingement of the jet on the plate surface
reduces the component of jet velocity normal to
the plate surface to zero
i.e. the jet is decellerated to zero velocity in the
normal (relative to the plate) direction


Plate
If the plate is moving it is easiest to use it as a
frame of reference
Therefore, the velocity of the jet in the analysis
becomes the jet velocity minus the plate velocity
This allows us to then do the calculations as though
the plate was stationary


Plate
The fluid is accelerated from zero in the radial
directions
The flow is equally divided
Therefore, no resultant force is produced in the
radial directions
The only force on the plate is, therefore, the one
produced normal to the plate
This force is from the change in momentum of
the fluid



Inclined Plate
The velocity of the fluid normal to the surface is:
vn = v cos θ
where, v is the relative velocity
At the surface this must be zero
Therefore, this is also the change in velocity that
occurs normal to the surface



Plate
In the direction parallel to the plate, the force
exerted will depend on the shear stress between
the fluid and the plate
If the fluid is ideal, there will be no shear
stresses and hence no corresponding tangential
forces
The total momentum parallel to the plate would be
unchanged

Applications of the Momentum Equation Force Due to the Deflection of a Jet by a Curved Vane
Force Due to the Deflection of a Jet

by a Curved Vane
Even if the magnitude of the velocity is
unchanged, a change in direction will result in a
change in momentum
These problems are solved by finding the
change in momentum both parallel and
perpendicular to the direction of the incoming
stream
The combination of these yield the resultant
force the vane exerts on the fluid
and the equal and opposite reaction of the fluid on
the vane
Example 5.3 from Douglas

A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an
angle of θ = 60◦ from it’s original direction by a
curved vane which it enters tangentially without
shock with a mean velocity of 30 m/s and leaves
with a mean velocity of 25 m/s. If the discharge from
the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s, calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force on the vane if the
vane is stationary.

Diagram

Solution
Recall: F1 + F2 + F3 = ṁ(vout − vin )
and that R = −F1
Therefore, R = F2 + F3 − ṁ(vout − vin )
F2 is the force due to gravity and F3 is the force
from fluid outside the control volume. If it is assumed
that both of these are zero.
R = ṁ(vin − vout )

Solution
Since the nozzle and vane are fixed relative to
each other the mass per unit time entering the
control volume equals the mass per unit time
leaving the nozzle
In the x-direction
vin,x = v̄1
vout,x = v̄2 cos θ
Rx = ṁ(v̄1 − v̄2 cos θ) = 0.8(30 − 25 cos 60◦ ) = 14 N

Solution
In the y -direction
vin,y = 0
vout,y = v̄2 sin θ
Ry = ṁv̄2 sin θ = 0.8 × 25 sin 60◦ = 17.32 N
Resultant Force
q √
R = Rx2 + Ry2 = 142 + 17.322 = 22.27 N
Angle

−1 Ry
= tan−1 17.32
= 51.05◦

φ = tan Rx 14

Applications of the Momentum Equation Force Exerted on Pipe Bends and Closed Conduits
Force Exerted on Pipe Bends and

Closed Conduits
Consider flow around a bend
We neglect changes in elevation and consider
the control volume as the fluid between the two
pipe joins


Closed Conduits
The net external force on the control volume in the
x-direction is:
Fnet,ext = p1 A1 − p2 A2 cos θ + Fx
Where, Fx is the force on the fluid by the pipe

bend
This force can be equated to the change in
momentum, which is
ρQ(v̄2 cos θ − v̄1 )

Closed Conduits
Equating
p1 A1 − p2 A2 cos θ + Fx = ρQ(v̄2 cos θ − v̄1 )
Fx = ρQ(v̄2 cos θ − v̄1 ) − p1 A1 + p2 A2 cos θ
Fx = (ρQ v̄2 + p2 A2 ) cos θ − (ρQ v̄1 + p1 A1 )
Rx = −Fx
Rx = (ρQ v̄1 + p1 A1 ) − (ρQ v̄2 + p2 A2 ) cos θ


Closed Conduits
Similarly, for the y -direction
−p2 A2 sin θ + Fy = ρQ(v̄2 sin θ − 0)
Fy = (ρQ v̄2 + p2 A2 ) sin θ
Resultant
The magnitude of the resultant force is given by
q
F = Fx2 + Fy2
Which acts at an angle:
F
θ = tan−1 Fyx

Reaction of a Jet Introduction
Reaction of a Jet
Whenever the momentum of a fluid is increased
in a given direction, there must be a force acting
on the fluid in that direction
By Newton’s third law, there must be an equal
and opposite force exerted by the fluid on the
system producing the change of momentum

Reaction of a Jet Introduction
Reaction Force Exerted when a Fluid is Discharge in

the Form of a High Velocity Jet
Force exerted by = - ṁ(vout − vin )
fluid system in di-
rection of motion,
R
or,
Reaction force = Mass dis- × Increase of
in direction op- charged velocity in
posite that of per unit direction of
the jet time jet

Reaction of a Jet Rocket Motor
Rocket Motor
A rocket motor is a simple form of engine in
which the thrust is developed as a result of the
discharge of a high-velocity jet of gas produced
by the combustion of fuel with an oxidizing agent
Work in environments without an atmosphere
because they carry their own oxidizing source
Thrust is due solely to the change in momentum
of the jet

Reaction of a Jet Jet Motor
Jet Motor
Used in the atmosphere
Not self-contained
Air is taken in at the front and mixed with a small
amount of fuel, which is burned
This produces a stream of hot gas with high
velocity that are discharged at the rear of the
motor

Jet Motor
Force on the engine in the forward direction
F = −T = ṁ1[(1 + r )ūr − u] − (p1A1 − p2A2)
T is the thrust exerted on the engine by the fluid

ūr is the Jet velocity
r is the ratio of the mass of fuel burned to the
mass of air taken in
u is the intake velocity
EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

55 / 59
Example 5.8 from Douglas

A jet engine consumes 1 kg if fuel for each 40 kg of
air passing through the engine. The fuel
consumption is 1.1 kg/s when the aircraft is
travelling in still air at a speed of 200 m/s. The
velocity of the gases which are discharged at
atmospheric pressure from the tailpipe is 700 m/s
relative to the engine. Calculate:
the thrust of the engine
the work done per second

Solution
Known Information
Intake velocity: u = 200 m/s
Jet velocity: ūr = 700 m/s
Mass flow rate: ṁ = 40 × 1.1 = 44 kg/s
Pressures: p1 = p2 = 0 – guage pressure
Thrust
1

F = 44 1+ 40 700 − 200 = 22, 770 N
F = 22.77 kN

Solution
Work done per second
Work done per second = Thrust × Forward velocity
Power = F × v = 22.77 × 200 = 4554 kW

End Thank you
The End!
Thanks for your attention

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EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Ted Steinberg

1 / 59 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

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where, u is velocity and V is volume

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Mass of fluid = Mass of fluid

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Streamtubes - Steady Flow

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Example – From Cengel and Cimbala

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In general, if we consider the flow towards the

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Equation of Continuity for steady flow

ρ1 A1 ū1 = ρ2 A2 ū2 + ρ3 A3 ū3

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Finding the Mass Flow Rate

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Momentum and Fluid Flow

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Newton’s 2nd Law

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Applied to a Control Volume

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Applied to a Control Volume

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Momentum Equation for Two- and

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Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

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Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

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Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

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Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

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Force Exerted by a Jet Striking a Flat

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Force Due to the Deflection of a Jet

Example 5.3 from Douglas

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