EGB323 Week 7 Lecture ENG 2019

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Motion
Prof. Ted Steinberg

Science and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
1 / 64 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Materials Lecture
Today’s Lecture
Basics of Fluid Motion
Systems and Control Volume
Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions
Fluid Flow
Acceleration Fields
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Discharge and Mean Velocity

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Basics of Fluid Motion Overview
Overview
Fluid Flow
Up to this point we’ve dealt with static problems
Static problems essentially only require
knowledge of the density of the fluid and the
position of the free surface
Flow problems, however, require the analysis of
the:
geometry
boundary conditions; and
laws of mechanics

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Basics of Fluid Motion Overview
Fluid Kinematics
The study of motion in fluids
How fluids flow
How to describe fluid motion
2 distinct ways to describe fluid motion (later)
Lagrangian – sitting in a boat (in flow)
Eulerian – sitting on a bank (observing flow)

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System Closed System
System
Definition
A system is defined as a fixed, identifiable quantity of
mass; the system boundaries separate the system
from the surroundings. The boundaries of the
system may be fixed or movable but no mass
crosses them. Also known as a closed system
Heat and work may cross the boundaries of the
system
The quantity of matter within the system
boundary remains fixed

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System Closed System
Closed System

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System Control Volume
Control Volume
Definition
A control volume is an arbitrary volume in space
through which fluid flows in and out
Control volume may also be known as an open
system or a flow domain
The geometric boundary of the control volume is
called the control surface
The control surface may be real or imaginary; it
may be at rest or in motion

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Flow Visualisation
Flow Visualisation
Streamlines
Streamtubes
Pathlines
Streaklines

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Flow Definitions
Definitions
Streamlines
A streamline is a curve that is everywhere
tangent to the instantaneous local velocity
vector
Useful as indicators of the instantaneous
direction of fluid motion throughout the flow field
Cannot be directly observed experimentally –
except in steady flow fields
9 / 64 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Flow Definitions
Definitions
Streamtubes
A series of streamlines drawn through every
point on the perimeter of a small cross-sectional
area
As streamlines are everywhere parallel to the
local velocity, fluid cannot cross a streamline by
definition
Fluid within a streamtube must remain there and
cannot cross the boundary of a streamtube
Just like streamlines, streamtubes are an
instantaneous quantity

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Flow Definitions
Streamtubes

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Flow Definitions
Streamtubes
The mass flow rate, ṁ, at any instant passing
through any cross-sectional slice of a
streamtube must be equal
The diameter of the streamtube must decrease
as the velocity increases to conserve mass

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Flow Definitions
Definitions
Pathlines
A pathline is the actual path, or trajectory,
travelled by an individual moving fluid particle
over some time period
To determine a pathline, we might identify a fluid
particle at a given instant of time, for example,
by the use of dye and then take a long exposure
photograph of its subsequent motion
This line is the pathline

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Flow Definitions
Pathlines

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Flow Definitions
Definitions
Streaklines
A streakline is the locus (position) of fluid
particles that have passed sequentially through
a prescribed point in the flow
Shown by introducing a steady stream of dye or
tracer fluid from a single point in the fluid

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Flow Definitions
Defintions
Whilst streamlines, pathlines and streaklines sound
the same they are not
A streamline represents an instantaneous flow
pattern at a given time
Streaklines and pathlines are flow patterns that
have some time history attached to them
A streakline is an instantaneous snapshot of a
time integrated flow pattern
A pathline is a time exposed flow path of an
individual particle over some period of time
However, if the flow is steady they are
identical
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Methodologies Overview
Methods of Description
Fluid Systems
Lagrangian – sitting in a boat (in flow)
Eulerian – sitting on a bank (observing flow)

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Methodologies Lagrangian Description
Lagrangian Description
Follows the path of individual objects
Uses Newton’s laws to describe motion
Can accurately predict where they go
Can accurately predict how much momentum
and kinetic energy are exchanged from one
object to another

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Lagrangian Description
Involves keeping track of the position vector of
each object with respect to time
Involves keeping track of the velocity vector of
each object with respect to time
Also referred to as system analysis
Follows a mass of fixed identity.

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Limitations
Difficult because of large numbers of particles
From a microscopic point of view a fluid is comprised
of billions of molecules that are continuously
banging into each other
Difficult to identify and define fluid particles
Fluid parcels continually deform as they move
Easier to think of a fluid as a continuum
(macroscopic point of view)
Makes interactions not as easy to define as those
from more distinct objects (e.g. billiard balls)

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Application
Given it’s difficulty the Lagrangian approach still has
applications
Tracking of passive scalars in a flow
Fluid contaminants
Rarefied gas dynamics calculations concerning
reentry of a spaceship into the Earth’s
atmosphere
The development of flow measurement systems
based on particle imaging

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Methodologies Eulerian Description
Eulerian Description
Flow happens through a control volume (or a
flow domain)
through which fluid flows in and out
We don’t track the mass of fluid particles with
fixed identity
Rather we define field variables
functions of space and time, within the control
volume

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Field Variables
General unsteady three dimensional fluid flow in
Cartesian coordinates
Pressure field
P = P(x, y , z, t)
Velocity field
~ =V
V ~ (x, y , z, t)
Acceleration field
~a = ~a(x, y , z, t)

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Eulerian Description
In the Eulerian description we define field
variables at any location in the control volume
and at any instant in time
In the Eulerian description it does not matter
what happens to individual fluid particles
We are only concerned with what happens to
the fluid particles that are at the point of interest
at the time of interest

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Field Flow
Collectively the field variables define the field flow
These variables are expanded in Cartesian
coordinates
~a = u(x, y , z, t)~i + v (x, y , z, t)~j + w(x, y , z, t)~k
The same treatment applies to the other field
variables

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From a practical perspective

In most experiments it is more convenient to
measure what is happening at a particular point
with respect to time
This is using the Eulerian method of analysis
Unfortunately, the analysis with this method can
be more challenging (although much more
practical because you don’t have to consider the
fluid as particles but rather as a continuum).
In the Lagrangian method the equations of
motion are well established and simple to use,
care must be taken with the Eulerian method in
describing the motion.
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Example from Cengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics

A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional velocity
field is given by
~ = (u, v ) = (0.5 + 0.8x)~i + (1.5 − 0.8y )~j
V
where, the x- and y -coordinates are in metres and
the magnitude of velocity is in m/s. A stagnation
point is defined as a point in the flow field where the
velocity is zero.
Determine if there are any stagnation points in
this flow field and, if so, where?
Sketch velocity vectors at several locations in
the domain between x = −2 m to 2 m and
y = 0 m to 5 m
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Solution
Assumptions
1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The flow
is two-dimensional, implying no z-component of
velocity and no variation of u or v with z
Analysis
~ is a vector, all its components must
(a) Since V
~ itself to be zero.
equal zero in order for V
u = 0.5 + 0.8x = 0 → x = −0.625 m
y = 1.5 − 0.8y = 0 → y = 1.875 m
Therefore, there is a stagnation point located at
(−0.625, 1.875)
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Solution
Sketching the Velocity Vectors
Calculate the x and y components of velocity at
several locations in the specified range. For example
at the point x = 2 m, y = 3 m, u = 2.10 m/s and
v = −0.90 m/s. The magnitude of the velocity at that
point is 2.28 m/s. At this and at an array of other
locations, the velocity vectors are constructed from
their two components.

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Solution
Velocity vectors for the velocity field
The shaded region represents a portion of the flow

field that can approximate flow into an inlet
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Methodologies Types of Flow
Steady Uniform Flow

Conditions do not change with position or time
The velocity and cross-sectional area of the
stream of fluid are the same at each
cross-section
Flow of a liquid through a pipe of uniform bore

running completely full at constant velocity

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Steady Uniform Flow

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Steady Non-Uniform Flow

Conditions change from point-to-point but not
with time
The velocity and cross-sectional area of the
stream may vary from cross-section to
cross-section
For each cross-section they will not vary with
time
Flow of a liquid at a constant rate through a

tapering pipe running completely full

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Steady Non-Uniform Flow

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Unsteady Uniform Flow

At a given instant of time the velocity at every
point is the same
This velocity will change with time
Accelerating flow of a liquid through a pipe of

uniform bore running full

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Unsteady Uniform Flow

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Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow

The cross-sectional area and velocity vary from
point-to-point
and also change with time
A wave travelling along a channel

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Methodologies Frames of Reference
Frames of Reference
Whether fluid motion is steady or unsteady depends
on the location of the observer; e.g. a wave in a
channel
From the bank is unsteady; conditions vary with
time (Eularian)
From the crest of the wave the conditions
appear not to change; hence, the flow is steady
from the observers point of view (Lagrangian)

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Real and Ideal Fluids Real and Ideal Fluids
Real Fluids
Boundary layers are produced:
That part of the flow adjoining the boundary in which
velocity changes occur
In this region shear stresses are developed:
As a result of the velocity gradient
Attributable to the viscosity of the fluid
Ideal Fluids
Shear stresses are negligible:
Fluid has no viscosity (inviscid)
No shear stresses

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Real and Ideal Fluids

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Real and Ideal Fluids

The edge of the boundary layer is the point in
which the drag associated with the boundary no
longer has an effect on the flow
Outside of this boundary layer the shear
stresses due to the boundary can be ignored
and hence the fluid can be treated as an ideal
fluid
It is often convenient to simplify problems by
assuming an ideal fluid

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Real and Ideal Fluids One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
One, Two and Three Dimensional

Flow
All fluid flow is three-dimensional: e.g. velocity
and pressure vary in 3 axes x, y , z
The concept of one- and two-dimensional flow is
used to simplify analysis
Flow is classified as one-, two-, or
three-dimensional depending on the number of
space coordinates required to specify the
velocity field

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One-Dimensional Flow
The major changes in the flow occur essentially
in one direction, V = f (x)
Steady flow of an ideal fluid in a pipe is an
example of this

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Two-Dimensional Flow
The changes in the flow are restricted to two
dimensions, V = f (x, y )

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One, Two and Three Dimensional

Flow
The complexity of the analysis increases as the
dimensions of the problem increases
For many real problems they can be simplified
to a one-dimensional problem and still obtain
good results
Since all fluids satisfying the continuum
assumption must have a zero relative velocity at
a solid surface, most flows are inherently two- or
three-dimensional
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Motion Newton’s Laws
Motion of a Fluid Particle

All fluid particles obey the normal laws of solid
mechanics (Newton’s Laws)

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Motion Newton’s Laws
Newton’s Laws
1
A body will remain at rest or in a state of uniform
motion in a straight line until acted upon by an
external force
2
F = m dVdt
3
Action and reaction are equal and opposite

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Motion Velocity of a Fluid Particle
Velocity of a Fluid Particle

In general, the velocity of fluid varies with
position at a given instant (non-uniform) and
time (unsteady)
The change in velocity of a particle going from A
to B through a distance ∂s in time ∂t is given by:

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Velocity depends on both distance and time;
V = f (t, s)
Rate of change of velocity with position may be
expressed as:
∂V
∂s
Rate of change of velocity with time may be
expressed as:
∂V
∂t
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Using the laws of partial differentiation, the change
in velocity becomes:
∂V
dV = ∂s ds + ∂V
∂t dt
∂V
∂s is the difference in velocity between A and B
∂V
∂t is the change in velocity at B with time

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Motion Acceleration of a Fluid Particle
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle

Forces acting on a particle are related to the
resultant acceleration
Acceleration in the direction of flow:
a = dV
dt = ∂V ds + ∂V
∂s dt ∂t

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To denote that the derivative pertains to the motion
of a single particle, it is written DV
Dt
DV
a= Dt = V ∂V ∂V
∂s + ∂t
Dv
Dt is the total substantive acceleration
v ∂V
∂s is the convective acceleration (or advective
acceleration)
due to the movement of the particle from one point
to another point at which the velocity at the given
instant is different
∂V
∂t is local or temporal acceleration
due to the change in velocity at every point with time
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For steady flow,
∂V
∂t =0
For Uniform flow,
∂V
∂s =0
This way of describing the acceleration is in the

Lagrangian framework because it is considering
particles individually

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Acceleration Fields
At any instant in time under consideration, the
material position vector (xparticle , yparticle , zparticle )
of the fluid particle in the Lagrangian frame is
equal to the position vector (x, y , z) in the
Eulerian frame
Therefore, at any instant in time (t) the
acceleration field must equal the acceleration of
the particle occupying that space
~aparticle (x, y , z, t) = ddtV~ = ∂∂tV~ + u ∂∂xV~ + v ∂∂yV~ + w ∂∂zV~

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Acceleration Fields
Hence, we can convert from the Lagrangian
frame into the Eulerian one:
~a(x, y , z, t) = ddtV~ = ∂∂tV~ + (V
~ · ∇)
~ V~
~ is the gradient operator, defined in Cartesian
∇
coordinates as:
~ = ~i ∂ + ~j ∂ + ~k ∂
∇ ∂x ∂y ∂z

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Acceleration Fields
In Cartesian Coordinates and three-dimensions
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = ∂t + u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂u
∂z
ay = ∂v
∂t + u ∂v
∂x + v ∂v
∂y + w ∂v
∂z
az = ∂w ∂w
∂t + u ∂x + v ∂w ∂w
∂y + w ∂z

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number

Fluid flows are classified as being either laminar or
turbulent on the basis of their internal flow structure
In the laminar regime, flow structure is
characterised by motion in laminae or layers
no macroscopic mixing of adjacent fluid layers – a
thin filament of dye injected into a laminar flow will
appear as a single line
In the turbulent regime, flow structure is
characterised by random, three-dimensional
motions of fluid particles superimposed on the
mean motion
dye injected into turbulent flow quickly disperses
throughout the flow field – the line of dye breaks up
into a myriad of entangled threads of dye
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Whether a flow is turbulent or laminar depends
on the properties of the particular flow
The nature of the flow, laminar or turbulent, is
determined through a dimensionless number
denoted the Reynolds number:
ρV̄ D
Re = µ
ρ is the density of the fluid, V̄ is the average flow
velocity, D is the pipe diameter (bore), and µ is
the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the fluid

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Interpretation of the Reynolds number

Lower values of Re indicate laminar flow
Higher values indicate turbulent flow
There is no single cut-off value
each situation must be examined individually
For flow in pipes Re < 2300 is normally laminar
and Re > 2300 is normally turbulent.
Re > 4000 can generally be considered
turbulent.
Often it is more convenient to talk about
Reynolds numbers in terms of when flow should
always be laminar and when flow should always
be turbulent for a given system
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Discharge and Mean Velocity Discharge and Mean Velocity
Discharge and Mean Velocity

Discharge is the total quantity of fluid flowing per
unit time across any particular cross-section
In terms of mass:
mass flow rate = ṁ (kg/s)
In terms of volume:
volume flow rate = Q (m3 /s)

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Ideal Fluids
In an ideal fluid the velocity profile is constant
(flat)
If the cross-sectional area normal to the
direction of flow is A, the velocity is V , the
volume flow rate (Q) passing would be given by:
Q =A×V

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Real Fluids
In a real fluid the velocity profiles varies
The velocity adjacent to a solid boundary will be
equal to the wall velocity (normally zero)
Different for laminar and turbulent flow
If V is the velocity at any radius r , the flow ∂Q
through an annular element of radius r and
thickness ∂r will be
∂Q = 2πr ∂r × V ,
therefore,
RR
Q = 2π 0 Vr dr
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Pipe flow (Real)
u = velocity at radius r

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End Thank you
The End!
Thanks for your attention

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EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Ted Steinberg

1 / 64 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

9 / 64 EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

From a practical perspective

Example from Cengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

The shaded region represents a portion of the flow

Steady Uniform Flow

Flow of a liquid through a pipe of uniform bore

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Steady Uniform Flow

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Steady Non-Uniform Flow

Flow of a liquid at a constant rate through a

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Steady Non-Uniform Flow

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Unsteady Uniform Flow

Accelerating flow of a liquid through a pipe of

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Unsteady Uniform Flow

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow

A wave travelling along a channel

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Real and Ideal Fluids

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

Real and Ideal Fluids

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

One, Two and Three Dimensional

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

One, Two and Three Dimensional

Motion of a Fluid Particle

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics

EGB323 - Fluid Mechanics