Ateneo de Davao University

Introduction to
Steel Design

july 12, 2021

 Today's Pages
Things to discuss:

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Structural Design
Loads
Building Codes
Design Specification
Structural Steel
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes
 Structural requirements
Design determination of the overall proportion
dimension of the supporting framework
selection of the cross section of individual
members

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in terms of functional design,

what is the role of the architect
and engineer to complete the
project efficiently?

Functional Design
Steel Design
What would be the design principle
for functionality?
The architect decides how the building should
look; the engineer must make sure that it
doesn't fall down.

design What are the three priorities of a

process
structural engineer?
Safety, Servicebility, and Economy

Structural analysis

structural Structural analysis of building frames

computation of forces and bending moments
in the individual members

analysis appropriate cross section

Primary building material

reinforced concrete or structural steel
Ateneo de Davao University design of individual structural
steel members
 Structural Members
Various types of structural members Rigid Frame
the members of this frame are
rigidly connected by welding
and can be assumed to form a
continuous structure
Support: welded to a
rectangular plate, bolted to a
concrete footing
typical building
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system

Truss Two-dimensional frame

Vertical concentrated forces
applied at the joints along the Supports: hinges (pins), not
top chord fixed supports
top-chord members: Footing: undergo a slight
compression rotation, pinned connection
bottom: tension
support: pinned connection
 Structural Members
Various types of structural members

Two-dimensional frame
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BEAMS: AB, CD
COLUMNS: BD
BEAM-COLUMNS: AE, CF
 LOADS Different types of loads:
Dead loads
Self-weight
Gravity loads
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Live loads
Wind loads
Earthquake loads
Snow loads
Hydrostatic Pressure
Soil Pressure
 Building Codes
Buildings must be designed and constructed
according to the provisions of the building code

Structural Engineer
Prescription of minimum live loads for
buildings
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Building codes
Force of law, administered by a
government entity

Structural considerations
Building Codes &
Safety, fire safety, plumbing,
ventilation, and accessibility to the
Design Specifications
Design specifications give more specific guidance for
physically disabled
the design of structural members and their
connections
 Design Specifications
written in a legal format by nonprofit organizations
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AISC AASHTO AREMA AISI
Structural steel building and Highway bridges and related
railway bridges and related cold-formed steel
their connections structures
structures
 Steel Design

Chicago
First building with
steel frame, 1884

Bessemer

Structural converter

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1855, steel displace
in construction

Steel Eads bridge

this material was in the form of
wrought iron, produced by
heating ore in a charcoal fire
First railroad bridge,
constructed in 1874
in St. Louis, Missouri
Tensile test
characteristics of
steel
 Steel Design

Stress-strain curve
If the load is increased in
Hooke's Law increments from zero to the point
of fracture, and stress and strain
The linear relationship

Structural
are computed at each step
between stress and strain
up to the proportional limit

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Steel
Tensile Test
Ductile or mild steel
this cure is typical for
ductile or mild steel
 Steel Design

Yield plateau or
plastic range Neck down
Constant stress region A maximum value of stress is reached,
after which the specimen begins to neck
down as the stress decreases with
increasing strain, and fracture occurs

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Structural
Steel
At a strain of approximately
Tensile test 12 times the strain at yield
Strain hardening begins, additional
load ( and stress) is required to
cause additional elongation (and
strain)
 Steel Design

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Structural
Steel
Tensile test

Engineering Stress & Ductility

Poisson effect
Engineering Strain ability to undergo large
reduction of the original cross- deformations before fracturing
sectional area original cross-sectional area or
length
Steel Design

idealized version of stress-strain curve

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Stress, Fy - proportional limit, elastic limit and the
upper and lower yield points --single point:yield point
Stress, Fu - ultimate tensile strength - maximum value
of stress that can be attained
Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity, E, - ratio of
stress to strain within the elastic range
Esteel = 29000 ksi (kips per sq. inch)

MILD STRUCTURAL STEEL

Steel Design

stress-strain curve
there is a linear elastic portion
distinct tensile strength
no well-defined yield point or yield plateau
slope equal to E, the modulus of elasticity

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yield strength - stress at the point of unloading that
corresponds to a permanent strain of some
arbitrary defined amount
strain of 0.002 -0.2% offset method- method of
determining the yield strength
yield stress can mean either yield point or yield
strength

HIGH-STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL

WHICH ARE LESS DUCTILE THAN THE MILD STEELS
 Steel Design
P L
Low-alloy steels
Plain carbon steels
iron and carbon
less than 1% carbon
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H S
High-alloy or specialty
iron and carbon steels
plus other similar to low-alloy steels
components higher percentage of the
AC for increasing components added to
strength, reduction iron and carbon
in ductility higher in strength than the
plain carbon steels
special quality,
resistance to corrosion
Structural Steel
Different grades of
structural steel are
identified by the
designation assigned
them by the ASTM
ASTM A36, most
commonly used
structural steel
 A36 STEEL
A36 Steel - Plain Carbon Steel

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Yield stress : Fy= 36 ksi
n gi s e D l e et S

Tensile strength: Fu=58ksi - 80ksi

carbon, phosphorous, sulfur

plain carbon steel
ductile steel
tensile strength is given as a range
of values, property cannot be
achieved to the same degree of
precision as the yield stress
Steel Design

wide-flange shape I-beam

standard
cross-
sectional
shapes
split tee

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Steel Design

standard
cross-
sectional
shapes

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 Steel Recommendations
most common steel ( Anderson and Carter, 2009)

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 cold-
formed
steel

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steel products for structural application

created by bending thin material such as sheet
steel or plate into the desired shape without
heating
versatility
increase yield point of the steel
reduction in ductility
problem of instability
 Next meeting:
Answer: Problems 1.5-1-1.5-7
Read: Chapter 2 (2.1-2.4)

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n gi s e d l e et S

Thank you