Structural Theory

(CETHOS30)

Introduction & General

Concepts about Structures

Engr. Jenalyn M. Columna, M.Eng

Civil Engineering Department
National University Baliwag

Introduction and General Concepts about Structures

• Types of Structures
• Different Types of Loads
• Equations of Equilibrium Conditions
• Types of Supports
• Free-body Diagrams
• Sign Conventions
• Principle of Superposition
• Stability and Determinacy of Structures
Introduction and General Concepts about Structures

Owner presents Architect Engineers

Final Design to
vision to produces produce
be Constructed
Architect Functional Plans Structural Plans

Modelling (Trial Section)

Acceptable Revise Sections

to Owner Analysis

O
N

Y E S
Member Design Acceptabl Connection Design
e to Archi? and Detailing

Introduction and General Concepts about Structures

Owner presents Architect Engineers

Final Design to
vision to produces produce
be Constructed
Architect Functional Plans Structural Plans

Modelling (Trial Section)

Acceptable Revise Sections

to Owner Analysis
O
N

Y E S

Member Design Acceptabl Connection Design

e to Archi? and Detailing
Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Structure that is made by piling up of materials.

Examples of mass structures include pyramids,
igloos, and beaver dams.
Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Structures having the combination of beam, column

and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These
structures are usually used to overcome the large
moments developing due to the applied loading.

Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Structure that consists of two-force members only,

where the members are organized so that the
assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object.
Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

A thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit

applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear
stresses that act in the plane of the surface.

Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Structures with horizontal planes (i.e. floors)

supported by cables (hangers) hung from the
parabolic sag of large, high-strength steel cables.
Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Structures usually having Arches.

Types of Structures
1. Mass Structures
2. Frame Structures
3. Trusses
4. Shell Structures
5. Suspension Structures
6. Vaulted Structures
7. Geodesic Structures

Similar to shell structures wherein shells are formed

by Polygons
Types of Load

Types of Load
Types of Load

Types of Load

8
Types of Load

Types of Load
Types of Load

Types of Load
Impact Loads and Analysis

Importance of Load Perception and Structure Modelling

Equations of (Static) Equilibrium

Equilibrium means the forces

are balanced, but not
necessarily equal.

Jervin Michelle

Equations of (Static) Equilibrium

Equilibrium means the forces Basic Conditions of Equilibrium:

are balanced, but not Translational Equilibrium
necessarily equal. -Object/body experiences no
linear acceleration
Rotational Equilibrium
Jervin Michelle -Object/body experiences no
rotational acceleration (a
component of torque)

Typically, an object at rest in a

stable situation experiences both
linear and rotational equilibrium
Equations of (Static) Equilibrium

If an object is in equilibrium, then resultant force and moment

acting on the object is equal to zero. For 2D structures:

Σ𝐹 =0
Σ𝐹 =0
Σ𝑀 = 0

Types of (2D) Supports

Actual Support or Reaction Number of
Connection Unknowns

3
Types of (2D) Supports
Actual Support or Reaction Number of
Connection Unknowns

Types of (3D) Supports

Types of (3D) Supports

Types of (3D) Supports

Free Body Diagram
-A graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces,
movements, and resulting reactions on a body in a given condition.

Sign Convention
SHEAR
-When you are coming from the left, upward forces are positive,
while downward forces are negative.
-When you are coming from the right, downward forces are
positive, while upward forces are negative.
BENDING
-When you are coming from the left hand side of the structure,
all clockwise moments are positive and vice versa.
-When you are coming from the right hand side of the structure,
all anti-clockwise moments are positive and vice versa.
AXIAL
-Compressive axial forces are negative, while tensile axial forces
are positive.
Principle of Superposition

States that for linear systems, the net response

caused by two or more inputs, is the sum of the
inputs each would have caused on its own
Actual Superposition of Two Forces

Stability and Determinacy of Structures

Structure is in stable equilibrium when small loads do not cause large

movements

If the number of static equations = the number of unknowns, then the

structure is statically determinate.
Stability and Determinacy of Structures
If the D.I. turns out to be zero, the structure is said to be determinate.
Stability
– a stable structure will support any conceivable system of load, resisting these
loads elastically and immediately upon application. The strength of the member
and the capacity of the support being considered infinite.
– if a structure is stable for a particular load system but not for any conceivable
load, it is considered to be unstable.

Stability and Determinacy of Structures

If the D.I. turns out to be zero, the structure is said to be determinate.
Stability
– a stable structure will support any conceivable system of load, resisting these
loads elastically and immediately upon application. The strength of the member
and the capacity of the support being considered infinite.
– if a structure is stable for a particular load system but not for any conceivable
load, it is considered to be unstable.

In all practical and design cases, stability is prioritized over determinacy.

Instability is determined by inspection of the geometry and the reactions.

A structure is externally unstable when the reactions are concurrent; moreover, a
structure may be deemed internally unstable when its members experience
rigid body movement or cannot resist instantaneous loadings.
 Stability and Determinacy of Structures
2D 3D
Beams 𝑖 =𝑟−2−𝑒
𝑖 =𝑟−3−𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙)

Trusses 𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗
(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙)

Frames 𝑖 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 − 𝑒 𝑖 = 6𝑚 + 𝑟 − 6𝑗 − e
𝑖 = 𝑟 − 3 + 3(𝑓) 𝑖 = 𝑟 − 6 + 6(𝑓)

𝑖 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑦 𝑗 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑚 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿𝑂𝑆𝐸𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠

Stability and Determinacy of Structures (Beams)

𝑖 =𝑟−3−𝑒 𝑖 =𝑟−2−𝑒
Structure (with axial) (without axial)
𝑟 𝒊𝒆 𝑟 𝒊𝒆

4 1 3 1

6 3 4 2

5 1 3 0 (determinate)
Stability and Determinacy of Structures (Trusses)
𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
Structure 𝒎 𝑟 𝒋 𝒊𝒆

5 3 4 0 (determinate)

6 3 4 1 (internal
redundant)

9 4 6 1 (external
redundant)

Stability and Determinacy of Structures (Trusses)

𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
Structure 𝒎 𝑟 𝒋 𝒊𝒆

16 5 11 -1 (unstable)

13 5 9 0 (unstable)
Stability and Determinacy of Structures (Frames)
𝑖 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − (3𝑗 + 𝑒 )

1 1 1 2 23 3 4
3
6
1 4 5
3 5 6 7
2

Stability and Determinacy of Structures (Frames)

𝑖 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 − 𝑒
𝑖 = 𝑟 − 3 + 3(𝑓)

𝑖 = 3(8) + 12 − 3(8) − 0 𝑖 = 3(11) + 8 − 3(9) − 0

𝑖 = 12 𝑖 = 14
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
𝑖 = 12 − 3 + 3(1) 𝑖 = 8 − 3 + 3(3)
𝑖 = 12 𝑖 = 14
References

1. Hibbeler, R.C., Structural Analysis 8th Ed.

2. Kassimali, A., Structural Analysis 4th Ed.
3. Wang/Eckel, Elementary Theory of Structures
4. Learn About Structures (online)
http://learnaboutstructures.com/Structural-Engineering-Resources
5. MATHalino Engineering Mathematics (online) https://www.mathalino.com/