Structural Behavior, Systems and Design: Syllabus & Student Understandings

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN Syllabus & Student Understandings

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
one
structural behavior,
systems and design www.greatbuildings.com
Introduction 2 Foundations Structures F2008abn
Introduction 1 Architectural Structures F2009abn
Lecture 1 ARCH 331
Lecture 1 ARCH 331
Course Description Course Description

• statics • mechanics of materials
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies – external loads and effect on deformable
and systems bodies
– equilibrium (bodies at rest) – use it to answer question if structure meets
• structures requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
– something made up of interdependent
• strength and stiffness
parts in a definite pattern of organization
– other principle building requirements
• design • economy, functionality and aesthetics
– assessing and meeting structural
requirements of parts and the whole
Introduction 3 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 4 Foundations Structures F2008abn
Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331
\
1
Structure Requirements Structure Requirements (cont)
• stability & • strength &
equilibrium stiffness
– STATICS – concerned with
stability of
components

Structural System Selection Knowledge Required

• kind & size of loads • external forces
• building function • internal forces
• soil & topology of site • material properties
• systems integration • member cross
sections
• fire rating • ability of a material to resist breaking
• construction ($$, schedule) • structural elements that resist excessive
• architectural form – deflection
– deformation
2
Problem Solving Relation to Architecture
1. STATICS: “The geometry and arrangement of the
equilibrium of external forces, load-bearing members, the use of
internal forces, stresses materials, and the crafting of joints all
represent opportunities for buildings to
2. GEOMETRY: express themselves. The best
cross section properties, deformations and buildings are not designed by
conditions of geometric fit, strains architects who after resolving the
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: formal and spatial issues, simply ask
stress-strain relationship for each material
the structural engineer to make sure it
obtained from testing
doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
Introduction 9 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331
Lecture 1 ARCH 331
Architectural Space and Form Architectural Space and Form

• evolution traced to developments in • structure is a device for channeling
structural engineering and material loads that result from the use and/or
technology presence of the building to the ground
– stone & masonry – span a roof
– timber – hold up a floor
– concrete – cross a river
– cast iron, steel – suspend a canopy
– tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......
www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/

Introduction 11 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331
Lecture 1 ARCH 331
3
Structural Action Structural Action
• axial tension • bending • member breadth & depth
• axial compression


• stabilization • shear & bracing

4
• lateral resistance • twisting

Structural Design Structural Loads

• planning • STATIC and DYNAMIC
• preliminary structural
configuration
• dead load
• determination of loads – static, fixed, includes
• preliminary member building weight, fixed
selection equipment
• analysis • live load
• evaluation – transient and moving
• design revision loads (including
• final design occupants), snowfall

5
Structural Loads Structural Loads
• wind loads • earthquake loads
– dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral – seismic, movement of
static loads on walls, up or down loads on ground
roofs

Structural Loads Structural Loads

• impact loads • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g)
– rapid, energy loads • force of mass
– acts at a point
• ie. joist on beam
– acts along a “line”
• ie. floor on a beam
– acts over an area
• ie. people, books,
snow on roof or floor

6
Structural Math Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads • physics takes observable phenomena
– how big is it? and relates the measurement with rules:
• evaluate geometry and angles mathematical relationships
– where is it? • need
– what is the scale? – reference frame
– what is the size in a particular direction?
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
• quantify what happens in the structure velocity, acceleration, work, heat,
– how big are the internal forces? electricity, light
– how big should the beam be? – calculations & geometry
Structural Organization Structural Components

• classifications • bearing walls
– geometry • columns
• line-forming
• surface-forming • beams
– stiffness • flat plates
• rigid
• flexible
• trusses
– one-way or two-way • arches
• spatial organization and load transfer • shells
– materials
• cables
Systems 2 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 3 Foundations Structures F2008abn
7
Bearing Walls Bearing Walls
• behavior as “deep beams”
Systems 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Systems 4 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Columns & Walls Beams & Plates

8
Beams & Plates Trusses and Shells

Arches and Cables Building Framing

• Components or Assemblages

9
Building Framing System Selection
• evaluation of alternatives

System Selection Structural Design Criteria

• components stay together
• structure acts as whole to be stable
– resist sliding
– resist overturning
– resist twisting and distortion
• internal stability
– interconnectedness
• strength & stiffness

10
Structural Design Sequences Systems by Materials
• first-order design • Wood
– structural type and organization
• Steel
– design intent
– contextual or programmatic • Concrete
• second-order • Masonry
– structural strategies
• Composite
– material choice
– structural systems
• third-order
– member shaping & sizing
Systems 16 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Systems 17 Foundations Structures F2008abn
Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Wood Timber Construction

• columns • all-wood framing systems
• beams – studs, beams, floor
diaphragms, shearwalls
• trusses – glulam arches & frames
– post & beams
– trusses
• composite construction
– masonry shear walls
– concrete
– steel
Introduction 14 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 18 Foundations Structures F2008abn
11
Timber Construction Timber Construction
• studs, beams • glulam arches & frames
• floor diaphragms & shear walls – manufactured or custom shapes
– glue laminated
– bigger members

Timber Construction Timber Construction

• post & beam • composite construction
• trusses

12
Steel Steel Construction
• cast iron – wrought iron - steel • standard rolled shapes
• cables • open web joists
• columns • plate girders
• beams • decking
• trusses
• frames
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
Steel Construction Steel Construction

• welding • fire proofing
• bolts – cementicious spray
– encasement in gypsum
– intumescent – expands
with heat
– sprinkler system

13
Concrete Concrete Construction
• columns • cast-in-place
• beams • tilt-up
• slabs • prestressing
• domes • post-tensioning
• footings
Systems 27 Foundations Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden F2008abn Systems 28 Foundations Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden F2008abn
Concrete Floor Systems Concrete Floor Systems

• types & spanning direction

14
Masonry (& Stone) Grids and Patterns
• columns • often adopted early in design
• walls – give order
• lintels – cellular, ex.
• beams • vertical and horizontal

• arches • square and rectangular
– single-cell
• footings
– aggregated bays
Systems 31 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems & Planning 32 Foundations Structures F2009abn
Grids and Patterns Systems

• total of components
• behavior of whole
• classifications
– one-way
– two-way
– tubes
– braced
– unbraced
Systems & Planning 33 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 34 Foundations Structures F2009abn
15
One-Way Systems Two-Way Systems
• horizontal vs. vertical • spanning system less obvious
• horizontal
– plates
– slabs
– space frames
• vertical
– columns
– walls
Two-Way Systems Roof Shapes

• coincide
• within
16
Tubes & Cores Span Lengths
• stiffness • crucial in selection
of system
• maximum spans
on charts aren’t
absolute limits,
but usual maximums
• increase L, increase depth2 required
(ex. cantilever)
• deflections depend on L
Approximate Depths Loading Type and Structure Type

• light uniform loads
– surface forming elements
– those that pick up first load dictate spacing
of other elements
• heavy concentrated loads
– member design unique
• distributed vs. concentrated structural
strategies
– large beam vs. many smaller ones
17
Design Issues Design Issues
• lateral stability – all directions • configuration

• vertical load resistance • lateral load resistance
walls columns
18
• lateral load resistance • multi-story
– cores, tubes, braced frames
Design Issues Foundation Influence

• multi-story • type may dictate fit
– avoid discontinuities – piles vs. mats vs. spread
• vertically – capacity of soil to sustain
• horizontally loads
• high capacity – smaller area
of bearing needing and can
spread out
• low capacity – multiple
contacts and big distribution
areas
19
Grid Dependency on Floor Height Large Spaces
• wide grid = deep beams • ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms
– increased building height • choices
– heavier – separate two systems
– foundation design completely and connect
• codes and zoning along edges
may limit – embed in finer grid
– staggered truss
• utilize depth for
mechanical
Meeting of Grids Meeting of Grids

• common to use more than one grid • horizontal choices
• intersection important structurally
• can use different structural materials
– need to understand their properties
• mechanical
• thermal
20
Meeting of Grids Other Conditions
• vertical choices • circulation
• building service systems
– one-way systems have space
for parallel runs
– trusses allow for transverse penetration
– pass beneath or interstitial floors
• for complex or extensive
services or flexibility
Other Conditions Fire Safety & Structures

• poking holes for member services • fire safety requirements can impact
– horizontal structural selection
• need to consider area • construction types
removed, where removed,
and importance to shear – light
or bending • residential
– vertical • wood-frame or unprotected metal
• requires framing at edges – medium
• can cluster openings to • masonry
eliminate a bay – heavy
– double systems • protected steel or reinforced concrete
21
Fire Safety & Structures Fire Safety & Structures
• degree of occupancy hazards • resistance ratings by failure type
• building heights – transmission failure
• fire or gasses move
• maximum floor areas between fire wall
divisions – structural failure
• high temperatures reduce strength
– can impact load bearing wall location
– failure when subjected to water spray
• necessary strength
• ratings do not pertain to usefulness of
structure after a fire
Systems & Planning 59 Foundations Structures F2009abn Structural Planning 60 Foundations Structures F2009abn
Project
Introduction 87 Foundations Structures Su2010abn

Lecture 1 ARCH 331
22

Structural Behavior, Systems and Design: Syllabus & Student Understandings

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ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN Syllabus & Student Understandings

Course Description Course Description

Introduction 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 6 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Structural System Selection Knowledge Required

Architectural Space and Form Architectural Space and Form

Introduction 12 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Introduction 17 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 18 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Structural Action Structural Action

Introduction 19 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 20 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Introduction 21 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 22 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Structural Design Structural Loads

Introduction 23 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 24 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Introduction 25 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 26 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Structural Loads Structural Loads

Introduction 27 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 28 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Structural Organization Structural Components

Systems 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Columns & Walls Beams & Plates

Systems 6 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 7 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Systems 8 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 9 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Arches and Cables Building Framing

Systems 10 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 11 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Systems 12 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 13 Foundations Structures F2008abn

System Selection Structural Design Criteria

Systems 14 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 15 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Systems 16 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Wood Timber Construction

Systems 19 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 20 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Timber Construction Timber Construction

Systems 21 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 22 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Steel Construction Steel Construction

Systems 25 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 26 Foundations Structures F2008abn

Concrete Floor Systems Concrete Floor Systems

Systems 29 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 30 Foundations Structures F2008abn

• beams • vertical and horizontal

Grids and Patterns Systems

Two-Way Systems Roof Shapes

Approximate Depths Loading Type and Structure Type

Design Issues Design Issues

Design Issues Foundation Influence

Meeting of Grids Meeting of Grids

Other Conditions Fire Safety & Structures

Introduction 87 Foundations Structures Su2010abn

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