Technological Institute of the Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture

1338 Arlegui Street, Quiapo, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Power System Reliability

EE503/EE51FA1 – 2nd Sem 2019-20

Power System Stability and Reliability in Luzon Grid

Submitted to:

Engr. Jayson Cordero

Submitted by:

Mr. JASON JASPER B. MALUTAO

8 JUNE 2020
 Abstract

Power system stability and reliability is vital in the planning, operation, maintenance,
development, protection, and expansion of any power system grid. Power system stability and
reliability includes technical, economical, and decisional aspects. In an attempt to identify
corrective measures to eliminate the deficiencies in parts of the Luzon Grid, this study aims
collect necessary data to perform Grid Planning Studies specifically on Stability and Reliability
to assess the impact on the Luzon Grid of the demand forecast. Under stability studdies, A
Transient Stability Study is performed to verify the impacts of the connection of new Generating
Plants, transmission lines, or substations and changes in Grid circuit configurations on the ability
of the Grid to seek a stable operating point following a transient disturbance. A Transient
Stability Study simulates the Outages of critical Grid facilities to determine the possibility that
Transient Instability problems may occur in the Grid. Steady-State Stability Analysis is
performed to determine if the Grid is vulnerable to steady-state Stability problems. Such
problems occur on heavy-loaded systems, where small disturbances may cause steady-state
oscillations that can lead to major disturbances. The studies shall identify solutions, such as the
installation of Power System stabilizers or the identification of safe operating conditions.
Addionally, Steady-State Stability Analysis is conducted to determine the possibility that
Dynamic Instability problems may occur in the Grid. Voltage Stability Analysis is performed to
determine the possibility that Voltage Instability problems may occur in the Grid and if the Grid
is vulnerable to voltage collapse under heavy loading conditions. A voltage collapse can proceed
very rapidly if the ability of system’s Reactive Power supply to support system voltages is
exhausted. The studies shall identify solutions such as the installation of dynamic and static
Reactive Power compensation devices to avoid vulnerability to voltage collapse. In addition, the
studies shall identify safe Grid operating conditions where vulnerability to voltage collapse can
be avoided until solutions are implemented. Under reliability study, Reliability analysis shall be
performed to determine the generation deficiency of the Grid using probabilistic methodologies
which calculate indicators such as Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), Loss of Load Expectation
(LOLE) or Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS).
Introduction

The Philippine transmission system is composed of three grids, the Luzon Grid, Visayas
Grid, and Mindanao Grid. Major power lines of the Luzon Grid are the overhead Sucat–
Araneta–Balintawak and Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak transmission lines which both serve the
Metro Manila area, with the latter also serving the Central Luzon provinces of Bataan,
Pampanga, and Bulacan and has been in service since 2000 and June 1994, respectively. The
Luzon Grid is interconnected with the Visayas Grid through HVDC Leyte-Luzon, a high voltage
direct current transmission line and submarine cable with a transfer capacity of 440 MW
between Naga and Ormoc.
Stability refers to the ability of the dynamic Components of the Power System to return
to a normal or stable operating point after being subjected to some form of change or
disturbance. Power system stability involves the study of the dynamics of the power system
under disturbances. Power system stability implies that its ability to return to normal or stable
operation after having been subjected to some form of disturbances. From the classical point of
view power system instability can be seen as loss of synchronism (i.e., some synchronous
machines going out of step) when the system is subjected to a particular disturbance. Three type
of stability are of concern: Steady state, transient and dynamic stability. Power system stability
mainly concerned with rotor stability analysis. For this various assumptions needed such as: For
stability analysis balanced three phase system and balanced disturbances are considered;
Deviations of machine frequencies from synchronous frequency are small; During short circuit
in generator, dc offset and high frequency current are present. But for analysis of stability, theses
are neglected; Network and impedance loads are at steady state. Hence voltages, currents and
powers can be computed from power flow equation.
Reliability is the performance of the elements of the bulk electric system that results in
electricity being delivered to Customers within accepted standards and in the amount desired.
Reliability may be measured by the Frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects on
the electric supply. In general way, power system reliability addresses the issues of service
interruption and power supply loss. In several cases, it is defined as an objective to attempt in
terms of indices directly related to the customer.
 The Philippine Power Grid

The Philippines, as a developing country, the availability oftest systems to which the grid
may be utilized in academicresearch is not at hand. Commercial and security concernshave
compounded this unobtainability. However, (Cano andShaikh, 2013) has developed reduced and
approximateFigure 1 The Philippine power grid model in PSAT.models, and these were utilized
in the study. Luzon andVisayas are presently connected with a 230 kV High VoltageDirect
Current link, with an impending connection of theMindanao (south) grid.A 900-ckt-km 500 kV
line passing from the north to thesouth serves as the backbone of the power system witha
meshed 230 kV network from the center portion. Luzonhas 7829 MW generation capacity.
Visayas predominantly has138 kV voltage level for its power transmission system withsome 230
kV connections. A mixture of coal, diesel andgeothermal power plants comprises the main
generationprofile of the grid peaking to 1400 MW. Recent developmentsthe southern grid of the
Philippines added a 230 kV networkin its existing 138 kV and 69 kV lines which originally hasa
total of 3100 ck-km. Mindanao experiences lesser capac-ity together with its growing electricty
demands. All in all,the model is composed of 103 buses with a total numberof lines is 161 with
43 units of transformers and 73 loadrepresentations.
 Luzon Transmission Network

The bulk generation sources in the Luzon Grid are located in the northern and southern
parts of the Luzon Island while the load center is in Metro Manila area. About 53% of the total
demand in Luzon is drawn in Metro Manila. Because of this system configuration, NGCP’s
transmission backbone must have the capability to transfer bulk power from both northern and
southern parts of Luzon to the Metro Manila area.

Metro Manila
As the center of commerce and trade, further increase in demand within Metro Manila is
expected, thus requiring the expansion of existing substations and building of new ones. The
National Capital Region (NCR) accounts to more than half of the total load in Luzon but only
relies on the import of power coming from the north and south Luzon. One unique geographical
feature of Metro Manila is its narrow land area between Manila Bay and Laguna Lake, which is
only about 10 km wide. The development of Antipolo, Navotas, Pasay, and Taguig 230 kV
Substation Projects will cater to the demand increase in Metro Manila.

Presently, there are three main load sectors within Metro Manila:
a) Sector 1 is served through Quezon, Paco and Marilao (Duhat) Substations. Both
Paco and Marilao (Duhat) Substations are MERALCO-owned;
b) Sector 2 is served through Taytay and Doña Imelda 230 kV Substations; and
c) Sector 3 is served through Muntinlupa and Las Piñas 230 kV Substations.

The major supply lines for both Quezon and Taytay are the double-circuit 230 kV line from
San Jose as these substations rely heavily on the supply from San Jose 500 kV Substation. In the
south, the power requirements are being drawn from Dasmariñas 500 kV Substation and from
power plants directly connected to the 230 kV system. Las Piñas is connected through a double
circuit 230 kV radial line from Dasmariñas, while Muntinlupa has four-circuit supply line from
Biñan.

Power System Stability

Power system stability is essentially a single problem; however, the various forms of
instabilities that a power system may undergo cannot be properly understood and effectively
dealt with by treating it as such. Because of high dimensionality and complexity of stability
problems, it helps to make simplifying assumptions to analyze specific types of problems using
an appropriate degree of detail of system representation and appropriate analytical techniques.
Analysis of stability, including identifying key factors that contribute to instability and devising
methods of improving stable operation, is greatly facilitated by classification of stability into
appropriate categories Classification, therefore, is essential for meaningful practical analysis and
resolution of power system stability problems. As discussed in Section V-C-I, such classification
is entirely justified theoretically by the concept of partial stability
Categories of Stability
The classification of power system stability proposed here is based on the following
considerations:

 The physical nature of the resulting mode of instability as indicated by the main system
variable in which instability can be observed.
 The size of the disturbance considered, which influences the method of calculation and
prediction of stability.
 The devices, processes, and the time span that must be taken into consideration in order
to assess stability.
A. Rotor Angle Stability
Rotor angle stability refers to the ability of synchronous machines of an interconnected
power system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance. It depends on
the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between electromagnetic torque and mechanical
torque of each synchronous machine in the system. Instability that may result occurs in the
form of in- creasing angular swings of some generators leading to their loss of synchronism
with other generators.
B. Voltage Stability
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all
buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating
condition. It depends on the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between load demand and
load supply from the power system. Instability that may result occurs in the form of a
progressive fall or rise of voltages of some buses. A possible outcome of voltage instability
is loss of load in an area, or tripping of transmission lines and other elements by their
protective systems leading
C. Basis for Distinction between Voltage and Rotor Angle Stability
It is important to recognize that the distinction between rotor angle stability and voltage
stability is not based on weak coupling between variations in active power/angle and reactive
power/voltage magnitude. In fact, coupling is strong for stressed conditions and both rotor
angle stability and voltage stability are affected by pre-disturbance active power as well as
reactive power flows. Instead, the distinction is based on the specific set of opposing forces
that experience sustained imbalance and the principal system variable in which the
consequent instability is apparent.
D. Frequency Stability
Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency
following a severe system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and
load. It depends on the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between system generation
and load, with minimum unintentional loss of load. Instability that may result occurs in the
form of sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of generating units and/or loads.
A Scenario for Stability Analysis
We consider the system where is the state vector (a function of time, but we omit
explicitly writing the time argument), is its derivative, is sufficiently differentiable and its
domain includes the origin. The system described above is said to be autonomous if is
independent of and is said to be nonautonomous otherwise. A typical scenario for power
system stability analysis involves three distinct steps.
1) The system is initially operating in a pre-disturbance equilibrium set(e.g., an
equilibrium point or perhaps even a benign limit cycle in the state space); in that set,
various driving terms (forces) affecting system variables are balanced (either
instantaneously, or over a time interval). We use the notion of an equilibrium set to
denote equilibrium points, limit sets and more complicated structures like aperiodic
attractors (which may be possible in realistic models of power systems). However, in
the vast majority of cases of practical interest today, the equilibrium points are the
sets of interest. In general, an equilibrium set, or an attractor, is a set of trajectories in
the phase space to which all neighboring trajectories converge. Attractors therefore
describe the long-term behavior of a dynamical system. A Point attractor, or an
equilibrium point, is an attractor consisting of a single point in the phase space. A
Limit cycle attractor, on the other hand, corresponds to closed curves in phase space;
limit cycles imply periodic behavior. A chaotic (or aperiodic, or strange) attractor
corresponds to a equilibrium set where system trajectories never converge to a point
or a closed curve, but remain within the same region of phase space. Unlike limit
cycles, strange attractors are non-periodic, and trajectories in such sys- tems are very
sensitive to the initial conditions.
2) Next, a disturbance acts on the system. An event-type (or incident-type) disturbance
is characterized by a specific fault scenario (e.g., short circuit somewhere in the
transmission network followed by a line disconnection including the duration of the
event—“fault clearing time”), while norm-type (described by their size in terms of
various norms of signals—e.g., load variations) disturbances are described by their
size (norm, or signal intensity). A problem of some analytical interest is determining
the maximum permissible duration of the fault (the so called “critical clearing time”)
for which the subsequent system response remains stable. This portion of stability
analysis requires the knowledge of actions of protective relaying.
3) After an event-type disturbance, the system dynamics is studied with respect to a
known post-disturbance equilibrium set (which may be distinct from ). The system
initial condition belongs to a (known) starting set , and we want to characterize the
system motion with respect to i.e., if the system trajectory will remain inside the
technically viable set (which includes ). In the case of norm-type disturbances, very
often we have. If the system response turns out to be stable (a precise definition will
follow shortly), it is said that (and sometimes as well) are stable. A detected
instability (during which system motion crosses the boundary of the technically
viable set —e.g., causing line tripping or a partial load shedding) may lead to a
newstability study for a new (reduced) system with new starting and viable sets, an
possibly with different modeling assumptions (or several such studies, if a system
gets partitioned into several disconnected parts).
 Power System Stability

Power system stability mainly concerned with rotor stability analysis. For this various
assumptions needed such as:
 For stability analysis balanced three phase system and balanced disturbances
 are considered.
 Deviations of machine frequencies from synchronous frequency are small.
 During short circuit in generator, dc offset and high frequency current are
 present. But for analysis of stability, theses are neglected.
 Network and impedance loads are at steady state. Hence voltages, currents
and powers can be computed from power flow equation.

The stability analysis of power systems is in general nonlocal, as various equilibrium sets
may get involved. In the case of event-type disturbances, the perturbations of interest are
specifieddeterministically (the same may apply to as well), and it is assumed that the analyst has
determined all that are rele- vant for a given and the disturbance. In the case of norm-type
perturbations, the uncertainty structure is different—the perturbation is characterized by size (in
the case of the so-called small-disturbance or small-signal analysis this is done implicitly, so that
linearized analysis remains valid), and the same equilibrium set typically characterizes the
system before and after the disturbance. Note, however, that norm-type perturbations could in
principle be used in large-signal analyses as well.

Luzon Grid – Power System Reliability

Luzon Substation Reliability

The Luzon Substation Reliability Project 1 aims to provide N-1 contingency and
operational flexibility to Tayabas, Botolan, San Esteban, Gumaca and Labo Substations. The
project involves the installation of additional transformer for each substation so that power
interruptions during transformer shutdown or maintenance would not be experienced by the
power customers served by each substation.
Transmission Line Looping Configuration
To further improve the system reliability, enhance the operational flexibility during
events of natural calamities, and in support to the connection of various incoming power plants,
particularly RE, the long-term transmission planning involves the various transmission looping
configurations. Various backbone transmission system involving 138kV, 230kV and 500kV
lines will be implemented by stages, but part of several segments that will eventually form a
transmission loop as the end state.