TO:
My family and friends, who accepted, wilhout apparent restnt-
r.rcm
The m:t."'8Ct '"Be. a Ptrfect SpeUIC{ tD 30 Miuuies." by Norman
Lcwu, is <Op)Tigbl. J9<46, by !!,quirt, Inc, Rcprln1ed !rom Feb""")'
1946 CotOl'l.CL
111c ox.uact from •~aow to Spell a. Word... by Norman ~ is copy-
rigbt, 1948, by £s<tuitc, loo. Rtprioled from JanlJ&r)' 1949 COro!leL
The cxuact from "Mhk! OVer Grammar: by Norman L~wil. is copy•
right,. 19:47, by Fawcett Publicatiom. loc.
The onmcts tzvm "'Can, You a.tdl a Miupe.Ued Word," by Norman
t.,w;,. is copyrigbl, 1948, by Fa~utt Publkario11s, Inc. . ,
The. a.tract, froQl "'Watch That Word." by Normaa Le--9,11, 11 00PY·
right, 1948, by Fawcen Publications, loc.
W1rruy o( Coqreas Oallllogltl1 le Publicatloo D•ta
Lewis, NO&lDil.Ot U I2-
Word power mMSc: ca.,y.
J. VocallcJIU"f. L Thte.
PP..1449'.W 1978 .11.18', I
lANrJ of Con,rm Co.Jo/of C•d Nvm6v 77-1'&94
ISBN: 0-181-UO,.S-J
CW1rltht@ 1~9. 1078 b1 No,man /.h,b ..,
~ II RJ,til6 R,.JD't>ffl
hbud t.n rlw t/nlkil St,utt o/ ANtuk4
ment and with barely n-ud.ibte eompla.iot, my complete sell-isola-
tion during the many monlhs in which 1 ro1ally ;wd shamofully
neglected thrm while working on the TCVision of this book.
ltsp<,rially: Ma,y; Margie Baldif\ger ond Ibo kids; D<bbic and
AUcn Hubbert; Mil10,, L<Wis; lCatec and Bub Koprstein; Leonard
Vogel, one of Amtrica•s great pafote11, and Shirley; iounucl
cooks David and Jan.ice Polb; Seymour and Nttn Prog; Ruth and
Leo; Dave and Jan Hopkins; Ca:rol .and Marvin Colter: Bob ftc-
ne.rty, my chess opponent, who says that wirutlng is all that
counts; Doris Gucia.o Ee.a.nor and Robett Poitou; M:iry El and
DkkOaymao-
WaJ1t;r Garcia, Len Grandy, Don Jenkins; Sally uindsburg;
Ted ..d Mnrga,ct Silydet; Jean Bryan; Rhoda and Rolph Ducno-
wald: Geo.go and Phyllis Jorie; Bob and Monica Myer<, Tooy
and Kai.by Oarda, Jean Kachaturian; Marglc Lopez and Jo Wat•
son-
Myrtle a.ad At¢, Donny and .&telle. Helen and Ben, Judy nnd
Bob, Doris and Muriel, Danny and Mary; in memoriam, Max and
Frances-
Larry Seber, Chuck t-.'ichamin, Sue Sulli,·ao, RO$cmary nnd
Debbie Greeom1D. Alice Hessing:. Ottve, and Lynn Bisset, Danny
HemAnde:r, John Arcadj and Pq:gy Ar<ad~ NOOD Ashley, Aaron
Breitbart-
Lorin and Gloria Wam<.r, Many and Ro. Oiodos, Mabton and
Gwen Woirbnye, i..on and Kay Eas~ Macijaue aod Paul Paulsen,
Helen and Russ Hm!ord, Elior and Sally Kilumhy_
 Carolyn Ru,seU, Rod Sciborsld, Vera t..usbkin, 1ohn Hahn,
Liz Johnson. Leonora Davila., nm Hr.wley, Jerry Leniogton, Jay
Lougnrao, Susa,, Oblcc, Marilyn Houseman, Rita Scot!, Chris
Hnmilton, 1oan N•y, Ma,y Lewis, Virginia S.,,doval, Haz<l
Haas-
'Jbe sWI and all my Students al Rio Hondo Collego-
My editor at Doubleday, Jean Anne Vincens who so patiently
and cl,octfully goaded, prodded, poshed, wheedled, and cajoled CONTENTS
me into finlshlng on time.
Also: I wish to llulnk Karen Kopfstein and Peggy Cholock for
lhci.t p.rompmess and cat6 in typtng the manuscript
Whittier. calilomia
IBllulil')' 1978 Ho., to Use 'Jllls lloolr; for Mulawn Bendit
Why thls is not a book to be read; how to
teem to p.ronoun.-ce the ne"A' words cor-
rwly; bow the ttymologkd •PP"'acb
works better tham aoy other method lo,
learning words guicltly and ptrmBDtlltly;
bow to m.stet nouns_, vetbs, adjectivt&,
and advQfbs la five- to ten minutea; how to
llSC the psychological principl.. of learning
10 53,,rpen yonr v,crbal skill;.

PART ONB
OETI1NG OFF TO A GOOD START
3
1, Bow lo Tm Your !'resent Vocabalary
How vocabulary growth of the awr>ge
odult compares with that ol cbild1tn; •
simple test to sbow you whether yow: vo-
cabulary i5 below average., average, above
avmige, e,,:elleut, or soperio< In fllllSC,
verbal q,eed, Uld responsivenw; impor-
tant evidence of the close rclatioQshlp t»
tween V1;1Cabulacy and success.
 2. How 10 Star1 Building Your Vocabulary
19
How building your vocabulary will enrl<:b
your tllin.king, increase your self-a.s.swance
in speaking and \vriling, and give- you a
better understanding of the world and of
yourself; why it is necessary to recapture
~1e "powetful urge to leam"; why your age
makes litUe dil'Ierence; how this book is
designed to build a college-size vocabulary
in two to three months.
6. How to Talk About Science aod Scientists
.S. How to Talk About Vmlom·Pnctltlo11ers 81
(Sessions 7-JQ)
Words that descnoo a variety of profes-
sions, including those dealing v.ith the
human mind; teeth; vision; feet; handwrit-
ing; aging; etc. How you arc becoming
more and more conscious of the new
words you meet in your reading.
115
(Sessions 11-13)

3. How lo Talk about Penonallly Types
(Sessions 1-3)
Words that describe all kinds and sorts of
people, including terms for self-interest. re-
actions to the world,,./ltti~1fl to~~.ff<a,,
skill a:nd n)!:kwardnfsf· iiil@laJ. mw,
,it~ , ~ o f man, of woman. aod o( marriage.
How one sessfon of pleasant work can acid
moie words to your "O<:abula:ry t11an the
average adult learns in an entire year; why
it is necessary to develop a comfortable
time scb.cdule and then stick 10 it.
4. How to Talk About Doctor$ (Sessions 4-6)
Words that relate to medical specialists
..
and spccia.lties. Terms for experts in dis-
order$ or the female organs; childhood '
diseases; skin ailmen~; skeletal d ~ -
~s; hear1 l!ilml:Dts; disorder.; of tho
nerves, m.ind, and _personality. How scf-f-
discipline and persistence will ultimately
lead to complete mastery over words.
vTH
26 Wards tbat describe st~<J,ents of human
dcvelopmeot, of the h~s, of !he eanh,
of plBnl aod animal life, or iosect forms,
of words and language, of social organ-
U iution. Books on psychology that will add
;,~ifi, immeasurably both 10 your store of new
words and ideas, l)\1.d also to your under-
standing of yourself and of other people.
• 7. Bow lo Talk About Liarund l,yhlg U8
(Susionsll7f) >l,..f..:J,~- ,...{{!
Wor<Js/iliAt aJurately label diflerentftl'pes
of ~ and l)'ing. Tenm tllat f1ol'ate to
fame, ar1istry- ;eform, IJ&redi!}', time,
54
place, s;idftt.~\te. Four lasting benefits
you bavo begun to acquire from your wor.k
i n ~ building.
8:, How to Cbecl< Your Progress, Compn,btll.live
Te.st I (Session 18) 182
,.. A 120-item test of your learning in Part I.
ix

PART TWO
Jt.
GAINING INCREASED MO~'r
/ /1
?, How lo Talk Aboul Actions
(Sessions 19-23)
Verbs that accurately descri~ important
human ,ctivities. ~ into expres-
sive terms for good and evil, doing, .saying,
wishing, and plcasin_g. Funher proof that
you can learn, in a r-ew weeks or less, more
new words than lbe aver"!!• adult learns in
an entire year.
10, How lo Talk About Varioas Speed, Htlblts
( S<s,ions 24-27)
Wordt !bat explore in depth all degm,s
and kinds of talk and silence. More books
that will incrt;ise your ~ to .new
ideas and oew words. ~ ~ .
itl.JJ~
U. How lo Insult Your Enemies ·-' i.p/le
(.Sessions 28-31)JI< i;i, !'fl ..ultt-i
r
Terms [or (describing a disciplinarian.
!Dady, ~ . provocaliv~ woman, ftag-
~yer. possessor of a on<>track mind, uee-
thlnlcer, mf!erer fu>m imaginary ailments,
etc. EJeursions into wocds relating to
father and mother, -murder of all sorts,
sc.xoal desires, and various manias and
phobias. Magaz.i,)cs that will help you
build your vocabulary.
12. How lo .flatter Your Friends
(Sc,sions 32-37)
1'crms for describing friendli.ness, energy,
ho11esty, menuil keenness) bro.very I ch.arm,
sophistication, etc. Excursions into expres-
sive ~ords tb_at refer to ways of eating and
~nking, be~ev!ng and disbelieving, Jook-
1ng.and seemg, facing the present, past,
191 and Cuture, aod li'ling in the city and
country. How the new words you are
learrung have begun to influence your
thinking.
13, Bow to Check Your Prog,us: Comprebemin
Test n (Session 38) 392
A J 20-it<m t 0$l of your achlevcment in
r Part ll.
239
PART THREE
FINISlJJNG WIDI A FEl!LlNG OP COMPLETE SOCCESS
14. B ow lo Talk A!Joat Oxnmon l'bouomeno and
Ocmm:nces (Ses<ions 39-41)
282 401
Words for poveriy and weaJw diICct and
indirect emotions, not calliog ' a g~ a
spade, banter and other i:.~, talk animal-
1:'L - ""'6'-"'- ,
JJA8 contentzntat. homesick:n~ss, meat-eat-
ing, ~d different kinds of secrecy. ~
lil.QJI£ mto terms expressive o! $oodness, o!
~aekD"l"'~ phraseology, of human similar-
ity to vonous animals, of kinds of sound
elc, How to react to the new words you'
meet i.o yoll{ reading.
15. B ow lo T alk About What Goes 0a 451
(S.ssion, 42-44)
Verbs thnt show exhamtion, criticism, sel(-
sacrillc~ repelilion, mental ~
 preleose. hinllng, soothing, sympathizing,
indecision, etc. How you can increase }·our
yocabulary by ptcnog your friends' brains.
16, How fo Talk About a Variety of P•rsonal
Chatacteru;tics (Sesswns45-46)
Adjectives that desc:ribe i,w;in~ humility,
dissatisfaction, soobbery, courtesy lo
women, futancial embarrassment, sadness,
etc. Hew increasing your vocabulary has
begun 10 change the ioteUectual climate of
your life.
17, H ow to Check Your ,l'rogrcs,: Comp,:ehcnsive
Test m (Session 47)
A 120-item test of your achievement in
Ptut Ill.
18. How to Check Your Standing as an ~ r
Etpnolgn,t
AJlswers to Teaser Questions io Olapters
3-7, P-12, and 14-16.
19, How toKecy Bnilcling Your Voubulary
Toe five simple, but vital, steps to take so
that you can keep your vocabulary ever
dcv1:loping, e-...er increasing. How yo-uc.
vocabulary will continue to grow only if
you rem:UO on the search for new ideas.
11,e best means for makini this surcb
successful
Appendix: Some Esoteric Phobias
478
BR.IBP INTERMISSIONS
1 . Test Your Gramwa_r 51
J.97
A thirty•<enlcnce test or your ability to use
words correctly. Is your Eng!ilh averag,,,
above average, or nearly pedcct?
504 2!. R;tndom Notes on Modem Usage 76
Grammatical usage is becomiog more lil>-
eral every day-is your spe,,eb oeither
affected nor illiterate? Simple rules for
524 fifteen imporcaot expressions.
3. How Grammar Changes 109
Grammar foUows the speech bobits of
educated people-how does your grammar
measure up in your use or nine cor:nmoo
expressions?
527
4. How to Amid Being a Purist 143
:inece is ao reason for being: overprecise
10 your speech- but do you also avoid
barbarums and illiterate ~pressions?
 5. How to Speak Nalumlly
Nine more expressions of which you must
be careful
6. Do Yoo Always Use U,e l'\'oper Word?
A twenty-five scnteuce check oo your in-
creasing linguistlc ability,
7. Some Jnterc$1t'ng Derin6ons
How word$ come from the names of people
andplaoes.
8. How lo Spell a Word
You can elimioate oll your spelling diflleul-
tics-providcd you know the tricks.
9. Tal<e This Spel6ng Test
Proof that you are berorning a better
&peller.
10, Another Cbeck oo Your SpeWog
Pnrther tests to nail h_s,me the correct spell-
inss of eOJDDlODb,rtcijffjeuJt words,
>iv
23.4
279
337 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
FOR MAXIMUl\f BENEFIT
441
476 1. this is nor o reading book . . .
.Don't read this book!
Instead, work wi(h it. Write in ii, tn!k o/oud to it, talk bock to
it-use your pen or pencil, your voice, not just your eyes and
495 mind.
Learning, real learning, goes on only through atlive partici-
pation.
When n new Word occurs in a chapter, say It aloud/ (The _eh~
netic,espolling will help you pronounce it correctly.)•
When you do the matching exercises, use a pen o, pencil. Write
your respanre.r! (Check the key tlrnt immediately follows each e,-
CTCise after you have filled in all the answers.)
When you do the "'Yes ..No/' ··True~False,n 01' "Same-Opposite"
e:x.ercises,. use your pen or pencU to indicate the appropriate re-.
spcnse, theo cbcck with the key when you have completed tbe
wh-0le exercise.
When you are asked lo 611 in ~·ords that fit definitions, write
yor.i, atl$Wers; then check the key both to see if you have re..
• The system of pronunciation symbols v.ill be lhorougbfy explatlleel in
Sectioo l ot this ch.apter-.
~ponded with the right word and also to make sure your spelling is
Now look back at the sentence preceded by an arrow.
correct. The italicized words are rewritten as:
When you do the Review of Etymology exercises, make sure to
60 in the E.ngli.sb word contaliilng the prefix, root, or suffix I. previous PREB'-vee-:as
required-use a chep~r word 1 or: any other word that Comes to 2. sentence SEN'-1,:ins
mind. (Coin words if you like!) 3. aloud o-LOWD'
Pay special attention to the Chapter Reviews. Are the words 4. 11ormal NAWR'-m•l
still fresh in your mind? Do you remembe, the meaning of each S. conversational kon'-var.SAY'-shon-ol
root studied in the previous sessions? lo the.so R<Yiews, you are You wlU find o in alll1ost all words that are phonetically
not only testing your learning but also tightening up any areas in respelled throughout this boo.le. Say the 6-vc italicized wotds aloud
which you discover lacks, weakn..ses, or lapses of memory. and make sure you understand how the schwa (•} aonnds.

(b) Next, understand accent.

2. master tho pronunciation systeml
Saying words aloud, and saying them right,. is half tru> battle io
feeling comfortable and assured with all the new words you are
going to learn. Every word taught is respelled to show its pronun-
ciation, so pay close attention to how the.phonetic symbols work.
(a) First, mastu the "schwa"/
Almost every English word of two or more syllabics contains
one or several syllables in which the vo.,-.J sound is said very
quickly. For example:
"Linda spoke to ber molher about a different ldta she had."
-+Read the pnvious sentence, aloud at normal conver1ational
speed.
l 3. anthropo./ogical
Look at word (S) above: convtrsaliona/: kou'-vor.SAY'-shon-ol.
Note that 1here are two accent nu1.d.:s, one on kon', another on
SAY'. Nore also that kon' is in lowec-<:ase leUe,rs, SAY' in capitals.
1loth syllables are stressed, but the one in capitals (SAY') sounds
stronger (or louder) than the one in lower C8Se (kon'}. Say 0011•
w~aliono.l aloud, noting the difference.
Say ~~ three words, taken from Chapter 3, aloud, noticing
the vanat.Lon in stress be-tween the Jowe1-ca.se and the capitaJ.iu:d
syllables:
I. ezomanincnl ee'-g6-mo-Nl'....kol
2. altercation awl'·tar..JCAY'·Shan
ao'-tltm-p>-LOJ' ....k,I

Read it again. Listen to bow the -a of Undo; the..,. of mother; (c) Be_car•ful of ~he letter "S" (or "s'') in phonetic ,cspell/11gs.
the a,. of about; the -e, and -em of different; and the -a of idea S _(ors} JS always hissed, as in su, some, such. After an -n, you
will be tempted to bttzt (or ''voice'') the --s, because final -n.r is

1
sound.
Very quiek-vcry short! Right? ~sually pronOU!lced ·nz. as in WillS, Ums, owns, etc. (Say these
Phonetically respelled, these words are represented as: three words aloud-hear the tat the end?) Resist the Umptationi
I. Unda UN'-do S (ors) a always hirudin phonetic respellings!
2. mother MUm•_,,r Say these words aloud:
3. abouJ <1-BOWT' l . ambivalen«t am-BIV'-o-loas
4. differenl DIF..,r-<>nt 2. 4f/lue11Ce AF'.J~s
s. idea i-DEE'-a 3. opulence OP'-yo-1=
'Ibe symbol "•," called a schwa, represents the quick, short 4. sente11ee S.EN''..fans
vowel sowid in the five words above.
t All unusoal words in th.is ffiapte.c arc laog.b,t in lattr cha~cn of t.be. bOC;lk,
)(Vii
 (d) The symbol l or 1 is pronounced •Y•, to rhyme with high,
sjgh, my*etc., no mailer where you flnd it. For ex.ample: 3. a wol'd (or words) on w01tern ond eastern pronunciation
I. /i$hts Frrs
2. spy SPI In tbe New Yori< City area, and in parts ol New Jer>ey and
3. malign m>LIN' other eastern states, the syllables i.ar. •er, -or, .(JD, and -aw arc
4. civili.e SIV'-a-liz' pronounced somewhat diJfenmtly from the way they a,e said in
[1 or; (will1out the top bar) is pronounced as in it, sit, pitch.] lhe Midwest and in the West.
ln New York City, for example. the words below are generally
(e) Aft c<1nso,umts have th,;, normalsoUllds. pzonounced as lollows:
Except loc (} ( or g), which is alway, pronounced as in gi>t, orange AHR'.-onj
girl, gel, go. lalk TAWK
I. agree o-GREE' oolfee KAW'-feo
2. pagan PAY'-g;,o sorority s~RAHR'-~tee
3, again ..OEN' inrorrigible in·KAHR'-o-jo-bol
(() The vowel wu11ds are as follows: disparage dis•PAR'-<>j (A .. in HAT)
mercy MBR'-ee (E as in WET)
SYMBOL t.XAM.PLE
marry MAR'-ee (A as in•AAT)
1. A, a caJ (KAT)
astronaut. AS'..·tra,.nnwt'
2. E,e wer (WET) Harry HAR'-ee (A as in H,\T)
3. I, i #I (SIT)
4. O,o knot (NOT) In the Midwest and West, on lh6 other hand, the same words
S. U,u (NUT)
11111 are usually said approximately as follows:
6. AI-{, ah nu,rtiltet (m.1.br~t;,-NET"); o,ange AWR'-ooj
7. AW,aw /or (FAV.'R);inwrrigihte talk TOK
(in-KAWR'+ p-~) coffee KOP'-ee
8. AY,ay ate (AYT); ~gnats sorority S>-RAWR'-;>-tee
(MAG'-nayt) incorrigible ln-.KAWR'~jo-ool
9. BE,ee (EB'-k.wol); clande,tin,ly
t{/:tal disparage dis-PAIR'·"i
(klan-DES'-t•n-lee) merry MAIR'-ec
10. 6,o toe (TO); ccmcerto marry MAIR'-ce
(Qn-CHUR'·tG) astronaut AS'-lro-noY
book (BOOK); pr11rient Harry HAIR'-ee
(PROOR'-eO-<Jnt)
12. 00, ot,doom (DOOM); blue (BL<lb)
13. OW, ow obow ( a-BOWf') Nothlng so ~here that a person brougbt up in Brooktfll
14. OY, oy .wil (SOYL) or lbc Bronx ca:ono1 understand a native of Los Angeles or. San
15. ING, ing taking (TAYK'-iug) Francisco-it's Jost thal each one thinks tht other has an ac.
(g) TEI or th is proaounced as in thing; 1'll or /Tr is pro- cent!
nounced as in thU. I 1n California, for ex.ample, Ma,1. m~rr1, and marry sound al-
x.bt
 r
most exactly alike-in New York, they are usually he3rd as quite
differenl words.
(So, to be sexist for a moment, if the meo at a party in Manha!•
tan say, "Let's all make merry!'\ :Mary doci,;o't feel that she is
about to ~ucc,l by the males!)
In the phonetic respelling, throughoul the book, the wcslem
pronunciations of words with lhe syllables remarked on above arc
used. This is done largely becatlS6 I my,elf 1u1ve lived In the Los
Angeles area [or some louneen years, and bave had to retrain my
pronunciation (having come Irom New York City, where I was
born, and lived all my life until 1964) so that my friends and Stu·
dents would slop making fun of the way I speak.
Neither form of pronU11Cia:ion is any better nor a,iy more
fflphoruous tlwn the other. Throughout the country, pronun-
c;iatioo variC& not only from n,gion I<> region or state to state, but
often lrom city to city! The changes arc sligbl and subtle, but they
do exi$t. and an expert can easily pinpoint the geographical source
o[ a person's language patterns 'ahnost down to • few square miles
in area.
If you are an Easterner, you will have no difficulty translating
the pronunciations of words like sorority, incor,igibte, disparage,
and asironaut (all words discussed in lalot chapters).. into your
own comfortable language patterns.
4. why etymology?
Ecymology (cr-o-MOL'-o-jcc) deals with the origin or deriva-
tion of words.
Wheo you know the meaning of a root (tor example, Latin tgo,
I or self), you can better understand, and more easily remember,
all the words built on this rool.
L""1'n one n>OI and you have the key that will unlock the mean-
ings o/ up to ten or twenty words In which rhe root appears.
J..eam ego mid you can immediately get a handle on egocentric,
egomani.ac, egokt> a,otlst, and alter ego.
Learn anlhrop<n (Greek, mankind), und you will quieltly un-
derswid, and never forget, anthropology, nusanihro/JY, anthropoid,
)(X
anthropocentric, onrhropomorphlc, philanthropy, 011d anthropo-
phobia. Meet any word with andtropo- in i~ and you wiU have a~
leil$1 some idea ol its meaning.
In tho tl)'mologlcal (et'>m>LOJ'4-kol) approaeb to vocabu-
lary building:
• You will learn about prefixes, roots, and suffute:r-
• You will be able to figure out unfamiliar words by m:ogoizing
their structure. the builc:tiJli blocks from which they a.re con-
structed-
• You will be able to coosllUCI words com:ctly by lcamlog to
put these building blocks to&ether in the proper way-<111d
• You will be able to derive verbs from nouns, oonns and
verb$ lrom adjecti>':s, adjcctiVC$ lrom QOUUS, ctc.-eod do all
this correctly.
Learn /ww to deal with etymo/og)I and you will fetl comfortable
with words-you will use ~ words with s e l / ~ y o u
wit/ be able to figure out thousands of words you h= tN reod
even If you have never hear4 or seen these words before.
That's why the best approech to new words is through etymol-
ogy;-a.s you will discover for yoursdf a, soon as you start to
W<>rk on chapter 31
5 . but what are nouns, v..-b.., end odi~ivti?
You probably know.
But if you don't, you ca.ti mru;ter these parts of_ speech (and ref-
•=•• will be made to noun forms, Vfrb forms, and adjective
forms throughout lh• boot) witbio the neort five minutes.
(a) A noun is a word that can be preceded by a, an, tire, some.
such, or my.
An egoist (noun)
t locidem,.lly, Latin scholats will notloe that I pcueo.t & Latin verb in ~
ftrs·t person s1Dgu.lar, prew)t te:Dl5e (HrtO, I wn1), bat call it a.a. irmni~
( v~/0. to rom). J do tbJs for two~; 1) HnO b ct.Sier !oc a oon-
Latin I-Cbol&r lO pt'OQOUDCO (tbe actual lo.tlnitive, vutere, it prooOODOCd
WAIR'-u-cay): IJld 2) .,boo l 11Udlcd Latin fifty ywi qo, 1he coovcn<loo
was tD refer to • verb by USUl& tbc Arn person llinplar, present: temc.
U rou ere. oot a Latin acbolar-, you 0<:cd not bother to rt.ad th.i& !CM»
noc;e-U you've already doi;tt;-,, foqet itl
• xxl
 such asceticism (noun)
Tiu, misogynW ( noun)
(Nouns. you will disco,·er, often end in conventional suffixes:
-ness, -ity. -ism, ..y, -l.on, etc.)
(b) A verb is a word that liL• into the pattern, "Let us
_ _ __ _ __ __ __ _,. A verb has o past tense.
Let UJ equivocate (verb)-past tense: equivocated.
Let us alternate (vcrb)-post tense: alternated.
Let us philander (verb)-post tense: phi/andutd.
(Verbs, you will discover, 0!1tn end in convcntionol sul!ixes:
-ate. -ire, -t,, etc.)
(e) An adjectiw, is a word that fits into the-pattern, "You are
~ r y - - - - - -- -- - - - ·
You are very egoistic (adjective).
You are very intro.,rted (adjective).
You are very misogynous ( adjective).
(Adjectives-, you will discover, often end ln con\'entiono.1
suffixes: -ic, --ed, -ous, .al, .fve, etc.)
And adverbs, of course, are generally formed by adding -ly to
an adjective: ,nisogynous•mi.wgynously; educatiorral-educatiori-
a/ly; etc.
That's all there is to it! (Did it take ruo,:e than five mlnutes?
Maybe ten at the m~t?)
6. how to work for best results
II you ilh-end to work with this book seriously (that is, if your
clear intention is to add a thousand or more new words to your
prese<>t vocabulary'--<ldd them pennaneotly, unforgettably-add
t.bem so successfolly that y011 will soon find yourself using them in
speech and writing), I suggest that you give yow-self every advan-
tage by earefuJ!y following the la\01 of loaming:
(a) Space your learning.
Beginnb:tg with Chapter 3, every chapter will be divided into
"sessioos.• Bach session may take one hall hour to ao hour and a
half, dtpe,,diog 011 the amount of material and on your own speed
of leaming.
xxii
Do one or two se,sions at a time-three if you're going strong
and are all involved-aod always decide when you stop exactly
when you will return. (I remind you to do this later in the book,
since such a procedure is of crucial importance.)
(b) Do 1101 rush-go ot your own comfortable spud.
Everyone learns at a different pace. Fast leamero ai:e no better
than slow learners-it's the end ,:,:suit that counts, not the time it
lalces you to finish. ·
(c) Review.
When you start a new session, go back to the last exercise of the
previous session (usually Can y<>u recall ths words? or Chapter
Review), cover your answers, and test yom retention--do you
have quick recall alter a day or so has e ~
• (d) Test yo11Tself. i~,tt_ ·
You are not •IDiing for a grade, or putting you, worth on the
line, when you take the three Comprehensive Tests (Chapters 8,
13, and 17)-rather you are discovering your weaknesses, if any;
deciding where repiurs have to be made; and, especially, ex-
periencing a feeling of suoeess at work well done. (In learning,
too, nothing succeeds like SUOCC$SI)
Use thooe three tests, as well as the abundant drill ox~rcises, as
&ids to teaming. No one ls perfect, no one learns in the exact same
way or at the same rate as anyone else. Find the optimum tech-
nique and speed for your unique learning pattems-aod then give
yourself every opportunity to exploit your actual, latent, and po-
tential abilities.
But mo.st irr1J1(>rta,u (a.f I will remind you several times
throughout the book)-devdop a routine and stick k> ii/
xx.iii

Disclaimer:
Occasionally in those pages, owing to 1he deficiency of Ole Eng-
lish lallguage, I have used he um/hu meaning he or slte/lrim or
he/his or her in onler to avoi e of siyle.i;.@J? ffi_
He, him, and his are not intended as e~~
pronouns-they may refer to either sex or to both sexes.
\.
PART ONE
GE'l'l'ING OFF TO
A GOOD START
t
HOW TO TFSf YOUR
PRESENT VOCABULARY
•
Once~ a chilJ-you were an apert1 an accomplished virtuoso,
at {taming new words. - - -
Toda)·~ by comparison, you are a rank and bymbling ~ r .
Does \J\is statement ,;ound insullillg?
It may bc-bllt if you nre the average aduU, it is a statement
that is, unfortunately, onJy too true.
Educational tc,tting mdioates that children of len who have
g.rown up in families in which Engfob is tbe native la:oguag<, have
recognition vocabularies of over twenly thousand words--
And that the,~ same Jen..)lear--olds have be~n I.taming new
words at a raie o/ many hundreds a ytar since the age of four.
In astonis.bing contrast, studies show that adults who are no
longer attending scbool increase their vocabularies at a pace
slower than rwenl)• five to fifty words /Jnnllal/y.
How do you ~ your own vocabulory?
Is it quanlitalively healthy? '-tf~
Rich in over-all range?
.Rcopon>ivc to any situation in wbich you may fu>d yourself?
Truly indicati•e of your intellectual potential?
More important, is it still Jl?OWing at the saroe rapid ~ as
when you were a child?
Or, as "ilb most adults, has your rate of Increase dropped d.ta.,-
3
tically since you left school? And iC so, do you now feel thot your
vocabulary is somewhat limited, your verbal skills not as sharp as
you would like them to be?
Let us check it out.
I challenge you to a series of tests that will measure your vocab-
ulary range, as well as your verbal speed aod~ nsiveness.
1 15. a confirmed utheisl: (•) bachelor, (b) disbeliever in God,
A TEST OF VOCABULAAY RANGE
Hete are sixty briel phraso,, each containing one italiciud
word; it is up 1<> you to cheek tho closest definitioo of each s uch
word. To keep your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from
.!'.[d ~ essmg. The key will be found at the end of the test.
I. disheveled appeeranoe: (a) untidy; (b) fierce, (e) foolish,
(d) peeul.iar, (e) uobappy
2. • baffling problem: (a) difficult, (b) simple, (e) puu.Jing,
(d) lo ng, (e) new
3. lenimt parent: (a) lall, (b) not strict, (e) wise, (d) foolish,
(e) severe
4. ,.pulsive personality: (a) disgusting, (b) auractlve, (c) nor-
mal, (d) OOMUecj, (e) oooeeited
5. audacious attempt: (a) useless, (b) bold, (c) foolish, (d)
crazy, (e) ne=sary
6. parry a blow: (a) ward off, (b) fear, (c) expect, (d) invite,
(c) ignore
7. pn,valent disease: (a) daQgerous, (b) catthing, (c) <hild-
bood, (d) fatal, (e) widespi:ead
8. ominous report: (a) loud, (b) threa1eoi.ng. (c) untrue, (d)
serious, (") unpleasant
9. an ln,:,,edible story: (a) true, (b) interesting, (c) weU-
knowo, (d) unbelievable, {e) unknown
LO. an ophthalmowgist: {a) eye doctor, (b) <kin doctor, (c) foot
doctor, (d) heart docior, (e) caru:erspeeinlist
JI. will supersede the old law: (a) enforce. (b) specify pennlties
for, (c) take the place of, (d) repeal, (e) continue
12. an anonymous donor: (a) generous, (b) stingy, (c) wd.1-
known, (d) one whose name is not known, (e) relUciallt
4 to ooe of friendliness
13. performc:i! an nulops:i: (a) examination of living tissue, (b)
examination of o corpse to determine the cause (I,( death. (c)
process in the manuFacture of oplieal lenses,_ (d) operation_ to
cure an organic disease, (e) -series of quesuons to deter!llloe
the causes of delinquent beb•vior
14. an i11defotigahle worker: (a) well-paid, (b) tired, (c) skill-
fu~ (d) tireless, (e) pleasant
(c) believer in religion, ( d) believer in.science, ( e) priest .
J6. endless loquacity: (a) misery, (b) fantasy, (c) rcpeti-
tiousnes1;, (d) ill health. (c) tttlkativeness
11. a clib talker: (a) smooth, (b) awkward, (c) loud, (d)
ltl.endly, (e) boring
)8. ao incolligible optimist: (a) happy, (b) beyond ~rrection or
reform, (c) fooli<h, (d) b,opeful, (e) unreasonable
19. aa ooular problem: (a) uncxp<eted, (b) iusoluble, (o) vis-
ual, (d) continual, (e) imaginary
20. a notorious demagogue: (a) rabble,.rou.ser, (b) gambler, (c)
perpetrator of financial frauds, ( d) liar, (e) spendthrift
21. a 11,:iive attitude: (a) unwise, (b) hostile, (c) un,sophis-
. ticated, (d) friend ly, (e) contemptuous
22. living in aQluenC8: (a) difficult circumstances, (b) countr.i/ied
surmuodiogs, (c) fear, (d )wealth, (e) poverty
23. in retrospect: (u) view of the past, (b) ~rtistic b~l.once, (c)
anticipation, (d) admiration, (c) second thouw,ts
24. a gourmet: (a) seasoned traveler, (b) greedy eater, (c) ves•·
tarian, (d) connoisseur of good food, (e) £kill!ul cllel .
25. 10 simulate interest: (a) pretend, ( b) feel, (c) lose, (d) stir
up, (el ask for
26. a magnanimous action: (a) puzzling, (b) generous, (c)
foolish, (d) uanecessory, (e) wise
27. a clande,ti11c meeting: (a) prearranged, (b) hurried. (c) im-
portant, {d) secret, (e) public
28. the af)<lthetic citizens: (a) made up of separate ethnic gtoups,
(b) keenly vigilru,t oflheir rights, (c) politka!Jy conservative.
(d) indifferent, uninterested. uninvolved, (e) terrlfied
29. to placare his son: {a) ph,,ise, ( b) help, (c) find a job for,
(d) make arrangements ror, (e) change a feeling of hostility
s
30. to vacillate continually: (a) avoid, (b) swiog buck 11nd fonh
in indecision, (c) inject, (d) treat, (e) scold
31. a 1W.rtDlgic feeling: (a) nauseated, (b) homesick, (c) sharp,
(d) painful, (e) delighted
32. !tel antipathy: (a) bashfulness. (b) stage fright, (c) friend•
liness, (d) hostility, (e) suspense
33. be more circumspect: (a) restrained, (b) confident, (c) cau-
tious, (d) honest, (e) int.elligeot
34. an Intrepid 6gbter tor human rights: (a) fearless, (b) elo-
quent, (c) popular, (d) experienced, (e) famous
35. diaphanous material: (a) strong, (b} sheer and gauzy, (c}
colorful, (d) e~nsive, (e) synthetic
36. a taciturn host: (a) stingy, (b) generous, (c} disincllned to
conversation, (d) charming, (c) gloomy
37. to malign his friend: (a) accuse, (b) help, (c) disbelieve,
(d) slander, (e) introduce
38. a congenital deformity: (a) heteditary, (b) crippling, (c)
slight, (d) incurable, (e) ocrurring at or d-uring birth
39. a definite neurosis: (a) plan, (b) emotional disturbance, (c)
physical disease, (d) feelingoffeat, (e) allergic reaction
40. made an unequivocal statement: (a) hard to understand, (b)
leoglhy, (c) polillcally motivated, (d) clear and forthright,
(e} supporting
41. vicarious enjoyment: (a} complete, (b) unspoiled, (c) oc-
curring from a feeling of identification v.ilh another, (d)
long•oontinwng, ( e) temporary
42. PS'Y<hogenic ailment: (a) incurable, (b) contagious, (e)
orig;nadng In lho mind, (d) intcstina~ (e) imaginary
43. an tJn(Jcl,ronous attitude: (a) unexplainable, ('b) unrea-
sonable, (c) belonging to • dillerent time, (d) out of place,
(e) unusual
44. ber iconoclastic phase: (a) artistic, (b) sneering at trarution,
( c) troubled, ( d) diflicult, (e) religious
45. a tJro: (a) dominating personality, (b) beginner, (c) accom-
plished musician, (d) dabbler, (e) ~rious student
46. • laconic Aply: (a) immediate, (b) assured, (c) terse and
meaningful, (d) unintelligible, (e) angry
41. Sl!malltic confusion: (a) relating to lhe meaning ol words,
6 7
(b) pertaining to money, (e) having 10 do wilh the emotions,
(d) relating to mathematics, (e) caused by inner runnoil
48. cavalier treatment: (a} courteous, (b) haughty and high-
handed, (c) negligent, (d) affectionate, (e) expensive
49. an anomalous situation: (a) dongcrous, (b) intriguing, (c)
unusual, (d) pleasant (e) unhappy
SO, posthumous child: (a) cranky, (b) brilliant, (c) pbysic:aUy
weak, (d) illegitimate, (e) born after the death of tile rather
51. feels enerva1ed: (a) luU of ambition, (b) full or strength, (c)
completely exha11$ted, (d) troubled, (e} full of reoewed
energy
52. shows perspicacity: (a} sincerity, (b) menJal keenness, (c)
• love, ( d) falthluln..s, ( e) longing
53. an unpopular martinet: (a) candidate, (b) supervisor, (c)
strict disciplinarian, (d) military leader, (e) discourteous
snob
54. gregarious person: ( a) outwardly calm, (b) very sociable,
(c) completely untrustworthy, (d) vicious, (e) self-effacing
and timid
55. geocrnlly phlegmatic: (a) smug. self-satisfied, (b) easily
pleased, (c) nervous, high-strung, (d) emotionally unrespon-
sive, (e) lacking in social gracC$
5'6. an inveterate gambler: (a) impoverished, (b) succcsslul, (c)
habitual, (d) occasional, (e) superstitious
57. on ,gr,gious error: (a) outstandingly bad, (b) slight, (c) ir-
reparable, (d) unneces.<ary, (e) deliberate
5 8. cacophony of a large city: (a) political administration, (b)
crowded living conditions, (c) cultural advantages, (d) un-
pleasant noises, harsh sounds, (e) busy traffic
59. a prurient adole.'ICent: (a) tnn nnd gangling, (b) sexually
longing, (c) clumsy, awkward, (d) sexually attractive, (e)
SO(Hpokcn
60. uxorious husband : (•) henpecked, (b) suspicious, (c) guilty
of infidelity, (d) fondly and foolishly doting on bis wile, (e)
tightfisted, penny-pinching
KEY: 1-a, 2-<:, 3-b, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-e, S-b, 9-<I, 10-a, 11-<:,
12-d, ll-b, 14-d, 15-b, 16--e, 17-a, 18-b, 19-c, 20-<i,
 21-c, 22--<I, 23-a, 24--<l, 25--a, 26--b, 27-d, 28-d, 2~ 7. splendid magnificent s 0 D
30-b, 31--b, 32--<l, 33--<:, 34-a, 35-~. 36--<:, 37-d, 38-e, 8. Jove hate ·s ·o D
39-b, 40-<l, 41-c, 42-c, 43--c, 44-b, 4S-b, 46--c, 47-a, 9. stand rise s 0 o·
4S-b, 49-c, S k 51-c, S2-b, 53-c, S4--b, SS-d, 56--<:, 10. lllrious vioJenl s 0 0
57--a, 58-d, 59-b, 60-d 11. tree apple s -0 D
12. doubtful certain s 0 D
Your score (one point for each correct choice):
l 3, handsome ugly s ·o D
14. begin start ·s 0 D
The Meaning of Your Score:
IS. strange familiar s 0 ])"
)6. male female s ·o D
0-11: below average 17. powerful weak s ·O D
12-35: average 18. beyond under s ·o D
36-48: above average 19. tivo die s ·o D
49-54: excellent 20. go get s ·O D
55-60: superior 2 l. return replace s 0 u
22. growl weep s 0 D
23. open cl0$C s ·O D
24. nest home s 0 0
A TEST OF VERBAL SPEED
25. chair table s 0 o·
26. want desire s 0 D
:P}.RT 1 27. can container ·s 0 I1
This is a timed test. 28. idle working s ·o D
In M num than three minuter (tum yourself, or have someone 29. rich luxurious ·s 0 D
lime you), decide whether the word in oolumn Bis-the same (or 30. ballding strUcture ·s 0 D
appro~imately t~ sa,ne) in meaning as the word in column A·
oppc/Jite (or approximately oppaJitt) in meaning; or whether th;
two words an, merely difjertnl.
Circle S for same, 0 for oppo,it,, and D for di(Jerem. PART 2
You win not have time to dawdle or think too long. so go as This is also a timed tt.st.
fast as you can. In no more than three minutes (again, time yourself OT bave
soineone time you) , write down as many different words as you
COLUMN A COLUMN B can tb.lnk o! lllat stat1 willl the Jetter D.
s Do not use. various fonns of a word., such as do. doing, does~
I. sweet sour 0 D
2. crazy insane s 0 D' done, doer. etc ..
Space is provided for 125 words. You are not expected to reach
3. stout fat s 0 o·
that number, but write as fast as you can a11d see how many
4. big angry s 0 D'
blanks you can fill in before your time is up.
5. danger peril s 0 D'
6. help hinder s 0 o· I.----- -- - - -- -- -- - -
8 9
 2. 33.
3. 34.
4. 35.
s. 36.
6. 37.
7. 38.
8. 39.
9. 40.
ID. 41.
11. 42.
12. 43.
13. 44.
}4. 45.
15. 46.
16. 47.
17. 48.
18. 49.
19. 50.
20. 51.
21. 52.
22. S,.
23. S4.
•
24. 55
2S. 56.
26. 57.
27. 58.
28. 59.
29. 60.
30. 61.
31. 62.
32. 63.
11
10
 95.
64. 96.
65. 97.
66. 98.
67.
99.
68. 100.
69.
101.
70.
102.
71.
103,
72.
104.
73.
105.
74.
106,
75.
107.
16.
)08,
77.
109.
78.
110.
79.
II l.
80.
112.
81.
11:3.
82,
IJ4.
83.
115.
8,4,
116.
85.
117.
86.
118.
87.
119.
88.
120.
89.
121.
90.
122.
91.
123.
92.
124,
93.
12:S.
91.
Il 2
t3
 ' . .
KBY: Part 1: 1-0, 2-S, 3-S, 4-D, 5-S, (>..(), 7-S, 8- 0, 9-S,
10-S, 11-D, 12--0, 1:S-0, 14-S, 15-0, 16-0,
17-0, 18-D, !'9-0, 20-D, 21..S, :t.?-D, t3-0, A TEST Of VERBAi. RESPONSIVENESS
24-S, 25-0, 16-S, i?-S, ~8-0, i9~~. 30-S
Port 2: Any English word stnrting with D .is correct un- PART 1
11!$S it is metely anothe, form of a previous woi:d Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter p
on the u,~ that is the stun~. or approx;ma,ely r1H! s,mu, in meaning as the
woi:d given in col\lmn A.
Example: look peer _ _ _ __
Scoring: Warning: Every answet mu.s1 start wilth the le.ttc.r P.
A 8
PART l
J. bucket 15. stone
Il you have op to 10 oorrect ansv.ers, credit your soore with 2S 2. crousers 16. inactive
points. 3. maybe 17. fussy
If you have JJ-20 cocrect answers, credit your score with SO 4. forgive 18. suffering
poims. S. separato 19. castle
21-25 correct answCl>-75 points. 6. likely 20. gasp
26--30 correct answel$-IOO points. 7. annoy 21. fear
Yonr Scoreon Part ..,__ __ _ _ 8. good-looking 22. twosome
9. picture 23 •.artist
PAU 2 10. c~e 24. sheet
11, ugly 25. collection
Up to 30 words: 25 points 12. go
31-50 words: 50 points 13. dish
Sl-70 words: 75 points 14. location
71-125 words: 100 points
Your Scort on Part l ...
· _ __ __ PART 2

TOTAL SCORP.. Wri~ in tho blank in column 13 a word starting with the letter G
that is oppo.slle, approximaie/y opposite* or in .conirast '" the
On Verl>al Spted·~--- - - word given in column A.
Example: stop go
T/,e meaning of your verbal spe,d score: Warr.Ing: Every answtt must start with the letter G.
50: below average A 8
75: average I. looe 5. tako
100: above overage 2. midget 6. moron
125-150: excellent 3. special 7. sad
175-200: superior 4. lady 8. boy

IS
9. happy 18. rough
10. plain 19. bride
11. hello 20. ripe
12. hen: 21. unwanting
13. b•d 22. unprotected
14. ugly 23. experienced
15. stingy 24. ..:an:ity
16. awkward ZS. uoapp<cciative
17. litde
KEY, Pan 1: If more than one answer is gjven, count ns cor-
rect any word you have written that is the same
a1,; any one of the ans-wers.
I-pail, pao, 2-paots, 3--perhaps, possibly, proba-
bly, 4-pardon, S-pan, 6-probable, p<).<$ible, per·
haps, 7- pestor, 8- prelty, 9-photograpb, painting,
J 0-pick, ll-plain, l 2-proceed, 13-plalc, ~lauer,
)4-placc, 15-pebble, 16-passivo, 17-parucular,
picky, 18-pain, 19-palace, 20-pant, puff,
21- panic, 21-pair, 23-pai.nter, 24-pnge, 25-pack
Part 2: If more than one answer is given, count as conect
ony word you have written that is the same as any
one of the answers.
I-gain, get, garner, grab, glean, grasp, grip, 2-gl·
ant, gigantic, greatl gross, 3-seneral, 4--gentJcm! n,
5-give, 6-genius, 7-glad, gleeful, glee.some, 8-g,rl,
9-gloomy, glum, grieving, grumpy, 10-gaudy,
grand, grandiooe, 11-pdb~ 12--gone, 13-good,
14-good-lookiog, JS- generous, giving, 16-gracc-
ful, 17- great, giant, gij;anclc, JS-gentle, 19-groom,
20-grecn, 21--greedy, grasping, 22-guurdo<l,
23- grcco, 24-glut, gobs, 25-grateful
Seotlng:
Score Parts J and 2 togelher. Write in lhe blank lhe lb/al num-
be, or correct responses yoll made: - -- - - -
16
Tht. mco.nJ.nt of your verbal Tt!SPOIUiVenus score;
~ 10; below avecage
11-20: average
21-30: above avernge
31-40: excellent
41--50: superior
VOCABULARY AND SUCCESS
Now you know where you stand. rr you are in lltc below av•r-
age or average grou~ you must consider, seriously, whether an in-
adcq11ato vocabulary may be holding you back. (If you tested out
on lhe above average, excellent, or superior !eve~ you have doubt-
less already discovtred lltc unique and far-reaching value of a rich
voc,;bulary, and you are eager to add still further tu your knowl-
edge of words.)
Let us eumine, brieOy, some of the evidence that points to lbe
close relationship between vocabulary and pcrsooal, professional,
and intellectual growth.
The Human .Engineering Labomtory fonnd that the only com-
mon cbara<:teristic of successful people in !hi$ country is M unu-
•••l grasp of the meanings of words. Tbe Laboratory tested the
vocabularies or thousands of people in all age groups and in nll
walb of lifo---an<I discmoen:d that those people drawing down the
highest salaries ma.de the highest scoteS. Con.sider very thought-
fully the explanatioJJ that the dilfflOr of the Laboratory offered
for the relatlonsblp between wcabulary and success:
"Wby do large voeabu11lrics cbar~tc.rizc executives and poss!·
bly outstanding men and women in other fields? The final an~r
seem~ to be that words are the instrumen1s by means of -which
men and women grasp the thoughts of otbe,. and with wltich U,ey
do much of their own thinking. They are the tools of thought."
There is other evidence.
At many universities, groups of freshm<o wete put into experi-
mental classes for the sole purpose of increasing their knowledge
of Engli6h words. These groups did beuer m their sophomore,
junior, and stnior years than control groups of similarly endowed
studenJs who did not receive such training.
17
 And sent mme evidence:
At the Uruverslcy of Illinois, entering students were giv-en a slrn·
pie twenty-nine-word vocmb,llary tesl- The results of this test
could be used, acrording to Proles.or William D. Templeman, to
make an accurate prediction ol fur.ire acadc!llic ~uQCeSS-Or lack
of suc:cess,--,over the eotlre lour year college course. 't[f 1l stutlcot
has a superior vocabulary;' states Professor Templeman. •~it will
probably follow that ho will do better wort academically."
And finilly:
Educational rescarcb has discovered that your J.Q. is intimately
related 10 your vocabulary. Take a standard vocabulary i,s1 and
then an intelligence test-lhe results in boO, will be subs,aotiully
the sanie.
YOU CAH INCREASE YOUR VOCABULA~Y ~ ~ _;\l, .
;,.,.
f.J r- . r
'" '7
The more utensj~ your vocabulary, the better your chances
ror success, other things being equal-sueoess in QUainioi} your
educational goalJt success in moving ahead in your busine!.s or pro-,
lessJonal career, success in achieving your intellectual po1en1ial.
And you can increase your vocabulary-faster and easier lhan
you may realize.
You can, in fuct. accomplish a tremendous gain in less lhan two
to three monlhs of copcentratcd effort, csen if you do only one
session a day-in less timo iJ you do two or more sessions a day.
Furtbennoco- ~ , ~a .
You can start improving yow~abu/4ry (mmedimc:ly--dnd
within a few days you con be puisi'7$ along at such a rapid rate
that there wUI be an actual change in )IQUT thinki,rg, in }'OW' abiUty
10 ,.,press yow thoughLr, and in yQu.r powers of 1uider.i-tanding.
f\)f-1 Docs this round as if Tam promising you Ibo whole world in a
{ilo~packagc with a pretty pink ribbon ried around it? ram. And
I am w,llin_g to make sueh an unqualified promise because I have
seer, what happens to those o( my students at New York Uni•er·
sity and at Rio Hondo College in V,'hittier, California, wbo make
dncero, methodical efforts to learn more, many more, words.
18
•
2
HOW TO START BUILDING
YOUR VOCABULARY
WJ,en you have finished workiag with this bock, you will no
longer be lbe same person.
You can•1 be.
If you honestly na.d eveey page, if you do every exercise, if you
taJre every ~t, i( you follow every principlo, you will go lhrough
• an intellectual experience Iba! will effect a ~ical cbange>in you.
Ji~1J,i1, 'For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also ,i.1-~\
~ ~ ~ ~d enrich your thinking; push back your intellectual Jui, ,?i1, '1.f,#, It
f& ? nzons; b~dd your sell·aS1111t1111ce; improve your recllity In bandling a;,.
"iiie'£ng]ish langw,Je and thereby your ability to upress your
thoughts offectivtly; and acquire a deeper undc,standi~ .9~tho·
world in genernl and o! your.iel! In particular ;:r. ·½lt_~.41t~d
ln~asing your vocabulary does no, ean J11erely learning tho
defi.a.hons of large numbers of 1 words; if does not mean
-}f.t. memorizing sc:orcs of un~latcd teem,. What it means--whal jL
~~ 'I'.~ ca11 only_ n~an-is i,ecoming il£9M •inted witly11ie !JIMltitudinous
~~ phenomena of human existence [or which words
arc, ob\'1ous1y, only the verbal descriptions.
tematically-means
.
cataon.
.
In~easing your vocabulacy-propcrly, intelligently, and sys-
treating yourself to an all-round Jibeial edu-
19
 And surely you cannot d•~f that such an experience will change
you intellectually- :1,H)\ j,]t? . .
Will hO\'e 3 sJi§$Crnjb!tfclfeet on }'OUr methods O( !hmlcing-on
your store of illfonnation--on your abitlty to express your jdcas
--0n your understanding of human problems.
HOW CHILDREN INCREASE THBR VOCABULARIES
The typical ten-year-old, you will recall, bas a r«:ognition vo-
cab,~ary ot over twenty thousand words-arui has been learning
many hundreds of new words every year since the ago of fbuL
Y cu wer~ once that typical child.
~-What was your seeret? ••••
You were onc.e an o.ccomplished virtuoso "' vocabr.la,y btd/J.
-Did you spend hours every day poring over a dictionary?
Old yoo Juli yourselt to sleep at night with Webster's ~
bridru;d? -
J!j Oid you keep notebooks full of all the new words you ever
h~rd or read?
Did you immediately look up the meaning of any new word that
your parencs or older members of your £amlly used?
Such procedure. would have •truck you as llbslwl 'ithcn, a1£
surd as they would be for you today. ,.,. ~ ~ /.II· ,ii,
• ~'1
You had a much belier, much. more effe~tive, and considerably
less sel(-conscious method.
Your method was u,e essence o( simplicity: day in and day out
you .kept learning: you kept squeezing every possible <l!Y)Ct of
learning out of every waking moment; you were: an ~ ~ e s -
tioo bo.x, tor you had n comtant and insatiable desire to kno and
understand. {-
20 ,ll<-{~(v
HOW ADULTS STOP 8UtlDINC THEIR VOCABULARIES
Then, eventually. 81 some point ht your adull life (unless you
are IJ1c rare exception), you gradually lost your ~ drive
lo discover, to fi!\)l!e ou',i<J,t•dersland, to know. U, · ftl ·
Eventually, tllei:elore, you gradually lost your need to increase
your vocabulary-your need to learn the words that could verbal-
ize your new discoverie:S, your new unc.lcrstandlng, your nt w
knowledge.
Roland Gelatt, in a revitw of Caroline Pratt's book / Learn
/rom Children, de.s.c.ribes lhis phcoomenon as follows:
...~1J<. ~,J.
All nom1al humon ~ings are bom with a powerful ~ to
lcam. ~most all o f em lose this urge. even before they
l1ave ~chcd m ril v It is. only the few .. . who arc so
constituted that lack of le.a ming becomes a ~ his is
perhaps the most i.llsidious ol human tragedies.
Cb..ildrcn a.re
-1if}i.-t.e~\
wondCfs at increasing
:tif4"~i!ii
t,,J.l.~•n
theJt vocabularies because
o f their " powerful urge to learo." TIiey do not learn sclely by
means of words, but as thefr knowledg_e intfe.ases, so do~ their
vocabulary- for words arc lhc symbols or ideas and under-
standing. •
(If you are a parent, you perhaps remcmbcr that cmcial and
lcying period in which your child constantly osked "Why?" The
"Why?" i$ tho child's melhod of fu,d[og out. How many adults
s at>- tbat you know go about asking and thinking "Why?" How often
~>;J
do you yourself do it1)
The adults who "lose this urge," who no longer foe( that uh!ck
or learning becomes a nuisance," s top building their vocabularies.
They stop learning, they stop growing intelleetually, they stop
ch•nging. When and ii such a time comes, then, .., Mr. Gc!att so
truly says, "lllis is perha~ the most insidious of human trage-
dies." But fortunately the process is !ar from. itrevei bk.
~
i"' n~
~ 1 zk i.:4.v- · z.t
 11 you h~we lost the "powerful urge to learn_," you con regt'lio
it-you can regain your need to discover, to figure out, to under-
stand, to know.
And thus you can stan iocrcasio your voc.ibulary at the sanie
l'lltc as when you were~ cbil,: -, ~ 'ti.~
I am uot ~uting;a.. eory. or over thirty-five -years t have
worked with ousands of adults in my college courses in vocabu-
lary bnprovcrnent, and I c:m state as a fact, and withOJ!t~-J1$vY
~
tio , that: ~ -1i ~
yo.,, rofJ L«apmrg 'fie "powerful urge ta ltam.. wf1 which
y<1u wue born, )'OU cnn go nn inc:.rea.ting your vqcabulary at a f!2=,
~igJ'ous rote-
No matter what your prt.f-tnt age.
WHY AGf MAKES lmtE DIFFERENCE IN VOCABULARY BUILDING
l repaat, no matter what your present age.
You may be l•boring uader a ~ sj~n common to many older
people. ~ Yoo cAn be thirty. or forly, or fi(ly, or sixty, or .seventy--or
You may think that aCter you pass your twentles you rapidly
and inevitably lose your ability to loru:n.
That is simply noL true.
There is no doubt that the years up to eighteen or t:wcoty are
the best peJiod ror learoillg. Your own experience no doubt ~1JP)1
that 9!!!· And of course for most peopla more learning goes on
taster up to tho age of e.igbtcen or cwenty than ever a(wr. even if
they live to be older than ll{ethuselab. (That is why vocabulary
increases so n,pidly for lhe first twenty years of life and compara-
t,
, ,!'../;, 1.. ftvcly at a.,nail'a P,1ce theteaftcr.) ~ ~
eJ'IT!l,- But (and follow me closely)-
Tbe fact that most learning is accomplished before the age of
twenty does not mean that very little learning cao be achieved be-
yond that age.
What Is done by most people and what can be done under
proper guidance and motivation rue two very, very different things,
_ , sciontW,; Ol<J)Crimcol5 have OQnclusively shown.
n 23
J'urthcrmorc,-
1ne fact tb,i your learning ability may be best up to ago twcoJy
does nlJ{ u\c:au 1ha.t il is absolutely useless as sooo as your twend-
etb birthday is passed.
Quite the conu:ary.
Edward Thorndike, the famous cducntional psychologist, found
in experiments with people o( all nges that although the learning
cu.eve rises spectacularly up to twenty, it remains steady for at
lw:;1 another 6ve years. After that, :i.bility to leam (according to
Professor Thorndike) drops very. ,·ery slowly up to !he age of
thirty-fi~. tnd drops a bit more but !Jill slawl}I be\lOnd 1bat age
And-
"RighL up to ~ y the to,al decrease in learning ability after
age twenty is never more 1han 15 per ccnU
Thill does not sound, I subrru1, as jf no one ca1t ever 1cam an)·-
thing new afte.r Lhc ag.c of twenty.
13eUevc me, the old saw ,hat claims you crumot teach an old dog
. ne.,\'Jlid!.~ • Jl;1scJs51, if popular, superstition. I!1!
fJA~ ~ I repeac: no matter what your age, you can go on learning
i ~· efllc!enOy, or iuirt Jeaming one; again if perbapo you have
stopped.
older. ~*M. lJt1'6.fM£'.l ·
.No matter wh~t YQ\lt(age, you can once again increase your vo-
•t
cabulary ~ prodigioyi)ntc-providing you recapture the "pow-
erful urge to leom" that is the key to vocabulary improvement
Nol the urge to learn "words''-words arc only ,ymbols of
ideas.
"But the urge to learn !acts, theories, coacepts, info.nnation,
k"owledgc, ua~crsi.nding-c•ll it what you will.
Words are tile symbols o( knowledge, the kcy.s lo accurato
thinking. Is it any wondet then that the most successful and intel-
ligent people in lhis country have tho biggest vocabularies?
It was not their large vocabularies that made these people- suc-
cessful and intelligent, bui thelt knowledge.
Knowledge, however, is gained largely through words.
la t11e process of increasing their knowledge, these succcss!ul
people increased their vocabularies.
Just as children increase thtlr vocabulary at a U'Cn'lendous, phe-
 nomenal rate during those years when their knowledge is increas-
ing most rapidly.
Knowledge is chiefty in the Corm ol words, aod Crom now on, in
this book, you will be thin.king abcm, ond thinking with, new
words and new ideas.
WHAT ll-11S BOOK CAN DO fOR YOIJ
This book is designed to get you started building your vocabu-
lary-effectively and nl jot-propelled speed-by helping you re-
gain the intellectual annospbere, the keen, insali>ble ~ I ) ' , the
"powerful urge to learn" of your childhood:l!'/.4.lii ~~-,
Ilic organization ol tbe book ls based on two simple principles:
-~ ~~~IPt•re ~symbols of ideas, and 2) the more ideas
W J'OU are fa.mil'iaI wJtb, the more words you know. ~
So, ch;ipter by chapter, we will start with some central idea-
pcrson::ility types., doctors) science, unu~~opations, li~, ao,,
4~ t lions, speech ~ill§ll,Us. comJ1!imi:n c.--and ci<amme ten
M, i,. ,. ~ bo.sic-words,ftiUCexpress various aspects of the ide.'L Then, using
117' each word au .sJ2tin11b:goctl, \\'C will explore any others which are
l'k{:
i,,]/f related ioitin meaning or derivation, so that it is not unlikely that
a s,ngle chapter may discuss, teach, and test close to one hundred
important wows., ,{\~4-. ,t4.
Always, bowover, UJe approac will be from the idea. Fint
there will bo a " case review' in which the ideas are brieily
hinted at; theo a "'hcodlino,U in which each idea is examined
somewhat more closely; ne,t a clear, detailed paragraph or more
will anal)'2e the idea in all its ralllill.cations; lin•IIY the word i~lr,
which you will mGel only after you ru:toompletely familiar with
the idea. ~ ;~ i Jlf ·
In lhe etymology (derivation of words) section, you will learn
what Greek or Latin root gives the wo,:d its unique meaning ond
whnt other words contain the same, or related, roots. You wiU tbos
be continually worl<ing in related fields, and there will never be
any possibility of confusion from "too umcbnc,s,,n despite the
gre.,t nwuber o[ words taken op nnd re.,ted in each chapter.
Successrut people have superior vocabularies. People who ate
24
intellectually alive and successful in the pro(C$SM'.>nal or business
worlds are accustomed to dealing with ideas, are constantly on the
scorch for new ideas, build their lives and their caree_rs on the
ideas 1hey have learned. And it i.s to readers, whose goal is success·
Jul Jiving (in the broadest roeaning of the word ,ucc:,ss/,d) Iha,
this book is addressed,
A NOTE ON TIME SCHEDIJLES
From my experience over many years in teaching, I have be-
come a firm believer in setting a goal for all Jeaming and a schod-
urc for reaching that goal.
You will discover that each chapter is divided into nppro<i-
mo.tely equal sessions, and that each session will lake from thiny
-4•~r
to forty-five minutes o! your time, depending on how rapidly or
slowly you enjoy working-3Jld bear in mind that everyone l,as f:1 ..
optimum rate of learning. d ;,.6;<
For best r&ulls, do one or two sessions nt a Lime--spaced tudy·
ing, with time between sessions so that you can assimifa what
you have teamed, i3 far more efficient, far :!!'or~.W°'1/\ct,v'½,'W'
sobbli.i,1&. up great a.mounts"' iniliges1ibwchun1<s 7 n;, 'JI
- itome b,ck ,o the book evuy day, or a, crosc ,o cveW c!ay as
the circumstance..~ Qf }'our life ~ t .
Find a schedule that is com/()rtab/e for you, ond then ~ /1.
Avoid interrupting your work un.til you have completed a full
session, and always decide, before you stop, aaclly when you wm
plClD 10 pick llp the book again.
Working at your own comfortable me, you will likely fi.nish the
mntcrial in m.·o to three months, gi,•e or take a few weeks cHhcr
wny.
.Rowev,r long you toke, you wil/ end with a S()fid feeling of ac-
compli1hmem, a new u1ukr$U1.rultng of how English words work,
and-most important-haw to make words work for you.
25
 3 SESSION 1

Every human b<ing is, in one way or another, unique,

BOW TO TALK ABOUT "Everyone's personality is determined by a romblnation of ge-
PERSONALITY TYPES ~ and environmental factors. .l:-1-{~
Let U$ examine ten personality types ( one of which might by
(SessionY 1-3) chance be your very own) that result from the way culture.
growth. family background, and environment internet with h ~
J!r., .i!.J~'
And, of course., we begin nol with the words, but with the ideas.

ID~AS
TEASER PREVIEW

What word best de.scrfbeJ your penonolity lf you:

1. me firsl 5_ ..:., ~i'ti ·
• are interesttd soldy in your own welfatel Your attitude 10 Life fs simple, direct, and~bovebo~vcry
deci.~ion you, make is based on the answe to one qucslloo;
• co1utantly talk about yourself? "What's in it for me?" If your selftsbne«, reed, and tuthlss,: ~ i,,1)
• dedicaie your life 10 helping others? ~~{ ~ r o r self-<ldvancer,coL hurt olheqpeop e, !hat's too bod.~~,,...
• turn )'OUr mind inward? "This is o to!!S_h V.'Orld, ))al og eat do&\,and all that, and 1. for
• IUnt }'Oltr mint/ outward? one, am not going to beJefl 11in {I 4t, la+) .
• Ju,re humanity? 11 $r+-l ;iJ... 1-J,f{-I!<,. An ego,st
• hate women?
• hate marriage? 2. lh• heigh! of concea ,t :i . ~ ~ . !-11 ~ ,
• le,Ki a lonely, a101ere ,;xistence? ..Now, let's see. Ho.ve you heard obout all tbc .money I'm mak-
ing? Did I tell you about my latest amorous ~ t ? Let me give
1
you my opinion-I know, beclluse I'm ~ expert at practically ev-
ecytbing!" You ar~ boastful to the point o being obnoxious-you
have only one~ io(your convers.ationa violin,\namely, you,..
26 !~ fil ii.3,'a 2-;,Ji._ <I TR. f!a , 27
tl-t ;11 wa ~ 1\ 51~·"'-~.e
 self: and on it yo11 play a number or_l~~ous vi~QllS: wltat "';• usually happy, generally full of high spirits; you love to be
you think 1 whtu yo,, have. done, how good you ar~ how you w,th people-lots of people. Your thoughts, your interests, your
would solve the problems of lhe world, elc. ad nauseam.... wllOle personality are turned outward.
An egoti.rt An extrovert

6 .. neither extreme
3. let me help you
You bnve discovered the secret ol true happiness-concerning You have both introverted and extroverted tendencies--at
yourseU with the ~ of otben. N"ever mind your own imer- different times and on different occasions. Your interests are
turned, in about equal proportions, both inwam and outward. [o.
ests, how's the n""tfleUow geuini: along/
deed, you're quite nonnal- in the sense that your personality is
~ i~ j~ \.\. t~ ..
4.
t}r. t ~j]/:;;-~
1•••• me olone
ff'J. µJ;. .-a
~ s-,t.1; ~~ , j,13 '
An 01m,isr like that of most people,
An ambivert

!
Like a bie<:h~mi~ ~dying colony of bacteQ;l under the mi- 7 ~ people ere no domn good
croscope y o u ~ 1 examine your every thought, feeling, and (
Cynical, cmbiuered, suspicious, you bate everyone. (Especially,
ac:don. b i n ~ quest.ions Uke ''What do other people lhink but neve, to be admitted, yourself?) The perlectibility of the
or rue?", ''How do I look?", and "Maybe I shouldn't have sald
human race? uNonsense! No way!" The stupidity, the meanness>
that?.. are )'Our constant ~ c m anions for you are unable
and the <rookedness of most lllOrtals ("Most? Probably all!")-
10 reali2.e that 0U1er people do,lpot ~ad as much titne and energy
that is your favorite them~.
ana1y2,ngyou a, you ,1unk. ~-i-1.,,_<1-. ri11../rU!
lo
You may seem unsocin~ yet youc greatest ii'esire ls be liked>._. , A mlsomhrope
and accepted. You may bo shy and quiet, you are often ~ .vf•l
and unhappy, and you prefer so· e or at most the company of 8. women ore no domn good
one person to a crowd. You bave an aptitud for creative work
and are uncomfortable eng?ging in activities that require co- Sometime in your dim past, you wcro crossed, scorned, or deeply
operation with other people. o\l ma even be ~~ or ~ wounded by a woman (a mother, or mother Ogu,e, pctbapo?). So
ally turn into one. ·fl. ,~U ~ *- now you have a carcfuily constructed de(cnse agalnst !urtber hurt
-you hate all womca.
f<Riil, An introvert
A misogynist

5. lel's do ii lOQeth e~ ~ ~~\~ -~~

h-,e_a,\ You would(b{,\J.cJt as a teacher, counse!o'r, administrator, in-
@' i'\f1l~~~You c.ru1 nlways become intercsttd-sincerely,
tally interested- in other people's problem,. You're the life ol the
party, because you never worry about the cf!ect of your actions;
JlCYC( inhibit yourself with doubts about~ or eropri•'I· You
28'
9. '"marriage is on institution--and who wank to llvo i,p an institv•
tion?"
iG
You will not make the ultimnle legal oommltmcnt Mcmbe" or
the oppos.i1e sex SIC great as Javers, roommates, apartment- or
bouse-sharers, but not as lawfully wedded spouses. The ties that
29
bind are too- binding (or you. You may possibly bdicve, ~nd pos- 7. misanthrope MIS'-on-lhrop'
1ibly1 ror )'Ourse-Jf, be right, ,hat .a comlllltme-nl is deeper and more 8. misogynist m:,.SOJ'~ nist
meaningful if freedom is avnllablo withoui judicial,proceedings. 9'. mi.S0$"1mist m>SOG'.-3-mi~t
10. ascetic 3-SET'-lk.
A. misogamist

1O• ., . •. lhot the Resh Is heir to , Con you work with the wOfds?

Self-denial, austerity, lonely conte:mpJtttion-lh<:se arc the char- You have Laken two long steps toward mastery o[ Lhc exprC1Sive
acicristics of the good life, so you claim. T he simples! rood ond words in this chapter-you have though! about the ideas behind
ll1e least amount of it that will keep body nnd soul logether~ com• them, and you have said •hem aloud.
bined wilh abstinence [roro ftesbly, earthly plca;ures, will eventu- For your third step, motclt each personality wilh the appro-
ally lead 10 spirin1al perfection-that is your philosophy. priate cbaracterislic, action, or auitude.
An asatic l. egois< a. turns U,oughis inward
2. egotist b. hates marriage
3. altruist c. rallc.s about accomplishroems
4. introvert ·d. hates people
S. extrovert e. does not pursue pleasures of
USING THE WORDS the flesh
6 . ambivert t is interes1ed in the vrel[are of
You have been introduced to ten valuable. words--but in each
olhen
cast, as you have noticed, you have first considered the ideas that g. bclic-vcs in self-advaI'.lccment
7. misanlhrope
these vrords represent.. Now say the. words--each one is: resptlled
8. misogynisl b. turns lbougbts both inward
phonetically so that you will be sure to pronounce it correctly.• and outward
Say each word aloud. This is the first important s1ep to com- i. hates women
9. mi$Ogam.ist
plete mi,.stery. As you hear a word in your own voice, thin'k of its
JO. ascetic j. ,urns t11oughu ouiward
meaning. Are you quite clear about it? 1f not, reinforce you1
l~millg by rereading !be explanatory paragraph or paragraphs.
KEY: 1-g, 2-c, 3-f, 4-a, S-j. 6-h, 7-d, 8-i, 9-b, 10-e

Con yo1.1 pronovnc:e the words?

1. egoist EE'-go-ist
2. egotist EE' -g6-tisl
3. altttisJ AlJ-ir®-ist
Oo you undentond the words?
4. introvert IN'-trn-Vurt'
5. extrovert EKS'-m,-vurt' Now that you are becoming more and more involved in these
6. ambiverl AM'·b~vort' ten words, find 001 if they can make an immediate appeal to )'Qttr
understanding. Here are ten qoestions---can you indicate, quickly 1
• See J.otrodoaioa., Section 1. M(Ut~r ,~ pronwn.ciation s,st~nt.
31
.lo'
and without reference lO any previous definitions, whether the
6 . Who is incredibly con~.ited? 6. .,___ _ __ __
correct answer 10 each of these questions is yes or no?
7. Who is more interested in the 7. ~ - - - - - -
1. Js an egoist selfish? YM NO welfare (lf others than in bis
2. Js modesty one of lhe c~aracteristics of YES NO
own?
the egotist?
3. Is an altnusi selfish? YES NO
S-. Who hat.eS womCD? 8. m------
9. Whose interests are lllmed 9. ' - - - - --,,--
4. Does an imrovert pay much attention to YES NO inward?
bimsell7 JO. Who hotC$ mauiagc? JO. l>•L-- - - - --
S. Does an extrovert prefer solitude to n:s NO
companionship?
6. An: most normal people ambivtrts? YES NO KEY: I-ascetic, 2-xtrovert, 3-egoist, 4-.misantbrope, .5-ambi-
7. Docs a misanthrope like people? YES NO vert, 6-egotlst, 7-al!J11ist, &-misogynist, 9-introvert,
8. Docs a misogynist enjoy the company YES NO 10-misogan,ist
of women?
9. Docs an ascetic lead a life of luxury? YES NO
10. Does a misogamist try to avoid YES NO
marriage? ( End of Sessl01t 1)

KEY: 1-yes, 2-no, 3-Do, 4-ye., 5-llo, 6-yes, 7-oo, 8-oo, 9-oo,
10-yes

~ON2
Con you re-coll the words?
You bav6 thus ru reinforced your leammg by saying the words ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS
alou4, by matching them to their deunitloos, and by responding to
moaning wh<D they were used in context. Every word in the Eogllsh language has a bi!ltocy-aod these
can you recall each word. now, witbou.t further reference to ten arc oo exception. ln this section you wiU Jeam a good deal
previous material? And can you speU it oorrectl)"I
more about tbe words you have been working with; io addition,
I. Who livcsa lonely, austete I. " - - - - - - - you will make excursions into mnay other words allied either in
life? meaning, form, or histoiy to out basic ten.
2. Whose interests are turned 2. " - - - - - - -
outward?
3. V.'ho is supremely selfish? 3. 1:,..._ _ _ __ _ 1. tho ego
4. Who bates people? 4. M----- - Egoist and egotist are built oo the same Lalin root-the pro-
5. Whose intercsts are turned S. " - - - -- - - noun ego, meaning/. Tis: the greatest concern in the egoisfs mind,
bolll inward ..,d outward? the most overused won! iD the •Ct>lisr's vooibulary. (Keep the
33
word,; dlfferentiateJ i1t )<lUr ciwn mind b) ahi,ddng of the t in
talk, :md 1ho additional , iu ugorht.) Egr-J it'i~-1( h::i!)- buen rnken
u\·cr from Latin as an imponam Engti.sh \"'ord a nd is commonly
used to denote one·s con{'e.pt of oneself, a.s in, '"What do you think
your COJ1s1ant critic-isms dc,1 t<'t my ,:gor• Ego b~s ulso a special
ow.:ming in psychology-but for the moment you hn,;e enough
proble,ns without £Oing into tlwt.
JI you are an t!guc,mrdc ( ee'-gO-SE~'- trik.) 1 you consider your-
self 1h~ Ct!.llft•r of the universe-you are an exttcme form of the
egoist. A,1d if you are an egomaniac (te'-go-MAY'-nte•ak), )'OU
carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, dcsir~, and in·
rercs.rs llilVC become a morbid obsession, a ma.uia. The egoist or
egotl.u i1 obn-oxtou~, the egocentric is intolerable, and the egoma-
m'ac is dangerou.,; and $lig)\lly mud.
Egocentric is both a noun ( ..Wh:it an '1$,•oc,muic her new room-
mate isl") and iln udjc:ctivc ( ..He is the most egncemrfc per.-on T
hove ever mc1!' 0
) .
To derl\•c the adjective forrn of ~gomaniac. add -al, a common
adjective suffix. Say the adjective aloud:
eJlomaniacal ee'·g()·m>NI'-~k::il
2. olhers
fn Lalin, the word for other is alter, and a number of \'aJunb1c
Englisb words are built on this root.
Altruism (AL'-tr®-iz~~m), th~ phUosop11y pra~tic«I by ahru-
ists. comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other.
A/1r11istic (itl-~-TS'·tlk) actions look toward the benefit of
others. Ji you alurnate (AWV-t;.r-nayt'), you skip one and take
tlte otlltr, so co speak, as when you play golf on a/1m1at, (AWL'-
tar-not) Saturdays.
An oliemote {AWL'·t~r-n~t) in a dcbill~\ contest, or cooven-..
lion is the other person who will take over lf the original choice js
unable to attend. And if you have no altematfr~ (awt..TUR~•na-
tiv). you ba\'e no other eholCc.
You sec bow easy it is to w1derStand the meanings of these
words once you realize that lhcy all come from the same source.
34
And keeping in mind i.hat oJt,•r means other, you can quickly un·
derst-and words m:c alter ego, aliercaJion, and alteration.
An alteration (awl'·t:>-RAY'-sb•n) is of course a change-a
making into something other. When yoo oltt:r (A\VL'-Qr) your
plans, you make other plaru;.
Ao altercation (awl'-1,>r-KAY'-sbon) is a verbal dispute. Wbcn
you havo an altercation with someone, you have a violent d isagrce-
men~ a "fight" with words. And why'/ Because you have 01her
ideos. plans, or opinions than those ol the person on tbe other side
of the argument. A/Jercntion, by the way, ii stronger than qunrrtl
or dispute-the sentiment .is more heated. the disagreement is
likely to be aog,:y or even bo1-tcmpercd, there may be recourse, ii
tb.e dispulan~ ore human, lo profanity or obscenity. You have
otJercaJions, in short, over prttty important is.~ues, and the word
implic,; lbot you get quit<: excited.
Alter ego (A\VL'-tor l?E'-gO), wbicb combines alter, otl1er,
with ego, I, self, genemlly refer.; to someone wil.h whom you are
so close that you botb do the same things, think alike, reacl
similarly, and are, in 1emperaroent, almost mirror images of each
Olher. A,,y such friend is yom other I, yout other self, your alter
CflO.
USING THE WORDS
Con you pronounc:e the wo-rd1?
Digging a little into the derivation of three of our basic words,
egoists egotist, and altruisr, bas put us. in touch witb two important
Latin roots, ego, I, self, and alter, other, and has made it possible
fo-r us lo explore, wjth little difflcully, mru,y other woids derived
from these roots. Pause now, for a moment, to Wgest these new
acquisitions, and to say them alo11d.
1. ego EE'-go
2 . •c«uirrlc ce-gO-SEN'-trik
3. egomaniac ee-g6-MAY'- nt»ak
4 . egomaniacal ee'-g6· 1U~NI'~k:1l
35
 5. altruism AL'-tr6b-iz..:,,m 4 ohen>tion d. one's other self
6. nltmis1ic a1-tt'5o-IS'·tik 5. alter ego c. a choi,e
7, lO altcmale (v.) AWL'-tor-nay,· 6. alternate (adj.) [. morbidly, obsessively
8. altenmfc (adj, or nmm) A \ VL'•lX•U,)l wrapped up in oneself
9. alternarlvc awl-TUR'-o;Hlv
10. allrratio,i awl'-tor-AY'-shan
11. IO alter AWL'-m KEY: 1-f, 2-<:, 3-e, 4-a ,S-(1, 6-b
12. alrtrcmion awl'.. tar-KA Y'-i:h._)11
13. a/rereso A WL'· tor EE'-£3

Con )'ou work with the words? Ul Do you unders.tand the words?
You htwe setn how these lhirteen words derive Crom the two !Jf you have begun to und;n,and these th.ineen words, you will
Liltin roots ego, I, self, and alli'r, other, and you have pronounced
be able to respond to the following questions.
them aloud and thereby begun to make them pan of you., ac1ive
vocabulary. L Is rejection usually a blow lo one's ego? YES NO
Are you ready 10 m:ttch definitions to words? 2, Are egocentric people easy to get along YES so
wilh?
1. ego a. one who is excessiveJy OAate<l
3 . Does an ,gQmanUJc have a normal YES NO
on his own desires, needs.
personality?
ete.
2. egocentric b. ,ochange
4 . Are egomanicca/ 1endtncies a sign ol
n,alotity?
YES NO
3. ahruis lll c. a rgument
S. [,.s (J.lttuitm a characte.rist-ic of selfish YES NO
4, ,o alternate d. one's concept ol oneself
5. to airer people?
e. to take one, skip one, etc.
6. altcrc.a1io11 J. philosophy or putting an-
6. Are llltruistic tendencies common to YES NO
egoist$?
other's welfare above one's 7. Is an alternate pla.o neccsnrily inferior? NO
YES
own
8. Does an alte.rnar.i,,:~ allow you some YES NO
freedom of choice?
KEY: I~ 2-,,, 3-t, 4-e, 5-b, ~ 9, Does alle.raJion imply keeping tl1ing$ YES NO
thesa~7
10. Do excitable people often engage in YES NO
altercations?
11. h your alter ego usually qujtc similar to YES NO
Can you wort with the words? (II) yourselr?
I. egomaniacal a. a change
2. altruistic b. other possible KEY: 1-ye:s, 2-no, 3-no, 4-no, 5-no, 6-no, 7-oo, 8-ycs, 9-noJ
3. alternative c. in(efCsted in cbe welfare of JO-yes, I I- yes
other,;
36
' 37
 Can yov recall th• words?
Have you learned lhese words so "'Cll tbat you can sumlllon
each one from yo111 mind when a brief definition is offered? Re- SESSION 3
view 6,;;t if necessary; then, witbout lunhor reference to previoll$
pages, write the correct word In eacil blank. Make s111e to checlt
your spelling when you ret,,r to tbe Key.
ORIGINS AND REIAT!:D WORDS
l. one's other self l. ~ - - -- -- -
2. tocbange 2. ,,___ _ _ _ __
3. a heated dispute 3. ,.,___ _ __ _ 1 . depends how you turn
4. excesslvely, morbidly obsessed 4. ~ - - - - - -
with oo.e•s own needs, dtsircs; or httrovert, extrovert. a.od amblvert a1c built on the Latin verb
ambitions "~rto, to turn. U your thoughts are coost.tntly turned inw.>,d
(imro·), you are an introvert; outward (exrro-), an emovert;
5. unsel.6sb; more interested in. tho S. - - -- -- - -
welfare of otbcrs than in ooe·s and in both directions (ambi-), an amblvert. The _prellJ< ambi-,
own both, is also found in ambitlex1,ous (alll'-b~DEKS'-~), al,u, to
6. utterly involved with oneself; 6 . ....__ _ _ _ __ rtSl!,both hands wit.Ji equal sldlf. The noun is ambidexteriry (am'-
self-centered b>dets-TAIR'+tee).
Dexterous (DEKS'-t>-~) means skiltfi", the noun d~xttrity
7. acboioe 7. ~ - - - - - - -
8. one wbo substitutes for another 8. ~ - -- -- - - (dcks-TAJR'..,..,ee) is ,lcil/, The ending -ems is a common adj<:c-
live sullix (famous, dangerous, perilous, etc.); -lty is a common
noun suffix ( vimity, quality, .simpliclry, etc.).
KEY: !-alter ego,. 2-atter, ~tcteation, ~gomaniacaJ, S-al- (SpeUing caution: Note that !he Icm,r following the ,_ in am-
tr,istic, Hgotentric, 7-altemativc, 8-altemate bideXJrous is.,, bot tbat in dex.terous the next letter is -e.)
De~ter is actually the Latin word for riglu hand-in the <1m-
bide:ttrous person, both hands are r/gh1 hands, ,o to speak.
Tbe rlght band is traditionally the more skillful one; it is only
(End of Session 2)
wit.run .recent dei:ades that we have come to accept that ulefties.,
or '"southpaws'' ate just as normal as anyone cJse--and the term
left-handed is stiU used as a synonym of aw~ard.
The La.tin word for the le/I hand is sitiisrer. This $.ame word, in
English. J't}e.ans threatening. ei•iJ, or dangero1u. a further com-
mentary on our early suspiciousness of !ell-banded persons. There
may stlll be wme parenl\ who insist on for<:ing left-banded chil-
dren to change ( rho ugh left-bandcdncss is inltcritcd. and as mudt
an integral part or its possessor as eye color or nose sh.ape). with
various unfortunate resulrs to the child- sometimes srutLering or
an inability 10 read with normal skiU.
38 ' 39
 So monogamy is the custom of only ~ne ~~ (at_a time).
Ibo French word for the left hand is B=he, and, as Yoo would
suspe,:t, when we took thls word over into English we invested it
Bigamy, by etymology, is iwo mm;~'° actuality,. the m:·
Jawtul act of conlncti,,g another mamage without dlvorei.og oaes
with an uncomplimentary m=ing. Call sonreone gauche (GOSH) current legal spouso.
and you imply •J11rosiuess, gcner.,lly social rather than physical. And poiyfamY, by derivation many marriages, and therefore cty-
(We're right back to our age-old misconception that left-handed o,ologically denoting plmal marriage for either mal?' or lema1'.'5,
people are less skillful than rigbt-hand,id ones.) A gauche remark ln current usage ~rally rclcn to the custom practiced in earlier
is tactless; a gauche oiler of symplllby is so bumbling as to be em- times by tbe Moonons, and before them by King Solomon, in
barrassing; gaucherie (00'-~ree) is an awkward, clumsy, tact• which ibe man has as many wives os be con alford lioa.ociall_Y
less, embarrassing way of saying things or of handling situations. and/or emotionally. 'Ibe correct, but rarely used, tenn for this
The gauche person is totally wilbout finesse. CIJSIDID is polygyny (r-LIJ'...nee)-poly,, many, plus gyne,
And the French word for the right hand is drolt, which we have
woman.
used in building our English word adroit (<>-DROYT'). Needless What if a woman has t'fllo or more husbands, a form of mar-
to say, adroit, like daterous, means skillful, but especially in the riagr practiced in tbc Himalaya Mountains of Tibet'! That custom
oxerc!se of the mental facilities. Like gauche, adroit, or its noun is called polyandry (pol-AN'·d=), from polys plus Greek
adroitness, usually is used ftguralivety. The odroit petson is quick- ondros, male.
wllted, cao get out of diJlicult ~ cleverly, can handle situations
ingeniously. Allrolzness is, then, quite the opposite of g(JJ.,cher/e.
3. moklng friends with suffixes
Engl.isiL words have various forms, using certain sullix~ for
2. love1 hote, and morri-oge nouns referring to per,;ons, other $1lflixcs for pracl!ccs, a1t1tudcs,
philosophil'S, etc, and still others for adjectives.
Misanthrope, misogynist, and misogamist aro built on tho Greek
Consider:
root misein, to hate. Tho misanthrope hat"" mankind (Greek an- Adjective
Person Practice. etc.
thropos, mankind); the misogymsr lwte& women (Greek lf)'ne,
woman); tho misogamist hates marriage (Greek gamos. mar- I. misanthrope or misa.ntlnopy misanthropic
riage), misanthropist
2.. misogynist misogyny mlsogynous or
A ntlvopos, mankind, is also folllld in a1fJhropology ( an-t~r<>-
misogynistic
POL'+jee), tbe study of the development of tbe human race;
3. gynecologist gynecology gynecological
and in ph;/onthroplsf (l<>-LAN'-~pi$t), one who loves man-
kind and shows such lo-.-e by making substantial financial contri- 4. monogamist monogamy monogamous
5. bigamist bigamy bigamous
butions to charitable oqianizatlons or by donating time and energy
6. polygamist polygamy polygamous
to helping those in need
7. polygynist pol)'8YIIY polygynous
The root gyne, woman, is also round In gynecologist (gTn+ polyandrous
8. polyaodrist polyandry
KOL'->Jist or jin-Q-KOL'-..jist), the m«lical specialist who
9. philanthropist plulanthropy philanthropic
tceats female disorders. And (be root gam.os~ marriage, OC'CUJS also
10. anthropologist anthropology 3!1thropological
in moMgamy (m ..NOO'+mee), bigamy (BlG'+mee), and
polygamy ( I»-LIG'-Q-mee). 'You will note, then, that -ist is a common snffix for a person; ·Y
(As we will discover latet, monos means one, bi- means two> for a practice, attitude, etc.; and •ic or -ous for an adjective.
polys means many.)
40 41
 J2. Ce'r'Jtrurn center
4. living olono and likl119 II
13. mania madness
A1c,tic k from tho Greek w0<d oska,,, monk or benniL 14. d~ter right band
A monk li~es a lonely lif&-not for him tbe pleasures of tbc JS. sinister left hand
llesbpots, tho laughter and merrimem of convivial gather:in8$, tho )6, gauche left hand
di$$ipalion of high living. Rather, day. of contemplation, study, 17, droil right hand
and rough toil, nighcs on a hard bed inn simple cell, nnd tho kind 18. monos one
of self-denial that leads to a purification of the soul. 19. bi- two
That pen;on .i$ ao ascetic who le«<ls an existen~ volun~ly of ;20. po/ys many
course, that compares in austerity, simplicity, and rigorous ban:!· 2J. ,mdros male
ship with the life of a monk. 22. -ist person who
The practice is asudclsm (..sET'-<>-siz-om), the adjective as- (nou11 suffex)
ceth:. 23. ·Y Practice, custom, etc.
(noun suffix)
24 -<A,s adjective suffix
25, -ii] quality,
condition,
REVlEW OF ETYMOlOGY etc. (noun suffix)

~otico how ~ciently you can master words by understanding

thctt etymological structure. Stop for a moment to review the
roots, prefixes, and swfutes you have studied. Can you recall a
weed we have discuss.a in lb.is chapter that is built on lhe in- USING lliE WORDS
dicated prefix, root, or suffix?

PilB.flX, 'R.OOT, Con you pronounc,• lhe words? m

SUl'FIX MSANING lt>W.tl'LE Say each word aloud! Hear it in your own voice! Sa, II <>/ten
eoough. so thai ,ou Jul comjdrl4bl• with it, noting carqu/ly from
I. 'If<> sell, I the phonetic respelling exactly how ii 1hould .round.
2- alter other Remember that the first crucial step in mastering a word is to be
3. intro- inside able to say it with ease and assurance.
4. e.rtro-- outside
5. verro turn I. umbldex,rous am-b>DEKS'-tros
6. ambl- both 2. ambiclex1erity am'-b>delrs-TAIR'-;>-'ICe
1. miuin bate 3 . dtxterous OEKS'-ll'QS
8. a,umopot mankind 4. de;rten'ty deks-TA CR'-:>-tee
9. gyne woman S. sinis1er SIN'·:>-s~r
10. gomos marriage 6. gauche GOSH (Say the English word
11. aslce1& monk go, tboo quickly add -sh.)
42 43
 7. 1m,cheri« 00-~ree
8. odro/J <>-DROYT'
9. adroilltQS ""DROYT'-ooss Con you work with the word.1? (U
10. ant/iropo/Qgy
II. anthropowgist
an-tbr<>-l'QL'.:,.jee
an-lhr>POL'+jist
Ch'eclc onyour comprcl,tension! See how successfully you ~
match w0tda &lld meanings!
12. anthropo/ogict1l an'-~p>LOJ'-:,..koJ
13. phi/a11thropist 1. ambideXllOUS a. evil, threatODUIB
l 4. philanthropy
f:,.LAN'-~ist J 2. dOllUOUS b. bating mankind
fa-LAN'-lh.ro-pee C. sJdUfal
15. phi/anthropic 3. sinister
fil-?D-THROP'-ik d. awkward
16. gynecologist 4. cauclle
gin (or jin or Jln)-:>-l<OL'-1>-jist S. misanthropic e. C8J)8ble of using both bonds
17. gyn«co/ogy gin (or Jin or Jin)-o-KOL'...,.jee
18. tyMco/ogl,:;,J with equal skill
gin (or jin or Jin).:,.k:>-LOJ'->kol
19. monogamist ms,-NOO'->mist
20. monogamy Jn>NOO'-<HDee KEY: l.,e, ~. ~ 4-d, s~b
21. monogamour m>NOO'-o-mos

Ccn you pronounc~ the word.1? Un Cun you work with lhe words? Ull

1.big,,mist 1. anthropology a. system of only one marriage

BIG'-.,.mist
2. bigomy 2. gynecology b. hatred of women
B!G'.:,.mee 3, monogamy
3. biganwur c. illegal plunlily of marriages
BIG'-o-~ 4. bigamy
4. pol1ganus, d. study of human development
pa-LIO'+mist
s. pol,tamy S. miso8Y"Y e. study of female ailments
P>LlO'+mee
6. pol,tamous p>LIG'>=
7, po/ygynlst p:,..LU'-:,..nist KEY: 1--d, 2-<, 3-a, 4-c, S-b
8. po/ygyny p>LIJ'+nee
9. po/)'8)1n0US p>LlJI-<>-n:>S
10. polyandrist pol-co-AN'-drist Con you work w~h tho word,? (Ill)
11. polyandry pol-.»-AN'-dree
12. polyandrottS pol-ee-AN'.<fros 1. polygamy a. devotJoa to a Joaely and aus-
13. misanthropist mis-AN'-thr;,-pist tere life-
14. mi.ranthropy 2. mlsogamy b. skill. cleverness
otls-AN'·thr<>-pee
15. misanthropic 3. o8C'eticism c. custom in which one man
mis...,n-THROP'-ilc
16. misogyny u1:>-SOJ'-<>-nee has many wives
17. mi$Otynous 4. philanthropy d. love of mankind
m...SOJ'·>-nos
18. misogynistic 5. adroimess e. hatred of m:u:riage
m:,.soj'+NlS'-tik
19. misogamy m...SOG'->mee
20. misogamous m>-S00-o-mos
21, c.scetlcism KEY: 1--<:, k, 3-a, 4-d, S-b
...SET+sii-am
 U. Are unmarried people necessarily YI!.$ NO
,niso,amow1
I :S. Are bachelor, necessarily misogynous? YES NO
Can you work with tht word,? UV) 16. Is ascetic/Jm compatible with luxurious Yl!S NO
1. polygynist a. student of the development livini and !ho pun;u.it of pleasure?
of mankind 17. Dao, a polyantlrist have more than one YES NO
2. polyandrist b. one who engl!ges in cliari~- husband?
ble works
3. anth,opologist c. malo with a plunlityof "i- .KEY: I-yes, 2--yes, 3-yes, 4-no, S-yes, 6-yes, 7-no, 3-}'l)s,
4. gyneoologist d. women·s doctor
5. philanthropist c. !emale with a plurality of 9- no, 10-yel, 11-yes, 12--no, 13-no, 14-.no, 15-no.
husbands 16-no, 17-yes

KEY: 1-c, ~. 3-a, 4-d, S-b

Coo you rk<lll lhe -.iotdt?
1. philosophy of living austerely I.,,__ _ _ _ _
Do you 1H1dorllond 11,e -,11? Z. hatred of women 2. M' -- - - -
3. mitred of marriage 3 . .,,__ _ _ _ _
I. Can amb14ulrmu poople """ eilhel tho YES NO
4. hatred of mankind 4 . .,,__ _ _ __
left or .r!sbt hand equally well? S. D,_ _ _ __
l. SboaJd a mrgeon bo manually YES NO s. skillful
6. awkward 6.Q_ _ _ _ __
<UXltTOIUT
3. ls a slnu1tr-loolclDg person frightening? 1. evil, Uueatenlng 7. ,.__ __ _ _
Y1!S l<O
4. I s ~ · social asset? YES NO 8. de,cribing hatred of women 8.M',..__ __ _
(adj.) or M_ __ _ __
5. Is ru, adroit speaker likely to be a ns HO
successful lawyer? 9. akiJ1 9. ,.__ ___:_ _
6. Is a student of anthropology interested YES NO 1O. perwnlng to hatred of JO. M..___ _ _ _
in primitive tribe$? mamago. (adj.)
7. Docs agynecologi.rt have more male NO 11. pertaiiliog to hatred of 11. M.._ _ __ _
YES
lhAn female patients? mankind (ad/.)
8. ts monogamy tho custom in Western Y£S NO 12. social custom of plural 12. P·- - -- - -
marriage..
countries? or pP·-------
o, _ _ _ _ _ __
9. ls a misogamist likely to show YI!$ NO
tendencies toward pol11amyl 13. unlawful state of haviqg more 13• .o.._ __ _ _
I 0. t, a bigamut br~og the law'I YI!$ NO than one spouse
11. L! a philanthropi,,t generally altruistic? YI!$ NO 14. doctor specializing in female 14. G,_ _ _ _ __
12. Does a mbaJuJiroplst enjoy human YES NO disorders
relationships? 15. custom of one marriage at a IS. M.._ _ _ __
13. Doos a misogynist enjoy female YES HO time
companionsllip?
46
47
 16. ~.i___ __ __
16. one who bates Ille hwnao race 8 . Co/\ you recognize ,001,?
()T
ltOOT ME~N.INO BXAt.tPLB
J7. able to use botb hands with 17. " - - - - - - -
equal skill 1. i!fO egoist
l 8. s tudy of mankind !&. " - - - - -- 2. ofter alternative
19. one who loves mankind 19. P----,,- ~ - 3_ verto introvert ·
20. ,,.__ __ __ 4_ mJ.rt'Uf misogynist
20. skill in tho use or both bands
s_ o,tthropos anthropologist
6. gyne gynecologis t
KEY: l-ase<;ticism, 2-misogyny, 3- roisogamy, 4-misauthropy, 1. gomo, bigamy
5--0eXterous, 6-gauchc, ?-sinister, 8- misogyoous ot misog~ 8. centrum egocentric
ynisticJ 9- adfoilne$S~ 10-mi.sogrunous, 11-m.isanthropic., 9. dexter dexterOJJS
12-polygamy, polyandry, or polygyny, 13-bigamy, 10. droit adroit
14-gynecologist, 15-monogamy, 16--misantbropist or mis- 11 , monos monoiamy
onthrope, 17-ambide~trous, 18-nnthropology, 19- pbilnn- 12. mulros polyandry
thropisl, 20-.nmbidexterity
KEY: J-scU, 2-olber, 3-tO rwn, 4-to hotc, 5- manldnd, ~woman.
7-ro:u-riage, 8-«ntcr, 9-rli;llt hand, 10--right hand, 11-one,
J2-male

CHAPTER REVIEW TEASU QUESTIONS FOR 1ttf AMATWR ETYMOLOGIST

A , Uc you reco~nite the- words? Suppose )'OU met the foll.owing words in your reading. Recog-
1. Puts selfish desires first: (a) egoist, (b) cgolist, (c) altruist
niz;ing the roots on which tbey are constructed, could you figure
out tho meanings? Write your answe.s on the blnolt lines.
2. l s self-analytical: (a) extroverl. (b) introvert, (c) ambivett
3. Hates wOlllCll: (a) misogamist, (b) misanthrope, (e) misogynist J. anth,opoc,ntrlc:
4. One's other sell: (a) altercation, (b) alter ego, (c) alteration
5. Awkward, clumsy: (a) adroit, (b) dexterous, (c) gauche 2 . a,idromania:
6. Plural marriage 3S a custom: (a) bigamy, (b) polygamy, (c) mo-
oogamy 3. gynandtou.r:
7. Study of human development: (a) asceticism, (b) philanthropy,
(c) anthropology 4. monomania:
&. Plurality or husbands os n custom: (a) misogyny, (b) polygyny,
(e) po.l yandry S. misondrist:

KEY: I-a, 2--b, 3-<:, 4-b, 5....:, 6--b, 7-c, 8-<:

(Ar.swers in Chapter 18.)
49
STICK TO YOUR TIME SCHEDULE!

In three sessions, you have become acquainted with scores of

new, vital, exciting words. You undmtand the ideas behind these
words, their various forms and spellinp, their pronunciation, their - - -- Brief Intermission One·-- - -
derivation, bow they can be used, and exactly what they mean. I
do not wish to press a point unduly, but it is possible that you
have 1 - d more new words lo the short tiroo it took )'OU to
cover this c:llapter than the average adult learos in an entire year.
This "alization should make you feel both g1atified and excited.
TEST YOUR GRAMMAR
Funny thing about time. Aside from the fact that we all, rich or
poor1 .sick or weU_, have the same amount of time, exactly twenty-
four hours every day ( that is looking at lime from a static point or
view), it is also true that we can always 6nd time for the things we
enjoy doing, almo.t never !or the things we find unpleasant (and How good i i - , Engllsb7 Ha•e )'OIi _ , said me and then -
that is looking at time from the dynamic point of view) . I am not dei:ed if it shoulda't hw been /-or vioe _ , Do ,on some-
merely being philosophical-I am sure you will agree with this
concept if you give it a littlo thougbl
time$ get a little CCIGfUNd ...,t lay and lie o, ..., and -w1",m1
Pemop :,<JO an, often a little lcll !bin certain about tho dislla<>-
If you have enjoyed learning new words, accepting new chal- tion between 4ct ad off<et, principal and p,i,icipl,, childhJi and
lenges, gaining new understanding, and discovering lho lhrill ol cluld!lkt1
successful accomplishment, then make sure to stay with tht time Here is a serim of quick teats that will show )"OIi how skilllul
sthcdule you have set up for ,ourself. )'OU ue in using the right word in the rigbt place, that will give
A cn,ciol fact<>r in mccessful, ongoing learning is routine. you a rellilble iodication of bow your language ability compares
Develop a comfortable time routine, persevere against all dis- with the avenge.
tractions, •nd y,,u will !cam anything -you sincerely want to learn.
So, 10 give yourself an edge, write here the day and hour you
plan to return to your wodc
TUT I-HSY
DAV: - - -- - -- - - --
DATE: - - -- -- - - - - - rr your English is every bit as good as average, you will have no
TIMJI: - - -- -- - - - - - dllliculty mating a proper choice in at least eight of the following
ten sentenceg,,

(End of Session J) I. There is a beautiful moon out tonight and Estelle and I affl
going for a st:roll--would you lll:e to come along with (she
and I, her and roe?)
2. Your husband doesn't believe that you are older than ( I,
me).
51
 3. Maybe m're not as rich u (they, them), but I bet wo'ro a lot
happier,
4. Does your child still (lay, lie) down foe a nap aft« lunch?
5. When we saw Maty openly 1llrting with Nellie"s husband, we
(could, couldn't) batdly believe oar eyes.
6. You<howd (of, have) put more YfflllOUth into the martini.
7. ~ your oompuy (leaw, lot) you have as Jong a lunch
break as )'OIi would like?
8. Harriot feeb that her {brothm..in-law, brother-in-laws) are
impossible to get along with.
9. "What (kind of, l:ind ot a) car ate you looking for'?" aued
the salesman.
10. Mrs. White was dalighted that the F eMells hod invited John
and (she, her) to their party.
Is your English ap lo pu1 l!EIUl ARB m~ OORRl!CT ANSWllRS
I-her and me, 2--l, 3-they, 4--lie, S-<:OUld, 6-bave, 7-let,
$4>rolhc~-in-Jaw, 9-ldnd of, l~her
TEST n- HAJ!DER
Oloose comctly ln at ~ast ,even of the following problems to
corulder 1hal your ,kill is dlstinctlr. above average-get all ten
right to conclude that you rarely, if ever, make an error in gram-
mar.
!. What (effect, affect) has the new administration's pollcic,
bad on investor confidence?
2. A feeling of one's worth i$ one of the (principle, principal)
goals of psychological therapy. '·
3. There's no sense (in, of) carrying on that way.
4. I can1 remellll>cr (who, whom) lt was.
5. Tho infant (lay, laid) quietly sucking its thumb.
6. No one but ( she, her) eve, made a perfect score on Ike test.
7. rn !he early dayg of frontler history, horse thie:ves were
(hanged, bung).
8. Neither of your responses (are, is) satisfactory.
5,
!I. Either or these two small ca~, It properly maintained, (Is,
are) sure to give over thirty miles per gallon in highwny
driving.
10. TeU (whoever. whomever) is waiting to come ln.
ls your English above avenge? HE.RE A.Re THE CORRECT ANSWE.RS
J~Jfect, 2-priocipal, l-in, 4-who, S-lay, 6-her, 7-hanged,
8-is, 9-is, 10-whoeve.r
Tl:ST ill-HARDEST
Now you can djscover bow close you are to being an expert in
Eoglisb. The next ten sentences are no cinch-you will be acquit•
ting yourself creditably il you check lhe correct word five times
out of ten. And you have every right to consider your,;el! an ex-
pert if you ~ct nine or ten right.
J. We have just interviewed on appli.cant (who, whom) the
· COIDID.lttee believes is best quatilled for the position.
2. She is one of those gifted writm who (turns, turn) out one
best seller after another.
3. Don't sound so (incredulous, incredible); what I am SRying is
absolutely true.
4. We were totally (disinterested, 1ll1Ul.terestcd) ln the offer.
5. This recipe (4l)s for two (cUJJ$1l, cupfuls) of sugar.
6. Are you uying to (infer, imply) by those words 1hat be is not
10 be trusted?
?. We thoogbt the actress to be (she, her), bul we weren't $Ute.
8 . Was it (she, her) you were talking about?
9. Your criteria (is, are) not valid.
10. ''It is I who (is, am) the only friend you've got," she told him
pointedly.
Are you an expert? UtRB ARC nm OORR.ECT ANS\VERS
1-who, 2-turn, 3-iocredulous, 4-uninterested, 5--cupfuls,
6-imply, 7-her, S-she, 9-arc, t 0- o.m
53
 S~ION 4

4 Jn this chapter we discws ten medieol specialists-what th•y

do, bow they do U, what 1hey are called.

HOW TO TALK ABOUT IDfAS

DOCTORS
l. what's wrong with you?
(Sessions 4-6) To find out what ails you and why. this specialist gives you a
tho.-ough physical examination. u.sini an impressive asray ol tests:
X ny, blood chemistry. urinalysis, cardiogram, and so on.
An internist

TEASER PREVIEW
2. :ftmol• trouble,?
This specialist treats the female reproductive and sexual organs.
What is the litle of the doc-tor who spectotlie, im A gyneoo/ogist
• internal mtdlcine?
3. hovi.ng o bol:ty?
• female ailments?
This sp<cialist delivers babies and takes care of the mother dur-
• pregnancy and cluldblrth? ing and immediately after the puiod or her pregnancy.
• the treatment and care of infants and young children?
An obst~tri,i.an
• .tki11 dis()rders?
• di.sease:s of the e)'e? .A. is your boby ill?
• heart problems? You know the common childhood maladies-mumps. wboop-
• the brain ond nervow sysum? ing_ cough. chick-en pox, measles. This specialist limits hjs practice
• mental and emotional disturbancu? to )'OUngstccs, taking care or babiC$ directly aftcc birth, super-
vising their diet and watching over their growth and development,
giving them the series of inoculations that has done so much to
decrease infant mortality, and soothing theic anxious parenJs.
A paliatricion
·55

I
5. sldn cleor? 10. ere you newotic? .,.r

You have beard the cl115siJ0 ~dje:: UWhat is the best use for T his s~dlltist o.1temp'ts to alleviate mental and omolio!ial dis-
pigslc.i/l?" An:iwer: ''To keep the pig together." Human sk.in bas a turb-aoccs by means of v'atious tcchnfques, oceasionally drugs or
similar purpose: it is, if we get down to fundamentals, what keeps elecuoshock, more often p_rivate or group psychotherapy.
us all in one piece. And,.our outer coveringt like so many of out
internal organs, js subject 'to diseases and infections of various. A psychiatrist
kinds, ruonJng lhe gamut from simple acne and eczemas through
impetigo. pooriasi~. and cancer. There is a specialist who treats all
such skin diseases.
A dermatologist
USING THE WORDS
6. eyes okoy?
The physician whose specialty is disorders of vision (myopia, Can you pronounce the words?
astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma. etc.) may prescribe glali:ses, acf.. Words take on a new color if you bear them in your own voice;
minister drugs, or p«form surgery. they begin to belong to you more personally, more intimately,
An ophthalmologist tllao iJ you merely hear or ~ them. As always, therefore, say
the words aloud to take the firs~ crucial step tow~rd 9amplet•
7. how at• you, bones? mastery.
t. lnttrn/Jt in-TURN'-l~t
This specialist deals with lhe skeletal structure of the body, 2. K)'necologlst gin (orjin or jin)->KOL'-o-jis t
treating bone fractures, slipped discs, clubfoot, curvature of, the ob-s~TRISH'..n
3. obsr.trician
spi&c, dislocations of the hip, etc., and may correct a condition ei- 4. pediatric/on pee'-d-TRISH'=
ther by surgery or by the use or b1aces or other appliances. dur-1n>T OL'~jin
S. """"'®logist
An or1hopedis1 6. ophthalmologi# off-thal-MOL'~jist
7. onlwpedisi awr-tbo-PEE'-dist
8. does you, t:.eort g,o pilter-patte,? 8. cardiologist kahr-dee-OU-,,.jist
9. 11eurofogist noor-OL'~jist
This spedalisl treats dise:1$es or the heart aod circulatory 5)'S- 10. psychiatrist sl (or s,i).JCl'-:,.trist
tcm.
' A c~rdlo/ogist
Can you work with the words?

9. is your brain working? Match each doctor to the field.

flBLDS DOCTORS
'Thir physician specializes ill the treatment of disorders of the
brain, spinal cord, and the rest ot the nerv00$ S)'11ten1.
I. mental or emotiooal a. internist
disturbances
A ner,rologist 2. nervous •ystem b. gynecologist
56 57
 3. skin c. obstetrician
4. diagnosis; internal organs d. pediatrician C,an you recall rhe words?
S. infants e. denulologlst
6. femole reproductive orpns t opb1hatmolocm Write the name of the specialist you might visit or be re.ferrcd
7. eyes g. orthopedist to:
1.N_ __ __
8. heart h. cardiologist l. for a suspected brain disorder
9. pregnancy, childbirth i. neurologist 2. lor a thorough internal 2. _ _ __ _ __
l 0. skelctel system j. p,ychia1rist checkup
3. if you have a skin disease 3.0_ _ _ __
4____ _ _ __
KEY: f-j, 2-i, 3-e, 4-o, 5-d, 6-b, 7-f, 11-h, 9-e, 10-g 4 . if you haw a heart problem
5. if you. are tense, fearruJ, S, P _ _ _ _ __
insecure
6. if you are pregnant 6.Q_ _ _ __ _
7. _ __ _ __
7. fo r seme disorder or the !emote
reproductive organs
Do you understand lhe words? 8. for a checkup for your 8.P_ _ _ _ __
two-month-old child
I. ls an illltrnl.st an expert in d~osls? YES NO 9. for faulty vision 9. Q,_ _ _ _ __
2. Is a gynecai,,g/.t t familiar with the ns NO 10. Cor curvature o! the spine 10. Q_ _ _ __ _
femaJc reproductiVe organi?
3. Does an otstetr/cian specialize i n YES NO
diseases of childhood? KEY: 1-nenro!ogist, 2-intcrnist, Wennatologjst, 4-c:ardiologist,
4. Does a pediatrician de.liver babies? ns NO 5-psychialrist, 6--0bstetrieian, 7-gynecologlst, 8,;,oclialri-
S. If you b~d nldn disease, would you YU NO ciau, 9-ophthalmologist, 10-ortbopc<list
visit a dermatologist?
6. If you had crouble wi1h yo11r vision YES No
would you visit an orthopedist?
7. Is an ophtluJtnw/ogist an eye specialist? ( End of ses.slon 4)
YES NO
8. Does a cvrdio/ogitt treat bone YES NO
fractures?
9. Is a neurologi.st a nerve specialist? YES NO SESSION 5
10. t( you were nervous. ttt:ue, overly ns NO
anxious1 constantJy fear(ol for n.o
apparent reasons, WouJd a ps-ychiatrist
be lhe specialist 10 see? OIIIGINS AND REIAlED WORDS

1, in 1fd4 you
KEY: I-yes, 2-yes, 3-no, ~no, 5-ycs, 6-no, 7-yes, 3-no,
9-yes, I 0-yes llllUn/st and Internal derive from the same Latin root, lntemu.s,
Inside. The inlerni.sl is a spcciali&t in inltrMI medicine, in lhe ex-
58
59
 ploration or your inJide:. This physician determines 1he state ol
your internal organs in order to disco•er what's happening within
your body to cause tbe troubles you'te OO!llplaining ol.
Do n.ot confuse the internist with the Intern ( also spelled in•
ierne), who is a medical graduate serving an apprenticeship inside
a hospital.
2. dodou for women
The word g>neco/ogist is built on Greek gyne, woman, plus
logos, science; etymologically, gynecQ/ogy is the science (in actual
u.se, the medical science) of women. Adjective: gynecological (gln
[or jin or jln)-o-1<.~LOJ'..,..bl).
Obstetrician derives from Latin obsletrii, midwite. whkh in
tum has its source in a Lalin verb meaning to stand-midwives
staad in front of the woman in tabor to aid in the delivery of the
infanL
The suffix -ician, as in obstetricfrm., physicitJlt, musi.cU,n, ma,t-
cian. electrlcian, etc., means e.zperi.
Obstetrics (ob-STET'-riks) has only wit.bin the last 150 yean
become a respectable specialty. No farther back than 1834, Pro-
fessor William P. Dew... a.sswned the first ob air ot ob,1etrit:s al
the Uoivenity ol Pennsylvania and had to brave oomlderable
medical contempt •nd ridlcti!e as a resul~e delivery of chil-
dren was then considered beneath the dignity of the ~ical pro-
fession.
Adjective: obstttric (ob-STET'-rik) or obstetrical (ob-STBT'-
~k•l).
3. children
Pedkitridan is a combination of Greek paidos, cht1d; iatreia,
medical healing; and -ician, expert.
Pediatrics (pee-dee-AT'-rils) , 1hen, is by etymolol)' the medi·
cal healing of a child. Adjective: ptdiatric (pee-dco-AT'-rilr.}.
(Tbe ped- you see in words like p,de,tal, p<dal, and p,destritu/
is from tbc Latin pedfs, foot, and despite tbe identical spcllin£ in
English has no relationship to Greek poidos.)
60
Pedagugy (PED-:>-gO'-Jee), which combines paidos with
agugos, leading, is, elymologically, tht leading uf children-. And to
wbat do _you lead them? To learning. to de..topment, to growth,
to maturity. From the moment of birth, infants are led by adult-
they are taught, first by parents and then by teachers, to be gelf.
sullicient, to fit into the <U!ture in wb.icb they .,. born. Renee,
p"'1a$ogy, which by derivation means tht leading of a child, refers
acruaUy to the priociplcs and methods of teaching. 0>Uege stu-
dellts majoring in educatiQo tak.e certain standard pedagogy
cours...-the history o/. education; educational psychology; ;t•
psychology of adolescents; principles of teadtlng; etc. Adjective:
pedagogical (ped->OOJ'+hi).
A p,dagogu,, (PED'+So&) i, vet$0d in pedagogy. But peda-
gogut ha,; an unhappy history. from its origj,!al, neutral meaning
of r.ach<r, it has deteriorated to the point where it refers, today,
to .a oanow-mlnded. •!nit-laced, old-fashioned, dogmatic teacher.
lt i,; a word of COll!ompt and sboll!d be used with caution.
Like pedagugue, dmu,gogue (DEM'-o-gog) bas also deterio-
rated in meaning. By dmvation a leader (agog,,.) o( the people
(demos), a demagogue today ls aetttally one who attempts, in es-
sen;cc, to misltad the people, a politician who foments discontent
among the masses, musing them to lever pitch by wild O(&tOt)', in
an :attempt to be voted into ollice.
Ooce elected, d"""fogue, u,e political power to further tlieir
own personal ambitions or fortunes. ·
Many "leaders• of the past and pr0$GII~ in countries arouqd the
world, have been accused of demagoguery (dem....OOG'..,..ree).
Adjective: dtmilgt>tic ( ~ J ' - i k ) .
4. sk-in•cf•~
The dermatou,gi.rt, whose spcdalty is dennotology ( dur..,,~
TOL'-~jce}, is so named from Greek dtmUJ, sl:in. Adjectin:
dermato/ogu:al (dur'0 im-t>LOJ'+hi).
See tbe syllables dt1n11a in any English word and you will k®w
0.ecc ii some referenc» to ,kf,.....lor example, a hypodermic (ht-
po-Dl.lR.'•mik) needle penetrates Ulld,r (Greek, hypos) the skin;
Ole tpidmnis (ei»-DI.JR'-mis) l, the outermost layer of ,icin;
a l<ttidermin (TAl<S'-o-dur-mi;t)., whose business is taxidermy
di
(TAKS'-o-<lur-01ee), prepares, stuffs, and mounts the skiru of
animab; a pachyderm (PAK'-9-durm) is ao animal with an un-
usually thick ski(I, like an elepbant, hippopotaorns, or rhinoceros;
and dermaJi/Js (dur-mo-Tl'-tis) is the g,net-1 name for aoy skin
inftammatioo, irritation, or infection.
.O~tida~ is built on opsls, optikos, plu. -idan, expert. The
sp,ec1alty is optics (OP'·til:s).
Adjectives: optometric (op-~MET'·rik) or optomttrical (oi>-
t>-MET'-r>lcaJ), optical (OP'-o-.bl).

REVIEW 01 IDMOlOGY
.S. the •ye-shove it
Ophlhalmologi.rt-note the pit preceding , - ; , from Greek PUP-IX. . llOOT,
oph,h,Jlmos, eye, plus loios, science or study. The lpeciaJty is SUFFIX MEANDIO ENGI.JSII WORD
ophlhalmology (otl"•thal-MOL'4-)«:), the adjective ophlJu,l- inside
·- inimu,s
2. gyne
mological (olf-thal-.o:1>LOJ'-<>-k•I).
Ao earlier title for this pbysician, ,till occasionally used, Is O<U- ] _ obrterri.z
woman
midwife
- --- ---
lis1 (O1<'-y>Ust), from Latln oci,/us, eye. a root on which the fol- 4. pajdos child
lowing English words are also buill; s. pedis foot
6_ acgoros lcadln& leader
I. ocular (OK'- r>-~r) _,. adjective that refen to the eye 1, demos people
2. monocle (MON'+blH lens for ooc (monos) eye, ,ported 8. duma skin
by charactc£S in old movies .. a symbol of the British s<K&lled 9. /typos under
upper class 10. ophthalmot • eye
~- binOCJ;/ar, (bo-NOK'-yo-1~)-lleld glasses that iocre~ l I . oa,J;,, eye
the range of two (bi-) eyes 12. mono, one
4. And, strangely enough. illoadale (io-OK'-r>-layt'), • wo 13. bi- two
commonly miupelled with two 1t'J. Wb,n you are inoculalt 14. -icum expm
against a disease, an «eye,• puncturo, or bole is made io
skin, through whlcb ~rwn Is injected.
yo7 IS. opsis, optilun
16. mttro11
vision, sight
measurement
Do not cootuae the oplultalmoJoglJt or oculist, a medical •P""
cialls!, with two olher prattitiot.lets who deal with the eye-the\
optometrlsl (op-TOM'+ttht) and optician (op-TISH'-oo) . USING THE WORD$
Optomttrists are DOI phyaicians, and do not perform surgery or Con you proqounc• the words? {0
administer drugs; they meuure vlsioo, test for glaucoma, and
pnr=ibc and lit glasses. I I. intern Ce) IN'-tum
Opticians fill an opwmari.rf~ or opl,thalmolofish prescription; 2. k)'n«ology gio-:,-KOL'-a-jee,
grinding lenses a<>Xlfding to specilicatiom; they do no1 examin jin-:>-KOL'-o-jee, or
patioots. jln-:,-J<OL'~jee
Optometrist eombinu Groolt opri,, oplikM, dgbl or vision, wit 3. gynecological gi1>4-lc:,-LOJ'-o-bl,
metron, measureDJeDt.--die o ~, i,,- etymology, is one wbd jin-:>-b-LOJ'-a-bl or
incasures 'Vision. The apccialty is oplf>IMlrJ (op-TOM'~). j!n+b-LO!-:>-bl
62
 +. o/m<trics
s. obst<trk
·, ob-ST.E'I'-riks
·ob-STflT'•fi,k I , Can you work with the words? (I)
' .
.6. obJt<trlcol o,b-STET-r>-kol I I
1. pediatric; • p'*4u-,\'):'.-rik,s I. gynecology a. pripciple5 ofcteaching
8. pediatric pee-dee-AT'-rik 2. obstetrics b. ,stuffing of skins-of arumok
9. pd.agogy PED'+g!i-~C 3. pediatrics c. specialty.-deallilg with the de·
livery oi newborn infants
10. ped4gogicol ped...OOJ'-<>-bl
P.l!D'-<>-gog' ' I
,, 4. pedagogy : d~ stirring,u·p discontent amo·ng
11. pedagog,,t
12. demagogue DEM'+gog the masses
I 3. dun,,.goguuy dem-o-GOO'......-ce S. demagoguery e. treatment of skin diseases
14. demagogic dem~OJ'-ik 6. •dermatology r. specialty dealihg with wom-
en's dise.a.ses
7, llllideriny g. specialty dealing with tNe
treatment of children

Co,, yw pronounce the _d,? Ill) KEY: 1--f, 2-c, 3-!l, 4-a, S-d, 6-,e, 7~
I. dumalology dur-rru>-TOL'-:,.jec
2. dermatological dw'-mQ-t:>-LOJ'-<>-kal
3. hypodm,,ic bl-p:>-DU.RM'-ik
Con you work with lhe words? (II)
4. epldamis ep-<>-DOR'-mis
s. lllXldmni.st TA.KS'~r-mlst I. hypodermic a. elephant
6. taxidermy TAKS'+dur-mee 2. epidermis b. eye doctor
1. (>OC!ryd<rm PAK'+durm 3. pachyderm c. under the skin
8. dermatitb dut-m:>-tT-tis 4. dermatitis d. one who mcuures vi.ton
9. ophtlulbrwlogy off-tbal-MOL'-o-joo 5. ophthalmologist e. lens grinder
10. ophthalmological off'-lha!-m:,.LOJ'+bl 6. optometrist f. ouu:r layer of skin
I!. ocultrt ' OK'-y.,-list 7. optkian· g. inllammaOon o! the •kin
12. ocular OK'-y.,-lor
13. monoc!< MON'-<>-bi
14. biltOCU/01': oo-NOK'-y,-lorz KEY-: I -c, 2-f, 3- a, 4-!l, S- b, 6-d, 7-.e
IS. irwculott in-OK:'-~layt'
16. optometrist op-TOM'-Q-trist
11. optometry op-TOM'-o-uec OG you undenlond the words?
18. optometric op-b-MllT'-rik
19. optonretricol op-t:,.MBT'-r>-bl l. Does a treatise on obstttrks deal with NO
20. optician op-TISH'40 cbildbirtb1
2 I. opdc, OP'-tiks 2. Does nnecology deal witb tbe female YF.S NO
22. optical OP-b-bl reproductive organs?
64 65
 3. Is (H'dialrlcs COn«med with the YES NO 1 L. one who stuffs the sltias of 11. T _ _ _ _ __
diseases of old age? animals
4. Does ptdflfOlfY n:ler to teaching'/ YI\S NO 12, another title ror 12. Q,_ _ _ _ __
S. Is a fH'dlJIOtUe an expert teache,1 ves NO ophthalmologist
6. Is a •ma,ague interested in tho YES NO Jl. treatment of female ailments. 13. o,_____
welfare of the people? 141. medical specialty relating 10 14. Q,_ _ _ _ __
7. Is a lion a pd&hyd,rm1 YES l'O cllsea$es of the eye
8. b the epidermis ooc o[ the layers of YES NO IS. one-lens eyeglass IS. M..- ----
o,V------
the skin? 16. pertaining to the eye 16.
9. Is demtaJiJit an inftam.mation of one of YE$ NO 17. one who measures visiOn 17. _____ _
the limbs?
I 0. Is a taxidtrmi,t a medical pnictitioner? YES NO
11. Is an op/11/ralmologi.st a medical YES NO KEY: J-ob!;tetrics, 2-cpidermis, 3-pedagogy, 4-pachydenn,
doc1oc? ~ecmatitis, 6-dtmagogue, ?-optician, 8-intem or Jn.
12. Is an optometrist a medical doctor? YE.S NO
teme, 9;,ediatrics, JO-demagoguery, I I-taxidermist,
13. Docs an optician prescribe glasses? YES 110 12-oculist, 13-gyoecology, 14-ophthalmology, JS-mono-
cle, l~ular, 17-optometrist
KE\': I-yes~ 2-yes, 3-no, 4-ycs, 5- no, 6- oo, 7- oo, 8- yes,
9- no, 10-no, 11-yes, 12-no, ]3-1)0
(End of Session S)

Can you recoJI the words?

l. Q,_ _ _ _ __
l. specialty of child delivery
2. outer layer of skin 2.~-----
3. p_ _ __ __
3. principles of teaching SES90N 6
4. tbicl<-skin,ied animal 4.P_ _ _ _ __
S. skin Inflammation
s.o_____
6. one who foments political 6. 0,_ _ _ __ _
ORIGINS AND Ra.Ano WORDS
discontent
7. one who sells optical 7. Q,_ _ __ __
equipment 1. the straighteners
8. medical graduate serving his 8. ~ - - - - - - The orthopedisl is so called from the Gn:ck roou orthos,
apprenticeship straight or correct, and paidos, child. The orthop•dist, by etymol•
9. trcaiment of childhood di,ea,;es 9. p_ _ __ __ ogy, straightens children. The term was coined in 1741 by the au•
I 0. practi~ of stirring up political 10. p,_ _ _ __ _
thor or a textbook on the prevention of childhood diseases~ at
dissatis(action for pwely that time the correction of spinal curvature in chlldreo was a main
personal·g•in coocern o! practitioucrs of orthopedics (awr-th<>-PEE'-<liks) .
66 .
67
 Today the specialty treats delonnities, injuries, and diseases or
the bones and joints (o( adults as well as cbildrtn, of course),
often by surgical proceduns.
Adjective: orthopedic (awr-tho-PBE'-dik).
OrthodomilJ (awr-th.,.DON'-sho), the straightening of teelh, is
built on orthos plus odontos, tooth. Toe orthodontist (awr-th•-
DON'-tist) specializes in improving yow "bite,h n:tracting "ouck
tccth,tt and by means of braces and other techniques seeing to it
that every molar, incisor, bicuspid, etc. is exactly where it belongs
in your mouth.
Adjective: ortliodontic (aw,-th.,.DON'-tik).
2, the heort
Cardiologist combines Greek kal'dia hean, and logos, scicoce.
1
of his time worrying about bis health, counting his money, plotting
1"~ or "8Sbillg his hands, can bope for UU!e emotional
growth."
Neurotic (n<lor-OT'·Jk) is both tb• adjective form and the term
for .a person sut!ering from neurosis.
4. the mind
A neurosis is not a form or mental unbalance. A lull-blown
mental disonler Is called a psychosis (sl-KO'-sis), a word built
on Oreelc psyche, spirit, soul, or mind, plus -<>sis.
A tru6 p,ycholic (sl-KOT'·ilt) 1w lost contact will! reality-at
lem with reality as most of "' perceive it, though no doubt psy·
c/lQJ/c ( note that this ,.,,rc1, like neurotic, is both a noun and an
adjective) people have their own form of reality.

Tlie specialty is cordiclt>gy (kahr-d..,..OL'·.>-jee) ll)e adjective Built on plJC},e plus iatrda, medical healing, a ps,chiatrist by
cordi<>Toglcol (kahr'-dee-o-LOJ'+kol). ' etymology is a mind-lita!er. The specialty i> pT)'chiatry (~I- or ~
So a cardiac (KAHR'-dee-ak) condition n:fcrs to some mal- KI-~t~); tbc-adjectiw is psychiatric (£1-kee-AT'-rik).
functionillg of the heart; a cardiogram (KAHR'-dee-;,-gram') is Puliatrics, as you know, is also built on /atreia, as is pcdlatry
an electrically produced re.con! of the heartbeat The instrument (y.>-DI'·.>-ttee), discussed in the next ebapter, and smatrics
that produces th.is record is called a cardiograph (KAHR'-dee-"" (jail'•ee-AT'·rib), the specialty dealing with the partlrular medi·
graf'). cal needs of tbe elderly. (Tbis word combines iatrtia with Greek
germ, old age.)
'The specialist is a gerlatrlcian (jair-ee->-TRISH'·•n), the ad-
3. rho nervous system jective is ,eriatric (jair'- ee-AT'-rik).
Neurologist derives from Greek neuron, nerve, plus logos, sci-
ence.
Special(}': neurology (noor-OL'-.>-jee); adjective: nturoloc,'col
(oobr-<>-LOJ'~k:>i). REVIEW OF ETYMOlOGV
Neuralgia (n<lor-AL'-ja) is acute pain along the nerves and
their branches; tho won! come-, from neur<m plus a/gos, pain. llOOT, SUFFIX MUNING l!.HGLISH WOllD
NeJJritis (n<lor-I'-tis), is inJlammation of the nerves. I. orthos straight, correct
Ne~rosls (ndor-O'~is), combining neuron with -osis, a suffix 2. po/dos (ped- ) child
mearuog abnormal or diseasul condition, ls not, despite its ety• 3_ odont()s tooth
mology, a disorder of the nerves, bot rather, as described by the 4. kardia heart
late Eric Bemo, a peychialrist, " ••• an illness characterized by S. logos science_; study
e~cessive use of energy for unproductive purposes so tbnt pcrwn· 6. neuron nerve
al1ty development is bindeted or stopped. A man who spends most 7. a/gos pain
.~a 69
 8. -.>SU abnormal or
diseased condition
9. -ms inflammation eanyou work with the word.s? (I}
10. psyche spiri~ soul, mind a. nerve pain .
U. itJtrela J, orthopcdi~
medical buling 2. orthodolitta b specialty dealing with moch-
)2. /Jt'TQS old age .cal problems ol the elderly
3. neuralgia c. straightening of teeth
4. neuritis d. inflammation o[ the nerves
s. geriatrics e. treatment of skeletal deform·
USING ll-lE WORD$
ities

Can you pronounce the words CO

l. ortlwp,dic, KEY: 1-e, 2-c, 3-a, 4-<I, S-b
awr-thi>-PEl!'-dilcs
2. orthopedic awr-th>-P.EE'-dik.
3. onh.odontia
awr-tbo-DON'·sh•
4. orthodontist awNb>-DON'-tist
5. orthodontic uvr-tho-OON'-tik Con you worlt with the wordt? llf)
6. ca,diolo/l)'
kabr-dee-OL'-o-jee a. record o! heart beau
7. card/alogical I. catdiogram
kahi'-d~LOI'-<>-kol b. mental unbala~e
8. cardiac KASR'-dee-alt 2. cardiograph
9. catdiogram 3. neurosis c. emotional disturbance. .
KAfiR'-dee-o-gram' d. treatment of pcrsonaMy dis--
10. cardiograph 4. psych.osis
KAHR'-dec-o-grnj' orders
s. psychiatry e. insttUment !or recording
Can you pronounc• fh• words? (If) burtbeats
1. neurology ooor-OL'·""i••
2. neurological ooor-o-LOJ'-o-bl KEY: 1-a, 2-e, 3-<:, 4-b, S-d
3. neuralgia noor-Al!-jo
4. neuritis ndor-1'-tis
5. n"1D'Osu noor-cY-sis
6. n<uro/ic odor-O'I"·ik
1. psychosis sr-K0'-sis Do you understand lhe words?
8. psychotic ,1-KOT'-ik I. A lf)'netologist's paticms a.re mostly TRUE. FAI.SE.
9. psychiatry st-or ~KJ·~-tree
10. p:sydw,tric sT-tee-AT'-rik men. f
2. Ophrha/mology is the study o eye TR.UE FALSE
11. gerlatrio jalr..,.,.AT'-riks
12. geriatrician jau'-ce-o-TRISR'-:m diseases. • alio
3. Ortho{l#dics is the s~alty de g TRUl! FALSE
13. geriatric jair'-ce-AT'-rik with the bones and jomts.
70 71
 4. A cardiac patient bas a berut ailment. TRUB FALSE 10. instrument that records heart 10. (.:.._ _ _ _ __
S. A person with a bad "bite" may profil TRUE PALSB i"CtiOtl
from orthodontia. J J. ,..cord p«>duced by such an II . 1,.;..._ _ __ __

6. Ne,,ra/gia is• disea$e of lbe bones. TlllJl! FALSE instrument

7. A neurosiJ is lhc same as a psychosu. 1'.VE PALSB
8. Nturilis is imlammation of the nerves. TlllJl! PALSE
KEY: 1--0tthodontist, 2-neuralgia, 3--0nhopedics. 4-pSychlauy,
9. Psychiatry is a medical specialty that lRU2 F~LSB
5--Jleuritis, 6-neurosis, 7-psychotlc, &-cardiac, 9-geriatrie.-.
deals with mental, emotional, and
10-<:udiograph, 11....:ardiogram
penonality distwbanc"5.
I0. A cordiograpll is a device for m:ording 11UJ~ PA1...~£
hcanbc~ts.
11.. Pzychiatrt,; treatment i.s designed to Tau£ PAJ,,51?
relieve tensions., fears, aod in.securities.
12. A doctor who specializes in pediatrics I'I.UE FALS"B"
bas very o[d patien~<- CHAPTEtt REVIEW
13. A ~rialridan bas very young patie.ots.. T1lUE FALSE
A. D-o you recegnlH the words?
KEY: 1-F, 2--T, 3-T, 4-T, 5-T, 6-F, 7-F, &--T, 9-T 10-T I. Specialist in female ailments:
11-T, 12-F, 13-F ' ' (a) obstotrici.a.a, (b) gynecologist, (c) dermatologist
2. Specialist ill children's diseases:
(a) orthopedist, (b) pediatrician, (c) internist
3. Specialist in eye diseases:
(a) cardiologist, (b) opthalmologir~ (c) optician
Con you recod th• w<>l'd5? 4. Specialist in emotional disorders:
1. specialist who straightens teeth I . Q_ __ _ __ (a) neurologis~ (b) demagogue, (c) psychiatrist
S. P'ertalni.og to medical treatment of the elderly:
2. nerve pain 2. •~-- - -- - (a) neurological. (b) obstell:ic, (c) geriMrlc
3. medical specialty dealing with 3. o,_ __::..__:_.:.:.::.... 6. Stra.ighteoing of t<Clh:
bones and joints
4. medical specialty dealing with 4. p _ __ _ _ _ (a) orthodontia, (b) orthopedic, (c) optometty
emotional disturbances and 7. Personality disorder:
. (a) ncuriw, (b), neuralgia, (c) neurosis
menial illness
S. inflaJlllllation of the Mcrves S. N,_ _ _ __ _ 8. Mentally unbalanced:
6. emotional or personality 6. N_ __ .;..::.___ (a) neurotic, (b) psychotic, (c) cardiac
9. Principles of teaching:
disorder
7. mentallyuobalanced 7. p _ _ __ _ .:__ (a) demagoguery. (b) pedagogy,(<) psycboru
8. pertaining 10 the bean 8.
9. ,pecialty dealing with medical 9. '--- -, - - - ICEY: 1- b, 2- b, 3-b, k 5--c, 6-a, 7-<:, 8-b, 9-b
problems of the elderly
;72 ,
I • n
 2. Jleall Ille roots kardia and algos. Whet is lhe meaning of
e,ardialtitll
8. Can yov r«09nln -II?
kOOT MBANJNO llXAMPLE 3. ex odontalgitfl - -- --'-- - - - -- - - - -
t. wemu, internist
2. paidM (pd-) pediatrician 4 . Nost0$ is the Greet word for I return (home) . Cao you com-
3.pd!J pedestrian bine this root with allf(>I, pain, to comlruct the English word
4. d80lf(>I pedagogue meaning lwm.,ickn<Mt - - - - - - - - - - - -
s. demo, demagogue
6.derma dennatologist
7. ~ypo, hypodennic (An.rw,,. in C/uJpt,r 18)
8. op/JI~ ophthalmologist
9. OCMUU monocle
10. op.ris, opdko1 optician
11. metron optometri,st
TWO Ka'S TO succas, SElf-DISCIPUNE ;.,.II) l'fllSISTl'NC!:
12. ortho9 orthopedist
13. odontos You can achieve <f ntp,rior vocabulary in " phenomen111/y slwrt
ortbodontlst time-fl•tn klf-disciplino and persiste!tff.
14. kardia cardiologist
IS. logos The greate$t aid in building self-discipline is, as I have said, •
aolhropologjst maltc,r of devising a practical and coml~ble schedule for your-
16. neur01t neurologist
kl! a11d Chen keeJJUIB to that sdledule.
17. ""°' neuralgia
Ma.lee sure co complete at /east one session each time you pick
18. p,ycho psychiatrist up the book, and always decide exae11y when you will C011tinue
19. 14trda psychiatry with your work before you put the book down.
20. g,r,u gerlatms
There may be ~rlods c,f difficulty-tben is the time to e1ert the
greau:st self-dbcipli.ne, the mos1 detmnined penistcnce.
KEY: I- inside, 2--<:bild, 3-loot, 4-leading, 5-;>eople, 6-skln, Por every P'll• Wit you nudy will Tulp you aliobl a mastery
7- undor, 8-eye, ~ 10-view, visioo, sight; 11--measure- ovor M'Ords; ,very day thal ycu wo,k will odd to your skiU in -
ment. I 2-$traight, COfflel, 13-tooth, 14-heart, IS-science, dentc>nding and iuing w«ds.
study, 16-cetve, 17-,,.In, 18-mind, 19-<nedical healing.
20-old~
(Endo/ Senion 6)

-SER QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATEUR ETYMOLOGIST

1. Thinking of the roots odont~, and jXlido, (spelled ptd· in

Eng!i.sh) , ~ out the m••tulli of pedodontia: _ _ __

7.C 7$
 TEST YOURSELF

J. If you drink loo many vodka martiois, RICI-IT wno:,ro

yot. will surely get sick.
----Brief Intermission Tw•o---- 2. Have YQU got a dollar? RIGHT WRONG
3. No one loves you except /. RIGHT WRONG
4. Pie~ lay down. RIGHT \VJlONG
S. Who do you love? fllGAT WRONG
RANDOM NOTES ON MODERN USAGE 6. Neither ol lhese c.<1rs art wonh the RIGHT WRONG
money,
7. The judge sentenced the murderer to be JUGHT WRONG
hun;:.
8. Mother,'can I go out to play? .RlGtrr WRONG
9. Take two spoonsfulofthismedicine RTGllT
English iramma, is conrtJSin& coough u ii i&-what mates it dou- Wit.ONG
,cverv three hou[ll.
bly confounding.is that it is slowly but conlinllaJJy changing.
This means that some of lhe ltrict rule, you memorb:cd so pain- 10. You~ words seem to infer that Jack is a RIGHT WRONG
Diar.
fully lo youx high &Choo! OI COilege £nglish COUllleS may QO longer
be completely valid- I l. 1 will be happy to go to lhc concert Rl0H1' WR0.'10
with you.
Following soch oobnoded princlpl.., you may thlnl: you are
12. It is me. RIGHT WRONG
speaking "petfect• Engli,ib, and instead you may sound stuffy and 13. Gos/ow.
pedantic. R.IOHT WRONG

Tho problem boils doW'lt to thlt: If grammatical us~ is grodu- 14. Peggy and Karen arc alumni o f the JlJGUT WRONG
same high school.
ally becoming more Ubera~ where doe, educated, una:ffected, in-
formal speech end? And where ~= illiterate, un,nmroatical
15. I would like to ask you a question. JUCif-lT WRONG

speech begin?
The following nores on curreot trends in modem usage are in-
tended to help you come to a decision about certain controversial I. Tr you drink too many vbdka rnarclnjs, you will surely gtt
sick.
exptessions. Ju you read each sentence, p«y particular attention
Rt<lllT. The puristic objection is that get has only one mean-
to lhe italicized word or words. Does the usage square with your
ing-namely, obtai.n, However, as any modem diction3ry will at•
own language pattems1 Would you bo willing to pbtasc your
test~ gl!t bas scores of different meanings, one of the most respecta...
thOU&hJ i.Q just terms? Decide whether lhe sentence ii J:iiht ~r ble al which is become. You can get tired, get dizzy, gel drunk,
wrong, lben compuc your eoJlclusion with the opinion given U1
or get sick-and your choice o{ words will offend no ooc but a
Ibo expwutory paragraphs !bat follow the teat. pedant
76
77

2. Have you got a doHar7 " . "
•101rr. 11 purists get a Utile pal• at the sound of get nck,
they tum ch"311c white when they bear have got as. a substttute, for
/rave. Bt1t the fact is 1hat Ii.ave got is an established Am_er1can
tonn of expression. Jacques Danun, noted author and bter~
critic, says: "lltwe yo,, got is good idiomatic En;Us~-:-1 use It '?
speech without thinking about it aod would write tt if col1oqut•
aUsm seemed appropriate to the p9SS<~c."
3. No ones loves you except I
WRONG. In educated ~pecch, m~ follow~ the preposition e.x-
c,pt. This problem is troublc,,ome because, to the unsophisticated,
the: seoteoce soundS: as if it can be comple1ed to ..No one loves
you, except / do," but current educated u~!C: adheres to the tech·
nic.al rule that a preposition requires an obJect1ve pronoun Cme).
4. Please lay down.
wioNO. Liberal as gram.mar bas b<:<:ome, there i• stlU no
sanction fo( using lay with I.he meaning of rec.fine. Lay means to
11
pln~ a$ in "Lay your hand on mine. LU: is the correct choice.
5. Whl) do you Jove? . ..
RJ<lHT. "The fln,glisb language snows some daspos,t,on to get
rid of whom a]togetbcr, and ouqucstionably it would be a belier
language ~ilh whom gone." So wrote Janet Rankin Aiken, of Co--
lumbia University, way back in 1936. Today, maoy decade! later,
1be "disposition" has beoomc a full-fledgc'd fo;"•·
Tho roles (or who and whom are comphcatcd. and rew edu-
cated speakers have tbc time, pa,tieoce. or expertise to bo1hei with
Ulcm. Use the democratic who jn your everyday speech wheuever
it sounds rigllt.
6. Neither or these ca.rs ore v.orlh Lhe money. . moi:rr. T'h.is: "violation" or grammtuic.al ..law~' has been com~
WRONG. The temptation LO use are in this sentence is, I oduut.
practically i.rcesistible. However, "'neither oft means "ne1thcc ont
or· nn,d i.f, therefore, is. the preferable verb.
7. The judge oen!enced the.murderer to be hung.
WRONO. A distinction i1> ro.ade, in educated speech., between
hung ond hang«I. A picture Is /Jung, bot a perso~ is l11mge~-th•t
i;, ii such action is iotended lo bring about an unttmely dcD110t.
8. Mother, con I g0 out to ploy?
78 ·
JJGHT. IC you insist that your ch:Jd say may, and nothing but
,nay, when osldng for permission, you may be considered puristic.
Can Is not discourteous, inco.irect, or vulgar-and the newest edi-
tions of the authoritative dictionaries fully sa.nction the use of can
lo re<juesting rights, privileges, or permission.
9 . Take two spoonsful of thi., medicine every 11\ree bOQrs.
Wl\Or<O. There is a ,trangc affection, on the part of $Orne peo-
ple, for SJ)()OM/ul an<I cur>sftd, even though spoonsful and cupsful
do not exist as acceptable words. The plurals are spoonful, and
cupf.rds,
t a.m talt.ing tor gi,ui!ed, of course, that you are u.sl.ng one spoon
and tilling it twice. U, for secre1 reasons of your owo, you pre[er
to taJc.e yow medicine in two ICJ)arate spoons, you .may lben prop-
erly speak of "two spoons full (notspoonsful) of medicine."
10. Your words seem to lnf,r th•t Jack is a liar.
WllONG. Infer does not mean hint or suggest. Imply is the
proper word; to infer is to draw a conelu.sion from another's
words.
I J. 1 w//1 be happy to go lo the coacen with you.
1ucnt. In informal speech, yoo need no longer worry about
tho 1echnicaJ and unrealistic dis:tinctions belween shall and will.
Tlte theory or modem grammarians is that shall-will diffe,:ences
were simply illvcnled oot of whole cloth by the textbook writers of
the 1800s. As the editor of tho scl>oJarly Modern Langungt
Forum at the University or Calitomla has Stllted, "The artificial
distinction between shall and will lo designate futurity is a super•
sti1ion that has neither a basi.s in bist0rical gram.mar nor the sound
sanetion of universal usage."
12. lt is me.
pletely sanctioned by current us•ge. Wben the late Y,C,nston
Churchill made a nationwide radio addre,;s from New Haven,
Connfcticut.
1
many. many yearS ego, bis opening S<:ntcnoe was:
This is me, Winston Churchill .... r imagine that the puristS who
were listening !ell into a deep state nf shock at these words, but of
C0Ut:So Church.ill was simply using the kind of down-to-earth Eng-
~sb tha, had long since become staodard lo informal educated
speech.
79
13. Go slow.
amR't, "Go slow" is 11ot, and never bas bee~ incorrect
Englisl-very authority concedes that slow is an advorb as well
as an adjective. Re.t Stou~ well-known writer of mystery novels
and creator or Detective Nero Wolfe, remarked: "Not only do I
use and approve of tho idioot Go slow, but iI I find myself with 5
people wbo do not, I leave quick."
14. Peggy and Karen are alumni of the same high school.
WRONG. As Peggy and Karen are obviously women, we caU HOW TO TALK ABOUT
them alumnae (~LUM'-nee); only male graduates arc alumni
( o-LUM'-ni). VARIOUS PRACTITIONERS
15. I would like to ask you a question. (Sessions 7-10)
R!GllT. fo ClliteDt American usage, would may be 1lSOd with f ,
though old-lll.'lhioned rules de.mend f sltould.
Indeed, in modem speech, should is al.most entirely rcs1rictcd to
expressing probability, duty, or responsibility.
As in the case of tbe charitable-looking dowager who was
approached by a seedy characttr seeking a handout.
''Madam." he whine.d, u1 haven't eatco in five days." ~SER PREVIEW
"My good man," the matron answered with great concero. 0 you
should forco yourself!"
Whot procliflo.neri

• is a studem <Jf human behavior?

• follows IM ttchnique~ devised by Sigmund Freud?
• srraightem teeth!
• measures vi'ston?
• IJrinds lenses?
• treats minor ailments of the fee,?
• a-naly4es handwriting?
• deals wirh the problem, of aging?
• user manipulation and massage as curative IPChniques?

SESSION 7
An ancient Greek mused about the meaning of life, and philoro-
phy was born. The Ml Roman decided 10 build a road instead of
cutting a path through the jungle, and enginurlng came into exist-
ence. One day in primitive times, a human being Jent to another
whatever fheo passed for money and got bact his original invest-
ment plus a little mor<>-and banking had started.
Most people spend part of every workday at some gainful em-
ployment, honost or otherwise, and in so doing often contribute
r.beir little mite to the rrogres., of the world.
We explore in this chapter the ideas behind people's occupa-
tions-and the words that translate these ideas into verbal sym-
bols.
IDEAS
1. bahovior
By education ~nd training, this p[actitioner is an expert in the
dark mysteries or human behavior-what makes -people act as
they do, why they have certain reelings, how rheir personalities
were formed-in short, what makes them tick. Such a profC$sional
i$ often employed by irulusrries, schools, and institutions to devise
means for keeping workers productive and happy, students well-
adjusted, and inmates cootented. \Vith a state license, this person
may also do private or group therapy.
A psycha/ogist
2. worries, fears, conAicts
This practitioner is a physician, psychiatrist, or psychologist
who hos been specially trained in the technique$ devised by Sig-
~2
ma11d fn:ud, encouraging you to delve lnto that part of your mind
caJftd a1the uncon~¢ious.n By reviewing the experiences. traumas)
feelings, aod thoughts of your earlier years, you come to a b<tter
understanding of your present worries, fears. conflicts. repre~-
sions.., ,nsecurities:, and nervous tensions-thus taking the first Slep
In "°ping wiLl1 them. Tmitment, comisring largely in listening 10,
aod helping yo~ to interpret Ll1e meaning ot. your free-flowing
ideas. is usually given in frequent sessions that may well go on for
n ye3r or more.
A p.'i)'ChOOIUl()'SI
3. teeth
This practitioner is a dentiSl who ha, taken postgraduale " Olk
in tile waighteoing of teeth.
An onlzodon1is1
-4. eyes
T.1us practitioner measures your vi~ion ond prescribes the type
o! g,la~e> that will give you a new ijnd more &CQ.ln,te view or the
world.
An optometrut
.S. glcues
This practitiooer grinds lenses according to the specifications
prescribed by your optometrist or ophthalmologist, and may also
deal in other kinds of optical good._
An optician
6. bt:>nes ond blood vessels
This praccitioncr is a member o( the profession that ori2inatcd
in 1874, when Andrew 1'. Still devised a drugless 1echnique o/
CU:riog diseases by massage and other manjpuJative pt'OCCdures, a
technique based on the theor,• that illness may ~ caused by the
undnc pressure or displaced bones oo nerves and blood vessels.
83
 Training ls equal to that of physjcians, n.nd in DlOSl stntes. t.hese
pracliLioners may also u.~e the same methods as. and have the full
rjgh1s and privilcgc:s of. medical doctors.
USING THE WORDS
An osteopath

Con you pronoun« lho w°'ds?

7. joint.I ond articulations 1. pS)'ChO/Qg;,i sT-KOL'-3-jist

2. psychoanalyst si-k6-AN'-a.1ist
The basic principle of this practitioncfs work ii; the mainte,.
3. or1hod,,nNst awr-th~-DON'-tist
nance of the structural and funcliooal integrity of tbc nc;rvous isys- 4. optometrist
tcm. Treatment consists of manipulating m0$t of the articulations op-TOM'+trist
of Lhe bod)', especially those connected to lhe spinal column. u..
s. op/icla11 op-TISH'-an
6. osteopath OS'-ree-.>-path
cooscd and legally recognized in forty-five states, this professional
7~ chilopractor Kl1-~p~k"-l.>r
has pursued academic studies and troining that pnnillel those of
8. podiatrist po-Dl'-Hrist
the rnajor heaJing professions. 9. grapholog;s1 grof-Ol1-o-jist
A chiropractor 10. gerontologist jair'-•n-TOL'-~jist

Can you work wllh the words?

8. feet
PRACTJTJONBRS INTERESTS
This practitioner treats minor foot ailments--eorns. calluses,
bw1io~ fallen arches, etc., and may perform minor surgery. I. psychologjst a. vision
2. psyehoanol)'st b. uthe unconscious"
A padiatrist 3. orthodontist c. boo~ and blood vessels
4. optometrist d. lenses aa.d opticaJ fostru,ments
5. optician e. feet
9. writing 6. osteopath r. teeth
7. chiropractor g. problems of aging
This prac.1itioner analyzes handwriting to dete.rm.ine character,
8. podia1dst h. joints of the spine
personality, or aptitudes, and a often called upoo to verify the au-
9, graphologist I. haudwritiog
thenticity of signatures. written documents, etc. 10. gerontologist j. behavior
A grophologis1

KEY: l-j, 2-b, >-f, 4-a, 5-d, 6-c, 7-h, 8-e, 9- i, JO-g
10. getting old
This social scientist deals wiLh the fi.nancial, economic. sexual, Oo you unden.tcnd fhe words?
socfal, retirement, nod other non-medical problems o( the elderly.
1· A psychologist must also be a TRUE fALS"B
A ger()ntologi.lt ' physician.

85
84
 2. A psychoaMlytt follows Freudian TRUE FALSB. 9. p_ __ _ __
t<ehniquos. 9. <ttuclies on<l c.xpk'Uns hunh\n
3. An orilwdonlist specilili1.cs in TJll/E FAlSB b(:hu..-ior 10. Q,_ __ _ __
straightening teeth. 1o. measures vi~ion and prest.'ribes
4. An optometrist prescribes and filll Tlll/E PAL.SE glasses
glasses.
S. An optician may prescribe glasses. TllU£ FALSE KEY' 1- psychoanolyst, 2-osteopath, J..podiotrist, 4-otthodontist,
6. An osteopath may use mwage and 'IRV£ FALSE 5-graphologist, ~pticiau. 7-gcrontologist, 8-chiroprac•
other manipulative techniques. tor, 9-psyebologist, 10-optomctrisl
7. A chiroprat:tor has a medical degree. TRUI! PAlSE
8. A podiatrist may pedonn major TRUE PALS£
surgery.
9. A graphologist analytes cbaractcr from TRUE FALSE (E11d of Sess/011 7)
handwriting.
I 0. A gerontologist ;. interested in the TRUI! PALSR
non-medical problems of adolescence.
SESSION 8
KEY: l-F, 2-T, 3-T, 4-T, S- P, 6-T, 7-F, 8-F, 9-T, 10-F
...
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS

con you recall the word,? 1. the mental life

1.P·_ _ __ _ Psychologist is built upon the same Greek root as psychl-

1. delves into the unconscious atri$t-psyclte, spiri1, soul, or mind~ In psychiatriJ.1. tht corobin..
2. uses either massage and 2.v.._ __ __
ing form is iatreia, roedical healing. In psychologist, the combin-
manipulation or other staodasd
ing form is logos, science or study; a psJchologist, by erymoiQID',
medical procedures (O treRt
i;; one who ~wdies the mind.
illness
3.P·_ _ _ __ Th" field is psychology (si-KOL'-..joo), die adjective p,ych,,-
3. takes care of minor ailments of
the feet logical (si'-k:>-LOJ'->-kol).
4.Q,_ _ _ _ __ Psyche (Si'-kee) is nl$0 ao English word in its own right-it
4 . straightens teeth
5. G_ __ __ desig;nates the mental life, the >1'iril\lal or non-physical asp,ect of
S. analyzes handwriting
6. Q,_ _ _ __ one's existence. The adjective ps)'Chlc (S1'-kik) refers to phe-
6. grinds leases and solls optical
nomena or qualities that cannot be explained in purely physical
goods
7.G,_ _ __ _ terms. People may be c!lllcd p.,y<hic if they seem to possess a
7. deals with the non-medical
sixth sen.<e, a special glft of mind reading, or any mysterious
problOllls of aging
aptitudes that C8DOOl be accounted for logically. A pe,:son's d.is-
8. manipulates an.iculations 8. ' - - - - - - !Utl\aoce is ps,chlc if it is emotional or mental, rather than physi-
canneeted to the spinal colwnn
cal.
B6
· 87
 P.,yche combines with lhe Greek 11athos, suffering or disease, to
fonn psychopathic (sl-ka-l'A TH'-ik), an adjective that de.~ribes
somcono suffering !rom a severe mental or emotional dis.order.
The noun is psychopatlry (sl'-KOP'-o-thee).'
'J"he root psyche combines with Greek soma, body, to [om, PS)'•
clwsoma1lc (si'-kO-s~MAT'-ik), an adjective that delincaLes the
powerful iruluence t11at the min<l, especially the unconsciou), bas
on bodily diseases. Thus, a person who [enrs th<l consequence or
being prcsc:ol at a certain meeting will suddenly develop a bad
cold or backache, or even be injured in a traffic accideo1, so that
hi.s uppearanc;: nt llJis meeting it made impossible. It's a real culd,
it's fac fro1n au imaJ;ioary backactte. ;ind of course one cannot in
any sense doubt the reality of the a11tomobilc that injured him.
Yet.. aoco1t1ins: co lhc psychosomatic theocy of medicine1 his Un·
Cl1DSciou~ made him susceptible t.o che cold germs, cau~ed the
b•ckache, or forced him into the path of the car.
A p.)")'Cht:Jsamatit· disorder actually exists insofar as symptoms
ore concerned (headache, Clccssive urination, pains, paralysis,
heart palpitations), yet there is no orga.oic cause wit.bin the body.
The cause i:s within lhe psyc/Je, the mind. Or. Flandcts DWlbar, jn
Mind 011d Body, gives a clear and excitiog account of !he in-
terrelationship bctv.-eeo emotions and diseases.
l'sycluxmal;,sis (sT-kO-,,-NAl/-:,.,us) relics on the technique of
deeply, exhaustively probing into tbe unconscious, a technique de-
veloped by Sigmund Freud. In oversimplified terms, the general
principle of p;ycl1oait11/ysis is to guide the patient to an awareness
or the deep-seated, unconscious c."tuses of anxieties. fears.,
conflic:t5, and tension. Ooce found, exposed to the light of day,
and thoroughly uodemood, claim the psyc/wanalysts, lhese causes
may wnish Ii.kc a light snow that is exposed to strong sunlight.
Consider an c,campte: You have aslhma, let us say, and your
• Prychopathy it lL'>UalJy characterized by ttntisocW. 10d utremdy tgO-
ccnU'ic behavior. A psycl1opath (~J·-k~pa.tlr'). tomctimet cu.lltd a P$Yclt<>--
pculdc pt.rlOMlity, appears to be tacking an i:nntt moral censor, aod, of.1fn
comm.its criminal aca, wi1boot att.Xl,ety oc gvflt, in order to obtal!1 .in_l·
mediate gratification of desires. Such a ptl'$0Q may bo uttc!"r lo.danv l!1
s,exual restraint or addicted to bard druis,. Some psycbolog,sts prefer 1hc
111.btl sociopath' (SO'-ibee-a-palh' ()r SO'-$.CO-o·P,'llth') {or th.It type ot per·
:;on.aUty to indlcste the abtencc o( a s0¢!31 co~ICil06-.
88
doctor cao find no physical basis for your aOmem. So you are re-
letrcd to a psyclroanalyst ( or p.ryc/u'atd;it or clinic.-! psychulosisl
wbo practices p.f)•choanalyticnlly oriented U,crapy).
Wi01 your therapist you explore you, past life, dig into your un-
conscious, and discover, let us say for the sake of l rgument, that
your mother or fci.Lbcr nlways used to set for you impossibly high
goals. No man.er what you accomplished in schoo1, it w:is not
good enougll-in your mother's or fath er's opinion (and such
opinions \litre always made painfully dear to you}, you could do
better ii you were no, so lazy. As a ch.ild you built up certain re-
sentments and anxieties because you seemed unable- to please your
parent- mid (thi.i; will sound forktched, but it js perfectly po.s:si-
ble) :as a resuh you became asthmatic. How else were you going
to get the parental love. the approbation, the artel"ltioo you ne""dcd
and th:it you fe1L you were 1101 receiving?
l n your .S(l.S-\ioos with your lherapist, you discover that your
asthma i~ cmoticmaHy, rather th.an organically, based-your aU-
ment is pS)"chogenlc (si'-ko..JEN'-ik), of psychic origin, or (the
terms arc used more or loss interchangeably alLliough they differ
somewhat in definition) psychosomatic. rcsuJting from the intentc·
cion of mind and body. ( Psychogenic is built on pzyche plus
Grccke,ntsis, birth or origin.)
An.d your rreatment? No dn,gi;, no surge,y-lhese may help the
body, not the emotions. Instead, you "work out'' (this is the term
used in psychoanalytic [sf•kv-ao'-<>·LIT'-ik] parlance) early
trauma in talk, in remembering. in exploting, in inte.rpreling, in
reliving childhood experiences. And if your asthma is indeed
p,ychoge11ic (or psychos,,matic), therapy will very likely help
you; your am1cks may cease, either gradually or suddenly.
f'relldian therapy is less popular today than (onnerly; many
newor lherapies-Gestalt, bio~nergelics, transactional analysis, to
name only a fcw-<lairo to produce quicker results.
In_ any ca.se, psychotherapy (si-ko-THAlR' -o-pee) of one sort
or anothcc is the lndicated treatment for prychogenic (or psych11-
'?~nuLic) disorders. or Ior any personality disturbances. The prac-
hUoner is a psychorherapis< (si-ko-THAJR'-o-pist) or rherapist,
for sho,1; the adjective is psycho<herapeuric (si-kO-thait'+
py~'-tik).
89
 2. ps,<he b. psychological treatment
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY bnsed oo Freudian techniques
3. psychic c. general term for psycho-
ROO'(, SUFFIX M.EANLNO £NCUSH WORO logical treatment
4. psychopathy d. originating io the mind or
I. psyche spirit, soul, mind
2. ;nmda medical healing emotions
adjective suffix S. psychosomatic e. one1s inner or mental life, or
3. -7<:
body sell-image
4. soma 6. psychoanalysis
5. gelft.ti.r birth, orig.in r. study of 1he human mind
6. /JliLltOf suffering, disease and behavior
7. ps)'dlogenic 8, describing the interaction of
mind and body
8. psychoti,erapy b. pertaining to the mind; ex-
trasensory
USING THE WORDS 9. psy,:bopoth i. person lacking in social con·
science or inner censor
Con you pronounce the words?

I. psy<:hology sT-KOL'-o-jee KEY: J..f, 2-.,, 3-h, 4-a, S-g, 6-b, 7-<l, 8-c, 9-i
2. psychological sl'·ko-LOJ'.:,.kol
3. p,.vyche SI'-kee
4. psychic SI'-Jtik
5. psychopa1hic si-k:,.PATH'-ik
6. psychopathy sl-KOP'-:,.thee
7. psychopath Sl'-b-po~, Do you understond th• wo,d,?
8. p:tychosomatic si'..k0-S3-MA1"-ik
I. PS)•cholo{fical treatment aims at TRUB FALSE
9. p,ychoanatysis si'-kO->-NAL'~ -!ilS sharpening the intellecL
JO. psychoanalytic sl-ko-an'-:,.LIT'-ik: 2. PS)'<;hic phenomena can b<: explained TRUE FALSB
11. psychogenic sr-x~IEN'-ik on rational or physical grounds
12. p,;)'chOtMrapy sT-ko-THAIR'-:,.pee
3, PS)/'chopathlc persoruilities ar~ normal TROE PALSE
13. p:r)'chotherapist sT-)co-THAlR'-:,.pist and healthy.
J4. psychotherapeutic si-ko-thait'-o-PY (lb'-1ik
4. A p,1ychosoma1ic symptom is caused by 1'1tUE l'AtsE
organic disease.
5. Every therapist uses p:rychrxinaly.ri.r. jftuE FAl~E
Con you work with the words? 6e A P-OY:hogenic illness originate, in the TRU£ FALS6
rniM or emotions.
I. psychology a. mental or emotional dlsturb--
7. A {'sychotherapi.st mu~t ba,ic a mcdica,J T'RUE PAI.St!
ance degree.

90 91
8. Psychoa11alysically oriented therapy TRUE "PAl.SE
u~es Freudian techniques.
9. A psychopoth is often a criminal. TRUE FALSE
SF.SSION 9
KEY: 1-F, 2-F, 3-F,4-f, S- F, 6-'f, 7-F, 8-T, 9-1'

Con you rtcoll the words?

1.P"_ __ __ _
J. one's inn.er or mental life, or ORIGINS AND RELATID WORDS
seU·image
2. the adjective that denotes the 2 . P - - -- - -
iou:ractions, especially in 1. the whore tooth
illness, between mind and body OrshodontisJ, as we djscovered in Chapter 4, is built on
3. p _ _ __ __
3. mentally or emotion•lly ortho,. straight, correct., plus o,kmtos, tooth.
disturbed 4.P_ _ _ __ _ A pedodontist (pee'-do-DON'-Jist) specializes in the care o{
4. study of behavior 5.P_ _ __ __ children's teeth-the title is constructed from paidos, child, plus
5. exttasensory odonu,s. Tho specialty: pedodontia (pec'-do-DON'-sba); the ad-
6. u-eatment by Freudian 6 . P " - - - - -- jective: pedodontlc (pee'-do-OON'-tik),
technique$ A .1wiodonlist (pair'-ee-o-DON'-tlst) is a gum specialist- the
7. perUiinlllg to Lhe study or 7. P"---- .,...-- term -combines odontos with the pre& peri·, around, st1IToundlng.
behavior (adj.) 8. p,_ __ __ (As a quick glance in the mirror will Jell you, the gums surround
8. of mental or emotional origin the leetl1, more or Jess.)
9. general ienn for treatment ol 9. P · - - - -- - Can you figure out the word for the specialty?
emotional disorders 10. p,_ _ _ _ __
JO. antisocial persou For the adjective? _ _ __ __ __ __ _
An endodontist (en'-do-DON'-tist) specializes in work on the
.KEY: I-psyche, 2-psychosomatic, 3-psychopathic, . 4-psychol· pulp of the tooth nod in root-canal therapy-the prefix In lhis
ogy, 5-psychic, 6-psycboanalysis, 7- psychologieal, 8..psy• t·crro is endo--, from Ot"!e.k tndon, innei-, witbio.
chogenlc, ?-psychotherapy, 10-psychopath Try your band again at constructing words. What is the
sJ)«ialty? - -- - - - - - - -- And the adjective?

'tho prefix ex-, out, combines with odonto.r to rorm exodontist

(End af Session 8) (eks'-6-DON'·tist) . What do you suppose, therefore, is -the worlc
in which Lhis practitioner specializes? _ _ _ _•_ __ _ __
And the term for the specialty? _ _ _ __ __ _ __
For the adjective? _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __
 4. tripod (TRl'•pod}, a three-legged (or "footed")
earner~?' other device (rri-. three} . stand for a
2. measurement
S. cmropodi.,t (ko-ROP' >-dist) li .
The <>ptometri.st, by etymology, measures vision-the term is and still often used. The ~'pCciaUy is'c:;,~o er title (or a podiatrist,
Chiropody combine udo . pody (k<>-ROP'-o-dee).
built on opsit., opt;kos_, view, vision, plus metr-0n, mea.su.remc-nt.
Metron i$ the J90t in many other words: chlro- in English word! ris Wlth Gree_k ch:ir, hand, spelled
Jabor-savi.ng machine . an: term was corned_m tho days bdorc
t. thumometer (tbar~MOM'~br)--ao. in.,trument to meas-
ure heat (Greek therme, heat).
worked with w· b
.• tr
7 pusb-buuoo devices, when people
an s and developed calluses on their u
2. barometer (b<>-ROM'+ter)--an instrumeat LO measun: tre1n111es as well as on !heir feet Toda ost f pper ex-
aunospheric pressure (Greek barc>.s, weight); lhe adjective is bar- hood in more sedentary occu . ti Ym o llS cam a livcli-
ometric (bair'-.>-MEI"-rik).
caltu.ses on less visible portions pfa ons, and so we may develop
Clt' o our anatorny
3. sphygmomat1omete, (sfig'-mO-m:,-NOM'-.>-tor)-a device ,ropractors heal with their ha d the. . . •
tor measuring blood pressure (Greek,,phygmos, pulse). practic (ki'-ru-PRAI<'-tik). n s- spec,a!ty IS chiro-
4. merric system-a decimal system of weights and measu.-.s, Cheir (chiro-), hand, Is the root in chiro hv (ki
loog used ia other countries and now g,:adually being adopted in fee). Recalling the graph- in , Jwl , 1[rap • -ROG'-m-
etymology what chirography t1ap ogrst, can you figure out by
the Ualted States.

All expert in writing by b d ·

3. bones, feet, ond hands these days of electronic ";_ • or '". penmanship (a lost art in
Osteopath combines Greek osieon, bone, with pathos_, suffedng, rapher (kr-ROG'·~~ )':'or pr~cs~mg),t would be a chirog-
ORAF'-ik). r ' ~,e adJecnve ls clrirographic (kl"-ro-
disease. Osteapathy (os'-tee-OP'+tlicc), you will recall. W11S
originally based on the theory that disease is caused by pressure of lf the suffix -mancy comes frorn • Greek •
tbe bones on blood vessels and oerves. An c>.steopathic ( os'-tcC->- tel/mg or prediction can yo d "d word meanmg fore-
PATH'-il:) physician is not a bone specialis~ despite the mislead· mao'-sec} must be?' u ec, e what chiramancy . (10!-t<>-
ing ecymology-and should not be confused with the orthopt:dist, Tbo person who practices ch· • ·
man'-~t)· th.e ad·ecti· . . lr{)nt(IJ'.cy 1s a chlromanctr (Ki'·IO-
wbois. ' J ve IS cluromanlic (kl'-ril-MAN'-til:).
The potliatrUt (Greek pow, podos, foot, plus iatrt;a, medical
healing) practices podiatry (po-D1'-?Uco). The adjective is pt>-
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
dioJric (pO' -dee-AT-rik).
The root pou.s, podoJ is found also in:
PtutFCX, ROOT,
I. octopus (OK'-t~). the eight-armed (or, as the etymol-
SUPfIX >..tEANINC
ogy has it, eigbt-[ooted) sea creature (Gredc okto, eight). ENOLISH WOR.O
2. platypus (PLAT'->-pos), tho strange water mammal with a 1. orthos straight, correct
du~·s bill, webbed [eel, and a beaver-like tail that reproduces by 2. ovlcnt-os roolh
laying eggs (Greek platys, broad, fiat-hence, by etym0logy, • 3. p-aidos (ped-) child
4. -ic adjective suffix
Hatfootl). 5. P.eri-
3. podium (PO'-dee-om), a speaker's platfonn, etymologically around, surrounding
.6. endo- inner, within
a place for the feet. (TI1e suffix -ium often signifies "place where/'
as in gymna.riwn, stadium, auditorium, etc.) t Bue·~ calligrapher in tbc neit xssion.
9;
7. ex- out
a,, opsis, op1ikos \liSion Con you pronounce the words'? {II)
9, mdron measurement 1. 0$1eopathy os'-tec-OP'-<>-thee
10. thume beill
2. osteopathic os'-tec-o>-PArn'-i k
1I. boros weight 3. podiolry po.D1'->trce
12, sphygmot pulse 4. pediatric pO'-dee-AT'-rik
J3. o.rJeon bone
,:i. OC/Op11s OK'-1:>-p;,s
14. pathos suffering, discnse
6. plaryp1,s PLAT' __,_p:,s
15. pous, podos fC>OI
7. podium. P6'-dce-am
16. okto eight
8. tripod TRI'-pod
11. platys broad, flat
place where
9. chiropodist k>-ROP'-:,.dist
18. -iurn JO. chiropody
1hrec ko-ROP'?dee
19. tri- l t. chiropracric
20. clreir ( d1iro•) hand JU'-ni-PRAK'-tik
prediction 12. chirography kl-ROG-'-r:>-foe
21. mimcy 13. (.hirogrupher
22. imreia medical healing kI-ROG'-ro-for
J4. chlrographic kf -ro-GRAF'-ik
IS. chiromancy KI'-ra--man'..see
l6, chi,onuinccr KI'-~man'-s~r
J7. clliromantic kl'-ro-MAN'-uk
UStHG THE WORDS

Con -you work with the words? II)

Cc,i you pronounce Jhe words? (ll
pec'-dO-DON'-tist I. orthodontia a. dental specialty involving the
t. ptdodontist
2. ptdDtumlia pce'-do-DON'-sh• pulp and root canal
pee'-do-DON'-lik 2. pedodontia b. instrument that measures at-
3. 1,edodontic
4. periodontist pair'-ec-o-DON'-list mospheric pn:,;sure
p• ir'-ce-0-DON'-sho 3. ·periodootia c. specialty arising from the
s. pedodontia
6. periodontic pair'-cw-DON'-tik theory lhat pn:s.sure o[ the
7. rndodtmtist en'-do-DON'-tist bones on nerves and blood
8. e.ndodoncia en' -do-DON'-sh• vessels may cause disease
en'-dO-DON'-tik 4. endodonlia d. specialty of child dentistry
9. endodontic S. exodontia
10. exodontist eks'-6-DON'-list e. blood-pressure apparatus
elc.<'-<'1-DON'-sh• 6. barometer f. treatment of minor ailments
11. uodontill
12. t.wdontic eks'..-:,.DON' -lil< of the foot
lhor-MOM' -:,.tor 7. &pbygrnomanometer g. ins.trumeot to measure beat
13. thamometer 8. osteopathy
J4, barome1er b>ROM'-o-tor b.. specialty of tooth extraction
brur'-o-MET'-rik 9. podiatry i. specialty of tooth straight-
IS. baromet·ric
sfig-mo-mo-NOM'-•·tor ening
16. Jphygmomanomtter
96
 J J. A barometer measures: beat.
TRU:S FALSE
j. specialty of the gums 12. A.n octopus has eight anns.
1o. ihermomcter 13. A. platypus is a land mammal.
TRllE FALSE
TRU6 FAl,.SB
14. A tripod has four legs. 'TRU'E P.use
KEY : l i, 2-<l, 3-j, 4-a, S-h, 6-b, 7-c, k, 9- f. 10-g 15. A chirOlfropher is an expcn et
Utre FALSE
penmanship.
16. A chirormmcu reads palms. TROE FALSB
Con you work with lhc wc,ds? lfl)

t. octopus a. speaker's pl•lforn'. . XBY: 1-T, 2-.T, 3 -T, 4-F, S-T, 6-T, 7- F, 8- T, 9-T, l~T.
2. platypus b, m~interianc:c uf LOtegnty of 11-F, 12-T, 13-P, 14-P, IS-T, 16-T
the nc.rvous system by ma-
IUpulaUon and massage
3. podium c. palm reading
d eight-armed sea creature Do yo,u r"aH •ho word.i? UJ
4 chiropody
5. <:hi.ropractic e. handwrltlng , l. peru,ining to child dentist()' I . p_ _ _ _ __
6. chirography f. treatmenl of minor ;:nlments (ad/.)
or the (oot 2. J>e!!aining to treatment of the 2.P·_ _ _ __
7, chiromancy g, egg-laying mammal with foot (adj.)
webbed feet 3. blood•prcssure apparatus 3.s_ _ ____
4. tb.ree-leggcd stand 4. T_ _ _ _ __
KEY: 1-d, 2-g, 3-a, 4--f, S-b, 6-o, 7-c
S. penaioing to tho treatment of s.o_ _ ___
diseases by manipulation to
r~lieve pressure of the bones on
nerves and blood vessels (adj.)
Oo you undentand the words? 6. penaining to lw:>dwriting
(adj.) · 6. ' - - - - - - --
TRU£ FALSE
I -Ortllock>ntia is a branch of dentistry. 7. gum specialist 7.P_ _ _ _ __
JRUli PALS.E
2~ Doctors use spltygmomanome1ers to 8. treatment of ailments of tho 8. p._ _ _ _ __
check blood px..sure. foot or ....__ _ _ _ __
TRUE FAt..SE
3. Osteopathic physicians may osc 9. stand for a speaker 9.P_ _ _ _ _ _
SIMdard ~dical procedures. . . I 0. dentist speeializJng in treating
TRU~ FAl.SB 10. " ' - - - - - - -
4 Chiropractic deals with b.and~-r1hng. the pulp of the tooth or in
TRUP.. f'Al,.Sf.
~: Chiropody and p<Jdimry are dowg root-canal therapy
synonymous terms. .
TRUE FALSE
6. A podium is a pla~ from which a
lecture might be delivered. KEY: l-pcdodontic, 2-podiatric, 3-spbygmoroanome1er, 4--lri-
TkV8 FALSV.
7. A ptdndontlsl is a loot doct~r.. pod, 5-ost,opalhic, kbirographic, 7-periodontist, &-po-
8 A periodontist is a Jl1ll1j spec,abst. nue f'ALSB
diatry or chiropody, 9-podiatn, 10-endodontist
TJtUE FALSE
9: A ,ndod-Ontist does r(lOl-canal therapy.
TIUJl! PAtsE
1O. An exod-Ontlst CAtracts te<:th.
99
98

Can you ,ec:oll the wo,ds? CU)
l. pcnaining to the specialty of
tooth extraction (•di,)
2. pectaining to the mcasureme~t
of atmospheric pressure (nd1.)
3. palm ,eading (noun)
4. handwriting
s. the practice of manipule~ing
bodily arLiculations to .relieve
ailments
6. egg-laying ma1J11Dal
7, cight-anned sea oreature
8. instrument to measure heat
Though chirography may be a lost art, calligraphy (b-LIG'-r:,.
lee) is enjoying a revival For centuries before the advent of print•
ing. calllgraphy, or pcrunansmp a$ an artistic exprc.,ion, was
I. ,,__ _ __ _ prn<:ticed by monks.
A calligraphu (ko-LIG'-r:,.for) is called upon to design and
2. 0------ - write announcements, place cards, etc.~ as a touch of elegance.
Tho adjcotivciscol/igraphlc (kal'·>-ORAF'-ilc).
3. ....__ _ _ _ __ CaJligraphy combines graphein with Greek kallos, f beauty, and
4. .____ _ _ _ _ so, by etymology, means beauriful writing.
If • word exists for artistic handwriting, there ttrl!Sl be one for
5. ' - - - - - - --
lhe oppositt>-bad, scrawly, or illegible handwriting. And indeed
there is-cacography (ko-KOG'-r:>-lee), combining graph,in
6. p,_ _ _ __ with Greek: kakos, bad, ham.
1. o,_ _ _ _ _ _ By analogy with 1he fomJs of calligraphy, can you write the
word tor:
8. T- - - -- -
One who uses bad or illegible handwriting?

l(EY: l-exodootic, 2-barometric, 3-chiromancy, 4-<:hirography, Pert,iining 10, or marlccd by, bad bandwriting ( adiective)?
S-chlropractie, (,_platypus, 7~topus~ 8- thermomctcr
Grophein is found in other English words:
I, cardiograph ( discussed in Chapter 4 )-etymologically a
"beatt writer" (kardia, beart).
('End of Session 9) 2, pholofraph-etymologically, "written by light"· (Greek
photos, light).
3. phonograph-<tymologicaJly, a "sound writer" (Greek
pho,ie, sound).
SESSION 10 4. 1e/egraph-etymologically a "dlstancc writer'' (Greek rele-,
distance).
5. b!ography-l}'mOlogically "life writing" (Gteck, bios, life).
ORIGINS AND RELATl:D WORDS (Many of these new l'OOls will be discussed in greater detail in
later chapters.)
1. writing e nd writers
The Greek verb graphcin, to write, is th.e source of a great 2. ag i:ng end the old
many English words. . . th tenn Wo know that a geria1rician specializes in the medico.I e.tire of
We know that the grapho/oglsr analyzes bandwntsng, -~t is
the elderly. Tbc Greek word geras, old age, has a derived form,
combining graph,m with logos, SCi~nc~, study. The/ S~ct(...~-..
graphology (gn,-FOL'·o-jec), the ad1ecti-.e grnphowg ca •·· i AD ,cntnnciog wocd that also dctive.-i from k.allM Is calliP)'glan (bf•Q
PO'·CO-Ql'I), at'l adjective de$C:r{bint a &hnpely Or attractive rear end, or a
LOJ'-o-bl ). . ( hi ) band. PCi:rsott to endowed-the comblnln; root is ,,.,,~. buuocb.
Chirographer is built on graphein plus cheir c ro- '
100 101
 USING THE WORDS
guon, old mun. the root in gerontologist. The specially ls gemmol-
ogy {jail"..;.o-TOL'-.1-jcc), the adjective b gc,01110/ogical ( jair'- Con yo-u pronounce the word,?
on-1:.-LOJ'-o-kal) .
The Latin word for old i$ :rtna, the base on whkh :.t11i!P, 1. graphology gr>FOL'->jee
.te11escent, uniQ1, and .renate are built, 2. g,ap/wlogicol graf'+LOJ'-;,-kol
J. senile (SEE'-nTI)-showing signs or 1he physical and/or 3. ca/ligrQJ]hy b-LIG'-r:,.[ec
mental detcriod.Lion that genernU} marks very old age.. 111c noon 4. calligrapher k:,.LIG'-~for
5. calligraphic kal'-o-ORAF'-ik
is senilil)I (s:,.NJL,'-o-tcc).
2. sc.ne.tcem (~-NES'-;int)--aging, gr'owing okl. (No1c the 6. coJ!ipygian kal'->PU'~e-on
same Suffix in this word as in odole..vcan1. gray.mg inlO an vduJt, 1. cacocraphy b-KOG'-r>fee
t:()m·olt-set>.nt, gr'owing healthy again., and obso/t:.n:ent, growing 1.1r 8. caa,graphu b-KOG'-r.i-br
becoming obsolete ~ The noun is ,·e,tescence (s>NES'-an~). 9. ,cacographic lralc'-:>-GRAF-Ik
3. se11ior (SEEN'-yarl--0lder. Noun: s,ninrily (sccn-YAWR'- l 0. -gerontology jair'•O.(l·TOL'-:,.jee
;Hce). 11. gtrontologicaf jair'-on-r:,.LOJ'-:,.kol
4. 1n,a1~ (SEN'-.»)-:Origjnall)' a council o[ older, and plc~um- 12 . .renik SEE'-nll
ably wiser, cit11.en~. 13• .senility ~NIL'+tee
14. 3<NSCelll ~NES'-ont
15. senescenct! S>NES'"'30S

Con you work with the words?

REVIEW Of ETYMOLOGY
I. g,:,,.phology a. possessed of beautiful but•
PREFIX, KOOT toclcs
SUFFIX MEANING ENGLISH \VORD 2. calligraphy b. science of the social, =·
l . gmpJ1ein 10 write oomk, etc. problems of the
2. clu:ir (chin:,-) hand aged
beauty 3, ca.Dlpygfan c. condition of aging or grow-
3. kallos
4 ....e,- one: who ing old
s. -ic adjective suni:\ 4. caoography d. deteriorated old age
6. pyge bunocks S. gerontology e. analysis of handwriting
1. ka.kos b•d. harsh
6. senility I. ug_Jy, bad, illegible l1and-
8. kard,a heart writing
9. photos liglll 7. ~escenoe g. beautiful handwriting; hand-
JO. 1,le- di.s.tanc, writing as an artistic expres-
11. bios li(c sion
12. gera.r old age
l3. grmm old man l<EY: l-e, 2-g, 3-a, 4-1, .$-b, 6-d.•7-c
14. senex old
I 5. -r•sce.nl growing. becoming
103
1102
 7. possessed of beautiful or shapely 7. '-'--- - -- -
Do you underdand the word,? buttocks
I. 'Graphology analyzes the grammar, TRU£ FALSE
spelling, and senteaee S1/\Jcture of wriucn KEY: I-gerontological, 2-senesceol, 3--calUgrnphic, 4-cacogra•
material. pber, 5- scnile, 6-grapbological, 7-callipygion
2 . A calligrapher creates artistic [onns out TJlUE FALSB
of alphabetical symbols.
3. Tight slacks are l>cst worn by those ol Tlll/E FAL.SE
cnllipygitm anatomy.
CHAl"TER REVIEW
4, Cac<>graphic writing is easy to read. TRU£ FALSE
5. Oercmology aims to help old people Uve TllUE f'ALSe
more comfortably. A. Do you r•c0gnizo the wo,d.s?
6. Senile people arc old but still vigorous TRUE FALSH
and mentally alert. I. Practitiooc, trained in Freudian techniques: (a) psS,Chol•
c.,ist, (b) psychoanalyst, (c) psychotherapist
7. In a society dedic.-.tcd to the worship of TRl/2 FALSE
youth, senescenc~ is: not an attractive 2. Foot doctor: (a) podiatrist, (b) osteopath, (c) chiropractor
3. Handwriting analyst: (a) grapbologis1, (b) chirograpber, (c)
prospect. eacographer
4. Mentolly or emotionally disturbed : (a) psychological, (b)
KEY: J-F, 2- T, 3-T, 4-F, 5-T, 6-F, 7- T psychopathic, (c) J)S)lcbic
5. Originotiog in the emotions: (a) psycl,ic, (b) psychogenic,
(c) psycbOMalytic
6. De,cnoing bodily aibnenis tied up with Ille emotion.~: (a)
ps.)'ciloso11U1tic, (b) psychopathic, (c) psychiatric
7. G,u,n specialist: (a) periodontist, (b) pedodontist, ( c) cn-
Con you recoil the words?
dodootist
8. Specialist in tooth extraction: (a) orthodontist, (b) cxodoolist,
1. pertaining to the study Qf the l. G,_ _ __ _ __ (c) endodoDList
non-mediC1ll problems of the 9. Blood-pressure oppararos: (a) barometer, (b) thennometcr,
aged (odj.) ( c) spbygmomanometer
2. growing old (adj.) 2. ,,__ __ __ _ 10. Prediction by palm reading: (a) chirography, (b) chiropody,
3. pertaining to handwriting as an 3. c:;__ _ _ __ _ (c) chiromancy
artistic expression (adj.) 11. Possessed o( a shapely posterior: (a) calligraphic, (b) calli-
4. one wbo uses ugly, illegible 4. c:;__ __ _ __ pygian, (c) adolescenl
handwriting 12. Artistic handwriting: (a) calligraphy, (h) chirography, (c)
S. mentaUy and physically 5. " - - - - -- -- graphology ·
deteri0tated lrom old age 13. Growing old: (a) seoile, (b) geriatric, (c) sene=nt
6. pertaining to the analysis of 6. G- -- - - -- 14. Medical specialty dealing with the aged: (a) gerontology,
Jiandwriting (adj.) Cb) geriatrics, (c) chiropractic
.,o, . 105
15. Antisocial person who may commit criminal acts: (•) psy-
chopath, (b) sociopath, (c) osteopath
lfASER QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATEUR ETYMOtOGIST
KEY: 1-b, 2-a, 3- a, 4--b, 5-b, 6-a, 7..a, 8-b, 9-c, l(k, 114>,
12-a, 13-c, 14-b, IS-a and b I. Latin octoginJa is a root related to Oreek okto, eight. How
old i.s an octogtnllrian (ok'-t>j>NAIR'-ee-on)? _ _ __ __

2. You arc familiar with kakw, bad, harsh, as in cacography,

and wilh pl,cne, soUDd, as in phonograph. Can. you construct a
word ending in lhe leller y that moons horsh, tutpleasant sound?
6 . Con you recogriixe roots?
- - - - -- - - - - - (Can you pronounce it?)
ROOT MBANlNG S:XAMPt..E 3. Using caltipygian as a model, can you. construct a word to
I. psyche psychiauy dts(.l>e M ugly, unshapely rear end? _ _ _ _ _ __ __
2. iatreia podiatry _ _ _ (Can you p,ooounce ii?)
3. soma psychosomatic 4. Using lhc prefix rele-, distance, can you thin.le of the word
4. pathos ostcopalh for a field glass that permits the vjcwer to sec great distances?
S. orthos orthodontia
pedodontist
How about a word for the
6. ,x,idos (ped-) instrument that trarutnil3 souM ovec a distance?------
1. odonto.s exodontist - - - -- - Finally, what 1s i, that makes it possible for you
1!. pou.s, pod;,s platypus to view happening$ ~>at occur a great disU!nce away? _ _ __ _
9. cheir (chiro-) chiropodist
10. okto octopus
1 I. graphdn grapholo&Y (An,wers in Chapter 18)
12. kallos calligraphy
13. pygt caUlpyglan
14. kakos cacography
IS. phows p hotography BECOMING WO~D·CONSCIOUS
16. tdt- telegraph
17. bios biography PerhAps, il you have been wnrlin.g as assiduously with this
18. geras geriatrics book as I have repentcdlf counseled, you have noticed an interest-
19. geron gerontology ing phenomenon.
20. senex senate This phenomenon is as follows: You read a magazine artic)e
and soddenly you see one or mo.re of the words you have recently
leatnoed. Oc you open a book and there again are some of lhe
KEY: l-mind, 2-medi<e.l healing, 3- b<>dy, 4-diseasc, .s..,.traight, word, you have been working with. In shon, nlJ your reading
correct, 6...:hild, 7-tooth, 8- foot, 9- band, !O-e1ght, II-to
write, 12-beauty, 11--buttocks, 14-bad, ugly, 15-light,
seems <o call to your attention lhe very words you've been study-
ing.
IIH!istancc, 17-life, JS-old age, 19-old man, 20-old.
Why? Havel, with uncanny foresight, piclced words wbicb have
106 107
suddenly and inexplicably become popular among writers? Obvi-
ously. that's nonsense.
Tbe change is in you. You have now begun 10 be alert to words.
yo1.1 have developed what is known in psychology as a ' 1mind·se~··
toward certain words. There[ore, whenever these words occur 1n
your reading you take speciaJ notice of them.
The same words occurred bdorc-aod just as pJcntifully- but ----.Brief Intermission Three,----
since they presented little communicalion tQ _you, roureacred to
them with an unseeing eye, with an ungraspmg mmd. You were
figuratively, and almost literally, blind to the,n. .
Do you remember when you bought, or conlemplated buying, a
new car? Lei's say it was a Toyota. Suddenly you began to see HOW GRAMMAR CHANGES
Toyotas all around you--you had a Toyota "mind-set."
It is thus with anything new in your life. Development of a
.. mind-set"' means that the new experience has bccoine very rea~
very impOrtant, almost vital.
If you have became suddenly alert to the new words ~u .have
U you think that grammar js an e.xact ~ience, get ready for a
been learning, you,re well a.Jong toward your goal or bu1ldmg_a
superior vocabulary. You ore beginning to live bi a new and d1f-
sboct. Gcamm,u js a science, an right-but it is mos1 io-exect,
There are ao infle:dble laws, no absolutely hard and fast rules no
feren1 intellectual otmosph,re-nothing /en/ ..
On the other hand, if the phenomenon I have been describing unchanging principles. Corroctness varies with the times 'aoo
~epcnds much more on geognphy, on social class, and on collec-
has not yet occurred, do not despair. II will. I am alerting you to
its possibilities-recognize it aod welccroe it when it happens. ttve human caprice than on the restrictions found in 1extbooks.
In matbemntics, which ls an exact sc.icoce. five and five make
ten the country over-in the. North, in the South, in the We.st; in
~, _A.ngelcs and Coral Gables and New York. There are no two
(End of Session JO)
0ptn.tons on the macter-we are dealing. so fa'r as we know with a
1.miver:sa1 and indisputable fac.t '
fn enmmar. bowe,•e., since 1be facts arc hlghly su.scep1ible 10
change,, we bnve to keep an eye peeled for trends. What arc
cducared people saying these days? Which expressfons are gener-
ally Used and accepted on educated levels, which others are more
or less restricted lo the les., educated levels of speech? The an-
swers f.o these questions indicate the trend of usage in ihe United
Srates, and if such trends com.e in conflict with ncadernic roles.,
then th.e rules are no longer of any great imponancc.
Grammar follows the spu.c.h Mbirs of /he majority of edttcatt!d
P~opfe--.not the other way around. That is the important point to
keep in mind.
l'b.e .follow'iI!g notes on current trends in modem usage ore in-
108
109
 . • about 4lertain controvenia!
tended to help you come e!i,dea:;:ce
10
pay particular attention
"Me, ple,,.,er
"No, dear_, not me."
oxpm;sio"'- A$ you read . "'0oes tho wage square with you.r "Ob. I, please?"
10 the iWicizod word or word$, be wiUina to phnlse your
own language patterns? Would yo':.i.ether the sent= is right (This sounds terrible to a child's ear. It completely violates his
lhoughts In just such terms? D=usioo with the opiniom given senu of language, but he does want lhe jelly apple, so he grudg-
or wrong, lhen compare your ingly conforms.)
following lb te~'t. "Who broke my best vase?"
·~n wasn't meJ"
"Is that good English, Johnnie?"
TEST YOURSW' ~kay, h wasn't I. But honest, Mom. it wasn't m~J didn't
even touch itl"
I Let"s keep Ibis between yo11 and I. RIGHT WRONO
2: l'm your host friend, ain't 17 I\JGBT WRONG And ,01 if the child is strong enough ro survive such con.sta.nt
3. Five and ftve /,ten. mad llIOltT WllONO corrections, he decid~ that whenever there is room for doubt, it is
lUGHT Wlt.ONO safer 10 say I .
4. I neveuaw a man get so . 'ed
5 Every one of his sisteB are unmam , IUOHT WllONO Some adults, cooditloned in childhood by the ldnd of misguided
6.,He VlS
. itcd an optom<trlst for an eye JUGUT WllONG censorship detailed here, are likely to believe that "between you
operation. ld r:'I nod r is the more elegant form of expre$Sion, but most educated
7. Do you prophecy ~o'!>er wor wa lUOHT WRONG spealcc,., obeying tho rule that a preposition govems the objective
8 Leave us notmcntion it. IUGRT WRONG pronoun, say ~'benveen you and me."
9:If you expect to evemua/ly succeed, you IUGBT WRONO
2. r01 your best friend, ain't I?
must l<eep trying.
WllONq. As linguistic .scholars have frequenUy pointed out, it is
unlortuoa10· that ain't ll is unpopular in educated speech, for the
1. Let's keep this between you an~tly corrected by parents and phrase fill< a loog-felt need. Am I ru,1? is too prissy for dowo-to-
ea.rth !P"OPI•; amn't If is ddlculous; and aren't (, though popular
WRONO Children are so frequ t be blamed If lh•Y in England, has never really caught on in America. With a sen-
· th say ""' that they canoo rd
teachen wheo ey . , I yllable is probably a naughty wo , tence like the one under discussion you are practically in a linguis-
begin to thiok that thJS sunp • •. are certainly lypical of maoy tic traP-there is no way out unless you are willing to choose be-
Dialogues such •• the followmg
households. d y?" tween appearing illiterate, sounding prissy, or feeling ridiculous.
hnn out an P1a "What is the !Jlalte, with ain't I? tor am I not?" language
"Molher, can me aod 1o ie. gocorrecOy You mean 'May John• scholar Wallace Rice once wrote. "Nothing whatever, save that a
uNo dear not until you say it .
nie and [ go ·oul to play?',. 111;mh<:.r of minor grammarians object to it. Ain't I? has a pleasant
liOUod once the ears are unstopped of prejudice." Mr. Rice has a
"Who wants a ~ly apple?"
valid point lhere, yet educated people avoid ain't I? as if ii were
~'Mel" ,, ._,chiog. In all honesty, therefore, I must say to you: don't use
"Tben use the proper w~!d- fused at this point-there scei" ain't l'f, except humorously. What is a safe substitute? Apparently
(Th child be<:o.mes • bttle con
• many ''proper'' and "improper" words.) Done exists, ,o I suggest that you manage, by some linguistic ealis-
to be so tbenics, to avoid having to make a choice. Otherwise you may find
. 110 •
111
yoursell in Ute position ol being damned if you do and damned 11 ,nay only prescribe and fit gJassc~. And tJ1e , :ire .
you don't,
lors. The MD who <N•c· 1.7 . , not mod,cal doc-
. · • r ,a • .e, m the trear1uent f d.
and who mav operate wh , _ O eye 1scascs,
3. Five and five is ten. Cb.tpler 4.) . 1:n nr.cc...s~1ry, Is an ophthafnu,fogist. (See
rucarr. Um don't jump to the conclusion that "'five and fk·e arc
ten" is wrong-bo1lt verbs ore cqoalJy acceptable i.n this or any 7. Do you proplu·c:y another world war?
similar construction. U you prefer to think ol "five-mid.five'' as a WKONO. Use prophecy only when • .
single, mnlhematicnl ooncept, say is. If you find it more reasonable ,vhcn yon me·,,, P •d' b you mean predu;li,m, a aouo
• r,- rel a vcr as • J • •
to consider "five nod 6¥e" a plural jdea., say are. Tbe teachers I've This dis1ir1crfoo is sfoipfe ,. d f; /11
t m: sentence_, use propl,.e.ry.
say: "Hi, ro >!we ::~ oo proor. Therefore we properly
polled on this point are about evenly divided io prefereru:e, and
so, l imagine, are the rcsl of us. Use whichever verb has the really seenfs u.tfe I~ ~~;::c:Jl(m) ,u~ned ou~ .to be true." but ''He
a d is1inction also in the 'I t:.,:y (P_re~tn) poht,cal trends," There ii
greater appc,1! lo your S{nse of logic. • pro01,mcm110:1, of Utese two • d /> h
ecy n; t1ronounc-cd PROF'· . . wor s. rop -
4. I never iaw a man get ,o mad. ;,,-s.f. ->see, proph,:r\' 1> pronunccd PROF'-
RIGH:r. When I questioned a number of authors 11nd editors
about their opinion of 111• acceptability or mad as a S}'llOnym for S. L(•nve ns flOI ntenLion it.
angry, tho lypic:11 reaction was: ''Yes, I .suy ,ru1d, but I always (eel W"?t<G. On ihe loss sophi.sticated levels r .
a little guilty when l do.'' /11,1 va rs ,, populnr substitute fo,· / o Amencan speech,
Most people do sny mad when they are sure there is no English lowlng disribction is ! II be,. On educated leveJs, the fof..
care u y o servoct~ kl
teacher listening; it's a good sbnrp word, everybody understands menns depart~ (There ure a f ·d· : 11
me~ns a ow,· lt!ave
cxaclly what it mean,, and it's a lot stronger than angry, though hu1 they present no probrcn1.)e';_1 iornat1~. ~xcept1ons co this rule.
not quite as violent as furious or enraged. In short, mad bas a $I» me. go" even on 1h . et me go is prererahJe to ,1CA!ove
cia.l implication offered by no other ""1'd in the English language; JI,,._·· '£ e most mforrnal of occasit)ns. nnd a s··nfeo••
,..._. -eave us not m · · .. · ·"" -
enuon It ,s nor consicft:rcd standard En~r J
as a consequenee, educated people use it as the occasion demancJ1 9 If - IS I,
and ·it Is perlectly correcL So correct, in (act, that ewry autl>ori- . ~ou expect fo eventua/Jy J·uect'ed, you rnust keep t •
MICHT, We have here in cas . rymg,
tati,•e dictionary lists it as a completely acceptable usage. If you that no1odot1s bugbear of acad ~ you re puzzled, :111 example or
feel guilty when you say mod, even though you don't mean insane, (An infinif , . eouc 1-rammar. 1he "spUt infinhive n
it's time you stopped plaguing your conscitmce with trivialities. ,ve IS a verb preceded bv {(). t ·
remember. ) ,, · o .mcce~d, lfJ /ail, 10
5. £very one of his sisters ate unmarried. Splilting a,1 ialinhive is not at all difficult-y .
WRONG. Are Is perhaps the 0101@ logical word, since the sen- u word between the ro and £he . ou need only mscrt
tence implies tl\at lie has more than one sister and they arc all un· rvmpletely foil ,o qu,·,,. ,...~.erb. ro eventutJl/y 1ucceed, to
• ..11; 1
Y r't:.memvt:r,
married. In educated speech, however, the tendency is to make Now that you know how to s- U . •.
the verb agree with the subject, even if log;c is violated in the qucs iion is, i" it legal to do . ., I . p th An m.finitsvc:, the imponat11
proc~nd the better choice here would be i,,•, agreeing with the you that it is not only leg·'°, : . am appy to be able to repor1 to
· ~ , ll 1s also ethical . I
singt.l1ttr subject, evtry one. IHl'lcs more effect' lb . . ' mora • and some-
ington Irv· ive ~n 10 not spin It. Benjamin Franklin, Wa-th~
6. He visited an. optometrist for ao eye operation. WA-~ mg,_ Nathaniel Hawthonie, Theodore Roosevelt , d
WROXG, If the geJ>tlem.ao in quc:,;tion did indeed need an opera· """row Wilson a.mou n , an
infinitive splir~rs ,And rn gd rnny. Olbers, were unconscfon:iblc
tion, he went to the wrong doctor. ln most states, opiomeuuts are
COnst.mctfon. . -o em "'filers are equaJiy pnr1 iaJ 10 the
forbidden by law to perloon suri:ery or adrnil:tjster drugs-lhe)'

112 113
 To bring this report up to the minute, I asked a number of edi-
tors about their attitude toward the split inftnilivc. Here are two
typical rcaclioll$,
An editor at Doubleday and Company: "The , ..triction against
the split inftnitive is, to my mind, the most artificial of all ptn-
matical rules. I find that most educated people split infinitives reg-
ularly in their speech, and only eliminate them from their writing 6
when Ibey remit• and polish their material."
An editor at Rtllder', Dige,t: "I want to defend the split infini-
tive. Tho collSUllction adds to the strength of the scntenco-it's
compact and clear. 'Ibis is to loudly say that I split an infinitive BOW TO TALK ABOUT
whenever I can catch one." SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
And here, finally, is the opinion of humorist James Thurber, as
quoted by Rudolf Flesch in TM A.rt of Plmn Talk: "Word has (Sessions 11-13)
somehow got arowid that the split infinitive is always wrong. This
is of a piece with tho outworn notion that it is alw•ys wrong to
strike a lady."
I think the evidence is conclusive enough-it is perfectly correct
to coosci.ou.sly split an infinitive whenever such an act increases
TE'ASER PREVIEW
the strength or clarity of your sentence.

Whal scientist:

. inrereste.d in the development of the hu-··

• i.t .,....,., racer•
• ts a student e>/ th~ heavens?

• explores 1he physical qualin'es of the. ear1h7

• ,irtudies alt living matter?
• is a stud,nr of plant Ii/,:?
• is a student oj anim,U lije?
• is professionally involved in instcis?
• i.i a .tlude.,u of language?
• f.s a ~ludtnt of the psydw/ogica/ eQec1s of word.ir?
• studt~s the cu/1ure, structure, and custom.s of d'D ,
,i~s? 1 erent soc,~~

I 14
 ..3. ond whal's below?
SESSION 11 The liekl is 1h~ <.-omp·irativ J r
balJ 0 11 which we live-the ea~[ ~cle a~d insignifica nt whirling
bcin!!, wha1 is it made of h . ?w did our pJanc1 come inro
A true scientist lives up to the etymOlogical meaning of his title P!;'.Un,11, and volleys formed. :n~ :,~~/t~mountains: oce.ans. rivers,
l,jone who knows." Anything scicntiffc is based on facts-observ~ gmg7 s: own deep 1( you srnrt dig·
able (act, that can be recorded, tested, checked, and verified.
S<:ieuce, then, d~Js witb human knowledge-<IS far as it has
A geo/.ottisl
gone. It bas gone very far indeed since the last century or two,
when we stopped basing our thinklog on guessr-s, wi.shC$, theories
that had no Coundation iJ1 realicy, and concepts of how the world
-'· whot ft life?
uught to be; and iJlstead begao 10 explore the world as it was, ond
not o nly the world but lhe whole universe. From Gulileo, who The tictd is alt living organisms-r. ~
anu,cb;i Jo the amazinglv tom lex a , om t_he_ s1mples1 One•<icOcd
looked lhrough the first telescope atop a tower in Pisa, Italy,
through Pasteur, who watched microbes through a microS<.-ope, to a hucnnn beinf. Plant ~r ani~l af :d my-s11fymg structure _
we cnll
w,11ler, canh, or air- if it lives a~d esh or v~ge.ta~lc.,_ dcmzen of
Einstein, who deciphered riddles of the universe by means of
know ru.ore about it grows, tlus sc1enttSt wants to
mathematics, we bave at Inst begun 10 till in • (ew areas ol lgno-
rance.
Who ate some of the more lmporlaot explorers of lrnowl• A blologi.rt.
edge-and by what ter01S are they known?

5. Ro,o

IDEAS B iolo~y chissifics UJc into l'wo ·rear . ..

. mal. Th11i scientist's province is ~he / 'VlSIDns-pfant and ani-
lrccs. $hrubs moss..!t • .
0 nner category-flowers.,
1. whither monk.ind? ' ~, manne ,.:e-gct&t1on bl I .
gru.sscs, and <111 the resr that mukc 1
he • ~ms., ruds, seeUs,
up .pl.am kingdom.
'The field is a ll mantind-how we developed in mind and body
Crom pritnilive cu.ltures and early forms.. A bottmi.rt
A-n aniliro1>0logi.,;t
6 , end founo
2, who.t•s above?
Animals ot every d~scriptfou ki.nd a.od 00 1..
The field is the heavens and all that's in them- planets, bees, lish 10 fowl reptiles 10 h ' "rl t:1on, from birds to
galaxies) stars, and other universes. plor.atioa of th.is ~ientist. UIJlal.\.$, are the Special are.i or CX·

An astronomu
' A zo,,Jagi,t
117
7. a.nd all the linle bugs
Tbore are over 650,000 different species of insectA, and millions
of Individuals of every ,pecies-and this scientist is interested in l/SING THE WORDS
every one of them.
An enwmologist
Con yov pronounco the wo,ds?

!. •nthroPologlst an'-thro-POL'-;>-jist
8. tower of Bobel 2. ttstrono1ner
o-STRON'-•·m~r
This linguistic seienlist explores the subtle, intangible, elusive 3, geologist
jee-Ol '-o-jist
uses of that unique tool that distinguishes human beings from all 4, biolo11ist bl-OL'- •-Jist
other fonns of life-to wit: lnoguage. This (l<>ISOO is, in short, a S. botani.ft
BOl"-•-nist
student of linguistics, ancient and modero, primitive and cultured, 6. t<>ologl!r
zo-OL'->-jist
Cblnese, H'.obrcw, Icelandic, Slavic, Teutonic, and' every other 7.. emomologi.,t en'-t3--MOL'-a-jist
kind spoken now or lJI the past by human beings, not excluding 8. philologist fo-LOL'-.>-jist
that delightf\11 hodgepodge known as "pidgin English," in which a 9. semami<;iJt s;,-MAN'-1....si$t
piano is descnocd as "big box, you hit 'um in teeth, be cry," and 10. sodologist
s°:'hee-OL'-o-jist or sci'-sec-OL'-
In which Hamlet's famous quandary, "To be or not lo be, that is :,,-JJSl
the question . ." is translated into "'can do. no ean do-how
fasbion7"
A philologist
Con yo1,1 work with the words?

SCJENTTST
9. what do you reoUy meoft? PROFESSIONAL FfELO
I. anthropologist
This linguistic scientist explored the subtle, intangible, elusive 2. astronomer a. com~unity and family life
relali0n$hip between language and thinking. betwe<n meaning b. meanings and psychological
•nd words; and is interested in determining the psychological eff«:ts of words
3. geologist
causes and effects of wlult people say and write. c. deveJopmeot of the human
A semanticist 4. b iologist
rnce
d. c-elestial pbeoome.na
5. botaniSt
6, ZOOiogist
c. lnng,Jage
t insect forms
10. who ate your friends and nejghbors? 7· entomologist g. the canh
This scientist is a student of the .wys in which people Jive to•
ge:thc.r1 their family and community structures and customs, their
8. philologist
9. semanticist ~- au forms of living mauer
J. an,maJ life
IO. sociologist
housin_g, their social relationships, their forms of government. and j. plant life
their layers of caste and class.
A socio/og/JI KEY, I-<:, '~-·. 3-g, 4-J,) 5-jI L ' 7 - f I 8-e:, 9-b, l 0-a
V'-1~

1181
119
 - of stan and other eelestinl bodies. The iclence is ostrorum,y
CCLn you rec<tU the wo,ds? (o-STRON'+mee), the adjective is t>stronomtcQJ (as'-~
NOM'-M~l), a word often uted in a non-beavenly soose, a, in
J. insects 1.IL- - -- "tho astronomical fiu of the notional debt. n Astronomy deals in
2. language i.P- - - - - sud) enormou, distances (the sun, lor example, is 93,000,000
3. social conditions 3.
4. S
A__
-_- _
-- -
__ mile$ lrom tbe earth, and light from stars tra~s toward the earth
4. hislory of development of at L86,000 rn.iles per second) that the adjective OJtrollfJmica/ is
manldnd applied to any !remondou.sly large llgurc.
5. me~ning:s of words S . S - - -- - A.Jiron, scar, combines with lo,;o.r to form astrology (....sTROL'-
6 . ,n _ _,__ __ _
6. plMtS 7.G;_ _ __ _ o-jee), which assesses the inllueoce of planets an.d Sll!rS on hllllllln
7. the earth events. The practitioner is an astrologer (o-Srn.OL'-o-j~). Can
8. the heavenly bodies &. A--- -- - you form the adjective?---------- - · (Can
9. all livinJ: things 9. B - -- - - you pronounce it?)
10. £..__ __ _
10. animals By etymology, an OS1ro1U1Uc (AS'-tra-not') is a sailor among
the stars (Greek naute$, sailor). This pc,son is tenned with somo-
whal less e:r.aggcratlon a cosmcnoui (KOZ'-m<>-nol')by Che Rus-
KEY: J-e.ntomo)ogis~ :2-'P: 1·1:0°tani;l,
I gist 3-<0<:iologi>t 4-•nthropolo-
gist, 5-semant,cist, -. 7-geologist: 8-aslronomer. s.ian,. (Greek, kosmot, uniYerse). Nautical (NOT-o-kol), rtlatiog
9- biologist, 1()..zoologist to sailo,s, sailing, ships, or navigation, derives also from nautes,
and naut,s in tum is from Greek nau.,, sblP--<1 root used in nau-
sea (etymoloaically, ship-sicknoss or seasickness!).
A.tttr (AS'-tor) is a S1ar shaped ftower. A,rerisk (AS'-t:>-risi:),
( end of Stsslon I I) a star-shaped 5)'lll.bol (•), is generally used in writing or printing
IO dirttt Ille reader to loot for a footnote. A.strop/lyslc: ( aJ'-tro-
PIZ'-iks) is that brand, of phywics deatutg wnh bbavcnly bodies.
SESSION 12 Disc.ster (<h>-ZAS'-m) and dittlSlrous (d;,-ZAS'- tros) also
come from astron, star. In ancient times it was believed that the
atars ruled human destiny; any misfonw,., or C<llamlty, therefore,
bappe.ned to someone because the Slan wen, in opposition. (Dis-,
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS • prefu or many meanings, in this word signifies against.)
Nomos, arrangomenl, law, or order, is found ln two otber in-
teresting English words.
1 peopJe ond the stars .
For example, if you can make your own laws for youtsclf, if
· Anthropo/ogist is constructed f '?m roots dwe arc famiUar \\'tth-
)'Ou needn't answer to anyone else for whnt you do, in sbort, if
_,. · ,, and logos scienc<, stu Y· )'Ou are indeptoden~ then you enjoy tllJJonomy (aw-TON'-o-
anthropos. mn~mu. . • ( '-thr~POL'->jee). Can you
The science is anthropo1·ct:Y_ an n:iee). a word that combines nomos, Jnw, with autos, self. Au..
10
writt the adjective form of ~ word? nomy, tben, is self-law, seU-government. The fifty Slates In Ollr
- - - (Con you ~ronounct Jt.1.rtron ,tar and nomos, arrange-- nation are fairly auJonomous (aw-TON',oQ-m::is), but not corn~
Aitronomer is built on Greek: .' . t~rested in the arral\GC" Plete!y so. On the other ha!ld, in most colleges each separate de-
ment, law. or order. The astronomer ism - Pllttne:o1 Is pretty mncb autonomous. And of conx,e, ono or tho
120 121
big reasons !or tho revolution of 1776 was that America wanted gated for ovldence of mallgnan . A bl0 .
autopsy (AW'-top-sec) whi 1tcy·
C:O • ,
PSJ! JS contrasted
C lS & roodicaJ. . .
with an
a,1to11omy, rather than conuol by England. rpse Ill order to discover the cause exammatioo of a
You know the instrument that beginners at tbe piano use 10 topsy. means, as you know -If . of death. 1b autos in au-
guide their timlng'I A pendulum swings back and lortn, malting ao ""'akin
·, ' •• -m an autop-
g. the surgeon or pathologist·dete .
• .,, etymologically
audible click at each swing. and in that way governs or orders the sight rather than by theoril:in • mnnes. by actual view or
measure (or timing) ol the player. Hence it is called a metronome onesel!'') • What brought the g ~Le.,, "by viewing or .seeing !or
(M.BT'-r:>-nOm'), a word that combines nomos with mttron, Botanist Is from Greek ~ to 113 present grievous state.
measurement. (BOT'.,.,.nee); Ibo adjective . btane, plant. The Jield is bota,ry
Z<>A'-ist Is fro ,s ora,,Jcaf (b>.TAN'.g..kaJ)
The - •
adi...tive? m Gttelc tolen. arumaJ. · Tho science is •:oo1
2. lhe earth ond its llfe
Geolcgist derives {rom Greek ge (geo-), earth. The science
' ,,_ ::::-::==--- ----.:.-=
lion ot the two o's tempts
r,gy.
Tho oomblna-
three leUers of these words ;:""Y people to pronounce the first
is g<0/ogy (jee-OL'-<>-jce). Can you write 11:te adjective? the two o's should be separa one syllable, thus: :oo. Howeve.r
- - - -- - - - -- - (Can you pronounce it?) byp.lten is used in th.o spelJjn fed, :-S ~ CO-Opcnte, even though n;
Geometry (jee-OM'-o-tree)- ge plus me1ron--by etymology
"measurement of the earth," is that branch o( mathematics tr-eat-
OL'->jist, 26-0L'--:,.jec, :r:0'!_~~ 1
ca;e sucb separation. Say 26-
mals, ls a &honenoe1 form of l -o- oL Zoo, a park for ani-
ing of tbe measurement and properties o( solid and plane figures, !)roooonced in one &ylliible lDD ogical garden.r, and is, of course,
such as angles, triangles, squares, spheres, prisms, etc. (The ety·
Tlie ~ (W-dec-ak) Is a di •
mology o( the word shows that Ibis ancient science was originally
concemed with tho measurement of land and spaces on the
paths of the sun, moon, and Ian""":"!•
used m astrology, of tho
nanies for various animal P ets, ,t contains, in part, Latin
earth.)
The mathematician. is a geome.trician (jee'-o-m.,..TRISH'.,.,n),
crab·' t=-··
---~ bull S--scorplo,
; llliu ram: and · "'°""""'
.,,.--, leo~ lion; caricer,
from zoion, animal. ' • puces, fish. Hence its derivation
the adjective is geometric (jee'-:,.MET'·rik).
Geography (jee-OG'-r>fee) is writing about (graphein, to Tho ad)"'""
-veu• zodiacal (26-DI'.,.,.Jcal).
write), or mapping, the earth. A practitioner of the science is a a•·
ographer (jce-00-r>far), the adjective is geographic (jee-o-
ORAF'·ik). REYJEW OF ETYMQ!.OGY
(The name George is also derived from ge (g,o-) , earth, plus
ergon, work-<he first Geo,:ge was an earth-worker or farmer.)
1'lt81'1X, ROOr
Biologist combines bio1, life, with logos, science, study. The sci· Ml!ANDIG "ENCtJSR WORD
ence is biology (b!-OL'-~jee). The adjective?--- - - - I. atrlJirapas mankind
2, 1D1JO$ science, srudy
Bio,, life, is also found in biography (bi-OO'·r>lee), writinS 3. asfron star
about SOo)eooc's life; autobiography (aw'-to-bl-OG'•,...fec) , the 4. .nautes iaiJor
story of one's life written by oneself; and bic,psy (BI'-op-se<), •
s.,_. ship
medical examination. or view (apsis., optik.os, view, vision) , get1· 6. dis- against
orally through a microsco{'C, of living tissue, frequently performed ' · nomos arrangement, law,
when cancer is suspected. A small part of the tissue is cul {rOID. order
th& affected area end under the microsoopc its cells can be ;,.~· 8. autos Self

127 123
 ---
9. me11on measurement 8. geographical
10. ge (gel)-) earth 9. bloloty joo'-a-G~P-a-kol
11. graphein to write 1O. biological bl-OL'-:>-jce
12. bios Ufe ll. biography bl'-,..lOJ'-o-kol
13. opsis. opukos viCi\', '1slont sight 12. biographer
bl-OG'-ro-lee
14. bolane plant 13. biographical bl-OG'-ro-for
15. wion aniinal liT'-:,.GRAF'-o-k>I

Con you pronounc• ftte words? (fll}

1. autonom;y
2. 11utonornous aw-TON'-a-mee
USING THE WORDS aw...TON'~-;>-m~s
3. me:tronorne
4. autobu,grophy MEI"-~nom'
S. a,,tobiographer aw'-ta-br-OG'-r:>-{e,: .
Con you pronounce th• wou:b? {I)
6. awobiographic4/ aw'-10-bt-OG'·r:>-far
t. antliropology an'-thr~POU"""jee aw-ta-bl'-a-G.RAF'-;>-hl
7. biopsy
2. anthropological an'-~~LOJ'-;,-kol
8. truJopsy Bi'-op,see
3. a.rtronomy o-STRON'.,.·mee AW'•top-see
9. botany
4. asrronomictd as'-tr>NOM' -<>-k>I BOI"-o-nee
IO. botanical
5. aJfTOIOgy :>-STROL'-;,-jee l»-TAN'-:,.toJ
I I. l.OOlogy
6. anrologica/ as'-tr.>-LOJ'·:>-Ito! ZO-OL'·>-jee
12. zoologicaJ
7. astronaut AS'-trn-not' Ul·•-LOJ'-o-kol
13. zodiac
8. cosmona,,t KOZ'-ma-not' UY-dec,ak
14. wdiacoi
9. nautical NOT"-a-ko! 13-Dl'-a-k~I
10. aster AS'•tQT
t l . asterisk AS'-to-.risk
t 2. disosrer do-ZAS'-tor Co" you work with the word,? (lj
13. di.rt.1trou.s do-ZAS' -tras
l . kthropofogy
a. theory of the inJluencc of
plane.ts and stan on human
Con. you p rooounce th• words? •(ll)
2. astronomy events
1. geology jee-OL'-a-jee :t astrology b. science of earth-mapping
2. geological jee'-o-LOJ'-a-kol 4. geology c. science of all living matter
3. geometry Jee-OM'-a-tree d. science of human develop-
4. gecmeJrician je.e'•Q-ID>--T~'..-~n s. biology ment
s. geometric jee,a-MET'-rik 6. geometry e. science of plants
6. geographY jee-00'-ro-ree f. science of the oomJl0$ition of
7. g,ographtr jee-00'-ro-far 7. bo""?_y the Calib
· 124
g. science of animal life

125
 b. sclcnce of the b~'ICos S. Does a tllsastrou., earthquake take a
8, zoology L mathem•tical science of fis- huge toll of life and property?
9, a,,oimphy YES NO
ures, shapes, e.tc. 6. Do geological investigations sometimes
determine where oil is to be found? YES NO
7. Does a geomerrician work with
KEY: I~, 2-b, 3-a, 4-1, k 6-i, 7-e, 8-1- 9-b mathematics?
YBS NO
8. Do geographical shifts in population
=•linles affect the economy of au
area?
Can you work wit!, lhe wo,d1? 01) YES NO
9. Does a biographical novel deal with the
a. ..sailor among the stars'" lite of a real person?
1. autopsy YES NO
b star-shaped Hower
z. biopsy
~ stoty o! on&'s o<rm life . •
JO. is botany• biological science?
11. Is the United States politically
Yl!S NO
3. biography
d. ditsection and exatn:••tton dl.ttonomous1
4. autobiography YES NO
of a corp,e to detenrun• the 12. ls a biopsy perfom1ed on a dead body?
cause of death Yl!S NO
13. Is a m,tronome used in the study of
s. zodiac e. great mislortm>~ • mathematics?
YES NO
f. "sailor o! the UlllVetSO 14. fs au autopsy pedoDDed to comet a
6. astronaut Yl!S NO
g. story of someone'• lif<> surgical problem?
7. coomoaaut -b. diagam of paths of suo, IS. Does an author write an autol>iogrophy
8. aster moon, and planets . YES NO
about someone else's life?
L b)strgment to measure mus•·
9. disaster
cal time
I, self-rule • . e KEY: I-no, 2-no, 3-yes, 4-yes, S-yes, 6-yes, 7-yes, S--yes,
I0. autonomy k. e:omination of liYII\g tl.w 9-yes. JO-yes, II- yes, 12-no, 13-no, 14-no, IS-no
11. n,elr0DOIIW

A . A < ~ ~ 7-f, 8-b, 9-e, 10-j, 11-i

KEY: 1--d, 2,-li:, 3--g........,.,...,, · Co" you recaU the wo,dt? (I)
L pertaining to·tbe science of
aoimaJs (ad/.) 1.~-----
2. pertaining to the science of 2 _ _ _ _ _ __
Do you understand the -c1s7
~o plants (ad/.)
I . Are an,hropolog/eal swdies oon=ned 3. dissection of a oorpse to
'With plant life?
_, __, numbets extremely determine the cause of death l-~-----
2. Are ast,cno,,.,_ 4. story of one's life, self-written 4_,,__ _ _ __
small? • . Yl!S 5. pertaining to the scicoce of all s. ______
3 Js an a:,trolorer i l l ~ ID the wne liv.ingmatter (ad/.)
. and da"' of yoot birth? Yl!S
110
6. science of tho measurement of 6. ..,__ _ _ __
4, Are nawical IDJIDOU""r& cattied on at fiiures
-1
127
126
 -
. -- ~

• _ _ __ _
7.Q,
7 _ penaining to the scien~e of the. I 2 star-shaped symbol 12. ,..__ __ __
eatth'• composition (ad/.) 13. story of a person's life.
8. branch of physics dealing wt'th 8. A - - - -- 13. B•---'-----
the composition of celesual
bodies ,KBY: 1-bic;>psy, 2-autonomy, 3-metrooomc, ~tronau,, ~s-
9. star..sbapcd flower 9. A - - - - - - monau1, 6-disas1c:r, ?- geography, 8-autonomous, 9-zo-
JO very high ill number; 10. A - - - - -- dioc, JO-zodiacal, ll-oautical, 12-astcrisk, 13-biography
· pertaioi.n8 to th.c science of the
heavens (ad/.)
11. science of beavC!lly bodil'S 11. A-- - - - " - - - -
12. A - - - - - - (End of SesJlon /2)
12 _ science of the development of
mankind
13. person who believes buman 13.A--- ---
events are iallaenced by the SESSION 13
path., of the sun, moon, and
planets
ORIGINS ANO RflATED WORDS

.
KEY: 1-zoolog,ca~ 2--botanical 3-autopsy, 4-autc,biography,
' • al ~trophysics, l . cutting ih ond out
S- biolo&ical, 6-geo":''"il'• 7- geo1og,c ' -<Ultbropology,
9-aster, 10-astrononueal, 11-astronomy, 12 Flies, bee", beetles, waSPs, and olher in~cL~ are ~•gmcnted
13-astrologer creature.s--Jiead, thorax, and abdomen. Where lhcse parts join,
there ap;pcars :o the im•ginative eye a "cutting in" of the bo<ly.
H:eooe the hraach of zoology dealing with insects is aplly
Ccn you r•(IQII the words? (II) Damed entomology, from Gr~.t en-, in, pJus 1ome, a cuu,Ulg. The
1. Bl_ _ _ _ _ adjective iumomo/oglca/ ( cn'·t:>-mo-LOJ'-o-k,J) .
1. microscopic examination of {The ·word instcl makes the same point-it u buih on Latin
living tissue 111.. in~ phts s~ctus, a form of the verb meaning 10 cut.)
2. selt-govemment . 2. A-----
M..-- - - The preh ec-. from Greek el<-, means our. (The Latin prefix,
3 • time measurer for mus,c 3. A,_ _ __ _
4. ,Ou wUI recan, is ex-.) Combine ec- wi1h tome to derive the words
4. voy~gor OlllOng the sta~ 5_c__ __ _ for surgical proocdures jo which parts arc ·•cut out," or removed:
5. traveler through the universe, ""1sillecromy (the ton.sits), appendectomy (th.e appendix), nu,s.
6. great misfortune 6. D-_ _
7.Q, - __
-- _ kctomy {ille breast), hysterectomy ( the uterus), pro,ra,ectomy
7_ mapping of the ,;arth (noun) (the prostate), ere.
8. self1i0veritlng (adj.) 8. A_
9. :z..._ - -_
-- _
- _ Coinbine ec- with Greek lt.tntron, center (the Lntin root, as we
9. dfa.gram used in aatro(ogy 10. :z...__ _ __ have disC()verod, ls centrum), to derive eccentric (ok-SEN'- trik) -
10. pertaining to such • d,agra,n
(adj.) U.N__ _ __
°"' o/ Jhe center, hence deviating from the nOm1al in behavior,
lttitudes. etc.• or u.oconvcntiona~ odd, s1range. The noun is e~
JI. pertaining to ships, sailing, elC. <.,,,,.icity ( ek'-son-TRJS' •:>-tee).

•12si 129
 Mo:ro commonly, epitome and the verb Ito
.ml.t") are used in sentences lik "Sh . ~ mlu (~PIT'..:,.u
2, moft cuts
::.h:~~t
oTh e e 1S the epitome of t.indn
olseoe act epitomiu, her philosophy of life." If you ~s,
. , _ e away to get to the e<1entltll • cu cv-
The Greek prefuc a- makes a root negative; the atom (AT'-om) resen~Uve cross-section of -the who pan, that part IS a rep-
was so named at a liJne when it was considered the smallest possi- ome of kindness stands for all le.,~ a woman.who it the tpit-
, • poop~ who are kind· and
ble particle of an dement, that Is, one that could not be cut any rh.t ep1tom,zu a philosophy 0 f Iii0 , an act
further. (We ha~ long since split the atom, of course, with re- plcle philosophy. represents, by Ilse!!, the com-
sults, as in most technological advances, both good and t'1il.) The
adjective is atomic (<>-TOM'-ik). ;l. love and words
The Greek prefu< ana- bas a number of a,eanings, one of which
is up, as in anotomy (:>-NAT'-:,.mce), originally the culling up of Logo,
word or' we know' , means science
· or study,· it may also mean
a plant or animal to detennine i1s stnJCture, later the bodily struc- . sptech. as ,r does in plzilo/ogy (fo-LOL' . ) .
ture itseU. The adjective is anatomical (an'-:,.TOM'-o-kol) . 1ogically tht love of words (from G k . . ?Jee • ctymo-
Originally any book that was part of a larger woe~ of many vol- l?gos)' or what is more commonly call':.: /'
ph1!et~, to. love, plus
umes was called a tome (TOM)-etymologically, a part cut from
the whole. Today, a tome designates, often disparagingly, an e,;-
: : : . ~ science of language, a term deri;:;;: r:Jn-<;;':!:
cep1ionally tare• book, or one that is beavy aod dull in content. Can you write, and pron th d.
The Greek prefuc dich~, in two, oombi.nes with tome to con-
- -= - -- - -- - o_u_o_c•:_• • a Jeetlve form of philology?
struct dichotomy (dl-KOT'-:,.mee), a splitling in two, a techn.ical
word used in astronomy, biology, botany, and the science or logic. 4. m<,re love
It is also employed as a non-tecbnical te,m, as when we rtl.er lo
the dichotomy ln the life o( a man who is a government clerk all Philanthropy (f<>-1.AN' thm- ,
mankin.<1---<,no who devo~ pee) ,.. by etymology the lo•• oi
day and a night-school teacher after working hoUJ$, so that bis life thropist (~LAN·-~ isl) oneself to phl1~thropy is a p/u1an•
i.s, in a sense, split into two parts. The verb is dichatomiu ( di· jective is phil •••• . p ' a., we learned m Cliapter 3• the ad-
KOT'-:,.miz'); the adje,ctlve is dichotomau.r (di-KOT'..:,.m,s). Tb anmrupu: (fil-on-lHROP'·ik) ,
Dichotomous thinJ<ing is the sort that divides everything in10 iwo be p • w~rb philander (fo-LA.N'·<far), IO .;play around" sexualJ
parts-good and bad; while aod black; Democrats and Republi· tollllSCuous, or have extramarital relati · Y,
Wllh anJro,, male. (Philander/ d . . ons, _co~bt.0~ philein
cans-; etc. An unknown wit bas made this classic statemenl about couue exclusively the ng, esp,te !IS dcnvation, IS not of
dichotomous thinking: '"l'bere are two kinds ol people: !hose who derived fro th male province. The word i.s in fact,
• m e proper name conventionally · ' 1
divide everything into two parts, and those who do not..,
Imagine a book, l complicated or massive report, or some other
~ plays and romances of the 1500s 1 given to ma e Jove.rs
ID the in1ere.stin • •. and 600s.) Ooe who cogages
elaborate document-<>0w figurativdy cut on or through it so !hat LAN'-d.:>t-<>r). 8 activiu... cataloguod above is a phUMdtrer (fa.
you cao get to ii$ essence, the very heart o[ the idea contained in
it. Wbat you bave is an epitome (~PIT'~mce), a condensation By etymology, phito,oplty · 1h lo f •
wise)· Philadelploo is th Ci,. e ve o wisdom (Gree _ k sophos,
of the whole. (From ,pi·, on, upon, plus tome.) • ._ ' • •ty of Brotherly Love ( Oreek
l"'<IS, b,other) · philharmo . . th I tll!tl-
An tpltome may refer to a summary, condensation, or abridg- (Greelc 1uumoi:i,, ,uc IS e ove of music or harmony
ment of langu.age, as in ••]..et me have an epitome of the book," or a love Ii ' harmony); and a philler, a rarely used won! is
po on. Today we call whatever arouses -..al de.sue 'an
"Give me the epitomt of his speccb."
131
130
 aphrodisiac (af'-r:>-DIZ'-<ee-ak'), from Aphrodite; the Greek god.
de,s or love ana beauiy.
Aphr{)dlsinc is an adjective as weU as a n'Oun, but a longer ad-
jcc,ive form, at,J,rodlsiacal (al'·r>*ZI'.,-k:,I), is also u.seli.
A bibliophile (BIB'-lcc-o,,fll'') is one who loves bool<s as coUectl-
bles, iflmirln8 their binding, (ypography, illustrations, rari1y,
c1c.-in sl!'O'rt,. a book collector. Tbe combining root is Greek
bib/ion, book.
An Anglophile (ANO'•gl,..m') adwi~ and is fond of I.be Drit·
ish ,people, customs, cohure, etc. Tbe combining root is Latin
Ang/us, English.
encel study. Srx;ius ls the source or such common words as astoel-
at~, ~ial, S<!__c:ali.te, soci~ty, :rocia_b le, aod antisocial; as well as
as°':'al (oy-So -shal), which combines I.be negative preflX ti· with
SOCIUS.
The antisocial person actively dislikes people, and often be-
haves in ways Iha, are dclrimental or destructive 10 society or me
social order (anti-, agairu.1).
On the other hand, so~one who ls a.rvcial is wilhdrawn and
~clf:"cntered, avoids coolact with others, and feels completely
ind.1llerc-nt to tltc mtcrests or welfare of society. The asocial per-
son doesn 't wa111 to "get involved."

5. words ond how they offect people

The semanticiSl is profcssioDaJly in\'o1ved in semamics (s~
MJ,N'-tiks). The adjeciivc js semruttic (s.>MAN'-tik) or seman•
rical (s.>·MAN'·t:>-kol).
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
Senutnlics, like orthopedics, pedlatrks, and obstetrics, is a sin~
gularnoun despite (he-s en.ding. Semantics is, not are, an eiciting
PRE FIX, ROO'l' MEANING £ NCt1S1f WOJtO
snxly. However. this rule applies only when we refer to the word
as a -science or area of study. In the,, Collo\\fog sentence, semoniic1 ) . ~If- in
' lS used. as a plufal: ''The semanlic1 of your thinking art all 2. tome 3 CUiling
w,rong." 3. in- in
·Two sllmulaling and highly readable books on lhe subject, well 4. sectus cut
worlh a visi, 10 lhe library 10 pick up, are Language in Thought S. kt,Ur.()n center
Qnd Actio11, by S. I. Hayakawa, and Peo11le i11 Quandaries, by Dr. (Cffllnun)
Wendell Johnson. 6. Q• not, ..oegative
7. ana- up
8. dicluJ,. in two
9. epi- 00 1 upon
6. how people liY• 10. logo., word, speech
The protession of the sociologist is socfo/ogy (53'-shee-OL'-~ I I. lingua tongue
jee or SO-see--OL'...l-jce). Can )'OU write, and pronounce, the ad- 12. philein t.o Jove
13. sophos wise
jective?------- - -- - ·
Scciology ls built on Latin .rocius, companion,* plus logos, sci· 14. adelp.ht)s brother
I5. bib/i()'n book
* Compo11lon ll$tlf b:a.s aa interesting et)'Molo;:y- l.a.tin com•, ~;t!J, phli 16. Anglus English
bread. U you are sodat, you enjo}' bnakiog bread with compa.nJoOS-
pc11IJ,
Pa111"\ also eorne, Jrom pariu, thouC,b. far mor~ th&.n bread b stored thtto. 17. sociu.s ct1mpanion
18, anJi- aga.insl
13~
" 133
.,
 1. semantic S:>-MAN'-tik
a. .semaniical so-MAN'-1:>-bl
USING THE WORDS
9. sociology S6'-$b~L'-:>-jec or
56'-see-OL'o>-jee
10. sociological 36'-sbee.::,.LO,'.::,.bl or
Con you pronounce the words? U)
slY-seo-:,.LOJ'.::,.bl
I. entomology en'-t:>-MOL'-a-jee II. asocial ay..so'-shol
2. tntomologieal eo'·t>m>LOJ'.::,.lcol
3. eccentric >lc-SEN'·tdk
4. eccenlridry ;k'~~o-TRIS"·>tee Can you work with the wo,ds? (II
S. aJom A'l"/401 I. eotomology
6. ai(Jf1iic >TOM'·ik a. physical structure
2. ec:centricity b. summary; representation of
7. ll/lillomy ::,.NAT'+mee
8. onaJomktJJ ao'-<>-TOM'.::,.bl the whole
3. anatomy c. science of the meaniop and
9. to= TOM
I 0. dichotomy dl-KOT'.::,.mce effects of words
4. d:ichotomy d. linguistics
II. dkhotomous d!-KOT'-o-mos S. epitome
I 2. dichotomize di-KOT',.._miz' c. science dealing with insects
6. philology t science of social structures
andcustonu
Con you pronounce the words? {U) 7. semantics g. charitable worlc:s
1. epitome >PIT'-o-mce 8. sociology b. that which causes sexual
2. tpiwmi<e o-Pll"·>miz' arousal
3. philology fo-LOL'·>Jee 9. aphrodisiac i. stranpne-.$s; oddness; uncon-
4. philological. Iii'.::,.LOJ'.::,.kol ventionality
s.linguistic, ling-GWIS'- tiks JO. pb.ilanthropy j , condition or state of being
6. philanlhropy f>LAN'·lhr>pce split io to two parts
7. phJlanlhropisl (o-1.AN'-lhr>.plst
8. philanthropic fif-on-THROP'-il: KEY: 1-e, 2-i, 3-a, 4-j, 5- b, 6--<1, 7-c, 8-f, 9- h, 10-i!
9. plularuJer t ..l.AN'-dar
JO. phl/Jlll4trer f>I..AN'-dar-or

Co.n you work with the WOrds? (II)

Can you pron0<,nce the wotds? {1111
I. dic:botomir.e a. dull, heavy book
l. philttr Fil/-ta
2.. epftom.ir.e b. love potion; aphrodisi~c
2. ophrodisiac af'-r>DIZ'-ee-ak'
3. philander c. pertaining · to tbe study of
3. aphrodl.tiacol af'-ro-do-ZI' ·o-kol
4. bibliophile Blll'-lee-o-flY language
4. philter d. one food of BritW, people,
S. Anglophile ANG'·al.>fll'
6. ,ematllics sa-MAN'•.tiks customs. etc.
I JA 135
5. bil>liophile e . pertaining to the science of
group cultures, conventions, Can you recall th• words?
~tc. l . .,__ _ __ _
L to split in two 1. pertaining to the study of social
~- Anglophile customs (adj.)
7. osocinl g. wi1bdrawn Crom contact with
2. pertaining to the psychological
people
h. book oollector effects of words (ad/.)
8. tome 3. lover and collector of boob 3. ..,__ __ _ _
9. philological i to summarize 4. P_ _ _ _ _
j. to engage in ex:tramarital se,; 4 . make love prollllscuously
l 0. sociologjcal S. pertaining to the science of S.P_ _ _ _ _
linguistics (adj.)
6. pertaining 10 !be s tudy of 6, .....__ __ __
l(EY: l..f. l - i, 3- i, 4-b, 5-h, 6-d, 7-g, 8-a, 9-c, 10~
insects (adj.)
7. oae who admires British 7. " - - - -- -
customs
8. smallest particle, s<Kalled s. ...____ _
9. pertnining to the structure of a 9.
Do Y04J understand th9 wo,d,? body ( adj.)
NO 10. a dull, heavy book 10.-r_ _ __ _
l. Is a philanderer likely to be faithful to a YES
l I . split in two (adj.) 11.0,_ _ __ _
spouse? 12. to split in two 12.D,_ __ _ _
2. Did Dr. Jekyll-Mr. flyde lead a YllS NO
l 3. n condensation., summary, or 13. .,___ _ __ _
dichotomous existence?
YES NO representation of the whole
3. ls an egoist the epitome of selJ\shness? 14. .,__ __ __
YES )'0 14. to staod for the wltole· to
4. ls a philanthropist antisocial? swnmari:ze •
S . .1$ an aphrodisiac intended to re<luce YES 1<0
1S. penainlng to cl:larilable 15. p _ ____,_ _
sexual interest?
YES NO activities (adj.)
6. Is a bibliophile's chief aim the
16. out of the nonn; odd 16. c...._ __ _ _
enjoyment of lltera111te? 17.P_ _ _ _ _
YES NO 17, one vrbo "plays around~
7. Docs a philolosisnmderstand
18. arousing sexual desire (adj.) 18. ,.,___ __ __
ct:ymolo!l)'?
8. Is a semanticist interested in more than YES )10 or
-19. se:iencc of the n,anncr in whlcb !_9 • .,__ __ __
the dictionary meanin~ of words?
YES NO groups function
9. ls an asocial person interested lo 20. ,.__ __ __
20. sell-isolated from contact with
improwig social conditions?
\"ES NO people
l 0. Is a light novel considered n tome?

ICEY·· 1--.vo:'o
•-' Iogica,
· I 2-=antic or semantical, 3-bibliophile,
KEY: 1-no, 2- ycs, 3-yes, 4-no, S-no. ~ no, 7-yes, S-yes,
4-phiiander, 5-philological, kntomological. ?- Anglo-
9-no, 10-no phile, 8-atom. 9-anatomical, 10-tomo, It-dichotomous,
136 137
 12--<licbotomize, 13--epitome, 14-q>itomize, lS--phllan- 3.
thropic, 16-eccenlric, 17-philudcru, IS-aphrodisiac o,
IISJr()Jt as1ronomy
4. nautu a,ltOO&Ut
aphmlisi•cal, l~oloSY, 20-uocial S. nomos metronome
6. autos autoDomy
1. gt (g<,<>-) g,iology
8. gr,aphdn bios,aphy
9. opJi.r, oplikos autopsy
JO. zt>/011 zodiac
A, Do yo• 1 _.,ae tt,• _,d,? JI. lome entomology
12. stctus imect
I. Studeot of Ille stam and other hoaYcnly paeoomcna: (a) gc- 13. lingua liqguistka
olop. (b) utn,nomer, (c) anthropologist 14. p/,;/dn philanthropy
2. Studeat of plan1 life: (a) botanist, (b) wologl&t, (c) biol<>- IS. soplws philosophy
&ist 16. bib/ion b,1,liopb.il&
3. Student of insect life: (a) sociologist, (b) entomologist, (c) 17. Anglu, Anglopliik
etymologist 18. Socius toelo!-Ogy
4. Student of the moanlng and psychology of words: (a) philol- 19. logos biology
ogist, (1>) semanticist, (c) etymologist 20. bios biopsy
S. Analysis of living tissue: (a) autopsy, (b) biopsy, (c} au-
tooomy
6. That wbidn,rouscs scJUal cksire: (a) zodiac, (b) bibli<>- KEY: 1-maoJclnd, ~word, s ~ 3 - , 4-sailor, 5-law, order,
pblle, (C) aphrodime . arrangement, 6--d, 7-urth, &-to wme, 9-vle'II', ~
7. Self-go-.uning: (a) autobiographical, (b) aut011omo119, (c) sight, 10-animal, 11__. C\IUlng, 12-<ut, 1:kongue, 14-to
didlotolllOUS lo,c, IS-wise, 16-book, 17-Engli51t, 18-<:ompanion.
8. Part that represeolS the whole: (a) epitome, (b) dicholomy, 19-<!Cience, study, 20-life ·
( C) mdronOfflC
9. One who pby>IQ,l!y travels in space: (a} astronomer, (b) as·
trologer, (c) astrooaut
10, On• who 1w extnima.rital aff:airs: (a) cosmonaut, (b) lUSBt QUESTION FOR THE AMATl:UR EIYMOlOGIST
pbilandem-, (c} philanthropist
I. Recalling the root sophos, wise, and ;binklng of the Engli,b
won! moron, write lhe name given to a second-year student in
KEY: l.a.b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-c, 7-b, k !k, 10-b high school or coUegc: _ _ __ _ _ __ __ Elyln(>-
logicaJly, what does thi!J won! mean? _ __ _ _ _ _ __
2. Based on the root scphos, what word means wor/4/y•wiu?
8. Ccn you r.c:o;nin roots?
P-OO't MliNlNG BXAMl'Ll! 3. Thinking of bibliophllt, define bib/lo,-,/«: _ _ _ __
I. anthropo, anthropology
2.1<>,o, philology
138 , 139
 4. These three \YOrds., based on lingua, to.ngue, use prefixes we
bave discussed. Can you define each one? bad an idea-and had to co.in a whole new vocabula,y to make
bls idea clea.r to the world. Those who arc familiar wilh Freud's
(a) monolingual - ---------
( b) ·bilingual theories koqw all Che words that tirpfain them-the unconscious,
( C) trilingual the eko. the id. the .superego, raJio,wlizaiion, Oedipus complex,
and so on. SpUtting the atom was once a new ldra-anyooe famil-
Can you, now, goes., at the rManing of multilingual? - - - -
iar with it knew something about fis;iot1, isotope, radioactive,
cyclotron, etc.
Remember this: your vocabulacy indicates the alenness and
How about linguist? - - - - - -- - - -- - --
rang.a o! your mind. The words you know show the ~ent of your
What do you suppose the Latin root multus means? - - - - underatanding of what's going on io the world. The size of your
- - -- - - - · - (Think rl. multitude.) vocabula,y varies clin:ctly with the degree to which you are grow-
ing intellectually.
5, With Anglcphile as your model, can you figure out ~hat
You have covered so far in this book severnl hundred worrls.
country and its people, eu>tOlllS, OIC. each O.I the following admues?
(a) Francophile Having learned these words, you have begun to lhink of an equal
(b) Russophilo numbec of new ideas. A new word is not just another pattern of
( c) Hispanophile S)lllables with whlch lo clutter up your mind-a new word ls a
(d) Gennanophilc new idea to help you think, to help yo11 undcratand the tboogbts
(e) Nippooopbile o! o,tJiers, to help you express your own thougbis, to help you live
a ticlier JntelloctuaJ life.
( f) Sinophile
6. Using roots you tiave teamed, and with bibliophile as your R~lizing these facts, you may bcCOl)Je impatient. You will
begin to doubt that a book like this can cover all the ideas that au
modd, can you construct a word lor:
alert and .intellec.tually matu,e adult wisb.e, to be aequainted with.
(a) one who loves males: Your doubt is wcll-!ounded.
(b) one who love, women:
(c) one who loves children: Otto of the cblel pllIJ)Oses of this book is lo get you started, to
(d) one who loves animals: give ·you enough of a push so that you wiU begin to gather
(c) ooe wbo loves plants: momc:otum, to stimulate you enough so that you will want to start
gatbmog your own id=
(Answers in Chapter 18) Where can you gather them? From good books oo new topics.
How can you gather tMm1 By reading on a "ide range of 11ew
subjects.
Reference has repeatedly be<o made 10 psychology, psychiatry,
and psychoanalyse< in these pages. Ir your curiosity bas been
WHEII.E TO GET NEW IDEAS piqued by these. references, here is a good place lO start. In these
fields there is a tremendous and exciting lilerarure-and you can
Pe<>plc with superio, vocabularies, I have submiUed, arc the read as widely and as deeply as you wish.
people with ideas. 'the words they know are verbal symbols ot the What I would like to do is offer • few suggestions as to where
ideas they are familiar with-reduce one and you must reduce tl>e you might profitably begu,--1,ow far you io will depend on your
other, for ideas cannot exist without verbalization. Freud once owri interest.
140
141
 d :r.en older books (older, but still ln)-
1 suggest, first, halfd a o letely valid) available at any large
mensely valuable an comp
public library· .
The Human Mind, by Karl A. Menrunger
Mind and Body, by Fland~ Dunbar
The Mind in Action, by Enc~: d E Hinsie
Undenfandab/e Psychiatry, by an / · . by Sigmund Freud
A General lntroducJion to Psychoana yst English and
Emotional Problems of Living, by 0. purgeon ----Brief Intermission Four'----
Gerald H, J. Pearson .
f the newer approaches 10 psy-
Next, I suggest booksilobnl ~m~-~=-nsive paperback editions as
chology. These are avn a e in =-·r- HOW TO A VOID BEING A PURIST
well as at your local library. • Ph.D
I Ain't Well- But 1 Sure Am Better, by Jess Lair, •
The Disowned Self, by Nathaniel Brandon_ •
A Primer oJ Behavioral Psyclrology, by A~laide Bry
• OK You're OK by Thomas A. Hams, M.D.
~:edo,;-/0 Be and Man tlte Manipulator, by Everett L. Shos- Li[e, as you no doubt reallu, is complicated enough these days.
Yet puristic textbooks and English teachers "'ith puristic ideas are

~;.;:;i:~~:p~;',!;~
Alexander Lowen, M.D.
:::;:,:;1-Z;nguage of th• Body, by
The Transparent Self, by Sydney M. I~urari by Herbert Fen-
Don't Say Yes When You Want IQ ay o,
sterbeim and Jean Baer . In truth, many of the Conner restrictions and "thou shalt nots"
Gestalt Therapy V abatitn, by Frndenck S. Perls_ _,
Bom /() Win, by Muriel James and Dornt!'y Ion""";;';
Joy and Here Comes Everybody, by ~Uiarn C. Scl1
The Fif1y-Mlnute El<Jur, by Robert Lmdner
(End of Sus/on 13)
striving to make it still more complicated. Their contribution to
tho complexity of modern living is the repeated claim that many
of the natural, carefree, and popular expressions that most of us
use every day are •·bad English." "incorrect grammar,U "vulgar,''
or 11itlitcrate."
of academic grammar are now outmoded-most educated speak-
ers quite simply ignore them.
Students in my grammar classes at RJo Hondo College are
somewhat nonpluscd when tltey discover that correctness is not
determined by textbook rules and cunot be enforced by school-
teacher edict. They invariably ask: !'Aren't you going to draw the
line somewhere?"
lt is neither necessary nor possible for any one person to '"draw
the line." That is done-and quite ctlectively-by tbe people
themselves, by the millions of educated people throughout the na-
tion.
or course certain ex-press.ions l'llay be considered "im:orrecr• or
~.mite.rate" or "bad grammar"-not because they violate poristi_c

143
rules, bu l onIY '--ausc
.,.,. they are rarely ,'[ ever os.ed b•, educated usage without qualification. Of lwclve dictionary editors, eleven
accepted further, and in the case of the autho~, tbirteeri out of
. ed b cu.mnt educated usage.
speakers. .
Correctness, in shoit, IS deter:mmtrenl in roodero u.~ge are in· twen'ty-tliree accepted the word as used. A professor of English at
Cornell Uoivenity remarked: "I know of no justilicatlon for any
The following notes oo cu.uent. . about ccnain controversial
tcoded to help you come to a :eas:cc pay particular attention presc.nt-day dlstinction ~tween further and /arthe,"; and , con-
sulting editor o! lhe Funk and Wognan, dictionary said, "There ls
expressions. As you read ea~ ';';:,es the usage square with your
to the italicized word or wo sd •ou bo willing to pnrase yo".' nothing controvcl'Sial here. As applied 10 spatial di~rnncc. further
and /orrhcr have long been interchan~ble"
own lan~age pattefllS7 Wo~ 6ccide whether Ille sentence. JS
Perhaps the comment of n noted author and columnist is most
u,ougbl$ tn Jtl'l such term. pare your conclusions wi01 the op,o-
"rigbc'· or ~Di," tben c:om to the point: ''I like both /ur1hcr and far/her, as I have never been
ion-s given after tl1e le.~t~ able to tell ,.,bich is which or why one is any farther or further
than !!he other."
2. Some people admit dial their principle goal in life is to become
wealthy.
TEST YOURSELF WRONG. In speech, you c:io get pdru:ipal and principle con-
R.lGITT WRONG fused as often as yo11 like, and no one will e•er know tho
1. Let's not walk any /ur1/Jer ~ght ~w./e WR.ONG difference-both words arc pronounced identicllll}. In writing,
IUOITT"
2 Some people admit that their pnncfp however, your spelling will gh-e you away.
. g0al in life is to become wealthy. WRONG There is a simple memory trick that will help you ii you get into
lllGHT
3. What a 11ice thing to say! WRONG trouble with these two words. Rule and principle both end in
RlGitl'
4 . He's pretty sick today. JUOHT WRONO -le-1tod • principle- is 11 rJle. On tho other band, prmdpal con-
5 I feel awful/~ sick. 1'JGHT WRO~O tains an "· and so docs main-and principal means main Oct
6: Are you golngto iuvite Doris Mi,d l to these points stroight and yoor confusion is over.
your party? Heads of schools nre called prindpab, becllu,e they nre the
main person in that iOSlilution ot leamfag. TJ,e- ltlODCy yoil have
1. Let's not walk any further right no;, professional gninmari· in the bank is your principal, your main finnllCiAJ assets. And th<
I\IG!IT, In the oine':C°nlh; " ~ ~ a r , an artificial dlstine· stars ct a play are principals-tho main acto,g,
ans aucmpted to Latinlze ngllsb d fu tho to wit· farther refers Thia, "Some peoplo admit that their principal (mail\) goal in
tion was drawn between farther ':er ,;tent' or adtlitlonal. Today, life ·1s to bewoie wealthy," but "Such a principle (rule) is not
10 space, further means "' • gre still under the lorbldding in- guaranteed to lead to bappine,,~.·
as a result, rnany teachen who.: t"ons insist that it is Incorrect 3. What a nice tiling to say!
fluonce ol nineteenth-ctntury re c l
IUGBT. Purists object to the pnpula, use of r.ice tts a synonym
to use one word for tho other. d •.:. dlstinctlon I sent for pleasant, ac,ecable, or deligh1/lll. They wish 10 restrict tl:ie
ont attitudes towar "= '
To check on curr b of clictionary editors, authors, ,..Ord fo its older and more erudite meaning of exczct or subtle.
th• test sentence above_ to a ni:,m..;,: !heir opinion of tbe acceplll- You will be happy to hear that they area't gening anywbcro.
and professor; of English, req ~ distance Sixty out of eigbty· When I polled a gronp or well-known authors on the accept-
bility of /urther in ieletence t_o~c f those resp~nding, accepted tho
seven profes.sors, over twO thlf o ability in everyday speecb or the popular mcnning of nice, their

145
opinions were unanimous; not a single dissenting voice, out of the 6. Are you going to invi1c Doris and / to your po.rt ?
twenty-three authors who answered, was raised agaiost the usage. WRONC. Some people are almost in- • . Y
One writer responded: "It has been rigbt for about l 50 years noun / in construclfons like th' esrsttbly drawn ro the pro-
.. . · is one. However
use o~ / violate a valid and usefuJ
t nJ
, _no o .y ~oes such
more unportant, it is rarely heard • ;;ammaucal pnne,ple, but,
Editors of magazines and newspaper> questiooed on the same
point were just a shade more conservative. Sixty out of sixty-nine ing o f the semence is equally ~ . m ucated speech. The mean>
· ~ ar oo matter hich I
accepted the usage. One editor commented: "I think we do not pronoun ts employed of eours b w orro of the
choice, may1ligmat~ the s ~ ut the use of /, the less popular
have to be nice about nice any longer. No one can eradicate it Consider it this w • pea er as uneducated.
lrom popular spe«h as a synonym fo r pleasa11t, or enjoyable, o, . . ay. You wouJd normally ..
/tilld, or courteo•s. II is a workhorse of the vocabulary, and prop- to 1nv11e me to your party?" It . . say, Are you going
uAre you going to inviteD~ris aowod uldtbe v.•iser. therefore, to say>
cr]y so.n me O your party?t1
The only valid objeotion to the won! is that it is ()Verworked by
some people, but this shows a weakness in vocabulary rather than
in grammar.
"4 in the famous story of the editor who said to her secretary:
0
There are two words I wish you would stop using so much. One
is 'nice' and the other is 'lousy."'
0 Okay," said the secretaty. who was eager to please. "What are
they?''
4. He's pretty sick today.
R<OHT. One of the purist's pet targelS of attack is the word
pretty as used in the sentence under discussion. Yet all modem
dictionaries accept such nse of pretty, and a survey made by a
professor at the University of W,seonsin showed that 1be usage is
established English. ·
5, I feel awfully sick.
RIGKT. Dictionaries acccpL this 053.ge in informal speech and
lhe University of Wiseonsin survey showed that it is established
English.
Toe great popularity of awfully in educated speech is no doubt
due io the strong and unlque emphasis Iha! the word gives to an
adjectlvc-substitut·e very, quite. extremely. or severely and you
considerably weaken lhc foixe.
On the other hand, it is somewbat less than cultivated to say "l
feel awful sick," and the wisdom of using awfully to intensify •
pleasant concept ("What an awfully pretl)' child"; ''Jbat book is
awfully interesting"} is perhaps still debatable, though ptting less
and less so as the years go on.
1461
147
 7 SESSION 14

HOW TO TALK
ABOUT LIARS AND LYING It w as the famous Greek philosopher and cynfo Diogenes who
wem a,ound the streets of Athens, lamem jn band, lookiog for an
(Sessions 14-17) honest person.
T.his was ovcc two thousand yea.rs ago, but I presume that
Diogenes would have as linle success ,in his search today. Lying
seem; to be an integral weakness of mortal character-I doubt
Iha! few human beings woald be, so brast, OS to claim that Ibey
have ncvtr fo their Jives told at feast a partial untruth. Indetd, one
TE"5f R PREVIEW philologist goes so far as to theoriz.e thac language must have been
inven ied for the sol.e purpose of deception. Perhaps so. It is cer-
tainly true that animals seem somewhal more bones! than humans,
Wh t kind of liar ore you If you: ronyoe because they are less gifted mentally.
a ocd? Why do people tie? To increase their sense or importance, to es-
• have developed a reputationfor /alsth
cape punishment, to gaiJt ~n end !bat would otherwise be denied
• are particularly skillful?
them, ouc of loog•standing habit, or sometime.~ because they acfu.
• cannot be re/or~d? ally do not know the dil!erence between fact and fancy. These are
become habituat"Cd to your vice? the common reasons tor falsification. No doubt there are other,
• have: · b. t/1
• :1ar1ed to Ue from the momem of your " ,. fairly unique, motives Chae impel people to distorl U1e truth. And,
to oome right down to it, can we aJways be certain what is true
• always lie? and what is (alse?
• camrot disringuJsk fact from fancy? If lying is a prevalent and a 1J-too-l1uman pheno.menon, there
• suffer no pangs oJ conscience? . woulcl of course be a number of interesting words to descr~be
different types of liars.
• tue suspiciously smooth. and fluent in your lymg?
Let us pretend (not 10 get personal, but only 10 help you be-
• tell vicious lies? come personalty lnvolved in the ideas and words) that you are a
liar.
'rbe question is, whac kind of liar art you?
•
148 14'
 5. en oorly slc,t
IDEAS
Y® Ihave such a long history of persistent falsification that one
cao on y suspect lhat your vice started when you were reposing .
1. you don't fool even som~ of the p~ople
~~: ~other's ~mb. To other words, and allowing for a gr-e:i
E""rybody knows your propensity (or avoiding facts. You have o exaggerah,On for effect, you have been Jying from th
built so solid and unsavory a reputation that only a str11nget is memt of your binh. e mo·
likely 10 be misled- and lhen, not for long.
A congt.nilal liar
A nowriou..'i liar

6. no letup
2. to the highest summits of octhtry f Yo~ never stop lying. While normal people lie on oocasion and
Your ability is top-drawer-rarely does a.nyonc lie as con'linc- ;v~en,;r spetly
c,al lC850ns, you lie continually-not occasionally or
ingly or as artistically as you do. Your skill has, in short, reacbed n quen , but ovec and ovet.
the :zenith of perfection. Indeed, your mastery of the an is so great A chronic liar
lhat your lying is almost always crowned with success-and you
have no trouble seducing an unwary listener into believing lhat
7. a shongo disease
you are telling gospel truth.
A consummate liar You nrc not concerned with the dift'e-rcnee between truth and
falsehood; you ~o not bother to distinguish fact from lantas 1n
fact~ your Jyu,g ts a disease that no antibiotic can cure. y.
3: beyond redemption or 1c.lvol1on A pa,/IQ/ogical liar
You aro impervious to correction. Often as you may be caught
in your labrications, there is no reforming yon-you go rigbt only-
ing de!pite the punishment, embarrassment, or unhappiness that 8. no~rets
your distortions of truth may bring upon you. You are
D1isc: . . withou t a consc1.•ence. No matter what
. . complculy
Ao incorrigible liar ry your fabnca11ons may cau.se your innocent . .
~dfcel the slightest twinge of gull1. Totally urucr:;,::; ;~:
a angcrous person to get mixed up with. '
A. too o4d to feorn new Irides
An uncon.scionablt liar
You are the victim of firmly fixed and deep-rooted habits. Tell-
iog untruths is as frequent and cus1omary an activity as brushing
your teeth i.o the morning. or having toast and coffee (or breal:- 9, ,moo1111
fast. or lighting up a cigarette a&r dinner (ii you are a smoker) , , Pos&C$Sed of a lively imagination and a .read to e
And almO$t as reflexive. di.to.rt !acts a$ smoothly aod as effonlessly as ~ou":,• ~ou ;:an
An inve.terau liat ,,._, But you do not always get away with your lies. y y ur
' 150 151
 Ironically enough, it is your very smoothness that makes yo~ 6. chronic over and over
suspect: your answers are too quick to be true. Even if we c-.an t 7. p9thologica/ an irresistible compt,lsion to lie--0.ftcn
illllllcdiately catch you in your lies, we bav,, learned from unhappy foe no rational reason; lying is a disease
past experiene¢ not to suspend our critical faculties when you _are 8. unconscionable l.ack of regret or remorse
ta!ldog. We admire your 11\mble wit, but we listen with a skepucal 9. glib great sm(J()thnes1
car. I 0. egregiou: viciousness of the lies
A glib liar

TI!eS& ten expressive adjec:tives, needless to say, aro not re-

10. outstonding! stricted to lying or liars. Noto their general meanings:
Lies, after all, are bad-they are ltequcoUy injurious to other 1. notorious wcll-lcnown tor some bad quality-a
people, and may have a particularly dangerous effect on yon as a notorious philanderer
liar. At best, if you are caught you suffer some embarrassment At 2. consummate perlcct, bighly ski1 lcd-con.rummate
worst, if you succeed in your deception your ch.aro~ter becomes anistry at the keyboard
warped and your sense ot values sutfers. Almost all lies e.ce narm- 3. i11corrigible beyond reform-an incorrigible
ful· some are no less than vicious. optimist
it you are one type of liar, all your ~es are. ~ous-<:alcu- 4. inveterate long-accustomed, deeply habituated-
fatedly, predeterminedly, _coldly, and advisedly VICIOUS. _In
your lies are so outstandingly hurtful that people &8$1> m am
sh:: an inveterate smoker ( this adjeetive,
like notorious, usually has an unfavor-
mcnt and disgust at hearing them. able connotation)
An egrcfin!" liar S. congenital happening at or during birth-a
cong,nital deformity
6. chronic going on for a to,,g time, or occurring
In this chapter the ten basic words revolve 111ther closely nround
•pin and again-chronic appendicitis
7. pathologi'cal diseased-<i pathological condifion
a central co.to.. Baoh one, however, has a distinct. a unique mean· 8. .unconscionable without P8Jl&'i of consclenee--rmcon-
ing, a special implica000- Note the differences. scionable cruelty to cb.ild,en
9. glib smootll, suspiciou.sly fluent- a glib
TYPB OP UAR SPECIAL IMPLtCATlON witness
famQUS--0r 111/mnou.r-for lying; 10. egregio11S outst:uidingly bad or vicious--ao
l. no10110us
ttndency to falsify is well-known egregiouJ error
2. consummate great skill
3. itrcorrigibl• too rar gone to be reform,d-
impervior.tS to rehabilitation . W31b lbe exception of con.summtde and congenital, all ten ad--
4. invt.terate lying bas become a deep-rooted hab11• jcctives bave strongly derogatory implications and are generally
S. congenitpl _, beg,n,-..,.---
lying had very tunY . ·'-··--"• 1! .used to descnbe peop.fe, characteristics, or conditions we disap-
f,om birth prove of.

152 153
 Do you understand the wotds?

USING 'IHE WORDS f. Do people become notorious for good ns NO

acts?
2. Is Beethoven considered a consummate YES NO
Con you pronounce the words?
musical genius?
1. notori'o,,s n-a-TAWR'-ec·:.s 3. lf n criminal is lrUly incorrifib/e, is YES NO
2. C(),UlUWtu.Jle kon-S1JM' -01 there any point in attempting
3. incorrigible in-KAWR'-o-jo-bol rebabilillltion?
4. inveterate in-VET'·~r;il 4. Does an inveterate smoker smoke only YISS NO
.S. congeni1t1l k;n-IEN'-'3-t-,1 occasionally?
6. chronic KRON'-ik 5. Is a congenital deformity one tbat
l'l!S NO
7. pathological path'-o-LOJ'•:>-bl occurs late in life?
8. WICOIISciOnoble un-KON' -•ho-no-bal 6. ls a chronic Invalid ill much ol lhc YES NO
9. glib GLIB time?
I 0. efrtgious o-OREE'-jas 7. Is a (1().thologicol condilion normal and YES NO
healthy?
8. If.a person commits an unconscionable Y£S NO
act of cruelly, is there any regret,
remorse, or guilt?
9. Is a glib talker awkward and hesitant in YES NO
speech?
Can you work with th. words? JO. Is an eyrefious error •ery bad'/ YES NO
l. notorious ,. beyond reform
2. co.nsummate b. continuing over a long pe-
riod of time; recuning
KEY, I- no, 2-yes, 3-no, 4-no, 5-no, 6--ycs, 7-o.o, 8--oo, 9-no,
10-yes
3. incorrig,llle c. diseased
4. inveterate d. from long-standing habit
S. congenital e. suspiciously smooth
6. chronic f. ',\1ithoot con-science or sero-
ples
7. pathological g. outstandingly bad or vicious
Con you recalf the words?
8. unconscionable h. unfavorably known
9. glib i. from birth 1: outstandingly vicious; so bad 1. r...._ _ _ __ _
JO. egregious j. fuiished, perlect, artistic as to be in a class by itself
2. $larting nt birth 2. ' - - - -- --
3. happening over and over again; 3, '-- - - -- -
JCBY: 1-h, 2-1, 3-a, 4--<l, 5- i, 6-h, 7-,;, 8-f, 9-c, 10-g coolinuing for a Joni time

15~ 155
4 . widely and unfavorobly known 4. N- -- - - - 5. The suspect answers the detective's questions easily, flue.otJy,
(as for antisocia.1 acts, almost too s moothly.
character we.skncsses, inun)oral 5. - -- - - -- - ---.,...responses
or unethical behW1ior, etc. 6. A person reaches the acme_ of perfection as an actress or
5. 1-- - -- actor.
5 beyond correction
6. smooth a.nd persuasiv~; . 6. 0 - - -- - 6. A - - -- -- - ----performer
. unusually. almost susp,e,ously, 1'. No one can change someone's absurdly TI>mantic attitude to-
ward life.
ftucnt .
7, tong addicted to a ~ab,t 7.
8. c__ _ __ 7. An-- - - - : ---:--:--:- - - romantic
8 perfect in the practice of an 8. A. mistake so bad tbatit defies description
. art; extremely skillful . 8. An__ _ __ __ _ __ _ blunder
9. unscrUpalous·, entirely without 9, U- -- -- 9. Drook almosl all the time, again and again and again-
conscience periods of sobriety are few and very, very far between
Jo. disease~ 10.P'-- --- 9. A - - - - -- - - -- - •lcobolic
IO. Doctors find a persistent, dangerous intection in the bladder
10. A _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ condition
. al, 3-chroruc 4-ootorious, 5-in-
KEY: 1-cgrcgious, 2~ogeni.t ,... &-co~surnmate, 9-uneon-
. 'ble, -o
comg1 "--•lib, 7-lnvetera..,,
.
scionable, IO-patholog1cal KEY: !-inveterate, 2-co.agenital, 3-n.o torious, 4---unconscionable,
5-glib, 6-consumma~, 7-i4corrlgible, 8-<gregious,
9--chronic, 10-pathological

Co.n you use lhe words? becoming more (End of S<.s.rion 14)
As a result of the tests you are tal:ing,bl yo:,;:nressive words.
•. ·th these ten vnlua • -..- th best
and more familiar WI · learning wtite the word at
Now as a further check on your '
' blank.
fit, caeb bled day in 8lld day ou~ !or as loog asd
I. This person bas gam ' bllng bas become a deep-rooto SESSION 15
anyone can rem.ernber-gant

babil. 1. An'=-- -- ----- - - - gambler

ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS
2 , Bora with a elub!oot deformity
2. A for etimlnal acts
3 Someone known the world over criminal 1. welt-known
. 3. A . . and tortnres without meccy, "Widely but unfavorably known" is the COlllmon definition for
4. An invading ermy kills, maims,
compunction, or reg,<I. acts of cruelly
notorious. Jus1 as a notoriaus liar is well-known for wtreliable
4. - -- - - -- 8tatc1Jlents. so a notorious gambler, a notorious thief, or a notori-
i56 157
 'd . ulation for some tonn or an-
'~" ~•• achieved • wi e repfety (no-to-Rl'->=
ou, .....er = . ••e) ·
tisocial behavior. The noun ,s_ noto~ known from which we also
The deriY11tion is from i:atinch n o 't·"'·u·c ~I so01• words that a 3. no heJp
get noted. 1t .as an .mt e ~ arac =w tiooal impact. Thus, an ad-
change of syl!lbles ~ alter th ~.::':.W speak of them as "nol<d
miter of certain b\l$1110SS executi • emles 'flill call them "noll>n·
Call people incorrigible (in-KA WR'-:,.j',>-~I) if they do any-
thing 10 exc~. and if aJI efforts to correct or reform them arc to
industrialists...~ these same ~ opleds e~ man's or a woman"s un• no avail. TI10s1 one can be an ittcorrigible ideatisr, an inconigible
ous exploiters... Simil' arly'. ii wo • 0 IDlCO a
complimentary tenn ·uuw.
""'l'ke·
' ~ ceiminal, 3ll Incorrigible optimis~ or an incor,iziblt philanderer.
worldlineiS, we refer to ti by i!t we describe lt, derogatively, as
but ii ..,., are annoyed by th~ ish',' and our emotional tone uoder-
Tbc word derives from Latin corrigo, to correct or set st_might,
plus che negative pre/ix in-. (T~is prefix, depending on the root it
cMdislt. Change "-b'ke" to . precedes, may be negative, may iotensify the root, as in inva(uable,
goes a complete roversaL or may mean in.)
The noun is incorrigibility (in-kawr-o-jo-BIL'-:,.lec) or, alter-
natively, incorrigibleness.

2 pl<tnl'( of roo"' at the !OP ,

. . . as you koow, the summ,1. 8
The top of a mountllll IS called, highest, which also gives us
word derived from Latin sumrn;:, ddition. A consummate artist
the mathematical tcon _sum, as intaof perlection; and to consum· 4. vote,an1
bas reached the very bigbest I'? a business deal, or a contract
Inveterate, from Latin vetu:s, old,• generally indicates disap-
mate (KON'-so-mayt') ~ m:':1:S:::e highest point; that is, to put proval.
ls, etymologically, to bring_ • . pletl.on.
tho final touohes to it, to bnngit 10 com (koo-SUM'~•t), the adjeo- lnveterau gamble,s have grown old in tho habi t, etymologically
n.nunmat• ( KON'-s>- speaking; invereratt drinkers have been UDbibin, for so long that
(Note bow diJkreotly consummate
live, ls pronoun= ·-~ from the verb to co they, too, have formed old, well-established habits; and inveurate_
lian have been lying !or so Ion& and their habits are by now so
mayt')], from adjecti- by tho addition of the noun deep-rooted, that one can scarcely remember (the word Implies)
Noons arc formed . ',npl,,......tmpltness; envlo,,,_,.. when they ever told the truth.
suffix .ness: swea-,.rwee.tness. II ' .
The noun is inveuraey (in-VET...:tr.g-see) or invetera1enelS.
viousnus; etc., altcmate noun fonns, and the
A veuron (VET'-o-ran), as or the Armed Forces, grew okkr
M8lly adjectives, ~ver, ~·;:m To make a noun out of co'!"
seNing !be countty; otherwise a veteran is an old hand at the
adjective consummate IS one o . ;,,nsummateness (kan-SUM •
d either -ness or -<JCJ', game (and therefore skillful). The word is both a noun and an
summate, ad SUM' ;.-see). adjective: a vete.ran at ( or in) swim min& tennis, police work,
ot-n:,s) or consummocY ~k•n: bly :~~ on the noun suffix -ion to
..a:- in ~te mvana __,,.,_ bus:iness, negotiations, diplomacy--or a Vtteran actor, teacher,
Verbs enwug . n· ,valu(11t-,,oluatlon; etc. diplomat, political reformer.
form nowis: create creat,o ' the vett, to consummate?
can you write the nouo form ol • Lalin st.n1xi source of 11,u·t~ and ltMJCtnt, alto. )'OU will reca.U. meam
old. lo fn'l'~erate, In· meaos in; it it not the ne,,ative P'dx !om:1d in l1tcor-
rlgtble.

158 ! 159
.S. birth tEVJEW OF ETYMOLOGY
Greek gentsl1, bir1h or o rigin, a root we discovered ill discuss•
PREFIX, ROOT
ing p,-yc/wgenic (Chapter 5), is lhc souree of a great many llng• M.EANING ENGLISH WORD
t. notus known
lish words.
Genttics (p-NET'-iks) is lhe science lbat treats of lhe trans- 2. summus highest
3. corrigo to oomct, set
mission of hereditary chara<:!erlstics from pa~ts to oil.spring.
The scientist •-pecializing in the field is a geneticist (ja-,NBT'·> Straight
4 . vezus old
sist), the adjective is genetic (jo-NET'-jk) . The particle in lbe
5. senex old
chromosome of the germ cell containing n hereditary chatac-
6. genesis birth, origin
terlstic is a gene (JEEN). 1. logos
Genealogy (jeen'-ee-A.L'+jee) is the study of family tree.~ or science, srudy
8. in• negative prefix
ancestral origins (logo,, study). The practitioner is • genealogist
(jeen'-ee·AL'..,.jist). can you form the adjective?
- - - - -- -- - -- · (And can yon pronounce it?)
The gonital (GEN'-;>-t~). or s=al, orguns ace involved in the USING THE WORDS
process oi conception and birth. Tho genesis (IBN'-;>-sis) ol any·
lhlng--,a plan, idea, thought, career, etc. -is its beginning, birth, Can you pronoun~ the words?
or orlgl.n, and Genesis, tho lint book or iho Old Testament,
1. notoriety
describes the creation, or birth, of the universe. no-t>Rl'-•·tee
2 · 10 oon.rnmare (i,;)
Congenital is constructed by combining the prefix oon-. with or KON'-51>-n,;,yt'
3. CQflSUIIIIMCy
together , and the.root ,:,nesis, birth. kon-SUM•-<>-see
So a congenital defect,.deformity, condition, etc. occurs during 4. conswnm.a1ion kon'..o-J\,fAY'.,.h;n
the nin&-month birth process ( or period of gestation, to become S. i1tc0rrigl~ility in--kawt'-o-jo-DJL'-<>•tee
6. lnveieraey _in.VET"-0-l'Q-Se-e
technlcal). Htr<ditary (h1>-REO'-;>-tair'-cc) characteristics, on 7. vettran
the other hand, are acquired at the moment of conception. Thus, VEI"-1>-n,n
8. genetics
e:yc color, nose shape, hair texhue, and other suc.b qualities are jo-NET'-iks
9· teneticirt j~NET'-~sist
hereditary; they are determined by the genes in lbe germ cells of IO. g,netic
the mother and father. Dul a thalidomide baby resulted from the jo-NET'-ik
II. gene JEEN
use of tile drug by a pregnant woman, so the deformities were 12. gmealcgy
congenital. jee'•nee-Al,'-<>-jec
13. gentalogirt
Congenital is 11.sed both literally and figu111tively. Literally, the jc:c'-nee-Al.:-a-jist
14. G<ntalogical
word generally n,!ers to som.e medical deformity or nbnoanaUty iec'-oec....L01'-<>-kol
15. genital
I.EN'-;)-t•I
occurring during gesuition. F1gurntively, it wUdly exaggerates, for 16. geMSis JSN'...,.sis
effect, tho very .early e.lisienco of some quality: oongenital liar, 17. hereditary
h;-RED'~tair'-ce
congenital fear ot u,e dark, etc.

160
161
 6. When you consummate a dear, do you YES NO
back out of it?
Con yov wo,k wi1h the words? 7. ls a ~eteran actress long experienced at YES NO
a. state of 81'tistic height her art?
I. notoriety
2. tO consummate (v.) b. state of being long establlshed 8. Do genes determine heredity? YES NO
in a habit 9. Ts a genealogist lotcrcsted in your YES l<O
c. begjnning, origin family origins?
3. consummacy
4. incorrigibility d. science of heredity 10. Are the genital organs used in YES NO
e. bring to completion; top ofl reproduction?
5. inveteracy
6. genetics f. study of ancestry l I. Is the genesis of something the final YES NO
g. referring to cbaracteristlcs point?
7. genealogy
p8Ssed on to offsprinJ by par- 12. Are hereditary characteristics derived YES NO
cots from parents?
8. genital h. referring to reproduction, or
to the reproductive or sexWl! KEY: 1-yc:s, 2-yes, 3- no> ~yes, S-no, 6- no, 7- yes, 8-ycs,
organs
9-yes, 10-yes, 11- no, 1-2-yes
9. g,,nesis i. ill lame
JO. bercdita,y J. p8rtiCle that transmits hcre<l-
itary cbaracteristlcs
11. gene k. state of being beyond reform
or correction
Con you recall lh• words?
J. Q_ _ _ _ __
1. sexual; reproductive
KEY: 1-i, 2-e, 3--a, 4-k, >-I>, 6-<l, 7- 1, S-h, 9-c, 10-g, 1 l-j 2. to complete
2. N
3. '---
_ _-_
--__-
3. wide and unfavorable
reputation
4· particle in lhe chromosome of 4.G·- -- - -.=..
Do yov understand the wo,ds? a cell that transmits a
1. Does notorkty usually come to 110 characteristic from parent to
perpetrators of mass murders? offspring
2. ls the product of a consummately YES NO S. completion s. r_ _ ___ _
6.
skillful co11J1terfeiter likely to be tuken 6. inability to be reformed
1 · the !!Cicoce that deals wilh the 7. G,_ _ _ __
as genuine?
3. Is incorn'gibility in a criminal a sign NO transmission of characteristics
that rehabilitation is possible? from parents to children
YES NO 8. referring to a quality or 8.
4. Is a geneticist interested in your
parents' characteristics? chara<:tcristic that i.s inherited
Y1!S NO (adf.)
S. Does inveteracy suggest that a habit is 9.G_ _ __ _
9. beginning or origin
new?
162 1 163
10. studcnL of family roots or
to.,_.______
.or later. (The _p(elix ana- Jike a-, ls negative.) The adjective is
origins
a,,.achronous (<>-NAK'-r>n0$) or onachron;stic (o-11ak'-r>WS'·
11. height ohkill or artistry 11.--- -- - - tik}.
or
12. Q _ _ _ __ _ Wander aloog Fifty-nintb Street and Central Park in Manhattan
1'2. t-rans.mitted by here<li1y
some.Sunday. You will see horse-<tra"n carriages wilh tap-batted
13. quality of a habit that bas been 13. I-- - - - - -
established over many years Qr c:«tthrnco-a vestige of tbc lSOOs. Surrounded by twen tleth-cen-
14. y _ _ __ __ rury motorcans and modern skyscrapers, these romamic vehicles
J4. a person foog cs-periencc:d a1 u
profession, art, or busioess of a bygone era are anachrcmous.
15. pertJlining to a study of family, 15. G,_ _ _ _ __ . RClld a novel in which a scene is sup~y taltiog place io the
origins (adj.) Jl!lltleenth century and see one of too characters turning on a TV
seL An anachronism/
Your friend talks, thinks, dresses, and acts as if ho were living
KEY: t-ge-nit.al~ 2~onswnmatc, )- notoriety, 4- gcnc, 5-<;onsum- in the tim.e of Shakespeare. Another anachronism!
,nalion, 6-incocrigibility, ?-genetics, 8-hereditary, ?-gen- Science fiction is deHberately anachrotious-it deals with ph..
esis, 10-gcnealogist. 11~nsummacy or consummate.ncss, nomena, gadget,y, accomplishments far off (possibly) in the fo-
12- gencti~ 13- inveteracy or invctcratcncss_, 14-vcteran, ture.
15--gcoealogical An anachronism is out of timt; sometbing out of plac• is incon-
vuous (in-KONO'-gr(ll)-Qs), a word combining the negative
pre6x in-, the prefi.!: con,., with or together, and a Latin verb
meaning to agree or ="-'pond.
( End of Se:uion I 5)
Thus, it is inc<>ngruous to wear a sWeate( and slacks ta a formal
wedding:; it 1$ 12rwchronous to wear the wasp waist, conspicuous
bustle, or powdered wig of the eighteenth century. Th.e noon form
of incongnious is inco11gndty (in-bog-OROO'-<>-tco).
Chro,w/ogica/ {kroll-Q-LOJ'-<>-l«il), in comet limo order,
SF..§ION 16 oomos ftom ohronos. To tell a story chronologically ls to relate the
events in the time order of U1eit occurrence. Chrorwlogy (kro-
NOL'-~jco) is the science of tim& otdec and the accurate dating
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS of events (logos, science)-tho expert in th.is field is a chrono/-
ugln (kr.>-NOL'->jist)--01 a list of evenu in the time order in
which they have occurred o, will occut.
1. of lime 011d piece A chronometer (k:Q-NOM1 ·>t:ir}, combining chronos with met-
A chronic liar lies constantly, again and again and again: a ron, measurement, Is a bigb!y accurate timepiece, especially one
chrofUc invalid is iU time after time, frequently, repeatedly. The used on ships. Chronomerry (k~NOM'-:>-tree) Is the mea,ure-
derivation of the word Is Greek chronou, time. The noun focro Is mcnt of time-the adjective is chronometric (~n'-<>-MBT'-rik),
clironiclcy (krn-NlS'+tee). Add the prefix syn-, together, plus the verb suffix -;i,, to
An anachronism (:,..NAK1 ·ra-niz-;m) is soroeone or something chronos, _and -you have construcied l)!ndironi,:e (SJN'-kn>-niz') ,
0 111 of limo, out of date, belonging 10 a diJl:ereol era, either earlier Ct:j-moJogrcally to time t-0ge1her, or to move, happen, or cause to
happen, at the same lime or rate. If you and your frient:/ synchro-
164
165
 nize your watches, you se1 them at the s.ari:,e nn:i•· If you synchr!?:"
nize the activity or your arms and legs, as m swim.ming, you move
them at the same time or rate. The adjective is synchronou,
(SIN' -kro-nos) ; !he noun form of the verb synchronize is syn-
chronit(ltion. (sin'-UQ-n;,-ZAY'-sb.!n}.
2. diseos•, suffering, feeling
Pathological is diseased ( a pa1hological condition)-this mean-
ing of the word ignores the root logos. science, study. . likely to arouse sadness, sorrow, or pity.
Pathology (pa-THOL'~jce) is !he science or siudy of disease
-irs nature, ca,,sc, cure, etc. Ho\\•evez, an.other meaning of the
noun ignores logos, ~nd pathology may be any motbid,_diseased,
or abnormal physical condition or conditions; in sbon.. sunply dis-
ease, as in "This case involves so many kinds of pathology that
several different specialists are working on it."'
A palho/ogist (p,-THOL'-o-jist) is an expert who examines tis-
sue. often by autopsy or biopsy, to diagnose disease and i~terp~et
the abnormaliLies in such tissue that may be caused by .specific dis
ea~es.
Palhos occurs in some English words with t.bc additional mean-
ing or feeling. U you feel or suffer wirh someone, you are sympa-
theilc (sim-p:>-THET'-ik)-,ym- is a respelling before tbe letter P
o( the Greek prefu syn-, with or together. The nouo is sympathy
(SIM'-pa-thee), !he verb sympat/rize (SIM'-p:,-thiz). Husban~s,
fo r example, so the story goes, may have sympa1he1ic labor pains
when their wives are about to deliver.
The prefix anti~. you wilJ recall, means acaitJ.st. Il you experi-
ence antipathy (an-TJP'- Hhee) lo people or things, you feel
against them-you feel strong dislike- or hostility. The adjective- is
ami_pathetic (an.'-t>~THET'-ik) . as in '"an antipathetic reac-
tion 10 an authority figure.~
Bui you may have /!O feeling al all- just indiJ!erence, lack of
any inter~!, emotion, or response, conipletc lis!lessn0$$, espcciaUy
when some n:action is normal or expected. Then you are apaJ.henc
(ap->TilET'-ik); a-, as you know, is a negative prefu. The noun
is apathy (AP'-:>-!hce), as in voter apathy, student apathy, etc.
: 166
On the other hand, you may he so sensitive or perceptive that
you not only share the feelln8S of another, but you also identify
wi!h those feeling.'!, in fact eiperi= them yourself as ii momen-
tarily you were that other person. What you have, then, is em-
pathy (EM'-pa-thee ); you empathize (EM'-pa-thlz'), you are
empathetic (em-p:,-THET'-ik), or, to use an alternate adjective,
empadoic (em-PATH'-ik). Em- is a respelling before tho letter p
of !he Greek prefix en-, in.
Someone is pathetic (po-THET'-ik) who is obviously suffering
-such a person may arouse sympathy or pity (or perhaps an-
tipathy?) in you. A pathetic story is about suffering and, again, is
Some interesting research was done many years ago by Dr. J.B.
Rhine and his associates at Duke University on extrasensory per-
ception; you will find an interesting aax>unt of Rhine's work in bis
book The Reach of lhe Mind. What males it possible for two peo-
ple separated by miles of spaoe to commllllicate with each other
without recow:se to messenger, telephone, telegraph, or pc»tal
serviee? It can be done, say the believers in telepathy (to-LEP'-o-
!hee), also c,,Oed mental telepathy, though they /lo not yet admit
4
to knowing how. How can one person read the mind of another?
Simple-by being telepathic (tel•<>-PATH'- ik), but no one can
explain the chemistry or biology of it Telepathy is built 'by com-
bining pathos, feeling, with the prefu 1ele-, distance, the same
prefix we found in u/ephont, ttlegraph, telm:o~.
Telepathic (tel-:>-PATH'-ik) communicarion occurs when peo-
ple can feel each o!her's thoughts from a distance, when they have
ESP.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
l>REFI.X, ROOT,
SUFFIX MEANfNO ENOl.ISHWO'RD
1. chronos time
2. ana-. a- negative prefi>t
3. con- with, together
167
 sbn· p<>-'lrlET'-ik
4. sympathetic
s. zympmhiv: SIM'·p<>·tblz
negative prefix an-Tll"-<>-thee
4. in- 6. antipathy
s logo., science, study an' ..t3--pa-THEI"-ik
n1easurtmcnt 7. anrlpatlietic
6. mt!lfO!t AP'-<t-thCe
with\ l'Ogether 8. opailly
7. zyn-, sym- ap-3-TI3l!T'- ik
vorb suffi• 9. opathctic
. 8. -iu EM'-p<>-theo
9. pathos disease, suflerirtg, JO. empathy
11. empatllize
BM'-J>""thlx
reeling em-po-THBT'-ik
eg-ain.~t IZ. empath,tic
JO. onti- em-PATH'-ik
n. en-~em- in 13. empotllic
po-THE'l"-ik
)2. tcle- distance 14. pathetic
1:,-LEP'-o-lhee
l S. telepathy
16. 1elepatl1ic
te!'-:,-PATH'-ik

USING THE WORDS

Con you wotk wlth the words? lll
a. somethi.og, or state of being,
Con you pronounce Jhe words? (I} 1. chronicuy
out ol place
k:Jo-NIS'-..:.-tee b, timepiece; device that meas..
L chr<miclly ,-.NAK'..~olz-1;1m 2. a·nacbronism
2. anachr()ni \"1'1 urcs time very accurately
,-NAK'-r:>-DOS c. condition of continual OT re-
3 IJJIOChf(>rJOiU
.,.nak'-r,-NJS'-tik 3. incongruity peated,ecutrence
4. anachronisue
in-KONO'.gnlt,-"1 d. ect of occurring, or of caus-
5. irtcongruous in'-kong-GR®'-<>-tee 4. chronology
6. im:ongruiry ing tooceur, at the same time
kron'-<>-LOJ'-,-ko1 e. calendar of e,-ents in order
7. chro,wloglcol k:i?NOU-:,-jce S. chronometer
8. chro,wlogy of occurrence
ID:>-NOL'~jist r. somethins, or someone, out
9. chronologtft Jcn-NOM'-:,-tar 6. chronometry
10. chr<momerer of limo
t-r->-NOM'-o-tree g. measurement of ti.me
l I. chrmwmetry l<rOo'-;,-ME'l'"-rik 7. syncbroniz.1tion
12. chront>ntdrir h. a s))arillg or uoderstanding
Sl.N'- kt>n12' 8. pathology of another'• feeling
l3. ,ryuchronite sin'. .kf>n>'ZAY'-sh~n
14. synchronitarlo1t i. ESP; oommu~ation from a
SiN'-'kt::H13S !>. symp,tby
15. synchronous distooce
j. disease; study of wsense
10. tclepalhy
Con you pro!'lounce the words? llll
p,-UfOL'-<>-jee KEY: 1-<:, 2..f, 3- a, 4-<:. 5--b, 6-J:, 7-d, 3-j, 9--b, l~i
1. pathology p:,-THOL'-o-jist
2. pathologist SIM'-p;,-tbee 169
3. sympatl1y
168
 7. Does an mipathic response show ns NO
Con you work with the words? (Ill ident.itication with the feeling, of
another?
1. pathologist a. identification with another's 8. ls a swimsuit incorw,,ous attire at a ns NO
feelings fonnal cercmony'l
2. antipathy b. share another's feelinr,, so 9. Is an anachronistic attitude up to date? YES NO
strongly as to experience 10. Are syn,:hronous movements out of YES NO
those feelinr,, onesell time with one another?
3. apathy c. out of time
4. empathy d. one who examines tissue to
diagnose disease KEY: 1-no, 2-no, 3--oo, 4--yes, 5-no, 6-no, 7-yes, 8-yes, 9""'1o,
S. synchroniuo e. occurring at the same time 10-no
or rate
6. empathize f. relating to extrasensory per-
ception
7. anachronous g. suffering; arousing sympathy Con you recall t,he words?
or plly I. in order of tinte 1. .__ _ _ _ __
8. incongruous h. lack of feeling; non-~spon· 2. outo(place 2. ,__ _ _ __ _
siveness 3., 4. out of time (two forms) 3. ,..__ _ __ _
9. synchronous i. out of place
l 0. pathetic j. happen, or cause to happen, 4. " - - - - - - -
S. something, or state of being. 5. ~ - - - -- -
at the same time or rate out of place
I I. telepathic k. hostility; strong dislike 6. lack offeeling 6. ,,.__ _ _ __
7. measurer of time 7. G.------
KEY: 1--<l, 2-lc, 3-b, 4-a, 5-j, 6-b, 7_,,, 8-i, 9-e, 10-g. 11-f 8. study of disease 8. P · - - - - - -
9. feeling of bostiHty or dislike 9. ~ - - - -
JO. tooccur,orcausetooccur,at 10. "'-- - - - - -
the same time or rate
Do you understand the words?
11. evoking sorrow or pity l l. P·_ _ _ _ _ __
l. ~ these dates in chronological order? YES NO 12. something out of time 12. ~ - - - - - -
1492, 1941, 1S86 13. state of recurring again and 13. ' -- -- -- -
2. Is pa1howey the study of healthy tissue? YES NO again
3. Is Jeitpathic communication carried on YES NO 14. extranseosory perception 14. T _ _ _ _ __
by telephone? 15. onewbo~aminestissueto JS. P·-- - - - - -
4. Does a sympathetic ~sponse show an YES NO diagnose disease
understanding of another's feelings? 16. idenliftcation with the feelinr,, 16. .,,.__ _ _ _ __
5. Is one antipathetic to things, ideas, or ns NO of another
people one finds agreeable? 17. happening at the same time or 17. ~ -- - -- -
6. Do apathttit: people react strongly? YES NO rate (ad/.)
170
171
18. skillful at thought translerenoe 18.T---- - noun form is unconscionableness or unconscionabi/lty (un-kon'-
without sensoty communication sh>n>BIL'-o-tee).
19. calendaroteventslntime 19.'--~ - - - Con.scious, also from con- plus scio, is knowledge o.r awareness
sequeoce of one's emotions or sensations, or of what's happening around
20. ,___ _ _ __
20. :n,femng to the measurement one.
of time (ad/.) Science, from sciens, is systematized kMwledge as opposed, for
eXJ!Olple, to belief, faith, intuition, or guesswork,
Add Latin omnls, all, to sciens, to construct omniscient (om-
KEY: 1-<:lu:oaologi<:al, 2--incongruous, 3, 4-anacbronous, anacb- ~SH'=t), all-knowing, possessed of infinite knowledge. The
ronlstic, S-lncongtnity, 6-apatby, 7-cbronometer, 8-pa- noun is omniscience (om-NlSH'-ons).
thology, 9-antipathy, 10-&ynchronize, 11-pathetic, Add the prefix pre-, before, to sciens, to construct presclem
l2-811acbronlsm, 13-cbronicity, 14-telepathy, IS-pa- (PREE'-sh~nt )- knowing about events before they occur, i.e.,
thologist, 16--empathy, 17...yncbronous, 18-telepathic, psychic, or possessed of unusual powers of prediction. The noun
19-<:bronology, 20-chronometric Is prescience (PREE'-sh~s).
And, finally, add the negative prefix ne- to sciens to produce
nescient ( NESH'-~nt), not knowing, or ignorant. Can you, by
analogy with the previous two words, write the noun fonn of nes-
(End of Session 16) cient? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ (Can you pronounce it'/)

2. fool some ofthe people • ••

Glib is !rum an old English root that means sUppery. Glib liars
oc glib tall<ets are smooth and slippery; they have ready answers,
SESSION 17 fluent tongues, a pers~ive air-but, such is the bnplication of
the word, they fool only the most nescient, for their smoothness
lacks sincerity and conviction.
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS The noun is glibness.

1. knowing
Psychopaths commit antisocial and u,rc,,nsci.onab/e acts-tney
are not troubled by conscience, guilt, remorse, etc. over what they
have done.
Uncon.scionab~ and oonscience are related In derivation-the
first word from Latin sew, to know, the second from Latin .,ciens,
J<:cowing, and both using the prefix con-, wilh, together.
Etymologically, then, yoor conscience is your knowledge with a
moral sense ol rigj,t and wrong; if you are unconscionable, your
e<>nscienco is not ( un-) working, or you have no ooosci= n,,,
172'
3. herds and ft0<:ks
Egregious (remember the pronunciation? :,.GREE'-jos) is from
Latin grex, gregis, herd or ffock. An egtegious lie, act, crime, mi$-
tal<e, etc. is so exceptionally vicious that it conspicuously s~nds
out ( t·, n shortened foan of the prefix ex-, out) tram the Mrd or
flock of other bad things.
The noun is egregiousness (:,.OREE'· j~-nos).
A person who enjoys companionship, who, etymologi.cally, likes
to be with the herd, who =cbes out for friends and is happiest
173
when surrounded by people-such a person is gregarious (gr'l- 3. -ne$3 noun suffix
GAIR'-ee-os). 4. con- with, togethet
Snrovert1i are or course gregarious-they pre[tT human con- s. ad-, ag- to, toward
taer, eon.versationJ laughter, interrelaLionshjps, tQ solitude. 6. un- negative prefix
The ~ufftx -ness. as you know, can be added to an adjective to 1. scio to know
construct a nQun Corm. Write the noun for grtglirious: 8. sciens knowing
9. omnif all
Add the prefut con-, with., together, to grex, gregis, to get the 10. pre- beloic
verb congregate (KONG'-~gayl'); add the prelrr se-, apan, to ! I. ,,._ negative prefix
build the verb segregate (SEO'-r..-gayl'); add the prefix ad-, lo, 12. se- apart
toward (ad- changes t·o ag- b<(o.ro a root starting with g..) 1 to con- 13. -um ooun suffix added
stnict the verb aggregate ( AG-r..-gayt'). to verbs
Let's sec what we have. When people gather togerher in a herd
or .fl"ck, they (write the verb) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The noun is congregmion (cong'-gr.,-OAY'-sh:m) , one of the
meMings of which is a religious "noct."
Put people or thing3 apan from the herd, and you (write the
verb) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ them. can you construct USING lliE WORDS
the noun by adding the suitable noun suffix?

Bring: individual items to or toward the he.rd or flock~ aod you Con you pronounce the words?
(write the v e r b ) - - - - - - - - - - - them. Wbnt is I. unconscionability un~kon'-sh~n;,aBII}..;,.,tee
the noun form or rhis verb? _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
2. ormdseitnt om-NISH'-ant
The verb aggrcgnte also means to come togtther to or toward 3. omni.science omaNISH'-;,ns
the herd, that ii:;;. to g(lJJrcr into a ,nass or whole, or by extension, 4. prescient PRBE'-sh:mt
to total or amount to. So aggregate, another noun form, pro- S. prescience PREE'...hons
nounc:cd AG'-ro-g,1, is a gtOup or mass of individuals considered 6. nesciehl NESH'-aat
as a whole, a herd, or a flock, as in the phrase "people ill the 7. nescitnce NESHi'-:rns
aggrega/e . . !' 8. glibM.tS GLIB'-.nos
9. egregiousness 9-G.RBE'-j:>S-nos
10. gregarious ~AIR'-ee-os
I I. grt!fariousness gt9-GAJR'-ee-;is-nos
12. congregate KONG'-p-gayl.'
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY 13. concregation lcong'-gr:>-OAY'-sh~n
)4. stgregate $EG'- r>-gayt'
PREFJXt kOOT, 15. segregation seg'-~OAY'-shon
SUFFIX MEANING BNGLJS}J WO'R.D 16. aggregate (v.) A0'-1'9-gayt
1. grex, gregis herd, Oock 17. aggregate (n.) AG'- ra-got
2. e., ex- out 18. aggregation ag'-~AY'-shon
174
175
 10. l'.s an aggregation of problems a whole NO
mass of problems?
Co,n you work with the words?

1. unconscionability a. ignorance
b. outstanding badoes-s or \11.. KEY: 10-
- yes, 2-no, 3-yes, 4- no, 5-no, 6-no, 7-yes, 8- yes 9-yes
2. omnlscienco 1 yes • ·•
ciousness
3. prescience c. rcligio~ group; a massing
together Con you rocoU the words?
4. nescience d, total; mass; whole
1. enjoying groups and 1. Q_ _ _ _ __
S. glibness e. exclusion from the herd; a
- setting apart companionship
f. infinite knowledge 2. ignorant 2 ,..__ _ _ __
6. egregiousness
7. gtegariousness g. friendliness; enjoyment of 3. state of not being held back 3.U,_ _ _ __
from antisocial behavior by
mixing wllh people
one's conscience
or U·--- - - -
8. congregation h. lack of conscieace
4. having knowledge of an event 4. P_ _ _ __
9. segregation i. suspiciously smooth llueoey
JO. aggregate (11.) j. foreknowledge before il OCCUtli (o<lj.)
5. a religious ..flock"
5. '---- - - --
6. a total, whole, or mass
KEY: 1-h, 2-f, 3-j, 4-a, 5-i, 6-b, 7-g, 8-<:, 9-<>, 10-d 6. ~ - -- --
or
7. to separate lrom the re.st 7. .,___ __ _ _
8. suspiciously smooth Oue!lcy s.o_ _ ____
9. all-knowing (od;. ) 9.Q_ _ __ _
10. to come together into a group 10. ~ - - - - -
Do you understand the words? or mass
I. ls 11nconscwnabillty one of lhe signs of YES NO
the psychopath? KEY: !-:gregarious, 2-<lescien~ 3-unconsciooability or uncon-
2. can anyone be truly omnisci~nt? YES NO sc,oruibl~oess, 4-prcscient, 5-<>ongregation, &-aggregate or
3. Does a prtscitn! fear indicate some YES NO aggregauon, 7-seg,egate, 8-glibness, 9--0mniscient IO-<:on-
knowledge of the future'/ gregate '
4. Is nescience a result of lewting? YES NO
S. Does glibness make someone sound YES NO
sincere and uustwort.hy?
6. ls egregiousness an admirable quality? YES NO CHAPTER REVIEW
7. Do gregarious people enjoy parties? YES NO
8. Do spectators congregate at sports YES NO A., Do you recognize the word,?
events?
I. Highly skilled :
9. Do we ofte11 segregate hardened YES NO
criminals from the rest of sociCt)1 (o) consummate, (b) invcrerate, (c) notorious
176
2. Beyond reform:
( a) inveterate, (b) Incorrigible, (c) glib
8. Can you recognize root$?
3. Dating from binh:
( a) inveterate, (b) congenital, (c) psychopathic ROOT MRANfNC lSXAM PLB
4. Outstandingly bad: 1. notus notorious
(a) egregious, ( b) unconscionable, (c) chronic 2. sununt11 sunurut
5. Science o( heredity: 3. corrigo incorrigible
( a) pathology, (b) genetics, (c) orthopedics 4. vctus veteran
6. Out of time: S. sencx senile
(a) incongiuous, (b) auachronous, (c) synchtonous 6. genesis conge-nit:11
7. Study of disease: 1. logos genealogy
(a) patllology, (b) tclepa1hy, (c) antipathy 8. cltron<>s chronic
8. Fond of company, fricods, group activities, etc.: 9. metron chronometer
(a) apathetic, ( b) gregarious, ( c) cb.ro11ological 10. pathos pall1o logy
9. lndilierent: pathetic
(a) antipalbetic, (bl pathetic. (c) apathetic empathy
10. Long accustomed in habit: I 1. gre;r, gregis gregarious
(a) incorrigible, (b) notorious, (o) inveterate 12. sclo unconscionable
11. Study o r family ancestry: 13. scicns ptt-sdcnce
(a) genealogy, (b) genetics, (c) genesis 14. omnis omniscient
12. To-complete, futisb, top off:
(a) syncb.roiw.e, (b) consummate, (c) cmpathue
KEY: I-known, 2-hlgbes~ 3--to correct, set straight <hild
13. Accurate timepiece:
(a) anachronillm, (b) chronology, (cl chronometer 5--old. 6-b.itlh, ?-science. study, 8-tim,; 9-meas~rcmen/
14. J.den1incalion with the Feelings of another: l<Hlisea~e, suffering, reeling, 11-berd, Bock, 12--to know:
13- knowmg, I 4-aU
(a) sy1J1palhy. (b) apathy, (c) empathy
15. Though, transference; extrasensory perception:
(a) telepathy,(~} empathy, (c) o~miscicncc
I6. Ignorance:
(a) om11iscicncc, (b) prescience, (c) nescience TEASER QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATl:UR ElYMOLOGIST
17. To gather into a group:
(a) congrei:ote, ( b) segregate, (c) synchronize . 1. ,,"She wa~ ?ne of many notables who anendcd the conven-
hon. Recog111z10g that the italicized word is built OD the root
no/us, can you define the .noun notable in the context of known?

KEY: I-a, 2-b, 3-b, 4--a, 5-b, 6--b, 7-a, R-b, 9--0, 10-o, ll-a, 2. Notify and notice derive from the some root. Can you define
tbe$e l"A'O words, again in the context or known? Notify:
12- b, 13--0, 14-c, ! S-a. 16--c, 17- a
- - -- -- - - -- - Notice: _ __ _ __ _
178 179
Wbal do you supose the verb suffix -fy of rwtl/y means? (Think
also of .<implify, clarify, liquefy, etc.) • terizes !he natum!, unintenupted, intellectual growth of a child.
3. You aro familiar with the roots chro,w~ and graphe_rn. Sop-
pose you came across the word chronograph Ul your roadu,g. Can
you make an educated guess as to the meo.ning? . can be completely llnderstood and permanently remembered only
· ·
4. Recogruzmg t b e root g•n•·,
• •• ·s 'm the verb generate, bow
would you define tho word?-- - - - - - -- - - --
How about regenerate? - - - - -- -- - - - - --
What do you suppose the prefix re- means? - - - - - - -
s. Rccogniiing the root omnis in omnipotent and omnipresent,
can you define the words?
Om11ipctent:· - - - - - - - -- - - - -- -
Omnipre:;tnt: . .
Rec3lling how we formed a noun from Ille adjective ommmenl,
write the nouo forms of:
Omnipotent:--- -- - - -- - -
Omnipresent: - - -- - - -- - --
6. Think of the negative prefix in ,anachronism; Chink o~t of
the noun aphrodisiac. can you construct a word for that wruch re-
duces or eliminatl!,f .tuual desire? - - - - - -- -- -
(Answers In Chapter 18)
FOUR LASTING BENEFITS
You know by now that it is easy to build your vocabulary lf you,
work diligently and Jntetligently. Diligence ls lmportan!-to '.'°me
to the boolc occasionally is to !cam new words and ideas Ill an
180
aimless fashion, rather than In the continuous way that charac-
(Y011 will ~ that children are top experts in increasing th<oir
vocabularies.) Aad an intelligent approach is crocial-new words
as symbols of vilal ideas, never if memorized in long lists of iso-
lated roans.
If you have worked diligently and intelligently, you have done
m11ch more than merely learned a few hundred new words. Actu-
ally, I needn't tell you what else you've accomplished, since, ii you
really have accomplidied it, you can feel it for yoW'$elf; but it may
be useful if I verbalize the feeli11gs you may have.
In addition to learning the meanings, pronunciation, back-
arouod, and use of 300-350 valuable words, you have:
1. Begun to sense a change in y9ur intellectual atmosphere.
(You have begun to do your thlnking with many of the words,
with iruny of the ideas behind the wo.rds. You have begun to use
the words in your ~ch and writing, and have become alert to
their appearance in your reading.)
2. Begun to devet,,p a new interest in words as expressions of
ideas.
3. Begun to be aware of the new words you hear and that you
see in your reading.
4. Begun to gain a new feeling for the relationship between
words. (For you realize that many words are built on roots from
olher languages and are related to other words which derive from
the same roots.)
Now, suppose we pause to see bow successful your learning lias
been.
Io the nellt chapter, I offer you a comprehensive test on tho first
part of yonr work.
(Endo/ Ses.sion 17)
181
 (B=. in mind that without careful and periodic
s1go1ticanc a mount of feami n_g is lost.) rc\'iew, a
Methods
. ·---o yo ~r nc111evcmem
of scorino · . tcsc., and the
on th1s
~;;_anmo11 of your results, will be explained at the end of the chnp-

HOW TO CHECK YOUR fROGRESS

Comprehensive Test 1 I etymology

Rocrr MEANlNG EXAM PL£

I. ego egoism
2 . miscin misanthrope
3. camos bigamy
4. gy11e gynecology
5. de,,,1a derma1ology
6. Ortho.1• onhoclontia
SESSION 18 1. PS)'Clre psycho1ie
8, neuron neurology
9. logos biology
lf you have worked diligently thus fat, you have: 10. bior biopsy
1. Beoome acquainted, or perhaps reacquainted, with approxi- I J. apsis, op#kos au1opsy, optical
mately 300-350 expressive woros- 12. olgos neuralgia
2. Leaf!led scores of important Latin and Greek prefixes, roots, 13. (/,f/ogo, demagogue
and suffixcs - 14. JICdis pedestrian
3. Sei up valuable habits or self-discipline and self-directed 15. p11idos (ped-) pediatrician
leaming- 16. d,-•1os democracy
4. Explored your attitudes toward grammar aod curr&nl usage, 17. r>cufus oculist
meanwhile erasing any confusion )'OU may once have felt 18. iatreia podiatri$l
about specific problems of correctness in your use of 19. metron optometrist
words- 20. ger11s geriatrics
5. And, finally, taken good, long steps towa rd your ultimate 21. snma psychosomatic
goal. namely, che development of a better, richer, more 22. pathos osleopath
expressive-lo short, superior-vocabulary. 23. odonto, exodontist
24. pou.,. pados octopus, podium
Here is your chance both to review and to check your learning. 25. cheir (chiro-) chirography

182 183

•
 8. consummate (adj.)-unskillcd s 0
9. c,hrouic-acuto s 0
II mo,e etymology JO. glib-halting s 0
l 1. ophtbabnologist-oculist s 0
ROOT MEA.NlNG EXAMl•LE
12. geriatric-pediatric s
graphology 0
I. graphein 13. endodontist-,,xodonii&t
2. kallos calligcapbcr s 0
3. pYge cal!ipyi,.;an
l 4, calJigraphy-cacosraphy
15. astl'onaut-coSmonaut
s 0
cacophony
s 0
4. kakos 16. biop.sy-outopsy
5. senex senescent 17. dkhotomoas~ut in two
s 0
6. tmt/Jropos anthropology IS. con~njml-hercditary
s 0
1. astrott astronomy 19. vcteran- '·old hond''
s 0
8. natl/ts asuonaul s 0
20. anachronous-.timcJy s 0
9. gc (gto-) geology
10. zoion zodiac
11. lingua bitingual IV matc.hing
12. vhiltln Philadelphia
bibliophile I JI
13. bib/ion
}4, 0 11/QS autonomous J. dislikes women a. entomologist
15. iocius asocial 2. is pathologicnlly b. U:t..:<.idermist
16. IIOIU.f notorious self-inrerested
17. summus consummate 3. srudics 1he development c. egomaniac
18, Vt!fUS inveterate of the huma,i race
19. gC11esis tongeaital 4. i.s :m expert <'n insects d. bibliophile
20. cltronos chronic 5. collects books e. ophthalmologist
21. pathos empathy 6. mounts and s.iufTs nnimnl I. psychopath
22. grex, gregis egregious skins
23. scien, prei.eient 7. is :rn eye d(lctor g. philologist
24. onmls omniscient 8. is a stu<ltnt of linguis1fos h. anlhropologis.t
2S. nomos metronome 9. has "split oil" from reality i. psychQtic
10. commits antisocial ac1s j. misogynist
\\•ithout guile 01' pangs of
Ill some or opposite? conscience
1. egoistic-altraistic s 0
2. misantbropic-philonthropic s 0
3. misogamous-polygamous s 0 V more matching
4. dexterous-skillful s 0
fl
S. slnlstcr-tbreoteniog s 0
J. delivers babies a. pediatrician
6. opticnl-visunl s 0
2. treats female ailments
7. notorious-infamous s 0 b. cardiologist

184
 ~- treats mfaots c. psychiatrist 20. measurement of lime
20. "'C-------,i--
4. treats skin diseases d. podiatrist 2 1. hostility; strong dislike; 21' A~ _ ,,__ _ _
5. treats skeletal deformities c. dermatologist aversion
6. is a heart spe<:falist f. periodontist 22. to occor, or cause to occ-ur, at 22.-_ _ _ __
7. treats mental or emotionaJ g. obstetrician the same time or rate
dislurban= 23. ignorant
23. N,- --,-,-- --
8. m,als disorder$ of the h. neurologist 24. knowledge of an occurrence 24. P_ __ _ _ _
nervous system beforehand
9. treats minor ailments of L orlhopcdist 25. enjoying being with lhc herd; 25.G,_ _ __ _
the feet liking companionship
10. treats ailments of the j. gynecologist 26. 10 identify strongly with the 26.,,__ _ __ _
gums feelings of another
27. ins1tument to measure 27, " - - - - - - , - -
atmospheric pressure
VI recall o WO(d 28. to separate from the herd 28. - _ __ __
J. u,____ _ 29. possc:!Sed or shapeJy bunoclcs
1. rnth.less; without conscic.n.ce
2. suspiciously fluent or smoo1h
2_ ..,______ 30. ugly, iUeg,b le handwriting 29. ---- - - - -
30. '--- - - --
3. outstandingly bad; vicious 3. "----- - -- -
4. out of place 4. ' -- - -- -
5. study of lhe family tree; 5. G,_ _ __ _ KEY: A correct answer count, one poinL Score your points for
specialty of tracing ancesfT)' each part of the test, then add for a total.
c,_ .,__ _ __ _
6. science of heredity
7, in cone.et order of time 7. ---- - -- -
8. socially awkward
9&.. ...,_
' - ' - -- -- -
_ _ __ _
9. record of heart action I
JO. equally skillful with both lhe 10.A------ 1-I, self, 2-to hate, :!-marriage, 4-woman, S-skin, 6--stmight.,
right and left hand correct, 7-mind1 soul, spirit, 8-nerve, 9-scienccf smdy. 10-Iire,
1 J. social scientist who deals wilh 11.
11-view, sight, vision, 12-pain, l3-leadiog, 14-foot, l~ild,
the problems of aging
12.T_ __ __ 16--people, 17-eye, 18-medical healing, 19- measuremen~ 2<H>ld
J 2. extrasensory perception age, 21-body, 22-disease, 23-tool.h, 24-foot, 2S--haod
J 3. bronco of denlistry specializing 13. P·-- -- -
in the care of children's teeth Your score:
14. :,__ _ _ __
14. blood-pressure apparatus 15. .,__ _ __ _ n
I 5. growing old (adj.) )6_,:.;__ __ __ 1- to write, 2-benuty, 3-bottock, 4-harsb, ugly, bod, 5-old,
16. palm reader
17. that whlch arouses scxunl 17. "-- ---''--- - 6-man.kiod, 7- star, kailor, 9-earth, 10- ani=l, 11-tongue,
12--to love, J 3-book, I 4-<lclf, IS-Companion, J6--known, 17-high-
desire
18. est, 18-old, 19-birtb (beginning. origin), 20-time, 21-focling.
IR. representation of the whole
19. pc___ _ _ _ 22-herd, tlQCk, 23-knowiog, 24-all, 25--Iaw, order, arrangement
19. diseased; pertaining to the
study of disease (ad/.) YoutRore:
186
187
m
1-0, 2-0, 3-0, 4-S. 5-S, 6-S. 7-S, 8--0, 9-0, 10-0, 11-S,
12-0, 13-0, 14-0, 15-S, 16--0, 17-S, 18-0, 19-S, 20-0 PART TWO
Yoar NOre:

IV
1-j, :k, 3-b, 4--a, S-d, 6-b, 7--e, 8-g. 9--i, 1()..f GAINING INCREASED
Your score: MOMENTUM
V 9
1- g, Z...j, 3- a, 4--<o, S-i, 6-b, 7--c, 8-b, 9-d, 10-f HOW TO TALK
Your KO-rt: ABOUT ACTIONS
VI
1-unoonscionable, 2-glt'l>, 3--egreglo\1$, 4-incongruous, 5--geneal- (Sessions 19-23)
ogy, 6-genetics, 7--dlronological, &-saucbe, 9--«rdiog,:am,
l~bidextrouS, 11-gerontologist, 12-telepathy, Jl-pedo-
dontia, 1~hygmomanometer, J 5-scnesceot, 1kbiromancer,
17- apbrodl>iac, !&--epitome, 19--patbological, 20-<.bronometry,
21-antipatby, 22--syncbroohe, 23- nesclen;, 24-prescieoee,
TEASER PREVIEW
25-gregarious, 26-empathu:e, 27-barometer, ZS-segregate,
29-eallipygian, 30--cacograpby
What verb m.ans tor
Your scott:
• /Jelittlt?
• be purpo,ely con/1,.img?
You total score:
• tickle someonb fancy?
Significance ot Your Total Score: • f/at1e, fulsomdy?

100--120: Masterly work; you are ready to move right along.

• prohibit some food or activity?
80-- 99: Good work; thls review was useful to you. • make 111111ecu,ary?
65- 79: Average work; you're getting a good deal out of your • work against?
study, but perhaps you should review thoroughly • ,pread slander?
after each session.
• giv, Implicit for,iveness for a misdeed!
50-- 64: Barely acceptable; wort harder.
3S- 49: Poor; further review is suggested be!ore you go on. • change hostility W friendJiMSS1
()... 34: You can do much better lf you really try; continue with
firmer resolve and more determination.

' ISi - 1111 191

 son,e in hlgh places, belle,·ed l~ Mr. Trumoo himself was perhaps
the only voter in the country who was not entirely convinced
Came the tl,st Tuesday after the first Monday in November-
SESSION 19 weU, if you wore one of those who stayed up .mos! of the night lis-
tening 10 the returns, and then kept your ear to the radio most of
tbe next day, you recall how you reacted to the unique Truman
triumph.
Verbs rue incalculably us~!ul to you. cit cootains an im-
ILwas no mean accomplishment, thought many people. Pure ao-
Bvery sentenco you think,.~ )'• rea~ or w ~ es the action,
plied or expressed vero, fot ,t ~ the verb that cidenr, said other,. It one out of twelve voters in a few key states
the movement, the fol'OO of your 1deas. had changed his ballot, Harry oould have gooe back to selli.og ties,
As a young clllld -you used verbs fairly eai-ly. . one Republican apologist pointed out It '"'aSu't anything Truman
Your lint words: of course, we:e probably nouns, as you iden- did, said another; it was what Dewey didn't do. No credit to
Truman, said a third; it was the farmers-or labor-or the Re-
tified the things or people around you. fi
_,_ doll baby, bottle, etc. perhaps were the rsalt publicans who hadn't bothered to vote-or !be Ingenious mis-
M ama, Duau, tc things or re
• .
stand.ml syllables you uttered, for 031111Dg CO!l(;te counting or ballots. No credit to Truman, insisted a fowtb; it was
. thc_initial step in the developmut of language. Wallace's candidacy-it was the Democrats-it was Republican
pe:;:': ::..«, came the ability to express intangible Ideas, and then ovcrcon.6denc6--it was sunspots-it was the Communists--it was
the civil service workers who didn't want to lose their cushy jobs
you began to use simple verbs-go, st&p, stay, wont, eat, sltep,
- it was reaUy Roosevelt who won the election.
et~ . . ed maturity your verbs expressed ldeas of greater Aoyway Harry didn't accomplish a tblog-he was just a victim
of good fortune.
:~::w:: you gamm lexity· as' an adult you can descn"bo the most in-
a few'simple syllables-if you have a good store What were the apologjs1s for Dewey's failure doing?
They were dirparaging Truman's achievement.
of useful verbs at your comman~ voc:abul•= ol verbs, the
The ru:ber and more extensive your -, • ur uo·
more
· -·-Q
-·~tely and . .
expressiwly you can commurucate yo
d
derstandiog of actions, reactions, attitudes, an emo
u·ons
.
Let's be specific. 2. ploying it safe

Willing to look at some more history of the late 1940s?

Of course, Dewey did campaign, in his own way, for the presi-
IDEAS
dency. As the Republican aspirant, he bad lo take a stand on the
1 contro'Oersial Taft-Hartley Act.
Was he fo r it'! He was for that part of it which was good. Nam-
I. ploying It down
I rally, be was against any of the provisions which were bad. Was
he !or it? The answer was yes-and also l!<l. Take whichever an-
Ready to go baCk =,,.,_ or more years? Consider some post·
•1 . . .
World Wu Il American polittcal history·
•

ul '·'t wm· the I 948 election. The pollsters

iswer you wanted most to hear.
What was Dewey dolng?
H~T~anco= Dem w
said so, the Republicans heartily agreed, even the oct ' He was e.qu;vocaring.
193
192

3. anioying the little thing,
Have you ever gone throoih a book th~t wa!li ~o g<'Od yriu kepi
hugging your.sell mcotally as you tc3d? Have you ,cv~r ~...~n :t p1,1y
or .motion picture Lhat was so charming Lhat )OU klt ~h~tr tklight
as you wntcbed? Or perhaps you ha,·e had o portion (,/ pump\.in-
chiffon pie, light and airy and milclly flavored, and "ilh a flaky.
delicious crus~ that wus the last word in gustatory cnjoynu:nt'?
Now notice the examples 1 have used. I b;we not spo\::cn o[
books that grip you emotion~lly, of pla)'S ai,d movies that keep
you oo the edge of your scat in suspense, or of food that sntisfie~ a
ravenous hunger. These would offer quite a dil{erent1 pcrh(lps
more lasting and memorable, type ol enjoyntent l have detailed,
rather, mental o r physical stimuli that excite enjoyably but not too
sharply-a delightful novel, a charming play, a delicious dessert.
How do such things affect you·/
They titillntt you.
-4 . ploying h way up
You know how the tccn-agc:n o{ an earlier generation adored,
idolized, and overwhelmed frank Sinatra 1 Elvis Presley, the Be;i-
tlcs?
And of course you know bow certain people foll all over visiring
celebrities-best-selling authors, much publicized at'tists, or fa..
mous entertainers. They show them ingratiating, almost servile at~
tention, worship and Hatter them fulsomely.•
How do we say it in a single word?
They adulate such oelebrities.
5. o cc'.entrqting the negative
What does the doctor say to you if you have low blood sugar?
••No caody, no pastries. no chocolate marshmallow cookies 1 110 ice
• Fu.Isome fFOOL'~m) does not niean. dt$phe its appearnne:e, /11ll1 or
compt1t1Jy. but ra1her, oB•·,uivL beco~ of •rcusf1,1tflnt or irulticeriry,
oft.ta in rc:fcrc:n« to complime.nlS, praise., adminltioo. or flattery.
-=-
cream!''. your morale dropping lower .;ind lower as each favorite
goody is placed on the forbidden list.
Wbar, in one word, is the doctor doing?
The doctor is proscribing harm[ul
items in your diet.
6. accentua'ling the affirmCJtive
You are warm> friendly, embuslaslic, outgoing, easy to please;
you are quick to show appreciation, yet accept, without judgment
or criticism, the human weaknesses of others.
You are a fascinating 1alkcr1 an even better listener.
You believe in, and practice, honest self-disclosure; you feel
comfortable with yourself and therefore with eve.ryone else; and
you have a passionate interest in experiencing. lo living, in relating
to people.
Need you hav~ any fears about making friends? Obviously not,
Your characteristics and temperament
obviate such fears.
7. ploying it wrong
Theodor Reik:, in his penetrating book: on psychoanalysis Lis-
temng with the Third Ear, talks about neurotic people who uncon-
sciously wisb to fail. In business interviews they say e~actly lllo
wrong words, they do exactly the wrong lhiogs, they seem intent
( as, wiconsciowly> they actuaHy are) on msuting raHure in every
possible way, though consciously they are doing their best to court
success.
What effect does such a neurotic tendency have?
It militates against success.
8. ploy;•g It d;r1y
"Hany?" He's a closet alcoholic. Maud? She', sleeping around
- and her stJJpid husband doesn't suspect a thing. Bill? Be's em-
btuling from his own company. Paul? He't a child tnl)/tster.
195
~ -
 ~

Sally? You don't know that she's a notorious husband-beater?" 4. adulate AJ'->l•yt'
What is this character doing? S. proscribe pl'6-SKRIB'
6. obvillte OB'..vee-ayt'
He's maligning CVCl'}'One. 1 . militate MTL'-Hayt
8. malign m:l-LIN'
9. giving the benefil of ony doubt 9. condone k~n-DON'
10. pillcate PLAY'-kayt'
Do you think it's all right to cheat on your income taxes? At
least just a little? ll's wrong, of cotme, but doesn't eV<:rybody do
Con you work with the word,?
it?
Jfow do you feel about marital idlidclity? Are you inclined to 1. disparage a. flatter lavishly
overlook the occasional philandering of the male partner, since, 2. equivocate b. work against
afler all, lo inven1 a clicM, men are ossen1ially polytamous by na- 3. titillate c. prohibit
ture? 4. adulate d. forgive
1f your answers are in the affirmative, how arc you reacting to S. proscribe e. change hostility to friendli-
such legal or ethical transgressions? ness
You condont them. 6. obviate L purposely toll: in such a way
as to be vague and m.is(ead-
ing
1O. changing ho.stility 7. militate g. slander
Unwittingly you have done something !hat bas aroused anger 8. m~lign b. playdown
and resentment in your bcsl friend_ You bad no desire to hurt 9. condone i. make unnecessary
him, yet be makes jt obvious u,at he feels pretty bitter abou1 the 10. placate j. tickle; stim~latc pleasurably
whole situation. (Perhaps you failed to invite him to a gathering
he wanted to come to; or you neglected to consult him before
KEY: 1-h, 2-1, 3-j, ¼ 5~ 6-i, 7-b, 8-g, 9-d, 10-.,
making a decision on a matter in which he felt ho should have
some say.) His fricod$hip is valuable to you and you wish to re-
store }'ourself io his good graces. What do }'OU do?
Do you u-ndentan.d the wotds?
You try to placate bim.
I . Do you normally disparage somctl,ing YES NO
you admire?
2. Do you equivocate if you thit>k it YES NO
USING THE WORDS un.wise to take a definite stand?
3. Do pleasant things titi/lai, you? YES NO
4. Do emotionally mature-people need YES NO
Can you pronounce the words? . constant adulatian?
l. disparage dis-PAIR'-oj S. ls sugar proscribed for diabetics? YllS NO
2.. equivocate cc-KWIV'-a-kayt' 6. Does a substantial fortane obviate YES NO
3. tiullate TIT'-o-lAyt' financial fears?
I 196 197
 7. Does a worker's inefficiency often ns NO 6. Your child robnnie has smacked the neighbor's kl~ntirely
mIJlku• aa,,,inst his keeping his job? without provocation, you are fon:ed to admit. BIil after all,
8. Do people enjoy being maUgneaJ YES NO you think, tomorrow the other kid will, with equal lack of
9. Do we gen«ally condone the faults of ns NO prov<><:ation, probably smack Johnnie.
Yoo _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ Johnnie's behavior.
those we love?
10. Can you somcdmes placate a pen;on by 7 . When your son, understandably expecting praise, mentions
apologiz:in&? YES NO the three B's and two A's he earned in hls counes, you re-
spond, callously, "Is that the best you can do? What stopped
you from getting all A's?"
KBY: 1-no, 2-yes, 3--yes, 4-no, S-yes, 6-ycs, 7-ye,, S-no, You _ _ _ _ _ _;__ __ _ his ac:coro.plisbmeo.L
9-,es, 10-yes 8. You have ron out ot cash and plan to go to the bank to make
a withdrawal; then one.xpeetcdly you disoover a twenty-dollar
bill you secreted lJ'.I your desk drawer months ago.
Your find _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ a trip to the bank.
Con you un the words? 9. You ·, re the soul of honesty, but unfortunately, you ha,,. a
In this exercise you gain the value of actually writing a new sneaky, thievish, sinister look-and no one ever trusts you.
Your appearance _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ against yon.
word as a meaningful solution to a problem. To think about a
word, to say it, to write it, to ""' it-that is the road to word mas- 10. The centerfold of Playboy or Playgirl provides a mild and
tery. Write the verb that best fits each situation. agreeable stimulation.
The centerfold _ __ _ __ __ __ _ you.
1. You've been asked to take a stand on a ccctaio issue, but you
don't have the oouragc, to be either definitely for or againsL
You--- - - - -- - - - KEY: l ~uivocate, 2-malign, 3-placate, 4-adulate, 5-pro-
. 2. You spread arolllld 'an unpleasant story that you know will scribes, 6-condone, 7-disparll&", S-obviatcs, 9-militaies,
blacken someone's reputation. t <Hiullates
YOU------- - - - - that person. \
3. Your friend is justiBably angry-you asked him to go to a
party with yon. ignored bim all evening, and then finally left
with romeone else. What must you do if you wish to restore
Can you recoil tho words?
the relatiooship?
You must try to _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ him. I. change hostility into l. P· -- -- - -
4. You virtually wonbip your tllerapisl You express your adini· fricndliness
ration in lavish llaucry; you praise her in such exoessive terms 2. make unnecessa,y 2. 0•- - - - --
that she appears devoid 3. belittle 3. D·-- - - - -
Youof _ human
_ all ___ frailty.
_ _ _ __ _ her. 4. overloo~ or forgive a 4. "-- - -- - -
S. You are c,owding 260 on the, scalc,s, so yonr doctor warns ttansgte$Sion
against high-calorie meals, rich desse.rts, second helpings, e.t· S. tickle; delight; stimulate S. T- - - - - -
~ e carbohydrates, etc. plcasurably
The doctor _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ th= food$. 6. spread malicious rumors about 6. Me-- - - --
199
198
 7. purposely use langua&e 7,lL-" " - - - - equality, (dis- as you know, may be a negative prefi~). The nouo
susceptible o.1opposite is disparagement (dis-PA.CR'~j-m~ot), the adjective disparaging
interpretatiom: (dis-PAIR'-oj-ing), as in "Wby do you always make disparaging
8. act to disadva.ntagc of 8. " ' - - - - - - remarlcs about me?"
9. forbid
9. p,_ _ _ _ __ Parity (PAlR'·:>-tce) as a noon means equality; disparity (dis-
JO. worship; flatt<:c fulsomely JO. A------- PAIR'--<>-tce.) means • lack of equality, or a difference. We may
speak, for enmple, of the disparil)' between someone's promise
and performance; or of the disparity between the rate of vocabu·
KEY: I-placate, 2-obviato, 3-<lisparage, 4-condone, 5-tillllate, lruy growth of a child and of on adult. Tbc adjective dispartUe
6-maJign, 7-<quivo<:ate, 8-mititate (against), 9-proscribe, (DIS'-po-rot) indicates essential or ¢,nplete dillerell!;C or ine-
JO-adulate q uality, as in "Our philosophies are so disparate that we can never
"come to any ~arccment on action.''
The word compare and au its for,ms (comparable, comparalive,
(End-of Se.uio11 19) etc.) derive from par, equal. Two things are compared when they
have certain equal or similar qualities, (con~, corn..., together,
with).
Pair and peer are also from par. Things ( shoes, socks, gloves,
etc.) in pairs are equal -0r similar; your p,ers arc those equal to
you. as in age, position, rank. or ability. Hence the expression "to
SESSION 20 be judged by a jury of one's peers."
(llritisb peers, bowever, such is the cootradiction or language,
were nobles.)
ORIGINS ANO REIATED WORDS
2. how to soy yes ond no
1. equoUty
I Equivocale ls built on another Latin word meaning equal-
If you play golf, you know that each course or hole bas a c,,r- aequus (the spelling in English is always equ-)-plus vox, vocis,
tain par, lhe number of strokes allowed according to the results voice.
achieved by expert players. Yonr own accomplishment on the When you equivocate (:)-KWIV'-:>-kayt'), you seem Lo be
cour,;e will be at par, above par, or below par. sayini; both yes and no with equal volct. An equivocal (~KWJV'-
Similarly, some days you may feel up 10 par, other days belO"' :)-\ol) answer, therefore, is by design vague, indefinite, and susccp·
par. tible of contradictory interpretations, quite the opposite of an une·
Par is lrom a Latin word meaning equal. You may tty, wheo q11ivocal (nn'•>-KWYV'•:)-b!) response, which says Yes! or No!,
you play golf, to equal the e>pert score; and some days you may, and no kidding. Professional politicians are masters ol equivoca-
or may not, feel ,qua/ to your usual self. tion (:>-kwiv'.,.,.KAY'-sh~n)-they arc, on most vital issues, mug-
When we speak of parity payments to tanners, we ,:efer to pay- wumps; they slt on a fence wiU1 their mug, on one side and their
ments that show an eq110U11 to earnings for some agreed-upon wwnps oo the other. You wiU often hear candidateslor office say,
year. publicly, thot t~ey unequivocally promise, if elected. to ..• ; Olld
So when you disparage, you lower someone's par, or feelmg of then they start equivocating for all they ar,, worth, like people
' 200 , 201

•
who say, "Let me be perfectly frank with you"- and theo
promptly aod glibly lie through their teeth. 1. VOX, \ 10Ci.s voice
8. .,,,. verb sufUx
9. -ion noun suffix
3 . stotements of various kind, allached lo verbs
Do not confuse equivocal with ambiguous (am'-BIG'-)'<R>-~ )- ending in -ote
An equivocal statement is purposely, deliberately (and with mal- I 0. -ous adjective suffix
ice aforethought) couched in language that will be deceptive; an 11. ambi- both
ambiguous statement is acc/dtntally couched in such language.
Equivocal is, in short, purposely ambiguous.
Yoo will recall that ambi-, which we last met in ambivtrl and
ambidextrous, is a root meaning both; aoy\lli.Dg ambiguous may USING THE WORDS
have both one meaning aod another meaning. rf you say, "That
sentence is tho height of ambiguity," you mean that you 6.od it Con you pronounce the words?
vague because it admits of both aflirmJltive and negative inter-
pretations, . or because it may mean two different things. Am- I. parity PAIR'~tee
biguity is pronou.oced am'-bo-GYOO->-tce. 2. disparity dis-PAIR'+tee
Another type of statement or word contains the possibility of 3. disparate DIS'-p>-rot
two inte,:pretations- <me of them suggestive, risqu6, or se<y. Such 4. dlsparagemenl dJs·PAJR'.,.,j-mont
a statement or word is a double ,nte,:dre. This is from the French 5. disparaging dis-PAIR'·•i-iog
and translates literally as double meaning. Give the word as cl= 6. peer PEER
a frencb prontlllCiation as you cao-DOOB'-fahn-TAHN'-drn. 7. equiv<>cau o-KWIV'~kayt'
( The n's are nasalized, the r somewhat throaty, and the final sylla- 8. equivocation ,-kwiv'.,.,-KAY'-sbon
ble is barely audibl~. ) 9. equivocal o-KWIV'~l,:ol
I 0, unequivocal uo'+KWIV'-o-kd.
11. ambiguou., am-BIG'-y~
12. ambiguity am'-b:>-OYOO'-o-tee
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY 13. double t.111, ndre D00B'-lobn-TAHN'-dra

:P'R~FlX, R.OOT1 Con you work wrth the words?

SUFF!X MEANING £.NClLISH WORD
I. par equal I. parity a. beUtUement
2. disparity b. act of being deliberately
2. -menr noun suffix
vague or indireetly deceptive;
attached to verbs
noun suffix statement that is deceptive or
3. -ity
attached to adjectives purposely open to oontra,;y
negative prefi1' interpretations
4. dis-
5. con .., com· with. together 3. disparagement c. quality of being open to mis-
6. aequus (equ-) equal interpretation; statement with
this quality
202
203
4. peer cl. statement or word with two
meanio~ one of them risque, Con your rocotl th• words?
indelicate, or of possible sex-
ual connotation l. accidentally ve_gue 2J.• .,__
"-- --
__ __-'---
__
•• ine(jlllllity 2. purposely vague
S. equivocation
6. ambiguity f. equality 3. equality 3. P·--- --
g. ooc's equal 4. word o.r statement one meaning 4. D•-- -- - -
7. double entcndte
of which roay be interpreted as
rlsque
KEY: 1-f, 2-e, 3-a, 4-g. S-b, k , 7-d 5. lack of equality 5. D•- - - - -
6. belittlement 6. D--
7.U - __
_ __ - - _-
7. cleaq direct; capable of only
Oo you understand the words? one interpretation
YES NO 8. essentially or widely unequal or 8 . D • - - - - --
l. ls there • disparity In ago between a different
grnndfather and hls granddaughter?
2. Is an equivocal statement clear and X£S. NO 9. one's equal in age, rank,.ete. 109.P·----
. .,__ _ _-
_-_
10. to use words in a calculared
direct? effort to mislead or to be
3. ls an unequivOC41 answer vague and YES NO
ambiguouo
mlsloading?
4. Arc politicians often masters of YES NO
equivDCatwn? • KEY: 1-ambiguous, 2-eguivocal, :!-parity, 4-double ODtondre,
5. Aie ambiguous sentences somewhat YES l'IO 5-disparity, 6-disparagemeJJt, 7--unequivocal, 8-dlspara.te,
con!uslllg? 9-pecr, I0-eqWYO<:ate
6. Arc people with di.sparate perceptions YES 110
of llfe likely to experien<:o reality in the
sameway1 (End of Session W)
7. Is a dl$paraglng look one of YES NO
admiration?
8. When people equivocau, are they Yl!S NO
evading the issue? SESSION 21
9. Is the deliberate use of double YES NO
enttridres likely to shock pncitaoical ORIGINS AND Ra.ATED WORDS
people?
10. Are super'lisors and their subordinates YES NO
peers? 1. more on equarity
The root aequus, spelled equ- in English words, is a building
XBY: 1-yes, 2-oo. 3-no, 4-yes, 5-yes, 6-no, 7-no, 8-yes. block of:
9-yes, 10-oo 1. equity (EK'·W:>-tcc) - justice, fairness; i.e., equal treatment
20S
204

(By extension, stocks in the fiDancial ma,:kelS are equities, and the
value ol your home or other property over and above the amount
of the mortgage you. owe is your eqrdty in it.) The adjective is
equitable (BK'-w:>-1>bol).
z. inequtzy (in-EK'-w:,.teo)-injustice, unfairness (equil)I plus
tho negative prefix In-). Adjective: intquitab/t (in-EK'·W>">·
!,Qt),
3. lnlquily (in-IK'-w:>-tu)--by one of those delightful sur-
prises and caprices characteristic of language, the change of a sin-
gle letter (e to I), extends the mcanlng of a word far beyond its
derivatloo and orisinal denotation. Injustice and unfairness are
sinful and wicked, especially if you naively believe that life is fair.
So a "den of Iniquity" ls a p1- where vice flourishes; an iniquity
is a sin or vice, or an earegiously bmnoral act; and lniqwty is
wickedness, sin!ulnoss, Adjective: lniquitou., (in-lK.'-W:>-100).
4. equiJl<>x (EE'-tw:>-nolcs')-etymolog!cally, "equal night," a
combmation of aequus and TWX, noctis, mgbL The eqrdnox, when
day and night arc of equal length, O<lCW'S twice a year: about
Man:h Zl, and again about September 21 or 22. (The adjecli\'e ls
equinoctlal-«"-lcwo-NOK'-s~L) NocturlflJl (nok·TURN'-<>I),
derived from nox, noctb, describes people, animals, nr plants that
are active or flourish at mgbt rather than during daylight hours.
cats and owls arc noctunuzl, as is the moonllower, whose blos-
soms open at night; not to mention "night peoplo," whose
biorhythms arc soch that they function better after the sw, goes
down, and who llke to stay up late and sleep well into midmom-
ing. A noctunu: (NOK'-turn) is a musical composition ol dreamy
character (i.e., night music), or a painting of a night scene.
S. equanlndty (eo'-kw:>-NIM'- or ek'-w:>-NIM'~tee)-
etymologlcally aequus plus anlmru, mind, hence "equal mind."
Maintain :your equanimll)I, your evenness of temper, your compo-
sure, your ~ s or calmness, when everyone around you is get-
ting nciltd or bysteri<al, and you will probably be considered an
edmlrable person. though one 'might wonder what price you pay
for such emotional control (Other words built on animus, mind,
will be discussod lo Chapter 12.)
6. Eq,,,,,biUty ( co'-kw>BIL'- or ek'-w:,.BllJ~tee )-a
r.&,,,e synooym of equanJ.rnity. A person of tqUJJbl, (EB'-Jcw>l»I
206
•
or EJ.t'-w:,-1,QJ) temperament is characteristically calm, serene,
unllappal>Je, even-tempered.
1. equ/Ubrlum (ee'-kw:>-LIB'-rec.otn)--by derivation aequus
plus /jbra, balance, weight, pound, hence "equal balance." Libra
(Ll'·b~) is the seventh sign of tho zodiac, represented by a pair
of scales. Now you know, in case tho question bu been bothering
you, why tho abbreviation for the word pound is lb. and why the
symbol for tho British pound, the monowy unit, is £.. Equ,1i/,-
rium is a stato of phys/col balance, especially bett.eon opposing
forces. When you are very drunk you may have difllculty keeping
your eqwllbriw,,,.....tbe force o.t gravity is stronger than your abil-
ity to stay uprigh~ A1l e.qtdlibrlst (:>-KWIL'.....brlst), as you might
guess, is a professional tightrope walker-a performer successfully
defying the law of gravity (when sober) by balancing on a thin
overhead wire.
The equator divides the earth into t qual halves, and words like
equation, eqUNalent, equid~tant, eq_uiangular, and tquilo.tnal
(from Latin lotus, /ateris, side) are self-<lllplanatory.
2. not to be confused with hones
Equestrian (>KW'.ES'-trec-<>n) is someone on a horse (u pe-
destrian is someone on foot) ; an equestrienne (;,-~-beo-EN')
is a woman on a h.orse (If you mwt make tho distinction); and
equjne (EB'·twlo) is like a horse, as in appearance or charac-
teristica, or descriptive of llorses.
Eq11ertria,, ;s also an adjective referring to horseback ri<llng, as
an equestrian statue; and tqulnt is also-a noun. i.e., a horse.
So the c,,qu- iu these words, from Latin tquus, hone, is not to be
confused with the tq,,- in the words of the previons section-that
tqu- is from aequu.,, eqwu. (Remember, also, oot to confuse the
ped- in pedestrian, from Latin ped/J, foot, with the pt.ti- in pedia-
trician, from Greek poidos, cliild.)
3. heo, volces?
Equivocal, you will recall, combines aequw with vox, vocis,
voice; and vox, vocis combines with fero, lo beat or carry, to loan
vociferow (vo-SIF-<>r-os) , etymologicaUy "carrying (much)
207
voice,» hence loud, noisy, clamorous, as vocqerous demands (not
at all quiet or subtle), or tbe vociferc>rts play of young children
("Please! Try 10 be quiet so Dad cOA get bis work done!"), I.bough USING THE WORDS
unfortunately TV addiction bas abnormally eliminated child
noises, at leas1 durjng the prog:rao:i breab between commerciili.
(Vociferou• will be discussed at greater length in Chapter 10.) Can you pronouoce the words? m
U y6u are ,·oca/ (VtY•k9\), yon express yourself readily and 1, equity E&'-w.>-tee
fteely by voice; vooal sound! are voiced; vocol n1usic is sung; and 2. equitable EK'-wo-~bal
you know what your V()CC)/ cords are for. 3. inequity in·EK'-.1,V.)-tee
To vocaliu (V(Y-k..li:t) is to gi11t voice to ("Vocaliu, your 4. inequitable in-EK'-wo-to-b:l
anger, don't bold it In!"), or to sing lhe vo,;als (or voice parts) S. iniquity in ..IJ<'..y,':>--tee
o! music. (Om you write the noun (<>rm of the verb vocali<e? 6. iniquitous in.. fK.'·w.>·t~
- - -- -- - - - ) A vocalist (VO'-ko-list) is a singer. 7. equinox EE'-kwo-noks'
And Magnavox (vox plus magnu,, Jorge) ls the u-ade name for 8. equinoctial ee'-kw:,.NOK'-shol
a brand of radios and TV sets. 9. nocturnal nok-TURN'-ol
10. noctutne NOI<'-tum

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOOY Con you proncut1ce the words? (II)

PREFIX, ROOi, 1. equanim,'ty ee'-kw., (or ek'-wo) -NlM'+tce

Ml!ANINO ENGLISH WORD 2. eq1111bllit)I ee'·kw> (Qrek'-wo) -BIL'-<>-tce
SUFFIX
I. aequu.s (equ-) equal 3. equabla EE'-kwo-bol or EK'--bol
2. ,,.. negative prefix 4, equilibrium ee'-kwo-LIB'-ree-~m
3. nox, noctls night S. eguilibrisl e&-KWU:.'-o-brist
4. animus miod 6. equi/aJeral ee-kwo-LAT'~r-•1
s. -ity noun sufli% 7.
8.
equesrrla11
equine
o-KWES'-tree-on
6. libra bruance, weight, l!E'.Jtw!11
pound 9. -,JffflJJU v6-SIP-or...
7. -isl per.;on who 10. vocal VO'-bl
8. lams, loteri.1 side It. vocalhe VO'-t o-ll'z'
9. equ1,s horse 12. 'l'OCdliz;ation \O)'-k>l..zAY'-thon
JO. -ine lik.e. descriptive 13. vocallst VO'-ko-lisl
of
11. pedi.r foot
12. paidos (ped-) child Con you work with the words? (I)
13. vox, vocls voice
to bear, carry 1. equity a. time when night and day are
14. /ero
large of equal lengl.b
l 5. magnus
208 l09
 2. inequity b. balance of mind; compoo~;
calmness under trying CU'- Do you vnd~rstond the words?
cumstances
I. ls life always equitable?
3. iniquity c. horseback ride,- Y£s NO
d. a horse 2. Docs the cynic expect more in,quity
4. equinox thao equity in life?
YES NO
S. -nocturne e. sinfulness; wiclcedness; bn-
3. Do ethkal ~ople practice iniquity?
rooral act; sin YES NO
L unfairness, injustice 4. Does the equlnox occur once a month?
6. equanin1ity YES NO
g. tightrope walker S. Arc noct11Tnai animals active al night? YES
7. equilibrium NO
6. Ir you genera.Uy preserve your
8. equestrian b. singer YES NO
i. fairness, justice equanimity, do you often gel very
9. equilibrlst excited?
10. equine j . balance, especially between
7, Is it ea~y to maintain your equUibrium
opposing forces YES NO
on icy ground?
J1. vocalist k. night music
8. rs tquobility the marl( of a calm, YES NO
eveo•tempetcd persoo?
KEY: 1-i, 2--1, 3-<>, 4--4, 5-lc, 6-b, 7-j, 8-c, 9-g, lCkl, 11-h 9. Does an equilateral triangle have equal YES NO
sides?
l 0. ls an equine a dog/
YES NO
I I. T{ you demand something vociferQus/y, V6S NO
Can you work with the word,? 1111 do you make a lot of noise?
a. descriptive of time when night 12. If you are soca/, do' )'OU have difficulty
L equitable YES NO
and day aTo of equal length expressing yourself?
b. give voice to; sing J 3. ls a vocalist the same as aa
2. inequitable YES NO
c. having equal sides iJtstl'llmcotalist?
3. iniquitous
4. equinoctial d. using, oT referring to, the
voice; freely expressing by
I<EY: 1-no, 2-ycs, 3-no, 4-no, .5-yes, 6-no, 7- no, 8-yes_ 9-yesJ
voice 10--no, ll-yes, 12-ao, 13- no
5. nocturnal e. noisy, loud, clamorous
6. equable r. colrn, unruffled, eve.n-tem..
pered
7. equilateral g, fair, just .. Con yov recall the words? (I)
8. vociferous h. rererring or perta.ming to, or
active at, nigbl I. to give voice 10; to express I. y _ __ _ _ __
9. vocal I. sinful, wicked, immoral aloud; to sing
10. vocaliie j. unfair, unjust 2. rigbtrope walker 2. ~ - - - - - -
3. active or flourishing at aigbt 3. N,_ _ _ _ _ __
4. descriptive or characteristic of, 4. " ' " - - - - -- -
KEY: J-11, 2--j, 3-i, 4-a, 5-b, 6-f, 7~ 8-<>, 9~. J(}-b or Jike, a horse

210 211

•
 s.v______
5. referring to the voice; skillful or
fluent in expressing by voice
6. calm :md un.tlappable in 6.
temperament
7. wicked, sinful 7. ' -- - - -- - SESSION 22
8. night music 8. N l - --,-- -
9. fairness, jaslice 9. " - - - -- - -

KEY: )-vocalize, 2-equilibrist, 3--noctomal, 4-equine, S-vocal, ORIGINS AND Rl:LATED WORDS
6-<:quable, 7-iniquitous, 8-noctume, 9-equity
1. how to tickle
Titillate comes fron\ a Latin verb meaning to tickle, and may be
used both literally and figuratively. That is (literal!)'), you can ril-
Can you reco:11 lht word1? (Ill illate by gentle touches in strategic places; you nre then causing an
I. y _ _ _ _ __ actual (aod always very pleasant) physical sensation. Or you can
I. loud, noisy, clamorous 2. ,.__ __ __ (figuratively) titillate people, o r their miods, fancies; palates (and
2. person on horseback
or
this is the more common use of the word), by cl1arm, brilliance,
wit, promises, or io any other V.lflY your imagination can conceive.
3. C11lmness or evenness of temper 3, 1'--
or --
.,.__ _ __-_-
_
Titillatiorr (tit'-;,.LAY'-,,hon) has the added meaning of light
4. ,.__ _ __ _ sexual stimulatioo. (Note that both noun and verb are spelled
4. unfair, unjust s. .__ ___ _ with a double I, not a double 1.)
5. sin; wi.c kedness; grossly
iQlJllornl bcllavior 6,.,__ _ _ __
1>. tim e when day nod night are of
equal lenglb 7 • ...__ _ _ __ 2. b,ow to Ratter
7. fair, just, ll\'Vlb•""""
8. physical balance; balance 8.r...--- - - A compliment i.s a pleasant and courteous expression of praise;
betw«:11 "PP0MC fa= 9_..__ _ _ _ _ flartery is stronger than a compliment and often considered insin-
9. bavln& equal sides 10. y,_ _ __ __ cere. Adulalion (aj'+LA Y'-~h<>n) is llattery and worship carried
10. singer to an excessive, ridiculous degree. Th<rc a.re oftca public figures
( entertainers, musicians, government officials, ttc.) who receive
KEY: !-vociferous, 2-equcstrian or equestrienne, J-,,quaniroity widespread adulation, but those not 1n the public eye eao also be
or equability, 4-inequitablc, S-lniquity, 6-e_qu,nox, adulated, as a teacher by students, n wife by husband (and vice
7-equitable, 8--,,quilibrium, 9_,,quilatcral, 10-vocalist versa), a doctor by patients, and so on. (The ~erivation is from a
Lat.in verb meaning to fawn upon.)
'!'be adjective adulatory (aj'-o-lo-TAWR'-<:c) ends in -cry, a
suffix we are meeung for U,e rust time in these pages. ( Q(her ad-
(End of Session 2l) jective suffixes: -al, -ic, -ical, -QUS.)

2 12 213

•
3. ways of writing
Proscribe, to forbid, is commonly used for medical. religious, or
legal problbitions.
A doctor proscribe, a food, dtug, or activity that might prove
llann.ful to the patient. The church proscribe,, or announces •
proscriptio11 (pro-SKRIP'-sb~n) against, such activities as may
haem its po.rishlonen. Tho law proscribes behavior detrimental to
the public wellare.
GeneraUy, one might concede, proscribed activities are the most
pleasant ones--as Alexa.oder Woolcott once romarked, if some-
thing is pleasurable, it's sure to be either immoral, illegal, 'o r !at-
tening,
The derivation is the prefix pro-, before, plus ,cribo, s,;~iptus, to
write. fn ancient Roman times, a man's name was written on a
public bollctln board il he had committed some crime for which
his property or life was to be fo.rfeited; Roman citizom in good
standing would thereby know to avoid him. In a similar sense, the
doctor writes down those foods or activities that are likely 10 com-
mit crimes against the patient's health-in that way the patient
knows to avoid them.
Scrlbo, scrip/US is the building block of scores of commol) Eng-
lish words: scribe, .scribble, prescribe, i!ucribe, subscribe, script,
the Scriptures, manuscript, rype.script, elc. Describe uses the pre6x
de-, down-to describe is, etymologically, ·~o write down" about.
Mam,scrlpt, combining mtmW', hand (as in manual labor), w\th
scriptw, is oomething handwritten-the word was coined before
the invention of the typewtiter. The Scriptures are holy writings.
To mb,cribe (as to a magazine) is to write one's name under an
order or conlract (sub-, under, os in subway, subsurface. etc.}; to
subscribe to a philosophy or a principle is figuratively to write
one's name wider the statement of such philosophy or principle.
To inscribe is to write in or frrlo ( a bookt £or example, or metaJ
or stone). A postscript is something written after (Latin post,
after) themam part is finished.
Note bow -scribe verbs change to nouns and adjectives:
vna NOU>I AOJECTIVJ!
prescribe prescrjption prescriptive
subscribe subscription subseriptive
214
Can you follow the pauem?
describe
inscribe
proscribe
'4. it's obvious
You are familiar with the word via, by way of, which is from
the Latin word for road. (The Via Appia was one of the famous
highways of ancieo, Roman times.) Wbeo something is ob.,iou.<,
etymologically it is right there in the middle of the road where no
one can fail to see it-hence, easily seen, not hidden, conspicuous.
And if you meet an obstacle in the road and dispose of ii [orth•
with, you are doing what obviate says. Thus, if you review yow
work daily in some college subject, frenzied ..cramming" al the
end of the semester will be obviated. A large and steady income
obviates fears of financial ins..:urity; leaving for work early will
obviate worry about being late. To obviate, then, is to make un-
necessary, to do away with, to prevent by taking cliective meas-
ures or steps ag_ainst (an· occurrence, a (eeling, a requirement,
etc.). The noun is obviation (ob'-vee-AY'-shao}.
Surprisingly, via, road, is the root in the English word trivial
(tri-, three). Wbere three roads intersect, you are likely to find
busy traffic, lots or people, in short a fairly public place, so you
are not going to ttllk of important or confidential matters, Jest you
be overheard. You will, instead, talk of trivia! (TRIV'-ee-al) things
-whatever is unimportant, without great sigalficance; yon will
confine your conversation to trivialities (triv'-ce-AL!-:,.teez) or to
trivia (also a plu:,iJ noun, pronounced TIUV'-ce-~). insignificant
trifles.
5. war
Militate derives from mi/iris, one of the forms of tbe Latin noun
D)eaning soldier or fighting man. £f something militates against
you, it fights against you, i.e., works to your disadvantage. Thus,
your timidity may militate a,gainst your keeping your friends.
(Militate is always followed by the preposition agairtSI and, like
215
 obviate. never takes a personal subject-you don't militate against A mtrleJncto, (~tAL'-.r-fak'-t.-.r) ;~ a wcoogdocr. an evildoer a
anyone, but some habit. action, tendency? etc. mililates against crimjnaJ-a malcfac,or commirs ::1 malc/ocsio,i tmal'..-:;FAK"-
someone or somelh.iDg.) s.h:m), :i crime~ un evil deed.
The adjectjve militant (MIL'-o-t:>Ol) comes from tbe same French is a "Romance" languagi:, thlt is, a Janguagc based on
root. A militant refQnner is one who fighfs for refonns; a militant Roman. or Latin (as are, also, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and
campaign is one waged aggressively and with determination. 11,e Roma.man}, and. so Lalin malns became French mat, bad, the
noWl is militancy (MIL'-~tJn..sce}, and m..ililaf1'. is also a noun source of maladroit (mal'-a>-DROYT'), clumsy, bungling, awk-
for the person-*'Sally is a miUtant in tbe Women's Liberation wa(d, unskillful, etymologically, having a "bad right hand." (See
movement."' adroit> Chapter 3.) The noun is maladroitness. Also from French
Military and 1ni/i1,'a nlso have their orig.in iii miUtis. ma/: malaise (mo-1.A YZ'), on indefinite feeling of bodily dis-
comfort, ~s in a mild illness, or as a symptom preceding an illness;
etymologically, «bad ease," just as dis~a.re (dis-case) is "Jack of
6. fird tho bad news
ease.·1
lluill on Latin malus, bad, evil, to malign is to speak evil about, Other _common words .thal you a re familiar wilb also spring
to defa1ue, to slaodei. Malign is also no adjective meaning bad, from Latin malus: malicious, malice, malady; and the same mnlux
luum/ul, ,'Vil, lia(e/11l, as in "tho malign influence of bis uncon• functions ns a prefix in words like maladjr,sled, malc<>11Jent, n,al..
scious will to fail." Another adjective form is malignant (mo- practice, malnutritio,r, etc., all with the connotat1on of badness.
LrG'·D~nt), us in "a TTUJlignanl glance," i.e., one showing deep
hatred, or "a malignant gwwth," i.e.t one Lhat is eaocerous (bad). And what's the good news? See Session 23.
The noun of malignant is malignancy (m,.,LIG'-nan-sec),
which, medically, is a caocerous growlb, or, generally, the oondi-
tion, state, or attitude of haanfulness, hatefulness, evi.1 intent, etc.
TJ,c noon loan of the adjective malig1' is malignity (m,.,LIO'-no- REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
tee).
O~erve how we can construct English words by c-ombining P~EFJX, P.OOT,
ma/us with olher LatiJl roots. SUFf11X MEANlNG ENGLISH WOR.0
Add the root dioo, dictus, to say or tell, to form ,n11Tedictwn
l. -ory adjective suffix
(mal'-o-DJK'-sh:>n), a curse, i.e., an evil SJ>ying. Adjective: male-
2. sc.ribo~ :;criptus to write
dictory (roal'-,.,DIK'-t"'rce). 3. dc- down
Add the root volr>, to wisll, to will, or to be willing, and we can
4. manus hand
construct the adjective malevolent (m<>-LBV'-:i-lcnt), wishing evil
5. sl<b- under
or hnrm-n malevo/0111 glance, attitude, Cceling, etc. The noun is In, into
6. in-
malevolence (m:,-LEV'-<>-fans). 7. (1()1/ afler
Add the root facio, factus, to do or make (al.so spelled, in Eng-
8. via road
lish words,fec-, fie-, /acua, or, as a verb ending, -fy), to form the three
9. lri-
adjective maleficent (ioo-LEF'- o-s~ot), doing harm or e•il, or soldier
10. miU,is
cnusing hurt- maleficent acts, deeds, behavior. bad, evil
Can you figure out, and pronounce, the noun form of J I. ma/us
12. dico, dictus to say, tell
maleficent?---- -- - - -- - 13. ,·olo to wish
2 17
216

•
14. focio (fee•, fie-, fy) todo,mal<e
15. -ence, •aney noun soffix Con you work wi1h the wotd$'? (I)

1. tlti1101loo a. prohibitlou
2. odulation b. hatefulness; harmfulness
3. proscription c. clumsiness
WORKJNG WllH llif WORDS
4. militancy d. quality o[ wishing evil; ill-
will
Can you pronounce the words? (11 5. roalignity e. prevention; fact or act of
tir-:>-LAY'-shon making unnecessary or of
l. tWl/o1ion
af-a-LAY'-sbn doing away with
2. adulation
6. malediction · L worship; excessiye flattery
3. ad11lowry AJ'·>· l<>-Lawr'-ee
pro-SKRIP'-shQO 7. maladroitness g. vague fe<1llng of bodily dis-
4. proscript;on
comfort
5. · proscriptive plO-S'KRIP'•tiv
8. obviation b . pleasurable stimulation; tick-
6. obviation ob'-vce-AY'-sh•n
ling
7. trivial TRIV'-eMl
9. malevolence i. a curse
8. trivialitit3 triv'-ee-AL'-Heez
10. malaise j. oggressiveness
9. trivia 11UV'..ee"'°
I 0. m;Jitant MlL'-HQnt
l I. militancy MIL'-a-t:>n-see KEY: 1- h, 2,-f, 3-<l. 4-j, 5- b, 6--i, 7~ H, 9-d, 10-g
12. malign (adj.) =-LIN'
13. maUgnity =-LIG'-na-tee
14, malignant m:>-LIG'-nout
l S. malignancy =-LIG'·n•o-see
Cun you work with the words? (Ill
Con you pronounce lhe words? {II) I. adulatory a. aggressive; "fighting"
2. proscriptive b. of no great consequence
1. malediction mal'-:,.DIK'-shon
3. militant c. bearing ill-will; wishing llarm
2. maledictory mal'+DIK'-to-ree
4. malign d. ot the natufe of curses
3. malevolenJ ma-U::V'+lont
5. trivial e,. clumsy, awkward
4. malevolence m:,-LEV'+tons
6. maledictory f. worshipful, adoring
S. maleficent ro:>-LBF'+sont
7. malevolent g. bad, harmful, hurtful
6. male(icence DIQ-UlF'·:>-S311S b- relating or pertoining to pro-
MAL'?fak'-tor 8. maladroit
1. malefactor hibitions
8. malefactior, mal'+FAK'-shon
9. maladroit mal'-<>-DROYT'
10. maladroitness roal'-a-DROYT'-nos KEY: 1-f, 2-h, 3-a. 4-g, s-b, 6-d, 7-<:, 8-e
11. malaise ma-1.../\YZ'
218 219
 9 . n carsc 9.M..- - -- -
!O. a crime; bad or evi1 act or 10. M . . - - - - -
Do you understand the words?
behavior
I. Docs a moligna111 look indicate kindly YllS NO
feelings?
NO KEY: 1- mafodroit, 2-malcvolcat., 3--titillntion, 4-nulitani, 5-pro-
2. Is a cancer someti.n1es called a YES
scription, 6-adu1ation. 7-malaise, 8-malclactor. 9- malc-
ma/ig,uincy?
3. Ate lriviaTties important? YES NO diction, 1O-malcfaction ·
4. Jf your house is cluttered wi~h trivia, YES NO
are tbese objects of great value?
5. Do people enjoy having maledic1io11s YES NO
hurl•d a t them? Con yo11 r~aU the word,? (II)
6. ls a mole(tc,,111 act likely to cause harm VIS NO J. fact or act of makins unnecessary 1. o,_ ______
or burt? or of taking effective sleps
7. Does ma/adroitness show skill? YES NO toward prevention
8. ls a ma/ejac/01· a wrongdoer? YES NO 2. aggressive attitude 2. ,.,___ _ _ __ _
9. Does an adulatory altitude show YES NO
3. hannful, hurtful, bod 3. M - - -- - -
or ,v,.._ _ __ _ __
exagg,rated admiration?
10. Is militancy the same as passiveness? YES NO
or M--------
4. unimportant, insignificant 4 . T - - - - --
KEY: 1- no, 2-yes, 3-no, 4-no, S-no, 6-yes, 7- no, 8- yes, 9- yes, 5. uoimportaol, insignificant things; 5.T- - - - --
10..no trifles or L-------
6. cursing; of the nature of, or 6. M..-- - - - -
relating to, curses (adj.}
7, ,..___ _ _ _ __
7. worshipful
Con you recotl the words? (IJ

l. clumsy, awkward 1. M.---- - - KEY: 1-obviation, 2-militaocy, 3-malign, maligonnt. or

maleficent. 4-trivial, 5-trivialities or trivia, 6-maledictory,
2. bearing ill-will; wishing harm 2. M------
3. pleasurable stimulation 3. T - - -- - - 7-adulatocy
4. a person aggressively figbtisig 4,
for a cause 5. p._ _ _ __ _
5. prohibition agninst something (lf;nd of SessiJ:>11 22)
injurious
6. excessive flattery; euggerated 6. A , - - - -- -
admirafion
7. vague feeling of general 7. IV'--- -- -
physical discom[ort 8, M,_ _ _ __
8. a criminal; a wrongdoer
220 221

SESSION 2 3
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS
1. so now what's the good news?
Ma/us is bad; bo11m is good. The adverb from the Latin adjec:-
tive bonus is bene, and bene is the root found in words that con-
trast with the ma/.. terms we stadjed in the previous scssfoo.
So bc'flign (bo-NIN') and benignant (b:,-NIO'·n~nt) arc
kindly, good-natured, not harmful, as in benign neglect, a benign
judge) a benign tumor (not caoeerow) 1 a benignant attimde to
malefactors and sroundrcls. Toe corresponding nouns are benig-
nity (bo-NIG'·n:>-lce) and benigftllllCy (b:>-NIG'-n~n-;ee).
A malediction is a curse; a benediction (bcn'-:>-DlK'-sru,n) is a
blessing, a "saying good." The adje(five is benedictory ( ben'· >
DIK'-~·ree).
In contrast to maleficent is beneficent (b:>-NEF-o-s~o,), doing
good. The noun? _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __
In contrast to nllliefactor is bene/actQr (BEN'-o-18.k'-~r), one
who does good things for another, as by gh-ing help, providing
fio.3.ncial gifts or aid. or coming to the rescue when someone is in
need. If you insist on malting sexual distinctions, a woman who so
o_pcrates is a benefactress (BEN'-o-falc'-trns). And, of course,
tho person receiving the bent/action (ben....FAK.'-shon), the re-
cipient of money, help, etc., is a beneficiary (bm'+FJSH'-or-co
or ben-<>-FISR'-ee-air-co). Bene/it and beneficial are other com-
mon words built on the combinatl.on of bene and a form of focio,
to do or make.
So let others be malevolem toward you-a,nfuse them by being
benevolent (bo-NBV'-:,-lont)-wish them well. (Tum the other
check? Why not?) The noun? _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __
The adjective bonu,, good, is found in English bonus, extra
payment, theoretically-but not necessarily-for $Omo good act;
222
in bonbon, a candy (a "good-goo<!," using tbe French version o!
the Latin odjcctiv,,); and in bona {idt (B<Y-ru>-FID' or BO'-n:,,.
Fi'-dee), e1ymologically, "in good faith," hence valid, without
pretense, deception. or fraudulent intent-as a bona fide offer, a
bona fide effort to negotiate d.itJerences, etc. Fides is Lati.n. for
faith or trust, as in frdeUty (!o-DEL'-<>-tce), faithfulness; Fido, a
stereotypical oame for a dog, one's faithful friend; infidel (IN'-!:,.
dol), one who does 1101 have the right faith or religion ( depending
on who is using the term), or one who has no religion (Latin in-,
nOl); and in{ideUty (in'-f:>-DEL'-o-tee), unfaithfulness, especially
to the marriage vows.
2. soy. do, and wish
Benediction and malediction derive from dico, dictus. to say.
tell. Dictate, tiictator, dictation, dictatorial (dik'-t;,-TAWR'-ee-<>l)
-words that signify lclling others what to do ("Do as l say!~)-
acc built on dico, as is predict, to tell beforehand, Le., to say that
something will OCCUI before it actuaUy does (pre--, before, as in
presci;int).
The brand name Dicu,plume combines dico wilh plume, sound;
contradict, to say against, or to make an opposite statement
("Don't contradict mel"; "Tbat contradicts what J know") com-
bines dko with co11tra-, against, opposite; and addiction, etymo-
logically •a saying to or towrud," or the compulsion to say "yes"
to a habit, combines dico with all-, to, toward.
Facio, factl(.I, to do or make (as in =le/actor, btnefactor),
has, as noted, variant spellings in English words: fee-, fie-, or, as a
verb ending. -fy.
Thus factory is a pl.ac¢ where things a.re mad• (--0ry, place
where); a fact is something dcne (Le., something that OCC'0IS, or
exists, or is, therefore, true); fiction, something madJ! up or in-
vented; manufacture, to makt by hand (manu,, hand, a. in manu-
script, mnnual), a word coined before the invention of machinery;
artificial, made by bumao art rather than occu.rring in nature, as
artifidal Jlowera, etc.; and clarify, simplify, /iqr«/y, magnify (to
make clear, simple, liquid, larger) alllong huodreds of other -/y
~rbs.
Volo, to wish, to will, to be willing (as in malevolent, benevo-
223

lent), occurs in voluntary, involuntary, volunteer, words too fa-
miliar to need de6nitio11, and eacb quite obviously expre.ssiog wish
or willingnen. Less com.moo, and from the same root. js volition
(v6-LlSH'-~n), the act or pow,,r of willing or wishi.tlg. as in "of
bc-r own volition/' ic., voluntarily, or ..a.gain.st her voUlion."
wit_h rour position or narrow accomplishments, too easily sclf-
~uusfied, and the hour of reckoning may be closer than you real-
ize. (Humans, as you know, are detighted to be crilical of the con-
tenunent of others.)
The noun is complacence {k:tcn-PLAY#...s-;.ns) or complacency
(kom-PLAY'-son-see).

3. if you pl&osel 4. how to givc---ond forgive

Placate is boilt on the root plac- which derives from two refated To condone is lo forgive, ovcrloo~ pardon. or be uncritical of
Latia verbs meaning, I) to please, and 2) to appease, soothe, or (an ~ffense, ~r of an :"'tisocial or illegal act) . You yourself might
pacify. or might not mdulge m such behavior or commit such an offense,
If you succeed io p/ocating an angry colleague, you rum that but you !eel no urge to protest. or to demand censure or punish-
person's hostile attitude iato one that is (riendly or fa,-orable. The ment for someone clso who does. You may condone cheating on
noun is placmion (play-KAY'-sl1~n), the adjt(:tive either plact>- one's income tax, shoplifting from a big, impersonal supermarket
tive (PLAK'-Q-liv or Pl.AY'-k:rtiv) or placatory (PLAK'->taw- or exceeding the speed limit, though you personally obserw lh;
reo or PLAY'-b-taw-rcc). A more placatory attitude to those law with scrupulousness. (Not everyone, however is so charitable
you have o1fended may help you regain their friendship; when or forgiving.) The noun is condonation (kon'-do-NAY'-sh~n).
husband and wife, or lovers, quarrel, one ot them finally mAkes a Condone is built on Utin dor,o, to gi-ve, die root round in
placative geslllre if the war no longer fn1611s bis or her neurotic donor, one who glves: donate~ 1.0 give; and donation, a gift.
needs-one of them eventually will wake up sonw bright rooming
in a plactttory mood.
But then, r;uch is life. ihe other one may at that point be impla- REVIEW OF EIYMOLOGY
cable (im-PLAK'.,.._lrn or lm-PLAY'-b-ool)-im- is a respelling
of in-, not, before the letter p. One who can be soothed, whose PREFIX, ROOT,
hostility can be changed to friendliness, is placable (PLA.K'-:rbol SUffl.X l\11:...\.,~ING BNGLISR WORD
orPLAY'-b-~). J. bonus, bene good, well
Implacable has taken on tho added roeanillg of u,ryleldlng to fa.ilh
2. {Ides
tntreaty or pity; hence, l,ar,h, relent/es,, as "The ·governor was to say, tell
3. dico, die/us
implacable in his refusal to grant clemency." 4. pre- bet.ore, beforehand
'the noun form of implacnble is implacability (im-plllk'·~BIL'- sound
5. phone
~toe or im-play'-ko-Bll.'+tee). Can you writo (and pronounce) 6. contra- against, opposite
the noun derived from p11lcable? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1. ad- to, toward
U you ru:e placid (PLAS'-id), you are calm, easygoing, serene, 8. facio, jactus, fee-, 10 make or do
undlstu.rbed~ologically, you are pleased with thing:, as they
fie-, -fy
are. Waters of a lake or sea, or the emotional atmosphere of a pine<: where
9. -01')'
place, can also be placid. 'the noun is placidity (pl""5ID'.,.._,ec). 10. manus hand
11 }'()U are complacent (kom-PLAY-sont), you arc pleased with • 11. vow to wish, to will,
yourseU (com-, from con-, with, together); }'OU may, in fact, such to b• willing
is one common colll10talion of the word, be smug. too pleased
225
2241
 to please, appease, 5. p /aClllrJry PLAK'-~tawr-ee or
12. plac-
soothe, pacify PLAY'-k.>-tawr-ce .
adjective sollilt 6. p/acable PI..AJ<'-:,.bol or PLAY'-k>b>I
13 . ..;ve
14. -ory adjectivo suffix 7 . imp/ocabtc im-PLAK'-:,..bol or
15. im- (in•) not; negative prefu< im-PLAY'-b·b~I
16. com- (con•) with, together 8. 11tacabW1y plalc'-:,..BU.:·>tee or
11. dono to give play'-k:,..BJL'-,.tee
9. implacability im-plak' ·:>-DlL'-Q-tee or
im·play'-ko-BIL'-o-tee
JO. placid PL.AS'-id
USING ll!E WORDS 11. placidity pl:>-SID'+tec
12 .complacent koro-PLAY' -sont
13. complacen-ce kom-PLAY'-s:ms
Can yau pronaunee llte wards? II) kom-PLAY' -son-see
14. complacency
1. benign lx>-NlN' IS. condonation kon'~o..NAY1·sh~n
2. b,nignity b>NIG'-n:,.tee
3. benignant b:,-NlG'-n:ml
Con you work with the words? {I)
4. benignancy lx>-NIG'-non•see
ben'..,.DIK'-shon l. benign a. wishing good things (for oo-
S. ben~diction ·
ben'...-DJK'- t:,.ree other); well disposed
6. btMdiCk>fY b. dontlneering; giving orders in
1. bt11tficent b:,.NEF'-<>-s:mt 2. benedictory
b:,.NBF->S<>DS a manner pennittmg no re-
8. beneficcnce
BEN'->fak'·m fusal
9. bt!ne/actor c. not to be $00thed oc paci·
10 . benef~tJon beo' ...a,.,fAK'-shan 3. benevolent
beo'-o-FISH'-or-ee or lied; unyielding to pity or en-
11. b,nefki.ary
ben'-Q-FISH'-ee-niI-ee treaty
4. bona fide d. tending, or in.tended, to pac,.
12. benel'oltnJ b>NBV'.:,.!:mt
lx>-NEV'-o-loos ily, to soothe, or to change
13. benevolt nce
BO'-no FID' or BO'·n• F't'-<lee hostility to friendliness
14. bona fide e. kindly, good-natured; not
15. fidelity fa-DEL'-<>-teo 5. dictatorial
16. Infidelity in'-fa-DEL'•>ICO cancerous
6. placatory f. calm, unruffled, undisturl>ed
11. infidel IN'-fo-<l~t
7. implacable g. self-satisfied; smug
S. placid h . of the nature of, or relating
Can yau p,on0<1nce 1M words? (II) to, blessings
1. d;cratorial dik'-b--TA WR' ·•-I 9. complacent L in good faith; sineere; valid
2. volido11 w-LISH'-on
3. pla<!atio11 play-KAY'-sbon KEY: 1-e, 2- h, 3- a, 4-1, 5- b, 6-d, 7~ . 8-f; 9- g
4. pl4canve PI..AK'-o-tiv or PLAY'·k>liv
227
·226
 9. Is a bona fide offer made insincerely? YES NO
10. Docs• be11igm,n1 attitude indicate YES NO
Con you work wirh the word$? (II) hostility?
1. beocvotcnce- a. recipient of mQney, kindness,
etc. KEV; l -ycs, 2-ycs, 3-yes, 4-yes, s...yes, 6-no, 7- ycsJ 8- no,
2. bcne[action b. !rec will 9-no, 10-no
3. benefick,ry c. act of overlooking, or of for-
giving, au offense or trans-
gression
Do you understand the word,? (Ill
4. infidelity d. f(lith!uJness
5. vo1ition c. self-satisfaction: smugness I. berugn-hateful SAMB OPPOSITE
6. placation f. calmness · 2. benignant-kindly SAME OPPOSITf?
7. fidelity g. acl of pncifyin& or o[ turn- 3. bencdiction-maledktion SAM1~ OPP051T£
ing hostility or anger into 4. henefactor~vildoer SAME OPPOSl'rE
friendly feclin~ 5, beneficiary-giver SAM!! Ol'POSITE
s. condonation b. a ttitude ol "'sblng good 6. bencvolcm-wcll disposed SAi.iit]! OPPOSITE
things for another 7. bona fide-valid SAM"E OPPOSITE
9. placidity i. faithlessness 8. tidelicy- uofaithfulue:ss SA&A2 OPPOSITE
10. co(llplacency j . good deed; act o f charity or 9. inlidel- mie believer S.~MB OPPOSITE
kindness lO. dicunorial-submissive SAME OPPOSITE:
1 l. plaootive-paclfying SAM2 OPPOSITE
12. implacoblo-u11yieldin& SA.\£2 OPPOSITE
KEY: 1-b, 2-j, 3-a, 4-i, 5-b, 6-g, 7-d, 8--0, 9-f, J(k SAMl! OPPOSITR
13. placid-calm
14. complacent-discontented s,.m OPPOSJTS
15. condonation-fotgiveness SAMB O'PPOSIT.E!
Do you understood the words? (f)
I. rue benedictions given in houses of Vl!S NO
KEY; 1-0, 2-S, 3-0, 4-0, 5-0, 6-S, 7-S, 8-0, 9-0, I 0-0,
worsblp?
2. Is It pleasaotto be the recipient ot a 11-S, 12-S, 13-S, 14-0, 15-S
YES NO
ben•fictnl act?
3. Are kind people benevolent? YES NO Can you re<:oll the words?
4. Do placatory gestures often heal YES NO J. D,___ _ __
wounds and soothe disgcuntted friends? 1. tending to gjve orders 2. (.;__ _ __ _
S. Are some unambitious people YES 2. act of overlooking (an ollcn;e,
complacent? ''° etc.)
3. unyieldingly hostile; beyond 3. 1....-----
6. Does oonignity show malice? YES NO
7. Is a benefaction an act of philanthropy? YES NO soothing; relentless; pitiless
8. ls an lmplacablt foe of corruption YES NO 4. inteuded to soothe or 4. P· - - - -- -
pacify (adj.) or P·_ _ _ _ _ __
likely to condone ODJTUj)t acts?
228 229

~ - - -~r
 5.V_ _ __ _ 2. To be purposely con.fusing:
S. one·s desire, wishes, or unforced (a) equivocate, (b) obviate, (c) proscribe
will 6, p_ __ __ J. To work lo tho disadvantage of:
6. calmness 7. ,.___ _ __ _ (a) ma.lijpl, (b) mllitate, (c) placate
7. sclf-saHstoction; smugness Or <.;__ __ _ __
4. To $lander:
(a) malign, (b) condone, (c) placate
8. f _ __ _ __
8. non-believer in lbe "true» S. Lacie of equality:
religion (a) parity, (b) disparity, (c) ambiguity
9. B,_ __ __
9. kindly; well disposed 6. Pl\rase that may have two interpretations, ooio of the111 indeli-
or B--- - - - cate or o!f-<:oloc:
or B- - - -- - (a) equivocalion, (b) ambiguity, (c) double entendre
10. unfaithfulness 10. 7. Hatefnl:
11. involving a blessing (adi. ) 1 1 . J L - - - -- (a) maijgn>nt, (b) l/C"ignant, (c) malaise
12. B,_ _ __ __
I 2, doing something good or 8. ill will:
kind (adj,) (a)malaise, (b) malevolence, (c) maleficence
13. faithfulness 13.F- - - - - 9. Kindly:
14. B,_ _ __ __
14. slncere~ validi in good faith (a) bcne,'Olent, (b) placid, (c) complacent
15. B,_ __ __ _
IS, one who does 10mething JO. lnl!exihly hostile:
good, kind. or charitnble (a) implacablo, (b) placatory, (c) militant
(for another) 11. Giving orden imperiously:
l 6. a kind or charitable deed 16.B-- - -- (a) benedictory, (b) dictatorial, (c) adulatory
17. B,_ _ __ _
17, recipient of kindness, gift, etc. 12. Self-satisfactloo:
18. able to be soolbed or pacified 18.P- - - -- · (a) complacency, (b) plaeatioo, (c) placidity

KEY: 1-dictntoriol, 2~odonation, 3-implacable, 4-placatory KEY: 1--b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-a, S-b, 6-c, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a, 10-a, I 1- b,
or placative, 5-volition, 6-pladdity, 7--complac:ence or
12-a
complacency, 8-infidel, 9- benign, berugnant, or benevo-
lent, JO-infidelity, 11- benedictory, 12-bene6cent,
13-fidclity, 14-bona fide, IS-benefactor, 16-benefactioo,
17-beneficiary, 18-placable 8. Con you ,ecogni:z.e roots?
.6XAMPLB
ROOT
parity
I. par equivocal
2. aequus (equ-)
CHo<\PTER REVIEW 3. vox. vocis
vocal
nocturnal
4, nox, ncx:tis equilforist
A. Do you recognize the words? 5. libra equilateral
6. latus, lateris
I. To belittle: equine
1. equus
(a) titillate, (b ) disparage, (c) adnlate 231
•230
 2. H equilcueral means tqual--sided, can you constru<.1 ao adjec-
8. pedis pedestrio.n tive mellning IWO•sided? _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
9. paidos (pcd- ) pedagogue
10. /ero vocirerous 3. Trans- is a prefix mewling aero.rs• .Build a ..,,b meaoiog lo
II. magnus magnjfy wrir. acros.< (from ooc Corm or language. to another):
_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ . What is the noun derived
12. scribo, scriptus proscribe from this verb? _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _,
13. manus manuscript
14. post postscript 4. What disease was so named on the erroneous assumption that
15. via uivfaJ it wos caused by "bad air'?'' - -- - - -- - -- - - - -
16. militis militate 5. Facio may appear in English words as /tc-. Using the prefix
17. mnlus ma1e(actor ~on•. together, can you Joun a noun sometimes used as a synonym
18. dico, dict1<s dictatorial for candy, cake, o r ice cream (et)inologlcally, "somethlog made
19. volo volition together")? - -- -- -- - - - - -
20. (ado (fee-, fie-, benefactor
-fy) fiction ( Amwers in Cl111prer 18)
simplify
2). bonus bona fide
22. {ides fidelity
23. phone Diotaphone THE THRILL OF RECOGNlllON
24. plac- placate
2S." dono donation You havo been adding, ovtr the past twenty-three sessions,
hundreds of words to your vocabulary; you have been learning
hundreds of prefixes, roots, and suffixes that make it possible for
KEY: L-eqnal, 2-djnal, 3-voice, 4--nisJ>t, 5-balance, 6-side, you to figure out the meaning ol many unlaroiliar words you may
l2- · 8-foot.· 9~bild' l<H;n=
7-horse, ··n bear" 11- Iarge, come across in your reading.
write, 13- hnnd, 14--<uter, IS-road, 16-soldicr, As time goes on and you notice more and mo.., ot the words
17~d, 18--say, tell, 19-w.ish, 20-<lo, make, 21-good, you have studied whenever you read, or whenever you listen to
22-t.uth, 23-sound, 24--please, soothe, pacify, 25--give lectures, the radio, or TV, the thrill of recognition plus the imme-
diate comprehension of complex ideas will provide a dividend o[
incalculable value.
You will hear these words in convcnatioo, and you will begin
to use them }~o-urself, uoself..eonsciously, whenever wmething you
want to say is best eJ<presscd by one o( the words that ciactly
TEASER QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATEUR ETYMOLOGIST
,·erbalizcs your thinking. Anotber priceless dividend!
So keep onl You a.re· involved i:n a dlvidend-payi.ng ae11vity tlJat
l . Keeping in mind the rOOl"i animus in equanimity and mt:tgnut
_
m Magnavor or mognify, can yoo combioc ·these two roots to will evenruo/ly make you inttllectually rich.
form a noun meaning. etymologicalty, largeness of mind?
. . Cao you figure out the (E11d of Session 23)
adjective form, ending in -ous, of the DOW) you have coostu<;tcd?

232 233

----Brief lntermissio11 Five:----
section of people who use the laxlguagc professionally, inquirlJ,g ~
to their opinion o! the oeceptabil~, in everyda! speech, of ccrtaiD
specific and coott0vemial expressions. A questiO~ I prepared
i:ecently was answered by eigb~-two sucll P:"opJo-thi.rt)'--0ne au-
thors, seven book revicwcn, thirty-three editors, ~ eleven ~ro-
fessors o! English. The results, some of which will be detailed
below, may possibly prove sta.rtling to yon if you have~ co~~-
liooed to bclie\>e, as most of us havo, that correct English IS ngid,
@changeable, and exclusively dependent on grammatical rules.

HOW TO SPEAK NATURALLY

TEST YOURSElF

J. Galifornians boast of the healthy climate IUGIIT waoNG

Consider this statement by Louis Bromfield, a noted author: "Il I, of their state.
as a novelist, wrote dialogue for my characters which was rnctieu- 2. Her new novtl is not as good as her fin;t JUGH'f WRONG
lously grammatical, the result would be the creation of a spee<:h one.
which rendered uie cbaractcrs pompous and unreal." 3. We can't hardly believe it. RIGRT WII.0'!-9
And this one by l acqueo Bamin, former literary critic for lUORT WltOND
4. This is "'7.
Harp,r.,: "Speech, after an, ,is in some measure an expression or IUGHT waoNo
S. Who are yon waiting for?
character, and flcJUl>ility in its nse is a good way to tell your 6. Please take care of w/,Qmever is waiting. JUGBT WllONG
friends from the robots." tuClRT WllON'G
7. Whom would you 1ike to be if you
Consider al.so this puclcWl remark by the late Clarence Darrow: weren't yourself7
"EveQ.if you do learn to speak correct English, who are you going 8. My 11'il'c bas been robbed. RJGHT Wl\ONG
to speak it to?" lUGJlT WllONG
9. ls this d,sert fattening?
These are typical reactions of professional people to the old re-
strictions of formal English grammar. Do the actual teachers of 1. Caillomians boast of the htalthy climate of their date.
English feel lhe same way? Again, some typical statements: JUGIIT. There is a dlstinctioo, says lorullll grammar, bctw~n
"Experts and aulhoritie.s do not malce decisions and rules, by /1,aUhy and healthful. A pe1$0n can be heallh)'-1 am still quoung
logic or otherwise, about correctness," said B. A. Cross, then Pro-- the rulo-lf be possesses good health. But climate must be hea!tl>-
lessor o{ English at the Greeley, Colorado, College of Education. ful, since ii is conducive to health. This distinction is sometimes
"All they can ·do is observe the customs of cultivated and observed in writing but rarely in everyday speech, as you _b~vo
educaied people and report !heir findings." probably noticed. E'VC!l the dictionaries have stopped splitang
1
'Grammar is only an analysis after the facts, n post•mortem on hai.rs-diey pennit you to uy health1 no matter which o! the
usage," said Stephen Leacock in How To Write. uusage comes two meanings you intend.
first and usage must rule." "Healihy climate" was accepted as current educated usage by
One way to discover current trends in usage is to poll a cross ~nty-six o! the tbi.ny-three edilOts who answered 1be ques-
234 235

tionoaIre. snc
. of _the seven book reviewers, nine of the eleven m,.
fess?rs ?f. En~ and twenty o{ the thirty-one authors. ~e
earher diStanet.ton, in short, is rapidly becoming obsolete.
2. Her new novel is not as good as her first one
~ORT. u ~u have studied fotmal grammar, .you will recall that
alter a negative verb the "proper" word is so, not as. ls lb.is rule
observed by educated speakers? Flardly '"-er.
wInDreference to the sentence under ·"·-·=' ~u..-.on, au thoc Tb omas
. • uncan telll3rked: "I always say-am! writ.,__ much to the
d1sttess is
of my publisher's copyreader. But file fellow a wretched
puns[.»
. tallY on this use of as showed seventy-tour for only e;•ht
The
agaiOSt. ' 'C'
3. We can't hardly believe it
5. Who are you waiting for?
RJGllT. Formal grammar not only requires whom but demands
that tbe word order be cbang«I to: "For whom are you waiting'/"
(Just try talking with such fonnality on everyday occasions and
see how long yoo11 keep your friends.)
Who is the normal, popular !onn as the first word of a sentence,
no matter wha~ lbe grammatical construction; aad an opinion by
Kyle Crichton, a well-known magazine editor, is typi<:al o! the
way many educated people feel. Mr. Crichton says: "The most
loathsome word (to me at least) in the English language is whom.
You can always tell a ball-educated buffoon by tb& cate he takes
in working the word in. When he starts it, I know J nm faocd with
a pompous illiterute who is not going to have me Jong as com-
pany ....
The score for acceptance of the sentence as it stands ( with

:y \VltON~. Of. tbo cigbty-two professiooal people who answered

qucs,Uolllt."lue,_ seventy-six rejected this sentence; it is evident
f atedcon t hardly is far from acceptable in e<lu,:ated speech Pre~
who) was sbtty-si,c out of eighty-two. JC, like n,ost unpedantic
speakers, you prefer who ,o whom for informal occasions, or if
you feel as strongly about whom as Mt. Crichton does, you will be
err usage: We ccm hardly believe it. · happy to bear that modem trends iu English are all on your side.
4. Thi., is her. 6. Please 1ako care of w/,omever is waiting.
WRONG. Thi< substitution of her where the rule r•=•ires sh waoNo. Whameve.r is awkward and a little silly in tbh sentence
was . rewted
,- by fif"'-se °
·, ven I my eighty-two
· -,- Para-e
respondents. and bcin~ to mind Franklin P. Adams' famous «mark on gram-
doXtcally enough, although "It's me" and "Thi . ~· mar: '"Whom are you?' asked Cyril, for be bad been to night
established . ed s is "'• aw fully
Ill ~~ speech, "This is hel" still seems to be con- school." It is also contrary to grammatical rule. People wbo are
demned by the maionty of cultivated speakers. Nevertheless the willing to be sufficiently insufferable to use who,mver In this con-
average
"Tb.is h • . .J im aginc,
. person, · ~ a bit um:omfortable saying
may ,..,J • struction b,ave been tempted into rnor by the adjacent woro of•
. is_s • - tt ~uads almost too sophisticated. 'Ibey believe that since they ate following a preposition with an
This is more than an academic problem. If the voice at tho objective pronoun they are speaking impeccable. grammar. lo ac-
other end of a tolcpbooe conversation mak- .Le · tuality, however, wlwmever is not the object ol the preposition of
with "l'd like ~- "' operung move
sake ,, to speak to Jane Doe [your name, for argument's but the subjcct of the vcrb is waiting. Preferable form: Please take
I, : 0u.~ un~?rtunatcly, on the boms of a very real cJi. care of whoever is waiting.
lc~a. ~s 1s she may sound prissy-''This is htt'' may give 1. Whom would you like to be ii you weren't yourself?
:• unpress1on that you're uneducated. Other choices 3 ,.. equally WRONG. Acre is another and typical example of the damage
oubtful. "Tai.king)" is suspiciously businesslike il the call comes which an excessive .reverence for whom can do to an innocent per-
to y~ur h?me, and "I am Jane Doel" may make you feel like the son's speech. Iudged by grammatical -rule, whom is incorrect in
0 P:"""'8 hne o~ a high school tableau. The need for a decision this sentence ( lbe verb 10 be requites who); judged by normal
~ several tunes m a busy day-and, 1 am sorry to report the spcc<:b patterns, it is absurd. Tbis use of whom probably comes
English lan~agc is just deficient enough not to be o( much b;!p. 1 from ilJl abortive attempt to sound elegant.
wonder bow u would be ,1 you just grunted affably? 237
236
8. My wilo bas been robbed.
UGRr-i! something your wifo owns was taken by means of
~ : However, ii your wile herself was kidnapped, or In some
way talked into leaWJ8 you, silo was stol,n, not robbed. To rob is '
to abscond with tho contents of SOllletbiog-to mm is to walk off
with the thina itself. Noedless to say, both forms of activity are 10
hiahly antisoclal and equally illegal.
9. Is this dum fatt,:ning'I
WltON(). The dustrt that is fattenlog ls spelled with two s's.
With one s, it's a desert, lilce the Sahara. Remember the two s's in HOW TO TALK
dessert by thinking how mllClt you'd liko twO portions, if only
your wais1Jine pennitted. ABOUI' VARIOUS SPEECH HABITS
(&sslons 24- 27)

1£ASEt PREVIEW

What odjectlve descn1>es peopr. w'1o:

• are dinncliMd to co,wmat/.on?

• are brief and to the point in their speechl
• are blocked or incoherent in their sptech?
• sh'1w by thdr speech that they are trite and unimag/Mtive?
• use more. words than necessary?
• are forcefully compe/Ung and logical in their speech?
• talk rapidly and fluently?
• are noi.ry and clamorous?
• are taJkaJivt?

238 239

SE~ON 24
Perhaps some of your richest and most satisfying experiences have
been with people 10 whom you can just IJllk, talk, talk. As you
speak, previously untapped springs of id= and emotions begin to
flow; you hear yourself saying things you never thought you knew.
What kinds of people might you find yourself in conversation
with? In this chapter we start by examinllig ten types, disoovering
the adjective th:lt aptly dc&eribes eacli one,
IDEAS
1. saying lillle
There are some [)<Opie who iust don't Ilk• to talk. It's not that
they prefer to listen. Good listeners hold up their end of the con-
,-ersalion deligbtfuUy-with appropriate facial expressions; with
empathetic smiles, giggles, squeals, nnd sighs at just the tight time;
and with encouragin£ nods or phrases like "Go onl"t ..Fantastic!",
• And then what happened?"
These people like neither to talk nor to listen-they act as ii
conversation is a bore, even a paiJlful waste of time. Tty to engage
them, and the best you roay ~ for your efforts is a vacant
stare, a nonconlrnirtal grunt, or an impatient silence. Fmally, in
frustration, you give up, thinking. "Are they self-<:onscious? Do
they bate people? Do they hate rM?"
The adjective: taciturn
2. saying Uttfe--meoning much
There is a well-known anecdote about Calvin Coolidge, who,
when he was President, was o{ten called ( though probably not to
bis face) "Silent Cal":
240 .
A young oewspaperwom3ll was sitting neltt to him at a banquet
so the story goes, and turned to him tnischlevously. '
"Mr. Coolidge," she said, "I have, a bet with my editor thnt I
can get you to say more than two words to me this evening." •
"You lose," Coolidge rejoined simply.
The adjective: laconic
3. whert the words won't tome
Under the pressun> of some strong emotion- fear, rage, auger,
for examplo-people may find it diffu:ult, or even impossible, to
utter words, to get their feelings unjumbled and untangled enough
to form understandable sentences. They undoubtedly have a lot
they want to say, but the best they can do is sputter!
Toe adjective: iruuiicuJau,
4 . m11ch talk, littfe sense
Miss Bates, a character in Emma, a novel by Jane Austen:
"So obliging of you! No, we should not have heard, ii it bad not
been for this pa,ticular circumstance, of her being able to come
here so soon. My mother is so delighted! For she is to be three
montM with us at leas~ 1'hne month.,, she says so, positively, as I
a,n gowg to have the pleasure of reading to you. The case is, you
see, that the Campbells are going to Ireland. Mrs. Dixon has per-
suaded ber father and mother to come over and see be.r dmctly. 1
was going to say, but. however, diJ!erent countries, and so she
wrote a veiy urgent letter to her mother, or ber lather, I declare T
do not know which it was, but we shall see prc.scntly in Jane'-S let-
ter •. .11
The adjective: garrulous
5. unoriginol
Some people arc comJ>letely lncking in originality and imagina-
tion--and their talk shows iL Evecythi.ng they say is trite, back-
2.C l
 g.1rrulo11s. verbose, bot never inarticulate, tacitum.• or laconic. No
ne~, commonplace, humorle~their speech patterns are 11111 ol ~utter. jt's the quantiry and contjnuily that are most conspicuous.
cliches and stereotypes, their phraseology is without sparlde. Were you vaccinated with a phoriograph needler' is 1he question
The adjective: banal you are tempted to ask as you listen.
The adjective: loquacious
6. word,, words, wordtl
They talk and tallt and tallc-ll's not so much the quantity yoa These ten words revolve around the idea of varying kinds and
object to as the repetitiousness. They phrase, rephrase, and ro- ~ays of_ 1aJking .:ind not talking. Many of the adjective:s are close
repbrase their thougbts-US!ng far more words than necessary, tn meaning, but each contains its unique difference.
overwhelming you with words, drowning you with cbexo, unul QVALlTY AOJ.ECTIVB
your only thought I• how to es,:ape, or maybe bow to die. 1. silence, unresponsiveness taciturn
The adjective: verbose 2. econooy, h.revity, meaningfulness lacxm.ic
3. awkwardness, sputtering, incoherence inarticulate
4. rambling chatur garr:ulous
7. words in quidc s:ucceuion S. hackneyed, unoriginal phraseology oonal
6. wordiness, repetitiousness verbose
They are rapid, fluent talkers, the words seeming to roll oft their 1
7. fluency, rapidity voluble
r.ongues with such ease and lack of effort, and sometimes wllh
8. logic, clarity, persuasiveness cogent
such copiousness, !hat you listen "itb amaument.
9. noise1 vehemence vociferous
The adjective: voluble JO. talka1ive11ess loquacious

8. words tho.t convlrice

They express their iclcas persuasively, forcel'ully, brilliantly, and

USING THE WORDS
in a way that calls for wholebeaned assent a.nd agreement from an
intelligent listener.
The adjective: cogent Con you pronounce the words?

1. taciturn. TAS'-:>-tum
2- lat:onic 9-KON'-il:
9. the sound ond the fury
3. i11Dl'ticu/a1e in'-ahr-TIK'-yo-bt
Their talk Is loud, noisy, ctamorous, vehement. What may be 4. ,:a,ru/QLLJ OAIR'-o-los
ladcin& in content is compensated for in force and loudness. S.ban.al BAY'-ru,I
The adjecti~e: vociferous 6. v~lx>se vor-BOS'
7. voluble VOL'-yo,.bQl
8. cogent KO'-pnt
1O. quonHty 9. vociferous "6-SIF'-ar~
10. /oquaciou.t ».KWAY'-shos
They talk a lot-a whole lot. They may be voluble, vociferOIIS,
2, 2 243
 10. Do loquacious people spend more time YES NO
talking than listening?
Con you work wUh the word~?

1. tacitu.m a. chattering meaninglessly KEY: 1- no, 2-no, 3--ycs, 4-no, 5- no, 6-no, 7- no, 8-no, 9-no,
2. laconic b. wordy 10-yes
3. inarticulate c. trite, backneycd, unoriginal
4. garrulous d. fluent and rapid
5. banal e. noisy, loud
6. verbose !. sputtering uninteUig,oly Can you recall th"e words?
7. voluble g. talkative
h. brilliantly compelling, per- Do you know that new nerve patterns are tonned by repeated
8. cogent actions? As a very young child, you tied your shoelaces and but-
suasive
L unwilliog to ~n~age in con.. toned your clothing wit!> great concentration-the activity was
9. voeiferou.s
versa.Lion directed, controlled, purpose[u), excitiog. As you grew older and
j. using few words packed with more sl;illfuJ, you tied and bultoned with sca.reety a thought of
10. loquacious
meaning what you were doing. Your fingers flew about their task almost au-
tomatically- to, the habit had formed a nerve patte11) and the ac-
tion needed little U any conscious attention.
KEY: !-~ 2-j,. 3-f, 4-a, 5-c, 6-b, 7-d, 8--b, 9-e, 1(4 Tha~s simple enough to understand. If you do not remember
your own e,periences, you can observe the phenomenon of strug-
gling wlth a skill, mastering it, and finally making it a sell-starting
Do you undcntand the word,? habit by watching any young child. Or you can simply take my
NO word for it.
J. Do IDCitum people usually make others YES
You need not take my word fo r the way a mastery of new
feel comfortable and weloome? words is acquired. You ean see jn yourself, as you work witli this
2. Does a laconic speaker use more words YES NO
book, how adding words to your vocabulary is exactly analogous
than necessruy? to a child's mastery of sboclacing. First you struggle with the con-
Y£S NO
3. Does rage make some people cepts; then you eventually mas.tee them; finally, by [rcqucnt work
inarticulate? I\Slh the new words ( now you see the reason for the great number
4. Is it interesting 10 Ustcn to carrulous old
yt.,c; NO
of exercises, the repetitious writing, saying, thinking) you build up
men? new nenre patterns and you begin to use the new words with
5 . Do banol speakers show a great deal of Y£S NO
scarcely any consciousness of what you are doing.
originality? Watch this common but important phenomenon closely as you
6. ls verbose a complimcntory term? YES NO
NO
do the next exercise. Your totaJ absotptjon of the material so far
7. Js it easy to be voluble when you don't YES
has given you complete mastery ol our ten basic word.s. Prove that
know lbe subject you are talking about? you are beginning to !onn new nerve patterns in relation to these
8. Do unintelligent people usually make YES NO
words by v.Titing the one that fits each brief definition. The more
cocent statements? _ .
NO quickly you think of tbe word that applies, the surer you CM be
9. ls a voci/ero1,s demand ordinarily made Y&S
tbat using tl1ese words wiU soon be as aotomatlc and uoself-con-
by a shy, quiet person?
24S
14~
 ever conceived of him a, cheerful, overfriendly, or particularly so-
scious as putting on your shoes or buUonlng/zipping yourself up in ciable. There are doubUess many possible causes of such verbal
the rooming. 1..,___ _ _ __ rejecl.ion of the world: perhaps lack o[ self-assurance, feelings of
I. talkative 2,v_ _ _ __ _ inadequacy or hostility, e.xcessive seriousness or introspection, or
2. noisy, vehement, clatnorous just plain having nothing to '"'Y· Maybe, in Coolidge's case, he
3. incoherent; sputtering f4. ..,__ _ _ __ was saving up his words--after be did not ''choose to run'' in
4. gabbing ceaselessly and with 1928, he wrote a 'daily column [or the New York lfera/d Trib~ne
tittle meaning 5, T _ _ __ __ at a romored price of two dollars a word-and, ae<:ording to most
S. disinclined to conversation 6,_B,_ _ _ __
critics (probably all Democrats), he had seemed wiser when he
6. talking in hackneyed kept silent. Coolidge hailed from New England, and taciturnity
phraseol-Ogy 7_,__ _ __ _ (tas-o--TURN'-.,.tce) in that part of the country, so some people
7. showing a fine economy in the say, is oonsidered a virtue. Who knows, the cause may be ge.(>
use of words 8,.____ __ _ _ graphical and climatic, rather than p,ychological.
8. forceful and convincing 9, V _ _ __ __ Toe/turn is from a Latin verb =o, to be silent, and Is one of
9. talking rapidly and fluently ta. v___ ___ those words whose ruu meaning cannot be expressed by any otl1er
10. using more words than combination of syllables. lt bas many synonyms, amons them si-
necessary lent, uncommunicati'lle, reticenl, reserved, stcrttive, clou~lipped,
and close-.mouthcd; but no other word indicates the permanent,
habitual, ond temperamental djsinclination to talk implied by toci-
KEY: 1-loquacious, 2-vociferous, 3-inarticulate, 4-garrulo-us,
S-taciturn, &-t,ana~ 7-laconlc, 8-<ogent, 9-voluble, turn.
10-verbose

2. better left unsaid

(End of SlllSion 24)
Tacit (TAS'-it) derives also from tacco.
Here is a man dying of cancer. He suspeas what his disease is,
and everyone else, of course, knows. Yet he never mentions the
dread word, and no one who visits him ever breathes a syllable of
~ION 25 it in his bearing. It is tacitly understood by all concemed that the
word will r~ain forever unspoken.
(Such a situotion today, however, may or may not be typical~
ORIGINS ANO RELATED WORDS there appears to be a growing tendency among physicians and
family 10 be open and honesc with people who are dying.)
Consider anotbe-r situation:
1, about keeping one·i mouths.hut
An execucive is engaging in extracWTicular activities with her
11 you Jct your mind play over some of the_ '?citurn _people you sec1eCary. Yet during office time they are as formal and discant as
know you will realize that their abnocmal dismCIU1ahon to con .. any two human belns.s can well '1e- N~ither of them ever said to
verta~ion makes them seem morose, sullen, and unfriendly. Cal the other, "Now, look hero, we may be lovers alter five o'clOPk,
Coolidge's tocitunrily was world•famous, and no one. T am sure,
247
246
but between nine and five we must preserve the utmost decorum,
ok.ay?0 Such speech, such o. verbal arrangement, is considered un-
necessary-so we may say that the lwo have a r,,cir a~mcnt
(i.e., nothing was e\•er actually said) to maintain a complete
emp!oyer..,mp!oyee relationship during office hours.
Anything tacit, then, is unspoken, unsaid, not verbalized. We
speak of a tacit agreement, arrangement. acceptance, rejection, as-
sent, refusal, etc. A pe.rson is never called tacit.
The noun is tacitness (TAS'-it-o:,s). (Bear in mind tbat you
can trans(orm any adjective ioto a noun by adding -ness, though
i.n many cases the-re may be a more sophisticated, or more com-
mon, noun form.)
Changing !he a of the root taceo to i, aod adding the prefix re-,
again, and the adjective suffb. -ent, we can construct the English
word reticent (RET'·>-Sont).
Someone is reticent who prefers to keep silent, whether out of
shyness, embarrassment, Of fear ot revealing wbat should not be
revealed. ( The idea o( "agaioness" in the prefix has been lost in
the current meaning o( the word.)
\Ve have frequently made nouns out of ..ent adjectives. Write
two possible noun lorms o( reticent: ___ _ __ _ __ _
or, less commonly, _________ _
3. tolk, talk, tolkl
Loquacious people love to taJJc. This adjective is not ne<:essarily
a put-down, but the implication, when you so characterize such
people, is that you wish t hey wo11ld pause for brealh once in a
white so that you can get your licks in. The noun is loquacity (lo-
KWAS'·>tee), or, of course, loquocious.ness.
T he word derives from Latin /oquor, to speak, a root found
a1so in:
I. soliloquy (s:i-LlL'-<1-kwee)-a speech to oneself (loquor
plussclu.r, alone), or, ctymoJogkally, a speech when alone.
We olten talk to ourselves, but usually silently, the words going
thro11gh our minds but not actually passing our lips. The term so-
liloquy is commonly applied to u.tceranccs made in :i plo.y by ch.:ir-
acttrs who are speaking their thoughts oloud so the audience
won't have to guess. The ,-oli/oq11ist (s:i-LIL'-:,.kwist) may be
alone; or 01her members of the ca!>t may be prcse11t on slate, but
o[ course they don't hear what's being said, ~-cause they're not
supposed to know. Eugene O'Neill made novel uses of roliloq11ies
in Moumfnc Becomes £/ectta-the c:harac1crs mnc.le honest dis-
cJosurcs of their.feelings and thoughts to the nudiencc, bul kept lhe
other players in the dark.
The verb is 10 soliloquil.l.' (srLIL'· o-kwlt).
2. A vemriloquisJ (veu-1'RIL'-~kwist) is one who can throw
bis voice. A listener thinks the sound is coming from some source
other than the person speaking. Th.e combining root is Latin
venter, ve111ris. belly; ct)mOlogically, ventriloquism (ven-TRIL'-
-.-kwiz-om) is the art of •'speaking from the belly." Tbe adjective
is ventri/oquls1ic (vcn-tri!' 4-KWIS'-tik) . Can you figure out how
tbc veJb will end? Write tbe verb: - -- - -- -- - --
3. Colloquial (ko-LO'-kwee-ol) combines loquor, to speak,
with the prefix con-. (Con- is spelled CQ/- before a root srarting
with I; ccr- befo re a root staning with r,· com- before a root start·
ing witb m, p, or b.) When people speak together they are engag-
ins in conversation-and their bnguage is usually more informal
and less rigidly grammatical than what you might expect in writing
or in public addresses. Colloquial patterns are perfectly correct-
they are simply informal, and suilable to everyday conversation.
A co/lc>quialism (ko-LO'-kwce-a-li2-<1m), therefore, is a co,r-
versatlonal·styl.e express.loot like uHe hasn't got any" or "Who are
you going with?" as contrasted to the formal or literary "He has
none·• or "With whom are you going?" Colloquial English is the
English you and J talk on everyday occasions-it is not slangy,
vulgar, or illiterate. ·
4. A circ11mlocution (sur-kom-10-KY©'-shon) is, etymo-
logically, a "talking around" {circum-, around). Any way of.~x-
pressing an idea that is roundabout or indirect is circr,m/OCllipry
(sur'-k.om-1..0K'-y>-tawr'~e)-you are now familiar wit!), ~~he
common adjective suffix -cry.
 7. /oquadoume,s lo-KWAY'-.sh:,s-oos
8. loquacity JO-KWAS'-o-tee
9. ,o/Uoqll)' ~LIL'-:,.Jcwee
REVIEW Of ETYMOLOGY I0. soli/oquist S3-LIL'-<>-kwist
II. soli/oqµiu s:,-LIL'-:,.kwiz'
PREFtX, R.0 01', 12.. ventriloquist vcn~-TRII/..> ,lcwist
SUFFIX MEAl'flNG ENOUSff WOTU> 13. ventrfloguism ven-TRIL'-9-kwit~m
I. IOCCO to be silent \ 4. '1tnlriloquislic ven-tril'-a-KWIS'-tile
2. -ily noun suffix lS. ventriloguize vcn-TRJL'-~lcwit'
3. -ne.rs noun suffi~ 16. colloquial k:,.LO'-kwee-ol
4. adjective suffiJt 17. cv/Joqrtialism
s. '-ence,
"""' --ency noun suffix 18. cirCMUocution
ko-LO'-l{wee-:,.lit-om
sur'-kom-lG-KY©'-sh,n
6. re- again 19. circumlocutory sur'-lc.om·LOK'-~tawr'-ee
7. loquor to speak
8. sotu., a)ono
9. -i.fl one who
10. -it• verl> suffix
l I. v,nter, venfris belly
)2. -ic adjective suffix. Con you work with tho words?
13. -our adjective suffix
14. con .., col-, c:om--, with, together 1. tu.oiturnity a. unwillingness to talk, or dis-
cor- close, out or fear, shyness, re-
15. -<II adjective suffix serve, etc.
16. -<Sm ooun suJl\x 2. tacitness b. talkiog, or a speech, "to one,,,
self'
• 3. re1lccncc c. art of throwing oac's voice
4. loquacity d. unwillingness to engage in
conversation
5. soliloquy e. informal expression wed .m '
eY1'ryday conversation
WORKING WITH THE WORDS 6. ventriloquism f. state of being unde?1'tood
though not actually expressed
Con you pronounce the words? 7. coUoquialism g. a .talking around; metl1od of
talking fodirectly or iu a
I. taciturnity las-~TURN'-'J-tee roundabout way
2. tacit TAS'-it 8. circumlocutloa h. talkativeaess
3. 1acitnes,t TAS'-ot-nos
4. refictnl RET"-<>-SOD!
S. retlc~nce R£'f'..~sans KEY: 1-d, 2-f, 3-a, 4-h, S-b, 6-c, 7-<>, 8-g
6. retictncy
250
RET'·~san-see
• 251
 9. a speech to oneself, especially 9. .,___ _ _L - - - -
in a play
Do you undcotand the wordJ? 10. an indirect, ,oundabout 10. <,.;__ _ •__;__

I, A facit undcr.;tanding is put into words. TRUE FALSE expression

2. l nhibited people are seldom reticent TRUE FALSE
about espressing anger.
KEY: I-soliloquize, 2-,·entriloquize, 3-taciturnity, ~tacit.
3. A solilaqul.'1 upresses his thoughts TRUE PALS.B
5-circumlocutory, ~lloquial, ?-loquaciousness or lo-
aloud.
4. A ventriloquistic perfonnance oa stage nus FALS8
quacity, 8-reticeace or reticency, 9--ooliloquy, 10-<:ir-
involves a dummy who appears to be comlocutlon
talking.
5. A colloquial $tyle of writing is TRUE FALSE
ungrammatical. (E11d of Ses.rion 25)
6. Circumlocutory spceclt is direct and TROE FALSE
forthright.
7. Jnnrtkulote people are gc.neralJy given to T'R.UE FALSE
loquacic us ness. SESSION 26
8. A .roliloquy is a dialogue. TROE FALSE

ORIGINS ANO REIATE0 WORDS

KEY: 1-1', 2-F, 3-T, ~T, 5--F, ~F, 7-F, 8-F

1. a Spartan virtu~

In ancient Sparta, originally known as Laconia, the ci~zens

Con you recall the words?
wen, long-sulicring, hard-bitten, stoical, and military-mloded, and
1. 'to speak to oneself were even more noted for their economy of speech lh•n Ver-
2. to th.row one's voice
2. v_____
!. " - - - - - -_-
moottrs, if that is possible. Legend bas i t that when Pbil,ip of
3. unwillingness to engage in 3. ,:_ _ _ _ __ Macedonia was storming the g_ates of Spana (or Laconia), he sent
conversation a message to the besieged kingsaying, "If we capture your city we
4. unspoken 4. T_ _ _ _ __ will burn it to the ground.» A one-word answer came back: "T(.»
5. referring to an indirect., s. ~ - - - - - - It was now probably Philip's tum to be speechless, though .history
roundabout style of does not record his .reaction.
expression (adj.) It is from the name Laconia that we derive our word lac-onic-
6,..__ __ __ pitby, concise, economical in the use of words almost 10 the point
6. suitable for informal
conversation of curtness;precisely the opposite of verboie.
7, L._ _ _ __ _ Ll:e the man who was wairi.ng at a lunch counter for a ham
7. talkativeness
or sandwich. When it was ready, the clerk inquired politely, "Will
8. reluctance to exprr;ss one's 8, JL_ _ _ __ you eat it here. or take it with you?"
feelingi; or thoughts ar uBoth.," was the laconic reply.
\252 253
 Or like lho .,-oman who was watcb.it1g a lush Imbibing dry mar-
tinis at a Thin! Avenue bar in New York City. ~•.drum: dowoed
!he contents of each cocktail glass at one gulp, daintily rubbled and
swallow,,d the bowl, then linally turned tho g_tass ov~ and ate tho
boso. 'Ibo stem he lhrew into a comer. Thu amOZU1g ~tatory
feat went on for half an hollr, until a dozen stems were lymg shat-
tered in the comer, and the drunk bad chewed and swallowed
enoug!\ bowls and bases to start a glass factory. He sudd•!11Y
turned to the lady and asked beWgerenUy, "I suppose yon th1nlt
I'm cuckoo.. doo't you?" "Sure--the stem is the best part,n was
the laconic answer. . .
{It was doubtless this same gentlema".• in his a~tomed state
or intoxication. who found hlmself P'";'fully w_eav~ his way
along Wilsbi.r:e Boulevard in Beverly Hills, califorrua-be had
somehow gotten on a TWA jetliner instead o~ the subway-;-when
be realized, almost too late, that he was goUlg to bump into a
smartly dressed young woman who had jnst stepped out of ber
Mercedes-Benz to go window-shopping along the avenue. Ho
quickly veered left, but by some w:iexp~lo _magne~c attra~~on
the woman veered in the same direction, aga.m making colbs,on
apparently inevitable. With an adroit maneuver, the dnank swung
to the right-the lady, by now thoroughly disoriented, did thl,
same. Finally both jnmmed on the brakes and came to a d~d
stop, face 10 face, and not sii inches apart; and as the alcoholic
fUmes assailed the young lady's nostrils, she snee,,,d at the reek-
ing, swaying man, as much in fnistratlon as in contO!llpt: ~~hi
How gauche!" "Fine!" was his happy response. «How goesh With
you?" This answer, however, is not l=nic, merely confused.)
We have learned that -ne,s, -ity, and -ism are _suffixes ~at
transform adjectives into nouns-and all three can be used w,th
laconic:
. .. with characteristic laconicnen (lo-KON'-•k-nos)
. . . her usual /aconicit)I (lalc'-o-NIS'-o-tee)
. . . bis habitual laconism (LAI<'-o-ni.z.om)
. . . with, for bim, unusual laconiclsm (13-·KON'-.l-Sit--am)
A laconi.sm is also the expression itself that is pithy and concise,
as tlio famous repon from a naval commander in World War IT~
"Saw sub, sank same."
2S4
2. brilliant
Cogent is a term of admlratlon. A cogent argument is well put,
convincing, hardly short of brilliant. CogE71C)I (KO'· i>n-see)
shoWs a l:ce.n lllind, an ability to think clearly and logically. The
word derives from the Latia verb cogo, to drive together, compel,
force. A cog,n1 atgwnent comptls acceptance b<caus~ of its logic,
its persuasiveness, its appeal to one's sense of reason.
3. bock to tolk
.. You will recall that loquor, to speak, is the source of loquadty,
soliloquy, ventriloquism, colloquialism, circum.locutio11. TI'lis root
is also the base on which tloquent (EL'-:o-kwont), magniloquent
(mag-NIL'·o-kwOllt), and grandiloquent (gran-DilJ-<>-kw:mt)
are built.
The eloquent person speaks out (e-, from ex-, out), is vividly
expressjve,. Oue.nt1 forceful, or persuasive in language ( 0 the prose-
cutor's eloquent plea to the jury"). The word i.s partially S)'lony-
mous with cogent, but coge11t implies imsistible logical reasoning
and intellectual keenness, while eloquent suggests artistic expres-
sion, strong emotional appeal, the skillful use of language to move
and arouse a listener.
Magniloquent (magnus, large) and grandiloquent (grandis,
grand) are virtually ldentic:al in meaning. M agniloquenu or gran-
diloquence is the use of high-flown, grandiose, even pompous lan-
guage; or large and impressive words; or lofty, Howery, or over-
elegant phraseology. lfomc is a p/ot;e of ttsidcnce; wife is
helpmate, he/pmeet, or better hlllf: women are IM fmr s,x; chil-
dren are oOspring or progeny; a doctor is a m,mbcr of th, rrn,di-
ca/ frattrnitJ/ people are the specie$ 11.omo sapiens. e.tc., etc.
loquacious, verbose, voluble, and garrulo,,s people are all talk-
ative; but each type, you will recall, has a special quality.
I( you are loquacious, you talk a lot because you like to tallc
and doubtless have a lot lo say.
If you are verbose, you smother your ideas with e,iccss words,
with such an overabundance of word-s that your listener either
• drops into a state of helpless confusion or fall$ asleep.
155
 u you are voluble, you speak mpidly, 6.ucntly, glibly, without
hesitation, stutter, or s t.amroer: you are vocal, verbal, and highly
articulate. ·m1
U you arc, gamdous, you talk constantly, and usually a, m.1Y
used
and meaninglesslyt about trllles. We often bear the,, word
• • in.
"a garrulous old man" or ''a garrulous old woman, since lll very
advanced age the mind may wander aod lo5" the abiliry to dis-
aimillate between the important and Che unilllportant, between
the interesting and the dull. .,.
V erbost is from Latin verbunt, word-the verbose person
wordy. fl
Voluble comes from Latin volvo, volutus, to roll- words e ort·
lessly roll off the voluble speaket's i_ongue..
And garrulous decives from Latin gamo, to chatter-a garru-
lous t-1.ker c!tatte.r s away like a monkey.
The suffix .,,,,., can be added to all these adjectives to · form
nouns. Alternate noun for.ms end in -ity:
•erbw/1)1 (vor-BOS'-o-tee)
volubility ( voY-ya-BIL'-o-tee)
garrulity (ga-R60L"-<>-tee)
~- o.t lorge
We discOvered mag,u,4, large, big, peat, in Chapter 9 1 ~
discussing M~ o x (etymologically, "big voice"), and find it
again in mogniloquent (etymologically, "talking big"). lbe root
occur.i in a number of other words:
1. Magnanimous (013g-NAN'-o-m<>S)-big-bea.rted, generous,
forgiving . (etymologically, "gn,at-~ded").. (Magnus plus
animus, mind,) We'll discuss thls word ID depth .m Cbapter 12.
1.. Magnate (MAO'-nayt)-a person ot great power or
influence, a big wheel, as a business magnate.
3. Magnify-to make lug«, o r make seem larger (magnus
plus-fy from facio, to make), as in "mllllnif, your_ problems.•
4. Magnificent-magnUS plus fie-, from focio.
5. Magnitude-mag,u,.t plus the common noun sutlix .u,de, as
in fortitude, multitude, gratitude, etc.
2j6
6. Magnum (as ol champagne or wine)--a large botUe, gener-
ally two filths of a gallon.
1. ;:1agnum opus (MAG'-nom O'-pes)~mologically, a "big
work ; actually, the greatest work, or m.ute,piece, of an artist,
writer, or composer. Op,., is the Latin word for work; the plural
ot opus is used in the English word opera, etymologically, "a
n_um_b er of works," actwllly a musical drama containing ovenure,
swgu,g, and other fotll!ll of music, Le., many musical worn. The
verb form opero, to work, <>CCU.rs in operate, co-operate, opuaior,
etc.
.S. w01ds, words, wordsf
Latin ,•erbum is word. A verb is the important word in a sen-
tence; verbatim (vor-BAY'-tim) is word-for-word (a v•rbatim re-
port).
. V uba/ (VUR'-bol), ending in the adjective suffix -al, may refer
either to a verb, or to words in general (a verbal fight); or it may
mean, loosely, oral or spoken, rather than written (verbal agreo-
ment or contract ): or, desccibing people ("she is quite verbal"), it
may refer to a ready ability to put feelings or thoughts into words.
Working from verbal, can you add a commo11 verb suffix to
form a word meaning ro put into words? _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Verbiage (VUR'-bee-oj) has two meanings: an excess of words
("Such verbiage!"); or a style or manner of using words (medical
verbiage, military verbiage).
6. roll on, and onl
Volvo, volutus, to roll, the source of voluble, is the root on
which many important English words are based.
R,volv• (ro-VOLV')-roU again (and again), or keep turning
~und. Wheels revolve, the earth revolves around the sun, the cyl-
mder of a revolver revolves. (The pn:frx is re-, back or again.)
The noun is revolution (rev-:,-L<Xl'-sh:m), which can be one
such complete rolling, or, by logical extension, a radical change
of any sort (TV was responsible lor a revohmon in the entertain-
ment industry), especially political (1he American. or FreQ(:b.
257
 11. opero to work
Rew>lutio11). The adjective revolutiolllUY (cev'-:>-L©'~on-air'- ndjcctlvc suffix
ce} introduces us to a new adjective suffix, -ary, as in contrary, 18. -al
19. ·il.e verb suf!i~
dlscipUIIIU)', na,ionary, i,n/JgilllU)', etc. (Bui -ary is sometimes
20.
,,_ again 1 bnck
at,o a aoun soJlit, as in dictionary, commentary, etc.)
21. -ary adjective suffix
Add dif!e.ren1 prefixes to volvo to ~onstrUct two more English
22. in- in
words:
I. involv..,_.,tymologjcally, "roll in" ("I didn't want to get ln-
volvedf'}. Noun: involvement.
2. evolve (:,-VOJ..V;}-etymologjcally, "roll out" (e-, out};
hence to unfold, or g,adually develop ("The final plan evolved USING THE WORDS
from some Informal discussions''; "The political party evolved
!tom a group of inter,:sted citizens who .met frequently to protest Con you pronounce the words? (II
government actions"). 1. Iaconicity lak'-:,.NJS' -;,-tee
By analogy with the forms derived lroro revolve, can you con- LA K'-->niz-~m
2. lm:onJsm
stsuct the noun and adjective of evolve? Noun: - - - - - - lo-KON'-o-siz-om
- - ----Adjective: _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. faconicis.m
4. eloquent EL'-<1-kw.>nt
S. eloquence E.L'-o-kwons
6. magniloquent mag-NIL'-:,-kw•nt
7. magniloquence mag-NIL'..:,-kwons
REVIEW OF ElYMOLOOY 8. grandiloquent gn1n-DIL'-:,-kwont
9. grandiloquence gran-Dll/-o-kw..ns
P:RBFIX, k.OO'Tt 10. verbosity v•r-BOS'-o-tee
MEANING .ENGLISH WORJ)
SUFFDC 11. volubility voY-y:,-BIL'->t•e
I. Laconia SJ)llrta 12. garrulity g:,-Rotl'-J:,-iee
2. -ness noun sufliJ:: 13. cogency KO'·i•n-see
3. -ism noun suffi.x
4. -ity noun , ul!ix
out Can you p,onounce the word,? 111)
5.... (t:c·}
6. -ent adjective suffix 1. magnanimous rnag-NAN'-~m.11s
7• •,mce noun suffix 2. magl!iltt MAG'-nayt
8. ,nagnu, big 3. magnum opus MAO'-n•m O'-p:,s
9. grandis grand 4. ~e.rbatim var-BAY'-tim
10. v,rbum word 5. verbal VU R'-b•I
l 1. volvo, vclutiLt to roll 6. v<rbaliu VUR'-b:,-liz'
12. garrio to c;hatter 1. verbiage VUR'-bee-oj
13. animut mind 8 . revQlve r:,-VOLV'
14. ·ti to make 9. revolb.tion rev'-:>-LOO' -shon
15. -tude noun suffix 10. rew>1u1ionary rev'·>L<Xl'sh:>-nair'~e
16. Opld work
259
258
 4. verbal d. resulling or developing grad-
11. e••olve ~-VOLV' ually ftom (something)
12. e••oluti<>n ev·-,-LOO'-sbon e. expressive; emotionally mov-
5. verbatim
13. evolmionttry e,··-a-LOO'-shrnair'-c~ ing
6. re\'olutionary l pilhiness or economy of ex-
pr~ion; word or phrase
Con you work with the words? (I) packed with meaning
1. laco1licity o. floweriness, pompousr,ess. or 7. cvolulionary g. big-hearted; generous, forgiv-
elegance in speech ing
2. eloquence b. incesunt chauer wich liule 8. grandiloquent h. referring or pertaining to, or
meaning involving, words; oral, rather
3. mngniloquence c. big wheel~ lmporHtnt or in- than written
lluential person 9. eloquent i. using flossy. Dowery, elegant,
4. verbosi1y d. great artistic Yr'Ork; mas1er- or impressive phraseology
piece 10. magnanimous j. wordiness; style or manner of
5. volubility e. • gradual unfolding or devel- using words; type o{ words
opment; ..a rolling out''
6. garruli1y f. "• ·rolling round"; radical
change; political uphoovol KEY: 1- F, 2- j, 3-b, 4-h, 5-a, 6-c, 7-<l, 8-i, 9-c, 10-.g
7. magnum opus g. great ecooomy in speech
8. magnare b. fluency, ease, and/or rapid-
ity of spcecb
9. revolution i. great. artistic, or emotional Oo you unde,stond the word,?
expressiveness 1. Is laconicism characteristic o( a verbose YES NO
10. evolution j. wordiness speaker?
II. cogency k. persuasiveness through logic; 2. Does a magniloquent speaker use short, YES ~o
keen-miodedness in reason- simple words?
ing 3. Does a frog el'olve from a tadpole? YES NO
4. Is on eloquent speaker interesting to YES NO

KEY: 1-g, 2-i, 3-a, 4-j, 5-h, 6-b, 7-<I, k , 9- f, 1~ 1 1-k listen to?
5. Do verbose people use a lot o( YES NO
verbiage?
6. Is volubility characteristic o( an YES NO
Con you work with the word,? (10 inarticulate person?
7. Docs verbosity show a careful and YES NO
l. Jaconism a. word for word
economical use or word~?
2. verbiage b. m put into words YES NO
8. Is a verbal person u,ually inarticulate?
3. verbalize c. causi_ng, or rc-suJting from, YSS NO
9. ls a magnu.n opiiJ· one o[ the lesser
radical change; new and to-
works of a writer, artist, or composer?
tally different
261
260
 10. Is a m agn<mimq rt.t person sci.fish o.nd
peuy-ruinded?
KEY: I-no, 2-no, 3- ye~ycs, 5-yes,-~o~ 7-no, 8-no, 9- no,
10-no r ..,
Con you recall the wo,di?
1. gradually unfolding, resulting,
or developing (adj.)
2. causing., or resulting [rom,
radical change ( ad/. )
3. quality of conciseness and
economy in the use o[ words
4. expressiveness in che use ot
' words
5. tum round and round
6. important person, as in the
commercial world
7. unse16sh; generous; noble in
mqtive; big-hearted; forgiving
8. using words easily; vocal;
articulate; referring to, or
involving1words; oral, rather
than written
9. style of word usl\ge; type of
words; overabundance of
words
I0. wordiness; quality of using
excess words
11. elegance in word usage
12. qunlity of chattering on and on
about trivia, or with U!Ue
meaning
13. Ouency and ease in speech
,262
YES NO 14. y _ __ _ _ _
14. word for word 15 M'--_ _o_
15. masterpiece; great artistic work 16,.___ _ _ __
16. persuasi=C$S and forcefulnC$S
in speech or writing tb.rooclt
· closely IUSOOed logic
~.
• KEY: 1.....volutionaf)I, 2-revolutionaty, 3--lacooism, laoonicism.,
~ . or Jaconicnes.S, Hloqueoce, S-re,olve, 6-roag-
1 . .,___ _ __ _ lllllc, 7--magnanlcnoll$, &--verbal, 9-vubiage, l~verllosity,
l1--magniloq11enceorgrandiloquenee, 12-gamllity, 13--vo!-
2. l<,__ _ __ _
ubility, 14--verbatim, JS-magnum opus, l~gcncy
3. L,_ _ _ _ __
or '-- - - -- -
or u;nd o/ Ses.rion 26)
or .__ _ _ __ _
4. r,__ _ _ _ _ _
s. l<,__ __ __
6, M . -- - -- SF.s.SION 27
7. 1\0 -- -= - -
8. V _ _ _ __
OIIIGINS AND RRATEO WORDS
I , ftonl and back-ond un<MO
The vtnlriloquist appears to tallc from the belly (v,nttr, venlriJ
9. y,_ _ _ __
plus loquor) rather than through 1he lips ( or such was 1be strange
perception of the person who tint uses! the word).
10. y _ _ __ _ _ Yutter, ventris, belly, Is the root on which vtntral (VEN'-
tr.,J) and ventriclt are built.
Tho ventTal side of an aniDlal, for example, is the front or ao·
11. ~_____
or o, - ' - - -- -
_ terior side-the belly side,
12.0,_ _ __ _ A ventricle (Yl!N'-tr>-k:>l) Is a hollow organ or cavity, or, logi-
..Uy cDOUgh, belly, as one of the two chambers of the heart, or
one of the four chambers of the brain.. The ventricles of the heart
13. y _ _ _ _ __ are the lower cbamben, and receive blood from the auricle,, or
upper chambcn. The a~ricl• (AW'-~k•l), so named because it
263
 Is somewhat ear-shap,d (ultin auri,, ear), receives blood from
the veins; the auricles send the blood into the vc.mricl~·, which in
tum pump the blood into the arteries. (!l's all very complicated
but fortunately it works.) '
The adje.ctive form of ventricle is ventricular (ven-TRlK'.vr
Lor), wbich may refer to • ventricle, or may mean having a belly-
like bulge.
Now that you see bow ventricular i_s formed Crom ventricle,
can you figure out the adjective of auricle? _ __ _ __ __
How about the adjective or vehicle? ____ __ _ __ _
Of circle? ___________ _
No doubt you wrote aurie11/ar (aw-RlK'-ya-lar), vehicular, and
circular, and have discovered that nouns ending in -cle from ad-
jectives ending in .-cular.
So you can now be the fusl person on your block to figure out
the adjective derived from:
clavicle: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
cu.tide:
,·es.icle:
teoticle:
uncle:
The answers of course are clavicular, cwicular1 vesicular. tes-
ticular-aJJd for Wlcle you have every right to shout "No fair!"
(But where is it written that life is fair'I)
The Latin word for u,u-1, {actually, -uncle on the mother's side)
is av~ncul41, from which we get avuncular (..VUNG'-kya-lor),
re(ernng to an uncle.
Now what about an uncle? WeU, traditional or stereotypical un-
cles are generally kindly, permissive, indulgent, protective-and
often give helpful advice. So anyone who exhibits one or more of
such traits to another (usually younger) person is avuncular or
acts in an avuncular capacity. · your increasing skill in using etymology lo form words, wnte the
So, at lo.ag last, to get back to ventral. U there's a front or belly
side, anatamJcally, there m~st be a revei:se--;, back side. This is
the dorsal (DAWR'-sol) side; from Latin dorsum, the root on
which the verb enoorse ( en-DAWRS') is builL
If you endorse • check, you sign it on the back side; if you tn•
,km• a plan, an idea, etc., you back it, you express your approval
or support. The noun is endor,ement ( en-OAWRS'-m.mt).
2. the noise ond the fury
Vociferous derives from Latin vox. w>eis, voice (a root you met
in Chapter 9), plus fero, to bear or caey. A vocif~rous rejoinder
carries a lot of voiee--i.e.1 it is vehement, loud, 001sy, clamorous,
shouting, The noun is vociferousne.st (vO-SIF"-<>-=-nos); the
verb is to vociferate (vO-SIF'- >rayt'). Can you form the noun
derived from the verb?---- - - - - -- -
3. lo sleep or not to sleep--that ls the question
The root fero is found also in somni/erou, (som-NIF-<>-ros),
carrying, bearing, or bringing slcq,. So a somniferou, lecture is so
dull and boring that it is sleep-inducing. .
Fero Is combined with somnus, slcq,, In somn,ftrous. (The
___
suffilt -cus indicates what part o! speceh? - - - - - - -
) . .
Tack on the negative prefix in- to somnus to construct 1,uomnra
(in-SOM'-nee~). the abnormal inability ~o !all
asl~p wbe~ ~!ce_p
is required or desired. The unfortunate VIC~ ~f this disab1l1ty, 1s
an /,uomnuic (in-SOM'- nee-ak), the adjective is msommou.r (m-
SOM'-nee-<>S). (So -ous, in case you could not answer the ques-
tion in tho preceding paragraph, ls an adjective suffil<:)
Add a different adjective suffix to somnus to denve somnolent
(SOM'-n>lont), sleepy, drow,y. Can you construct the noun·
form of JOmnolent? - -- - - - -- - - -- or
Combine somnus with ombulo, to walk, and you have som·
rr,am~u/ism (som-NAM'-bya-liz-om), walking in one's sleep: With
term fo r the person who is a sleepwalker. • .
_ _ __ Now add to the word you wrote a two-letter ad1ect1ve
suffix we have learned, to lorm the adjective: - - - -- --
' 265
 artlculal• (ahr·TIX'-y:,.layt') Is to Join
~Jubie. 1be - " to ur vocal soundr-<>.S in "Please articu-
~ ~ ) , 1.el.,arltoy~yi: write the noun derived fro-m the vetb
"'" morece · vu:
-4. o walkaway
ortlcukltt7 - - -- - - - -- -soJ!i-=,x-attaclled to adjectives
Anolber and very common, noun • .
An ambulaiory (AM'~y>l>taw'·ree) patient, as in a hospital
or convalescent home, ls linaJly well enough to get out of bed and
.
iS, as you
havc
disco ercd -4)>. So the noun form of banal ,s ei-
v ' banal' (b~NAl..'·->tcc).
walk around. A pmmibulator (p>RA.M'·b~lay'-tor), a word ther banalness, or, more conunonlyd, -l ::: com111on noun sufl\~es
Bear in mind, then, that --ness an 11 • •
used morc in England than in the United States, and often short-
ened to pram, is a baby carriage, a vehicle fo.r walking an infant
bed to adjectives, and -,on (or --at,on) ,s a noun suflu:
fre-
attac -=·ed to ertit (to arncvlate-articu/ation; to vocal,z,,-
through the streets (iur-, through). To perambulaJe (po-RAM'· quenty .....- v _ ~--• latlon)
~layt') is, etymologically, "to walk through"; hence, to stroll vocolltation; to perambulal.,-,,.,-, ..u .
arow,d. Can you write the noWI Conn of this verb?

To amble (AM'·bol) is to walk aimlessly; an ambulam:e is so

called beca113e originally it was composed of two stretcher-bearers REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
who wo/ked oil the battle6eld with a wounded soldier; and a pre• B>IGLISIJ WORD
amble (PREE'-am-b•I) is, by etymology, something that "walks PllFIX, !lOOT, SUFFIX M.aANINO
bdorc" (pre-, before, beforehand), hence an introduction or in- 1. venter, vtnlri• belly
troductory statement, as the preamble to the U. S. Constitution .,.,_r
2. •·-·· to speak
("We the people . . ."), a preamble to !be speech, etc; or any 3. auris eat
event that is introductory or pn:liminary to anolber, as in "An 4. avMnculus unc;lc
illimase in inJlatiooa,y factors in lbe economy is often a preamble S. ,wrsum back
to a drop in the stock market.• 6. vox. vocis voice
1 _ fero to cany, bear
8· somnus sleep
5. bock lo sleep adjective suffix
9, -QUS uffix
Somnus is one Latin word for sleep-sopor is another. A I 0. in· negative s
soporific (sop'~RIF'·ik) lccture, speaker, style of delivery, etc. 11. ambulo to walk
will put the audience to sleep (fie,- from facio, to malce), and a \-l. -ory adjective suffix
soporific is a sleeping pill. 13· per- throllgb
b<ofore, beforehand
14. pre-
) 5. sopor . sleep
6. noun wfflxn
16_ fie- (facio) to make or do
You know that -ness can be added to any adjective to construct 17. -IWS IIOUD suffix
the noun form. Write the noun derived from lnarlicuklte: IS. -ity DOUD sufflx
- - - - - - - - - - - 111411/J:ulale is a combination of 19. -ion (--orion) DOW! sullix
attached to verbs
the negative pruill: in- and.Latin ardt;ul_us, a joint. The illarticulale
20. _.,., adjectivc suflix
person has trouble joinbl1 words together coherently. 11 you are
quite articulate (ahr·TIX'-y:,.lot), on the other band, you join 21. ~net, -ency noun sllllix
your words together easily, you are Vl!rbal, vocal, possibly even
.266 ·
 1. soporific sop-o-RIF-ik
8. inartlculattntss in'-ahr-111('-yo-l~t-n..
USING lHE WORDS ahr-TIK'· y:>-13!
9. articuluJe.
10. banalil)I b>NAl.'·""tee
C-on you pronounce the words? ff)
I. ventral VEN'-trol Con you wor'k with the words? (I)
2, vMJri</e VEN'·tr>kol a. unable to !all asleep
1. ventral
3. auricle AWR'·>bl b. pertaining to sleepwalking
2. dorsal
4. ventricular ven-TRJK'-yo-lor c. drowsy
3. somnifcrous
S. auricular aw-lUK'-yo-l•r d: able to walk, after being bed-
4. insomruous
6. avuncular :>-VUNG'-lcyo-lor ridden
7. dorsal DAWR'-s>l S. somnolent e. verbal, vocal
8. endor3e en-DAWRS' 6. somnambulistic f. like an uncle; kindly; protc,;-
9. endorsement en-DAWRS'-mat tive
10. W>Ciferousness vo-SIP'-9-ra,.nao 7. ambulatory g. pert.ainiug to one of the
11. vociferate vo-SIF'-9-r&:,t' chambers of the heart
12. voclfe,oti,:,n vo-sif'-:>-RAY'.'·shon 8. articulate b. referring to the front or belly
side
9. ventricular, I. sleep-inducing
Can yav pronO<Jnce lhe word,? (II)
auricular
1. somnif~rou.r sorn-NJF'-ar~ 10. avuncular j. re(ening to the back side
2. insomnia in-SOM'-ncc-o
3. insomniac in-SOM'-ncc•ak'
4. inromni<>us KEY: !~, 2.-j, 3-i, 4-a, S-<:, 6-b, 7-d, 8~, 9-g, 10-f
in-SOM'-nee-a,
5. somno/MJ SOM'-no-1,nt
6. somnolence SOM'-n>lons
7. somnolency SOM'-no-Ion-see Can you work with the words? (ll)
8. somnambulism som-NAM'-by:,.liz-om a. inability to fall asleep
I. ventricle, auricle
9. sonmambulist som-NAM'-byo-Jist b. sleepwal.tiog
2. endorsement
I 0. S<Jmnambuiistic som•nam'-by>LIST'-ik 3 . vociicrousness c. .introduction; prefuninat.Y or
introductory occunence
4 . insomnia d. incoherence; sputtering; ina·
Con you pronounce the words? (Ill}
bility to get 1''0rds out
I. ambultltory AM'-by>lo-tawr'-ce 5. somnolence e. chamber of the heart
2. perambultltor p>RAM'-by:>-lay'-tar 6. somnambulism t sleeping pill
3. perambulat~ i»-RAM'-byo-layt' 7. perambulator g. , upport; approval
4. pertlmbularkm pa-ram'-by>LAY'-shon 8. preamble h. lack of originality; lack of
S. llmb/e AM'-bal imaginalion
6. preamble PREE'-am-bal 9. soporilic I. drowsioess
268 269
 10. Is a somnijerou, spealcer stimulating YES NO
10. lnart!culateoess j. baby buggy; stroller
and exciting?
11. banality le. loudness; ciamol1)QSlleQ

.KEY: I- yes, 2-no, 3-no, 4-no. 5-ycs., 6--no, 7-yes, 8-no, 9-ao,
KBY: 1-e, 2,-g. 3-t, 4-4, 5-l, 6-b, 7-j, 8--e, 9--l, 10-d, 11--h 10-no

Can you work with the-rd,? 1111) Can you recall the wo,-dt?
I. 13._ _ _ __ _
t. endorse a. ooe wbo clllllot fall asleep 1. lack of i111aginatioo or
2. vociferate b. alccpwalker originality in speech, actions,
· 3i insomniac c. walk aimlessly or style of life; hackneyed or
4. somnolency d. SlroU through; walJc around trite phraseology
S. somnambulist e. to sign on tb~ back; support; 2. sleep-inducing 2. - - - - - - -
approve of ors_ _ _ _ _ __
6. pemnbulate f. drowsiness 3. unable lo fall asleep (adj.) 3. - - - - - - -
7. a111ble g. say loodly IIIld ~th great v,;. 4 . verbal, vocal, speaking 4. ~ - - - - -
. h=eoce fluemly
8. soporl.fic h. causing sleep 5. acting like an uncle 5. ~ - - - - -
9. ~omnious i. walceful; una.ble to fall asleep 6. referring to the front; anterior 6. v ______
7. retelling to the back; posterior 7.D·-
8. .,___-_-_-
_--
_
8. approve of; support; sign on
KEY: 1-c, 2--g, 3-a, 4--f, S-b, 6-d, 7-<J, s--ii, f-i
the back of
9,V_ _ _ __ _
9. shout vehemently
IO. ooe who cannot WI asleep 1 0-------
Do yoY und•ntond -the word,? 11. ,,___ _ __ _
11. drowsy; sleepy
I. Does an illS()mniac often need a 12. sleepwalker 12, - - - - - - -
Y£S NO
soporific? 13. now able to walk, though 13. ~ - - - - -
2. Does a ,omnmnbulist always stay in previously bedridden
Y1lS NO
14. walk aimlessly 14.
bed when asleep?
JS. introduction; introductory )5. -
p_-
_-_-
_-__-
3. Are ambula1ory patients bedridden? YES NO
4. Does a preamble come after another event
YES NO
event? 16. incoherence 16.------
S. Are ortic,ilaie people verl>al'I YES NO
6. Does baltalil)I show creativeness? YES NO KEY I-banality, 2,-oomni!erous or soporific, 3-insomnious, 4-ar-
7. Docs an avuncrda, attitude indicate YES NO ticulate. 5--avuncular, 6-vcotral, 7-<lorsal, kndorse,
afftction and protectiveness? 9-vociferate, 10-insomniac, 11--somooleot, 12-som-
8. Is voci/tralion habitual with quicc, shy YES NO nambolist, 13--ambulatory, 14-'11))blo, IS- preamble,
people? 16--inarticulateness
9.' Is a somnolent person wide awalce? Y1I$ IIO
270 271

--
'
 .. 17. Liku11 UDOle:
(a) ,-.ntricallr, (bl aadcul,u-, (c) avt1Acular
18. Drowsy:
(a) ..,.,,,,;,.,....., (b} f<>ffluolout, (c) aopotirn:
19. Sleep,rlllling:
A. Do you r.cognl:r~ tho wo1ds? (•) insomnia, (b) somnofe""Y, {cl -,namtniulm
20. Introduction:
J Disinclined to coovcration: (a) prtamble, Cb) prn1mb11b<or, (<) evolution
(a) loquoclous, (bl laconic. (o) taatu•
2. Trite:
(•) in•rt!culato, (b) banal, (e) ver"""" XBY: 1~, 2-b, 3-<I, 4-b, 5-<, 5-b, 1....., 8-a, 9-c, 10-e, ll-o,
3. Rapid and 8uent: 12-a and b, Ilk, I~. 15-b, l k 17~ IB-b, 19.,:,
(a) ,"O!uble. (b) ,crbo«, (c) g111TUloUS 20-a
4. Forceful end compelling:
(a) vociferous~ (b) ~~eat.. (c) lacODic
5. Uospoten:
(•) 'IOrbatim, (b) cloqllCnt, (e) Olcit
6. UsloJ; elegant and imp...,iv< words:
(a) wrbose, (b) Ef""diloqutnt, (e) colloq..W B. Con rou recognfte roots?
7 Back: •OOT VW,IJ'L&
(•) &:>t<_.l, (b) ventral, (c) aomnilerou>
1. tac«> taciluro
8. Sleop,-iodllclng:
(a) ,opo,ific, (b) ll<lUIOlli<<>I, (e) veotn>l
2. lo<;uor I~
3. rohu IO!iloquize
9 lnabililY to !all .sleep: 4. WtJter1 v~ntru ventral
(a) SOl!Ul1U11bulwn. (bl IIIllh<ll:Uocy, (c) insomnia
10 Talkati'icoess:
s.,.,,,,.,. ffl"l"lloqn<Ot
(el ,:ctiCen«, (b) vemriloquism, (e) Joquoeit)' 6. /lraJtdl.t flt"ndilQqUCUI

11. £,q,ttSSlng indlrtctly or in a roundabout way:

?. verbwn -tim
8. vol\'O, volutu:s (e.volution
(•) clrcumloeutary, (b) tolloquial, (c) laconic
9. gar,fo gauo!ous
12. Elegance. in expression: mngrumi:mtlus
(a) "1llB,DilO(f"""a:, (b) ~ . (c) verbiage 10. animw
11••,,,,, magnum opu,
13. Wordlne": 12 ope-ro opmuor
(•) laconiim, (b) ccgomcy, (c) verbosity
13. auris aw:lcle
14. Big-bt.artod1 generous. umelfidt: avuncular
(a) grlfldiloq..Dl, (b) magnanimous, (C) gi,rrulo1'$ 14. awinculu.t
IS. dorsum dorsal
l 5. C.u,ing raakul ebanges: 16. ><>.t. _,, vociferate
(a) """1otloo&ry, (bl =tutionary. (c) ..,,trleular
17. f•ro somniferoos
16. Tqsbout _,,,l!Jltiy: 18. am.bulo preamble
(a) endor>c, (b) pc,nmbulew, (c) .o<\lc:rum

272 m
 S. Verbal, lro.m verbum, refen lo words; Qra/, from <>I, orlJ,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ soporific the moulb, rel'erv to spokM words or sounds. Ca..o you analyze
19. zop<>r aural. aod decide. en its mcanirig? ___ _ _ _ _ _ __
20. SOIMUI - - -- - - - S()ll!IIOlency

I-lo be silent, 2-to spe,,k, 3-alonc, 4--belly, $-big, IA:S"'
gmi.t, 6,-g.mnd, 7-word, 8-to roll, 9-to cba.u.e.r, 10-mi~
11-worl,; )2-to wort. J3~tu, 14-uacle, IS-back~
16-voic:e. 17-t.o c:arry or betU, 18-to walk, 19-slecp,
2Ckleep
6 . A .somnornbulis, walks in his sleep. What doc~ a nactambWl,t
do?
1. SoPQrlfic~ combining sopor, sleep, wiih fie- (from fot::io), to
mate, means inducing or Chu.sing sltUtp. Use somnkS, another roo1
for deep, 10 C'();Q$truc1 a word that has the same form and meaning
as sioporific: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

.. 8. P~rt,mbu7ole is to -..·alk through. Use another Latin prefix 10

construct a verb meaning '" walk 11,ound. _ _ _ _ _ _ __

TEASE! QUESTIONS FOR THE .-MATEUR mMOI.OGIST

(A,uwe,, in Chapler 18)
1. The present participle (or .Jng form) of the L,alin vc~
o ro to wort'.. is operans, working.. Tho form ope1<Utd1 means o
:;k.i;,g
•
Can you figure out tbe literal meaning o( 1he pb,a~e
sometimes used to signify the characteristic
modus qperan41, • . al BECOMING AlfRT TO Nffi IDEAS
methods or p(OCCdures usod by oerutlo ctunm , 1 - - - - -
Some chapters bade. l suggcst,ed that since words are symbols or
ideas, one of t.'ho most effective. meaAS o! building your vocabu-
2. Circuni,.. we have- leAtood, is a prefix _rncani~g arow1~~ ,.~ in lary is to rood books lhat deal with new id.... Along that lme, I
ciTCJ1mlocutiQn, drcumfertncc. drcurnclsion, •c,rcumrwv gotta;:; lunhcr suggested lhat the fields al psychology, l>')lcltiatcy, and
etc. Thinking of the root scribo, scripl~, to wnt~, can you figu e psychoanalysis would be good ataning points, aD4 l mentioned a
out the word mcani.o.; wrlling. or wntttn nummaf, oround ( tb number al m:itit,g books to work with.
«tge ol soonolhing)? Needless tony, you will not wish to negltc:t other fields, an d so
I want to recommend. at this point, biahlY readable boob i.o addi-
3. You know the roots somnus and ioqwor. Can '>'.ou ~om.bin; tionlll sabjects. All lh= boob will inc- your Ca!!Uuarity wlth
these two TOOts to forn\ an adjective meaning 1alf.:rng ll'l one 1 the wodd o[ ic!eas-lllJ of th<m, therefore, will help you build a
au, you ,uperior vocabulary.
s/,tp? - - -- --:-:--::-:--.--__ - _-_-_- _- _- _-_- _-- - -
write tho noun for-m of this adjective?
SEMANTICS
We ha1r·c discovered aurls, ear. as in aurklc. Can you fig~ Lang..,~ in Thous}it and Action, by S. L Hayakawa
OIJ~· the specialty of the physician called an ourif/.. Peopl, in Q...,,daries, by Wendell lehruon

275

•

BDUCATION AND LSARNING
Huw t., Surv,., in Your Nctiv• LAn4, by Jam., Hemdou
E4ucaJion and the f:nclang,r,d /ndivld""1, by Bdan V. Hill
How Children Poil and WNJJ Do I Do Mo,r44y1, by 1olm !Joli
l'eaching Hu,,..n B•ingt, by Jcfmy Schrank
&lucmion and &na,y, by Georg• B. Ltoaard
Hum/J/t T<adtinB for HumtUI L<anllns, by G..,1'2" Isaac Brown
SEX, LOVE, MARRIAGE
CoUJ1i• The-,an, by Gerald Walk<r Soulh and Alice I. Phl111p,
Your p.,,, of 1..ove, by Marshall .Bryant Hodge
Su""1 Suicide, by George F, Gilder
..
/n1/macy, by Glna Allon and Clement G. Martln, J,,I.D.
How to Uve with ,l.,wth<r [',non, by David V'J!<')U, MD.
Pairing, by Georio R. Bodi and Rnnold M. Deul>cb
The lnlim4te £nm,y, by Georg<> R. Bach 1111d Peter Wydcn
The RDp, of the AP<, by Allau Sherman (Humor)
The Bit, Rqx,,t, by Sbete Blto
Su in Hum,m Lavlllg, bJ Eclc B<me, M.P.
WOMEN, FEMINISM, ETC.
l_!eblnh of Ftmlnism, by Judith Hole an~ Elion Levine
Tht IYay of All Womw, by M. Esthor Harolog
K,,owlng Womt1n 1 by tmlc OllrCfi](I.Ot de Castillejo
Semt Jurtke, by Karen De Crow
Our BodiuJ Our Selvts, by The Bost.on Women's Health Book
ColJ«ti.Vc
CHILDREN, Cl-lTLD-R.,_IS!NO, ETC,
Betw«n Part.JU Ottd Child and Betwtm PdrCIU oruI Tefflager,
by Dr Halm Ginolt
Clllitirm Who Boie, by Fritz R<dl and David Wioemtm
Parmt Effeclive.ness Traininl, by Dr. Tb!,,ma~ Gordon
How 10 Pannt, by 01. .Frtt.hugh Dodsoo
&ctl/1< from Childhood, by John Holt
OM LiJt/e BoJ, by Dorothy W. Baruch
276
HllALlR
Sav, l'<>Ur LIi• Diet /Jook, by Dal'id Reuben, MD
Folk Medl<in,, 1,y P. C. Jams, M.D, •
Get W tli Naturally, by Linda Clari
let, E:m Right to Ke,p fit, by Adelle usvis
PHILOSOPHY
Tl,e J!fay 0 1tm and What Ooa It Matt"?, by Aloo w. W>tls
i.,,,.-,Bod'i, by Nonnan O. Brown
BUSfNESS, ECONOMICS, FINANCE
The ADf,,,nt $,x:i<IJ, by Jobt, K.nnclll Galbrahh
Pwki,ncm·s ta.•, b) C. Northcote: Parklu.sou
The Peter Pn.nctpte, b;· l.Aorcnce J. Peter
Up th< O,io,tttatiOr., by Robert TohJCnd
SOCIOLOGY
Pa,,.,._, by Gul Shethy
Furur, Sl>«k, by AMn Toffler
Hort! 1'/nr,s, by :Sm<b Tcrtcl
Roou, by Al~ Rel<y
OF.Am AND DYING
Uie Afto lif•, by Ra}'ttlood A. Moody, Jr., MD
O,r IJ«uJ, a,id D:ying, by Ellzabelh Kubler R.oos
AJI t,u, one or two of lhete climuhuing and imomwlve boots
ere avatlablo in ioexpeMive. paperback editions-most of lmm
e&n : : fow>d m, Illy larg,, ptoWc b'bl'ar)'. Any one of !hem will
:i~"!:n
prov. e :w. everun; of entenainm.ent ROd c.~tement far more re--
wa~ching TV, will poss:Jbty open ror you new area
an of ••": •n m>dersouufina, and will undoubi.dly conwn so
m •y = words JO• bovo lem!cd In !hi, book lhAt yoo will
apm and ~ cx~nence the delicious $bock o! rocogni'tion that
l ,poke of ill an oarUcr chapter.
m
 wotds you bav-o never seen
Additionally, you may encounter familiar with--dnd you will
before that -.re built on!~ts you a:ovt ,he probable meaning of
then. ret.tliic, how simple rt ,s lo figw haYe becomi en upt,rt in
·-teric term once you
,.,.., ......
cn,·en 'h e m,,.u
roots. prefixes, dnd sulfutJ.

(End of 5,.,ion 27)

----Brief llltermission Si.xr----

DO YOU ALWAYS
USE THE PROPER WORD?

The fact is lh.a1 grammar is getting mol'e liberal e,·ery day. C.Om•
nrnn \lsage ha$ put Q stamp o! approval on man)' u:prtssinns
\l:hich your g,and1nother would not have dared urter in her 0100
intlnuue con\'Ctsalion-nol if t.h.e believed $ho was in 1ho habit o(
us;ng goO<I 1:.ngUsh_ Jr i.t me; have Jl(J'J got a cold'!; its a niet ,lay:
con I ltmc ,u1<>1her piece of cakeJ; Jl,e ir a most o.nro,·01ing child,·
n·itl f!,•ttr-:;body please ~move fhek llat,f-aU these today r..:prescnt
rx:rfwly correct grammar tor c\1Cryd3y COD\tcrsation. Modem
,grammar research l"C.porls that these e;i:pcessions have become uni•
wrsal in cduc.ited speech.
Howtvl:'r. such a libcrai pQbc:y does not mt:1n lb.at :tlJ bars 3rt'
down. Only a person whose speei:h borders oo the ilJi1era1e wc,utd
m&kc such statenrn lS as: con yo" learn me to swim!,· ht tfQ1t't m•t
hr.re 110 mQft:: we ui11'1 workl11g JO fO<Jd; me and my limband art
glad to S«! )'011. There are still cenall.1 mfnimom essential~ of good
English that tJ1c cull ivattd spc~ke-t carefully observes.
ls your grammar as good as the next person"s? Here's A quick
test by which you can mctisure )'Our ability.
Ch«k the prefer.able choice in ciich sentence, then compare
}'our m:ults with the key Gt the end. AIJowing 4 per cent ror each
correct answer, comider 92...100 exreUcnt, 76-88 good, 68-?2
average.
278 279
l. Wb&t (a-ellect. 1>-a«ea) d<x:s Famh F•wcctt•M•l= have
OD you?
2. Wba•·• the seDJC (a-in. tH>l) looking ror a ne<dlc in a hay-
$18Clt?
3. She W<>n•t (a-1"'vo, !>-kt) u, m«t her oew boy friend.
4. Whal (n-kind al, t,..lcic,. of a) ct,e,s do Y°" Willll'?
5. Her (a-princip\o, t,..princlpal) objecti,,n to acaroti« ;,, that
they - diftiouJr. ., li'6 wllh.
6. Tho mutdcrcr ..,.. (a-baog«I. l>-hung) tw0 bouoo btforo lhe

7. "''""""'·
Many mic:opatdoo arri'll?d.
feet giw.1 affc::ctioo for thelr (a-mothet·in-1.aws, I
•
1Hnotbet,,-ill·la\V).
8. For a light calle, use two (&-<p00olu!J, 1>-,pconslu1) ol bak·
iDg powder.
9. E...yooo likes you but (a-<he, b-be<).
LO. Sally sent• gift for (a-him aod mo, 1,-hc and I).
11. Too criteria yoo me using (o-u, b-ar•) not ""lid.
12. The co,t of . .w housos (a-is, lr=) linaRy stahilwAg.
13. Ir<•• as well as ber husband (a-bas, b-bave) coo,o 10 sec
you.
14. (&-ls, t,..Are) either ol your s!slffl worliog?
JS_ m 1oon tJ lM editor or hot sec:ieta:y (a-comes, tH:<i!oc) in,
lctmokoow.
16. ~ or two of ber Cncu.res (a-is, b-:ue) wty attrao-
tht.
17. Caa you visit Macy 111<1 (a-I, l>-me) tooJ&ht?
18. fla Is tot•llr (a-llDlllLctestcd, l>-disiructesl«l) in yOll! per•
so03l allnirs.
19. Sbe (a-blld, b-lay) en !he beach whl!e )>er son ,plashed al the
water's WJC·
20, (,._Who, 1>-Wlll'm) would you nUher be if you weren't your·
1<117
21. You oboold DOI (a--b,ve, l>-of) S[>Qkcn so horsbly.
22.. She ii ~•• n! Uios• -,,en who (o-1>elieves, b-beli<\<e) chat
h..i,,,,,dJ slv>old ,h•s:c in doiDi housework ond taldllg core of
the children.
23, w.. it yo• wbo (a-wa", b-were) here y,sfurd•y'I
' 281
no
 SESSION 28
1l
Tbete :ire ftw of 11s who do not ncfd w:irm :md nourishing rcfo.•
tlonships 10 lead a fulfilled life.
Psychology mike$ clear thet loviog aud being loved are iropor-
HOW TO INSULT . t:uit e1ements in cmotionaJ health, but 21:.o points out the necessity

YOUR ENEMJES for expressiog. rather; than repressiog. oor hostilities. (You know
how good you !eel once you blow off sttnm? An() how much
(Setsions 28-31)
• closer you can ~me a11:1chcd to someone once you directly
and honesdy vent )·O'Ur anger, resentment, or init:ition iO$tead of
botlliog it ttp and s«lh.ing in fury?)
It ti. a mnrk of your own emotional maturity i( )OU can acup1
hostility as wdl as dish it ouc. So let ui pretend, in order to eu-
cau.rnge you to become personally Involved in the intf'Oductoty ttn
words o( this cbaptti;-1 that each paragraph in lbe nex1 few p11s,cs
accurately describes you. What bbe:1 e..xaccl)' fits your personality?
TEASE~ PREVIEW

Whot do you coll a penon who:

IDEAS
• i,t1istson complefe ,utd blind obedlea.ce?
•
• tondies to the rich or inftutmlal?
1. sfCNCc drlv•r
• dabbles i11 Ule fine aru?
You make t'veryone toe lhe mark-right down l0 1he lt1$t ccnti-
• l:1 a Jqud-momh.ed. quorr~lsom~ woman?
mttcr. You rxact blfod. unquestionjng obedience; demand the
• has a one-track mind? s:trictc-st oonfoanity lo rules, how,c\·cr: arbitrary or tyranni,cal; aod
• fltterJ ot c,ihcr prople's cJicriJhcd ttadirions? wilJ nof rolcnate, th,c slightut dcvjation hom yoor orders. You are,
• d0<s ,rol b~t,eve ir, God? in shont the very epi1ome or the l'lnnY drill serieanL
• haJ imogina,y ailmtnts? You are a mar1tne1.

2. bootfichr
You toady to rich QT io.Bucnt.iaf people., catering 10 their vanity,
flaUering ttlcit ego, You arc the. personification of 1he traditionaJ

282 · 283
YXU'd heeler. you out·)'~ I.he Holl>~·ood yes nten. And on top <JI
:1U these unpleastnt c;harotti:ri.'-~. you"re a oompleu: hypocrite
All your servile aue-ntions and uo~lng. adulat.ioa s:prin_g rrom
your ov.o selfish desires to get ;..he..ad, not ou:t or any sincere admi-
ratian. You c-ultiwte people or power or property so tha1 you can
curry Favor at t.i:'le opportune momenL Ycu are a cltauvlni.st.
You are a syeaph,1111.
6, fa:11otic
Yoo. have a o~lnck: mincJ.-1u1d wbci, you're riding II particu...
3. dobbter
Orteo.1 though not ~ssarily, a ~ of Independent income_
!"' ~bbf, you ndc it bard. You bave iUOh 1111 ==ivo, aJl-
mclUSl~ mat for ooc thin& (1111d it may bo }'Our bu.s:i.ness, your
you cogage- .supediciaUy 111 the pl1rs.uit ot ono ot t.be 6oc ii:ru- • profo5$ton, Y""' busbaod or 1>,ifo, your c,b!ldrell, your stomach
painting, writi.o.g, sculpturing, composh\g, etc. You do this largely your money, or whatever) tluu your obsts&ion is .imo,, absuriL
for your own amoseroeot and not to athievc any professional You ialJc, <at. tlccp lbat ooc thh,g-lo 1bo )'Oiul wbe,c yon bore
coiup,etence; oor are you at alt ilne«;stcd in mon~tary rewards. everyooe lO distracdoo.
YoUf a.rtisLic efforts are simply a mcus of pwin:J tlme pleasantly.
You -ari:,e monomaniac.
You arc a dlte1tante.

4. bott1c--o•
You 11.re a loud-mouthed, th.rewisb1 turbulent woman; you·re
quarrelsome and aggressiv~ possessing none of those ,cntle aod
tender qualities ~tcrcotypically ;usociiued with femininity. You're
sirong-mindcd, ooyiclding, sbarp-tongtl<d. nnd da~us. You
c:ao cum liO a sre.vedore and ycU lik.o a fishwife-and ofien do.
You aro o virago,
7. ottoc:lcer
Y~ are vlolendy a&QiJJsl estobU.hed bdi.Cs, revered lr.lditino,,
chorisbed cus_,uch. )'OU ca1, siand in Ille way ol reform arul
PJO&f~ and ue aJways ba.scd on .superstition and irtat:iooaJity.
Rellgior,, family, IIISD'U>J!O, etbico-you ,.._,, lhere when lhe,o
~_siartc<I and you're not .aing to conform sbnply becauso most
uolbinklng peopl~ do.
You a.rt an. iro,wclast.

5. 1u1>4rpcttiot 8, skeptic
An)'thing )'OU own or belooi to is betttr-5imply becouse fOU
own. it or belong to it, ahbou&b, you will bo quick to find more
There is no God----<hat'-' your position and ;01,.., not iOUlo\ 10
juslitiable explanations. Your religion, whatever it 1ru1y ~ is far budge lrom it
s.upcriOr to 81JY other; your _political patty is the ooly honest ot1e; You are •n othti.,t.
your neighborhood put.S all others in tho cit)· i.n ilic. shade;
members or your own Kl ate more intelligent, more worthy, more, 9, solf-lncful.ger
emotionally secure, and in every way far better thait pc-,ople of the
opposite se.x.; your cu. is fnSttr1 more tun to drivo. and gem bet~r • You ~ u a. m~ lascirio'UI, libidinous. lust.ful 1 lewd. wanton,
gas mileage t.htn any other, uo matter in what -price ranp; and of unmoral-but .td0!61mportat\t. )'OU promiscuously attempt to .sat-

284 21-'
isty (and are often .successful in so doing) your sexual desires
with &oy woman wilhin your anu•s te:tch. Con )'Olil WOik with th• words.?
You are a leclru.
WOADS IEY l'DV.S
1. martinet a. superliclality
2. S'.V<(lphant b. p.ruiotism
l. dileU.tinte c. god!essncss
You are always sick, though no duclor can find an orgooic 4. virago d. si.S,e,.mincledness
t.ause for your ailmentS. You lnow you ha'le utce.B, tho-ugh medi- S. chauvinist c. antittadition
cal tests show a healthy SlOtu:acb. You h;\ve bean pillplu,tions., t,ut 6. monQmaniaa [.&c1
a. carcUogrom (ails to show any abnonnaUty. Yo1Jr headaches are 7. icoaocl&t g, iilDC$S
cauw:I (you're sure of it) by n rnptdly g.rowiog brain tumoc-yct 8. atheist b. discipline
X rays show nothing wrong. 1bcse m3ladies are not imaginary,
9. lecher i. turbulence
howeier~ to you they 1cc most teal, oon..r:tisteot as they may be iD I 0. hypochondriac j. Battery
fact. And a.1 yoo trawl from doc:tor to doctor futilely seeking
COl'ltirmation of your lmntincnt dtalh, you bcc:ome more and more
convinctd that you•re too weak to go on much lon_ger, Or- Kl!Y: l -h, 2- j, 3--oo, 4-i, S--b, 6-<l, 7-e, k, 9-f, 10-g
gl).nic111Jy1 of course. theru'$ nothing the matter with you. Perhaps
tensions, lnsecuriti~. or a RCOO £or altentioo is taking the form of
simulated bodily m.. Do you unc!t!rslond tfi.e words?
You are i hypoc.hcndriac.
I. Does a marti.ntt condone carelessness Y£s KO
and nca]t<:t ol d11ty'!
2.. ls 3: zycop/uuir a sincere person? YES l<O
3, ls a difohonu a hard work.e(I YP.S NO
4. ls a 11.iragQ ~·cet and gtotJe? Yl!$ NO
USING THE WORDS S. b a chouvini.Jl modest -.nd YES KO
sell-effadng?
CQn you p,enounu the: \<o'Ofd,? 6. Does a mtmomanlac have a one-track \'ES NO
mind?
1. martinet mw-,s.NET' 7. Does an. iconoclast scoff at tradition? YES J<O
2. G)Wp/uml SJX'-a•fQiQt 8. Does an a1h,ist bclie-.-e il1 God? YE$ l<O
3. d;/~ttante dil'-~TAN'-tce 9. Is a lecher misogynous? 'l'F.S J<O
4. virago v~RAY'-gO I 0. l'>oes a Jrypoclumdriac have a lively \'ES NO
5. ch.o1'vini.vr SH6' ..~ -nist imagination?
6. numomanioc mon•-:,.,MAY'•nec-nk
7. iconocla1t 1-KON'...k!ost'
8. othdst A Y'•thee-isl KEY: 1-oo, 2-ao, .3-no, 4-,oo, 5-no, 6-yes, 7-ye,, 8--oo 9-no
10-yu • J •
9. lecher LEOl'·:Jl'
JO. hypo<ll<>ndd•c hi'-p..KON'-dree-u.
286

•
 S. He makes ie-'WKI advances t.o 5. _ _ _ __ __
C'\'C(y<>DO el,c'.a wife--an.d is
Can you NCC111 th• WOtd•? too oJtcn s:u~J.
I. a person wbose cmi,tiOOll I.IL.---- 6. He cultivates fricncb tb,t can 6. - - - -- --
do him good-fulanclally.
disorder is reficctcd in 7 She dabbles <ritb water colors. 7. _ __ _ _ __
"'"1-<>f81Ul"' er !ma&inacy 8. She insists LheiC i!I no Deity. 8. _ _ __ _ __
bodily lliliMnts 9. She's a ,hrew, a harrida~ a 9. _ _ _ _ _ __
2. a stri<;t dt,ciplinanBD 2.M..- -- - -
3. • 1....s and sexually _,.ive 3. L..-- - -- •cold, and a nag.
10. His only interest in Jile b hi$ IO. _ _ _ _ _ __
male fl$h collection-and be is
4. a toady to peoplo of ,...ith 4.L-----
or po,-·er fanatltaUy, al.most
S. ,.__ _ _ __ psychotkalty, dc\'oted to jJ,
S. a di•belle..,. in God
6. a dabbler in tho ana 6 ._
7.V D_
•_- -_
- --
__
7. uhmrilJJ, loud-moutbod Kl!Y: 1-lcooocl..~ 2-hypocboaddac, ~••>ini•t, 4-martioct.
feJ:D:tlc 5-lech<r, 6-<ycopbant. 7-dU•ttaDle. kthelsl, 9-virago,
8. a sool!<rat tmdition 8.L-- - - - 10-moo.omaruuc
9. pelSO!l with a ..,._track mind 9,___
10. .M - -_
__ --_--_
10. a blatant S1lJ)CIJl'-triol
(End of Session 28)
JC:aY: 1-hypocbondtiac, 2-martillct. 3-lccbef, <k)'coph:mt.
S-atbei,t, 6--<lil,Uantc, 7-virago, 8-iconoclo,t, 9-<JlOllo-
ma.mac, t04tauvinilt

SESSION 2!1

Can yes, \lie the words?

I. Sbo scof!II at bclids you hne
lllway,; held dear.
2. Yoo know he's bale and hearty
~ac ho constanily complains
o!hisillnesa.
3. She inlisu her polilioal
affiliations are iruperior to
Y"""-
4. She in,b,s on her suhot<lli>JUes
to<ins the ma.rlr..
ORIGl~S AND R&ATfD WORDS
! . - - -- - -
i. _ _ _ _ __
1. the fren<h drillmoifer
Jean Maninot......, the Jo,peclo, General of Infantry during tho
3 ___ __ __ teiga. of King Louis XJV......and a ttrlctcr, more fanatic dtilhnlSler
FlllJlce bad oever seen. It wa, from this time that lb.• French
Anny's reputation for discipliae dated, nnd it i.s from the name ot
this Frenchman that we deri••e our EQalish ~otd marliMJ, 'The
"'·------ ,vo.rd is al-way$ used in a derogat01)' iCr.se and ac:DCrally she>ws re--
289

•
sentmcot and tngcr on the- pan of tbo user. The SQC?Ctar)' who
calls bi, boss a """tin'1, the wile who aJ)l'lies the epithet 10 her
husband, the worke-r who thus retcn to the foreman-these
speakers all sh.ow their contempt for &be exoessive, inhuman disci·
plino to wide!, they ans asked to submlt.
Since martiMt come$ from a man's oame (in the Brief In•
tera:tission whi<:Jt [ollows we shall discover that a number of pie·
tu.resquc English words are similarly derived), th.ere a.re no reJ.atcd
Corms built on the same root There is an adjective martinetish
(mabr--ta•NB'r·isb) and another noun fono, mortinttlsm, but
1hese are used ooly rarely.
2. a Greek "Ag-shower·•
Sycophant eom<S 10 us from the Gn,eks. According to Shiploy's
Dictionary ot Word Origins:
When a fello• wants to get a good mad:, hie may polish up
ao apple and place it oo tea.cber's desk; bis classmates call
such a ll>d aa apple-shiner. Less complimentary loealititS use
the ten:o bootlk:ker. The Greeks had a name !or it: fil~ltower.
Sycopbut ii from Gr. 11kon, fl:, [and] phan,ln, to &how.
This was tho fellow lbat infonned the ollicer,; in charge wbeo
(I) the fill' in the sacred groves were beiJJg taken, or (2) wbco
the Smyraa fig-doalcts wen: dodging the larifl.
Thus, a r,cop/umt may appear to be a sort of ''stool pigooo,"
since the IAtter curries the lavor of pofiee offldaJs by "pencblng"
on his fellow criminals. Sycophants may use this means of • -
tiadng themselves with ln6o<n!W cllizens ol the eomm\Ulity; or
they may use llattery, senile auentions. or any other form of ln-
sinuatiog themselves into $0JDCOUe's good graces. A .rycoplranJ
pruticc, syc,,plumcy (SIK'-s,.f.,,....), and bas a sycophcnti<
(sik->FAN'-tik) attitudt. All th.ree lomu of the word are blgbly
uncompllmcotary-w;o them with ""-"'·
Material may ho so deJJcate or 6ne In texture that &nythlng
behind it win &how through. The G~k prtftx dla- means through:
a.ad ph.a:ndn, u you. DOW bow. means '" show-hence such ma•
t..W is called dlopfu,nou., (dl-1\Fo>n,s). Do not u,e the adj,c-
tivc i.n rdereoce to all material thal is 'transparent (for en..r,pte,
290
you would not call glass dlapl$a.no,u, even thou~ you can sec
right through it), but ooly matorial that is dlky, gauzy, filmy, and,
i.o additio.01 transparent or practically ttansparcnt. The word is
often applied to lemale ganntnts-nigh1gowo51 negligees, etc.
3. just for one', own omus~m.ent
Dil~ttantt is from the Italio.o verb 4iltttore, to dCJjgbt. The
dildtan,e puiuts1 writes, compose$, pl;i;ys 3 musical instrument, or
tcngages in scientific cx.pcrlmcnts -i>urtly tor amusement-not to
mate ruoney, become famous, or satisfy a deep cn:tttive urge ((he
lauer, J presume, bcio.g the josti6cations tor the time that profes-
sional artists, writers, compc)sen, musicians* poets, and scientists
speod at their cbos<n wcrk). A dlkttan1lsh (dil-.,.TAN'-1isb) a1ti-
1ude is $UJ)crficild, u;oprolesslonal; dileuantlrm (dil~TAN'-tiz-
om) is supaficial, pan-time dabbling in the type of activity thot
USU4Uy c.oglljges the fuJJ time and eneigy of the professional an.ist
or .sdentii.l
Do not contuse tbe diJ.ettan.tt, who b.M a eeriain amount or na·
tivc ta.lent or ability, with the tyro (1"l'·l"O), who is tbc inexpe-
rienced beginner .in some art, but who may be full of ;i.mbitlon,
dd-...e. atld t.ne~. To call a person a 1y,o is to imply that be ls
jwt starting in SQmc artU&, 5cieotific, or profc$Sional field~e's
not much Sood yet biealuse be .has not bad time to develop Ms
!lkiJI, if any. The dilettilntt usuaJly has some skill but im1t doing
much with it, Oo the other band, an)'Qno • ·ho has developed oon--
summate skill in an artistic 6cfd, generally allied to music., is
callod a vinuoso (,uc'-cb<l!>•Cl'..G)-Uke Heifetz or Menuhin on
the viOOG.t Horowitz or Ru.blusleio on lhe piano. Pluralize virtu~stJ
in lhe normal way--virtWKJS; or if )'OU wish to sound more so--
phistk:atcd., give il the contCDental foCQl-4/lrtuoJi (VOJ'--c~'..
see). Similarly. the plural of dilettante ii either diletlan/eJ or diltt--
tanti (dU+TAN'-tcc),. '
The i ending for n plural is the Italian form and is common io
musical circles, For example, Ubr~to, I.be story (or book) of an
ope.ca, may be pluralized to libreui; concertq, a rorm ot musical
compositioo, is plllfalized conc,,Ji. However, the Anglicized li--
bret/03 and concertt:11 are perfectly cotrect also. Ub,etto is pro--
nounced l.l--8.RET'•O; libretti is ~DR.ET"-ce; conct.rto is bo-
291
 CHtJR.1..,0; and concerti is J;;;n-CFllJR~-,,c. Sult your plural fonn,
l would SUBL,>cst1 10 the 50ph.isdc:idon ot your oudieaeo.
..i. "mos.cu!ino" 'MtOmfll
Virago comes, oddly enough, rroru tbc Laltn word for man, vlr.
Perhaps the dcrivatiou is not so odd tlUer all, a 1Ji.r~. far Ctom
bein; Sttrcotypically femJnlne (Le., timjd, dclic:ue. low-,spol:en,
~tc.). is stcreotypicalJ}' m.asculi.no in personalit)'~arse, aggres,.
sive, loud-mouthed. TemtQGOlll (TUR'-m>&'Qpt) o.nd h'tt.rrida.n
(HAIR'•>cbn) arc words with essentially the n1me uncompU-
mentary meanulg as virago. To call a brawling womau a virago,
a lermag11n1, and a Jia"idan is admittedly repetitious, but ii soc-
c:cssfuJ in .rellevinc ooe'$ f.c~licgs.
.$. the old man
Nicolas Chauvin, soldier of the French En:ipiro. so Tocifcrou!ly
and u.noeasingly 1ired his ve..oeratioo of Napoleon Bonaparte that
he bcca·me the. laughingstock o! all Ewopo. Thereafter, an exaa-
aorated and blatant patriot wat known as a cliauvlnlst-and ~ is
today. Chauvinism (SH01-~_ niz.-M1), by nntvraJ extension. irp-
plics to b.falant 11cncration of. or boasl.fulocsi about. IUlY other
a.ftiliallon bc$jdes one's country.
To be pa1rio1lc 1s 10 be normally proud o[, and devo1ed to,
one's- country---to be c:ham•inistic (sh~'-v:i-NtS~-tik) is 10 exllg·
gcrate such. pride aud devotion to an obnoxiom degree.
We might digrm 1,ore 10 jnve,tlgatc aa ctymoloSical side road
down wbJcb tho word pa1riotic beckons. P01.rioth: is built o.n the
L.1uit1 word pater, parri.t, fatber-one•s country is, in a seASe,
ooe's !athe'tlaod.
Ut us. see what other ioterestiDe words are built on thiJ same.
JOOL
J • .patrimony {PA,.,,-~~mO-,uee)-ao inheritance from one'$ fil-
thtt. Tho -mony OOG1es from the $Mlc root tba1 gi11es us money,
llMJely Juno Mo1teta~ tho Roman goddess wbo guardQd the tea.,_..
pies ot finaoce. The adjocth·c is patrimonitil (p.at'-ra-M0''"'1te·
ol).
292
2. pat,onymic (pat'-~}>'JM'-lk)-<1 =• foDDCCI oo the t,.
lhec'• 1111110, Jiu lo/won {$()<( of Jolui), Martinron, Aaronson,
ct<. Tho wot<! c:on,biDo,o pater, patrls with Greek onyma, olme.
O,,yma pies the Grc:dc prellx syn-, 'with or togother, ioDDS J)'IIO-
nym (S!N'+nim), " - d of the ...,,., name (or meanlag),
etymologlcaJJy "a together name." 011ym4 plus the prelix .,,,.,
og1l!mt, form! anlOn,ym (AN'-t>-nim), • word of opposite mear,-
in&, "'}'lllologically • an t1gi1Jll$l name.• Onyma plus Oredc homo,,
llie same, IOl'lll! homolJ)'m (HOM'-<MIUD), • II/Ord 1hat ,ounds
like aaotbcr b01 has a diffetem meantna ...i spelling, like ba,, -
bear, wa~wtigh, Jo--roo-.l'MIO. etc., etymologically ••a SillDC
.name... A homonym is more accura&eJy called a homQp/wne.
(ROM'~foo'), a ..,mhlnatlon of homos, the """", 111d PMM.
sound. 'Ibo adjective ""1D of IYttOIJ)'tn is ,,,.,,,.,,,.,,., ,,..NON'·
H1135). cao you write, and pronounce, tho adjective derived
from:
aatonym?
llomon)'1D1
bomopb!llle?
3. /Jllf<miry (po-TUR'-~teeHalh<:rhood, .. toqucsliou l<llllO-
oo.e•a P'(llel1tlty, co file a patu,sity Alt in orda to collecc chlld sup-
pon from the a,sumod, """11SOd, or sell-a.cl:oowle<1pl lalber. Tho
adja:tiv,, is patmud (~TUR'-nol), mtbcdy. Pahma/it,n (po-
1'UR'...,.li2-om) is tbs pbll""""'y or system of govcmlos ll OOUO-
try. or ol mnnagiQa- 3 busi.ocs, or institution, so that the. cithcns,
<mpklye,s, or stall ,.,.. lrnlted !Jl a mam,er suggestin; a father-
cluldn,o n:.lnilon,bip, (Such a systew sounds, aad o!teu is, benign
and ptotectlVe, bt4 plays ba,w with the initiative, ioclepcndcuoe.
and crealivlty of thrue in •ubotdiua!c roles.) The adjedlve is ~
tan11lbtlc (eo-rurn'-<>US'..:til::).
4. p(Ilri/Jrch (PAY'~rk'},-a "ltDt.rable. fatbedilce old man;
:in old man in a rullna, hubedikc pooidoo. Rerc pattr, pams is
oombincd wllh tho Oreek rooc. arr:h<ln, 10 role. Tho odjc<:m'e is
palriarclwl {pay'-uee,.Al!R'-'lcol), the s)'Slem is a paJrlarchy
(PAY'-tree-ahr'•kte),
S. patric.id• (PAr-r>Sld')-tbe lolling of one's lath~. P•W,
/1fdl'ir oombirles with -clde, • sulli.t derived from Che Latin =h
COMO, to till. The adjective i, patriddal (pat-~l'-<!ol).
293

This 1ist ~ocs n~t c.xh:n1~ ibe number of words built 011 pa!~,
father, but _u suffio.C"nt 10 g.we you ao idea of how closely rcl11ted
many Engh:sh words ::ire. 111 your rcadirt• you will come ac.toss
ot
other words c.ont.ii.nins the fetters p(ltc.r ptut-you wilJ be nblo
10 figure tbe:~l ou1 once )'Oll reaUze that 1he ba~ i$ the tvotd fn-
tltCY', Yot1 m1gln, if you kel nmhitious., puzz:le 0111 1hr: rclaticm~hip
t? the ..f:t,he-r idea•· in 1bl! following wotds-. cl'tCdi.ng with a dk-
lion.::tty to $.te how ~ood )'OUr linguistic:: intujtio.n is:
l. p:ttridan
2. ~tron
3. patfOniU
4. Jl'lltOoi,ing (ad/.)
S. p,Ale,fantilios
6. p.idrc
d. 1h.e old lady
Pattr, J>atrit is fa1hcr, Mafu1 m.alfil is. motlier.
For e,romple:
I. mntriardt (MAY'·trcc:..;ihrk')-the motbc,-..ru1er· ttte--mn1hc.r
~rson. "tl '
,,1*'l c~ntrol$ ."' la.~ge household, tribe, or country. This
ord, tik-.. painardr, 1s bu1h on tlle root orchein, to rule. Dur~
Ing the ref:n of Queen Eliubcth or Queen Victoria Eo ..land
w~ a, matriar~>· (MAY'-treL-..ah(~.kee). Cn.n you fitU~(' 017t 1hc-
ad1ec11ve Corm?
2. nudem/Ej• (m:i-TUR'-n.Hcc)-molhcrhood
3. 11u11e:mol (m~TllR.l\l'~l)-mo1herly
4. ma/ro11 (MA Y'-IC.in}-:'ln olcJ.er woman, ooo sufficiently ma..
~ure_ to be a mother. The adjective m(1lronty (MAY' ..et'31rlee)
OOJurcs up for many people a picrurc or a \\-Oman no k)ncet in
the glow o( Youth and pos.sibly with a bit of added we.igbt in the
W'l"Ong places. so this word should be used with caution· it may be
hnia:cd<:i\1$ 10 youc health if the lady you are so dc:Kribing is o( a
tcmpestou, tLature, or h a vfrogo.
S. alm~ mater (AL'-:ma MAY'-tar or A.HL'-m:, ~1Aff1.1~r)-
=~ologica1Jy, "soul mother"; actually, the school or college from
hicb onoh~ iTD.duattd. uod whkb in a sense .ls oaC:s intd1tctua1
mother-.
29•
6. nwtrlmb"1 (MAT'-t>mo'-nee}-mart!~. Though 1bis word
ls simi.1ar to pairlmony in :spelliog. it does not refer to money, as
potrint.o,ry d~; u:ote:ss, lha, is, you are c)1nica.1 enough to believe
that peopl• marry !or money. As th• language was growing. mar-
riage and children we;nt b.a_nd in haod-it is therefore nol s:arpris~
in& that the wotd for ,ruuri~e should be built on tbe Latin rOOl
for TTWther. Of course, dmes have- c.hanied, but the sexist nature
of tho Eaglish laoa,uage has ooL The noun suO\x -mony itldtcates
state., condition, or result, as in soncrim<nty, pr,rsimo,ry, etc. The
adjective i, moltimonlal (ma.t"•r>MO'-ncc-~1).
·1. maJriclde {MAT1..rn-sid')-tbe killiog or one's mother. Tho
adjectlv~?-- - - - -- - - --
7 . mufdet most rOI.II • • ,
Murder unfortunately is an integral pan of human life, so there
is a word !or almos.t every kind or kjlliag yoo go lhink o(. Lei's
look at some of them.
1. ,u;e;d, (S00'-o-sld')-ltilling one$tH (intendonally); <ide
plllS sul o£ oneseU. lb.is is both the nC'l and the person who ha$
_ , c:omplcttly $UCO<ssful in petformiJla Ibo act ( parliDl/y doesn't
e.ount); also. in colloquial usage. $Weide is a vctb. Tbe adjective?
2. frQJr;dde (FRAT'-t:>-Std')-the- killing of onc'.s brother; -cide
plus frater, fratris, brolher. TI1e adjective?-- - - -- - -
3. sororiclde (S3-RAW.R'-w1d')-thc. killing of one's sister;
-a'de plus $0ror, sister_ The adjecth-e:? - - -- - - - - - -
4. hornicidt (HOM'->s.id')- the killing o( a bum.1n being;
--c.id, phil homo. pers.on. In tow, homicide is ihe general term foe
any slayi.n~. If intent and premeditation can be proved, the oct is
murder and punishable as such. It no such intent is pre.sent, the
act is called manslwg,h1e.r and reccl\'cS • lighter punishment. nus,
if your mate/lover/$poUSe makes y.our life ,mbearable (tnd you
slip some arsenic into hi$/her coerce one bright Dloming, you are
oommitling, murder-that ls1 if he/she s(KCtl.rob5.- Oo the other
bW'ld, i( you run your vic.tim down.-qllite aocidtt1tally-wlth
295
•
 yow- car, bicycle, or whed'cb..alt, With DO f.ntent to kill1 )'00
will be oc:cused ol ,nanslaut/rt<r-lMt ~ if 4••111 rtsult: and ii
you co.n prove you didn•t tta.Uy meau it. It"s alJ mther doticate-1
how<vo,, and ,oo mlght do be.t to put lbous:J>t.s of Jll5tift•ble
ltcmlcide out of you, miod. The ~djecilvc? - - - - - - -
REVIEW OF mMOlOOY
5. r,ilcid, (REJ'-id')-tbe killmg of one'• kin~ pt"'1dtnt,
or otbtt go-g of!i<ial• .Boolb commiued t"1kid, wheo hc PU"flX. a.oar,
1.NGUSff WORD
assassinated Abnlham Uru:oln. Adjectivo? - - - - - - - SVP-FIX
Derivation.: Lalin ,u, ,~is, king. plus <Ide, J. -0kon lig
2. pltanein to show
6. .ao,lcide (uk-SAWR'..,.sld')-ll,o killing of ODO'S Y.ile.
Adjccti..7 '3. dio- t!lrough
Dertntioo: Latia maa (mole)
eaor, o.rUe. plus -cid~. 4. ,.,fr
s. pozet, paw tathcr
7. ,,,,.,;1/cide (mo-RIT'-o-llid')-tlu, ltilling of - · • hmbaa,L 6. .r)n· wilh,t~lhcr
Adjecil..7 - - - - - - -- -- - l)eth-atioo: Lotin 1. onyma oamo
mnrilra, husband, phis -cidc.
8~ arui op.inst
8. in/ant/ride (in-J'Al\ff•llid')-1~ ltilllng oC a "°"'oom 9. ,,,,,.,,, !heSlUIIO

dilld. Adjecti,'07 - - - - - - - - - - - Derivation, 10. phon• sound

LBtin in/ans, Inf/Wis, baby, plWt -<iU. 11. -frf "'""' taffi<
12. •J.sm 1""111 ,uffix
9. gtn«ide (JEN"->->i<l')-tbe lilJJJlg o( a -.bole Rte or M-
13. -ct lldjective •uffix
ticn. This is I c:omp:uutl\-cly now -.1, c:oim,d in 1944 b)' n UN
14. -ic OdjectiYO suffix
officio! IWn<d Raphael Lemtia, to rdcr IA> Ibo "'"" murder of to rule.
IS. a,eh<fn
tbc Jc.w,, Poles, etc. ordored by Hitler. Adj,crivts? - - - , - -
16. -c;df' tl1llng
- - - - - - Derivation: Greer ,-,..,, """'· kind; plus
-cldt. 17. maur. mauls mothe<
18. alma soul
10. parricide (PAIR'-o-,ld')-1/Jo ltilllng o[ eitbe, or bo!b par-
..,.. A<ljcai..7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _...,.._ _ 19. -mcmy noun suffix
zo. 1ui or-sdf
Lil:,ie Borden was l'.QCWtd of, and ttl<d !or, parr/Ckk in the '21. /rater, fralrls brother
189Qw, but IY1l1 not COll\'lcted. A bit of dosgerci <hat was pop:ilar 22. soror :sister
at lho lltno, and, S<> I hl,c been told, little gidJ jumped rope IA>, 23. lwmo s,ersont human
went ,omev,t.at as follOVIS:
24. ra.,egis :king •
IJa:te Bord~ k)OI; an IX 2s. uxor -wile
And a&"'h<T OJOtharfor,ywlw,1:,- '26. ma,itus busban<l
Allll wb•11sbo- .,halol,e bad d - 27. inJnns~ inJantis baby
Sbe pv,, bor fllber fony- 28. g,no, race, tind

297
 3. patrrnaU.sm J>1>-TUR'-=li:wm
4. palern.alistfc po-turn'<a-LIS'•tllt
USING 'Ill£ WORDS 5. pa1rlarch PAY'-uce-abrk"
6. patrf<lrchal p:._y'-uee:-AHR'-k~l
7. pa1riarchy PAY'-trec.-ahr'-lC6
CM you JWOnoun<• the wwds? UJ t. patricide PAT'-r>iTd'
9. 1,atricid.oI pat'-,r ;-Sl'··~fal
1. nuzrtineti.sh mabr~~NET'-isb
2. syct)p/rancy SIK'.,.fan~
3. sycophantic ~ ->-PAN'•tik
4 . diaphan<>us dJ~AP'4-~QS
S. d.iltflanti diY-o-TAN'-tee
6. dil4!ttanct.sm dll-o--TAN'-tiz-;m
7. dlltttanush dil..,.TAN'-tlab
8. l)'ro Tl'-~
9. virtuoso vw'~'-so
10. virtuosi v u r ' ~-seo
II. tmnaganJ TUR'·-g;,nt
12. harridan HAIR'-o-<lou

Can you pro11ounce the wo1ds? ID)

9. maifimony
1. chauvinism SHO'.."W--nhx>m o.
1 motrimonial
2. clwuvinu<ic -vo-NJS'-tik 11. matricide
3. patrimony PA'l"-r><lllll-1lee J2. matrlddal
4. patronymic pat'-~NIM'-ik
s. q,u,111m SIN'~Dim
6. rynqnymous s;,.NON"-9--m-;is
7, tln.lcnym AN"•t>-nlm Con yov ptonounc-e ~be words? 4V)
8. (111ton,mous an•TON'-9--lWS- s©'..,.<1d'
9. homonym HOM'•t-llitn J. Sllic;de sc,t,..,o..$1'-d~
10. lwmonymous il>MON'-,.m,s 2. suicidol FR.AT-r~Id'
11. homophone ROM'-,./Oo 3. Jratrlclde frat-~l'-d•I
12. homophonous il>MQ)".....,,., 4. fratr~i~al s;-RAWR'+sid'
s. soro,,c,d« s:>n.wr'4-Sl'-<lat
6. rororicld'4l HOM'+sld'
Col'I You pronoun« th• wordJ? UII) 1. hum~c:l_de: bom'..a-$1'-<fal
I. poumity 8, hom:crdol REJ'~std'
2. pa,.,'"'1 9. "8'.d_d• ref-Q-S['-<l>l
10. rtgmdt1l
298
.. 299
 8. alma mater b. motherhood
9. paternity i. old man in govem.i.ug p(!Sition
10. patthlroh J. killing of whole Jt(IUJ)$ or
l . 11.XM{cid~ ak-SAWR'--a-,id' people
2, uxoriddal ...... Wl'->Sl'-d.>I
3. marltkido m>RlT'+ sld'
~, mori.Ucidal m>M->Sl'..cfol
5. /n(Qlltic/d• ln-FAN'-l>Sld'
6. lnfandcido/ .i.u-1.an'- t:>-Sl'-dal
7. g,nqci,k ,JENt-;>-sfd'
Con you work with the words? UH)
8. 1enoddal jCJl'-:>-Sl'-dol !. parrlclde a. catering to prople. ot p<>WCt
9. parricide PAfR'-<><!d' or pos.itio.o
10. par,/cidal prw'-o-Sl'-d"1 2. pauonymic b. oamc froro lather
3. chauvinistic. c. dabblor1
Con y,,u wo,t Mlh tt,, -.? Ill 4 S)'COl'baotic d. no acoompllshed musician
5. dlnplumaos •• 61a,y, puzy
I. sycopbaocy a. murd« ol one', father f. blataut!y ov<,palrlotlc
6. dll<l!Md
2. d!lettautism b. excessiw patriotism ll- lo11d-moothed wom,m
3. ellauvinisn, 7. 1)'ro
4. potrlmooy
c. murder of one's ruler s. v!nuoso h. • beginner
d. inheritance fmm one's father 9. term.tganl i. killing of either or both par-
s. patrieido e. mmder of ooe's sister eou
~- matricide t murde, of one's btolhu
7. fntricido g. JllWd<t of & ptlllOD
8. ,ororlcicfo h. b>adying KEY: 1-1, 2-1>, 3-L 4'-<I, k 6-c, 7-h, 8-4, 9-g
9. homicide I. mo.rdcr of one~, mother
10. r<(licide j, dabbliog
• Con you work with tt.e word.a? (IVI
l. ,yr,onym, •. !)'Siem in ~bidt - ill
po'Wtt hn\le I bthcr~hDd re--
1'rllonship wlthsubordin-
Con you WOft with lhe ward,? (II} 2. antonyms b. 1ile a stti<;t disciplilulrinn
3. bomon= C. >dl•ldlling
l. '"oricidc a. marri>~
4. p•toroali&m d. fothcrly
2. i.nfan!kido b. 1<!11.i.ua of one's cluld
3. geQOcido 5. suicide .. refcrrillg ID OI b'ke, th~
C. r.!herllood wll·· ''play lit~ ""art
4, matrimony cl. mothec-ruler
.S. matriarch 6. nwitlcldc t woras thaj sound alike bul""'
o. killing of one's wife 1p<Ued dil!ei~dy aad llavc
6. makrnity t. older woman
7. mattoo unrc!akdJDOIUl.i.ug<
t- o.oe's school or eollep
300 301
 7. martlnetisb g. words of similar meaning
8.dilettan1l,h b. referring to, or like, an older 6. 11 a tennagani a pleasant pc-rsoo? YES NO
vroman 7. Does chanvinis,n show modesty'! \"ES NO
9. paternal I. husband-killing 8. Docs a substao1i:II patrimony obvla1e VCS NO
10. matronly j. words of opposite meaniag finAncial iosecuri.ty?
9. U you know a person's patr<m}ntic can. ns NO
you dedttee his fathec•s n,ur.e?
KBY: 1-g, 2-J, 3-f, 4-a, S-c, 6-~ 7-b, 8-e, 9-d, 10-b 10. Is at patriardr a male? YES ~o
J I, Does a motriarch btl\'i! o good deal of YLS NO
power?
Cort yw work with tM words.? (VJ 12. Do.!s fratricide mean murder of oue·s V't~ NO
a. motherly sister?
1. banidan
13. Did 1he asrnsin Qf Abraham Lincoln Y<S NO
2. homoph<>nes b. slmilu in meanini
c. referring to a system in which comm.it regicide?'
l. maternal
14. Do Wctatort and tyTIJ,nts sometimes YES NO
older .men are In power
4, mAttimonial
commit genccldtl
d. the same In 10und but - in v-ts
15. Are an u:cmicidal husband and his NO
speUing or meaning
mnrlrlcfd.(J/ wife likc-ly to have. a peact:rul
S. synonymous o. likely to till; ,eferring to tho
and affectionate: l!Illrriage?
killing of a pc=n
6. antonymous t rc(euing to • sy,tem in wbicn
older women are in power KEY: 1-no, 2-ycs, 3- no, 4-no, 5-yes, 6,..no, 7- no, 8.)cs, 9-ycs,
7. bomonymoos g. mgo 10-yes, l 1- }-es. 12-no, 13-yes, 14-yes. 15-no
8. palriucbal h. OJl\lO'itC in meanlng
9. matriarchal I. referring to mmi"iO
10. homicidal j. vrordJ that 10W1d the same
Can you tecc.oll rho words? (I)
l. le.ther-kllllilg (noon)
I. p_ _ _ _ __
2. WU<',\:illing ( MUii) 2. u______
3. mature v.-oman 3.
4.S,M_
-_-_
-_--
_-_
4. toadying 10 people of inf!aencc
Oo you vndersland the wo,ds? (adj.)
5,V_ _ _ _ __
1. Docs a ")'Cophantia attitude show Yl!S NO 5. skilled mustcian
6. .___ _ _ __
sincere admiration? 6. e.xagg.eratcd pauiotism 7,T_ __ _ _ _
i. ls a diaphanow gown revcallng? ves NO 7. 1otbulent female (lhroe
3. Doea dilettantism show ftnnnw and Yes NO
won.ls) Of
or V_ _ _ _ _ __
tenacity? 8. p _ _ _ __
4. ls uyro particularly stillful? Yl!S NO 8. name. defr•·ed from father's
S. ls• \liolln virtuoso ao acoompli.shcd Yl!S ruune
NO 9. p_ _ _ _ __
mosiclan? 9. powenul father Ogureio a
ruling position
302
303
1 O. poworfUJ mother dguro ill a JO."'· L-----
ruling position Con )'OV roeon tho words? CUJ
ll. mothedy ll. M..---- -
J2. mothel'.bood 12. M..- - - - - J. wo,ds tJt $Ullllu meaning
2. words of opposiu meaning
I.
13. ...,,;.,. 13. M.-- - - - 2.
14. one', ~001 or coUege !4.A-- - - -- 3. words of tbe ,amc sound 3.
1S. atdtude. of catering to wcnlth 15.1>----- -
4. fatherly
or '
or prostip ( noun ) 4. p
16 u.__ _ _ __
16. killina of a rac.-e or nation
11. o,______
5. prolectivo and fatbetly toward s. p
l 7. dabl>tina in the fine arn ooe's ,ubordin>te, (ad/.)
(noun) 6. old<r woman 6.
18. a beginner in II fieW 18.
19 v_ ___ _ 7. self-desttuctlve 7. S
19. plural of virtuoso (ltoUan 8. meanlJig Ille same (ad/.) 8.
form} 9. Jta.iog opposite meanbias 9.
20. having au attitude of exce.ssi'\'e 20.<.:----- - (ad/.)
patriotism (adj.) 21. p,_ _ _ __ _ 10. =dioa the ...... but ,pellcd 10.
21. inberltance lrotn father diflerenlly (ad;.) or
22. sheer, tn\llSparen1 22.D---- -
23. molber-ldlling (no11n) 23. l>L------
24. F'- KBY: 1-syooa}=, 2-antonym., ~- homoll)'IXIO or bomopbones,
24. brolber•killing (noun) 2S. ,__-- - --
_ __ _ 4-p•=al, 5-1>a1emallst1c, 6-ruauon, 7....ulcldaJ. 3-<yo-
25. si.~cr-killing (noun)
26.IL_ _ __ _ ony,noos, 9-<llltonymoa;, 10-homonyruous qr homo-
26. Jdlling of a human being
27.J<--_ _ _ __ pboooos
27. ldlllog of one's roler
28. ki!Ung of a baby 28. ' -- - - - -
29. M.._ __ __
29. killing of one's husband (.End of St.rriQn 29)
30.P_ __ _ _
30. killing of t.ither P3rtnl or of
both paroob

({SY: I-patricide, 2- u,c,ricide, :I-matron, 4-sycopblltltiC, S-virt\l·
oro, 6-cl,aovinism, 7- tennaa••~ lu>rtidan, virago, II-pat·
ronyruic, 9-patritucll, 10-mairltucll, 11- roatel'llA~
12-maternit)', J3-matrimouy, 14--al.ro.1l mater, 1 ~
phoney, 16-geoocide, 17-dilcttaofom, l!Hyro, 19-W·
ruost 20-chauvinis.tic, 21-p!ltritnony, 22:~aphanous.
23-mlltric-id.e, 2.4-fratricide, 25-,9ororicide. 26-ho.micide.
27-rcai<ide, 28-u\fanlicide, 29-mariticide, 30-porricide
SESSION 30
ORIGINS AND RBATED WORDS
1. lsrothers and slst•rs, wives end hut.bond$
Frater, brother; soror. sister: uxor., wife; and mllriiur, b\1$band
-ihcso roots are the source of a number of additiooal English
words:

;304 , 305
 J. to frattrnivr (FRAT-•r-niZ')-etymologicolly, lo _h•~ a
brotherly relatiooship (with). This ve1b may be used to mdkate
6(J(:ia.l intercourse between people, irrespective ol. sex. as 1n.
.. McrubcH of tho faculty ofteo /ratt,nhed after school hours...
Additionally, und pcrh!ips more commooly, tbtre may ~e lhe
U))pUcetJon of t,avlac a social rdatlonship with on7':s s~bordin.a~es
in an org_Wlb:atk,,o, or even with one's so-cnUed LD(CrtOJ'S: as m,
•in,c pl'C$idonl o( lhe colk-ge was reh.tcrMt to frat.e!niu wJtb rac-
µJty u1einbecs, prden:ing to keep a.ll her comacts ~1th ~ecn on an
·ixclu.sivdy prolessiooal bMi!"~ or as ln, •1ne tUltSt t~Joyed frat-
crnW1,g with l.hicve:s, drug addict-s, prostitutes, and punp:-;, ~-Y
oul of Social pc~ity, partly LO fu1d lnlercsting races to put ro his
paintings."
The verb also go.ined a new meaning during and aft-er W?rld
War n.
when 501dlei:s o1 occupying armicJ bad sc1.ual relallons
11
wllb the women of conquered countries, as in, Milifary personnel
wccc strictly forbidden. to Jrattndr.e with the enemy." (How
euphemistic can you got?)
C3Jl you write. the now, fOTDl of frau.miz.et_______
2. jrMernal (tr~TOR'-n:,1)-brotberty. The word also desig-
nates uon•ldentical (twins).
3. Jralernity (tr.,..TUR'-~tec) -a men's organiz11tion ln • high
school or oolle~, often la.bcled with Greek k:tters (!11~G~nurta
Delta Epsiloo Frat~rnity); or any group of pe:ople ~f i1uular ~oter-
csts or profession (the medical fraurnlry. the financial fro1trmt)I).
4. soro,;ry {s.;,.-RAWR'- ~cee)--a women's orgonitru..ion jn
higb school or college, tigaio usually Greek-leltered~ or any
women's sodtil club.
s. u.toriou.s (uk.SAWR'-ee..as)-an adjective describins D ma.n
who ex:cessivcly, even absu1'dly> caters to. dotes on, worships, aod
submits to the most outlandish or outragoous demands of, his
wi(e. Tb.is word is not ~onymou.s Yl' ilb henptd.<d, as the be~
ptck.«l husband is dominated by .his wife, perhaps b~cause ,o{ bis
own rcnr or weakness., while the 11:coriou.r busband ill dommated
only by bjs neurosis, o.nd quite likt~y the wlJe . ~ds bis ui•
orJou:mesJ (uk.--SAWR'--ee-~-·n:is) oom.ical or ii pWl m the neck.
(Thert can, indeed. be 100 much of a good thiog!)
346
r
6. uxorial~~ng to, cbara.cteristJc nf. or befitting, a wife,
as uxorlaJ dotic~ pnvi.leges, 11tti.rodcs, etc.
. ?. marital (MAfR':>-.t1l)--,,ymologic.Uy, pertaining or rerer--
ruig to, or_ char:iete:nstic o!, a bus-band; but th$ meaning bas
changed to wcludo We marriage relationship of both husband 01td
~ (don't ever· let anyone tell )OU that our language is not
sexutl), as tn(tri/.al duties, obligations, privile.g,es. o:quments, etc.
HeRec extramdrl!al is literalJy out.ndl! th• ma,,iage, as in t.nra-
m.arlud affairs ( hanky-panky with 11on1c=-0ne other thao one1s
spouse). And premt:rital (LatiJl t:'rtfix pre-, bcl:Ort) descn'bes
events that occur before a planned n1nrriage, as: premarital se,: 1 a
premariJal agreement as to lhc dMsiou uf property, etc.
2. of cobbogaes and king, (without the ca·bbo~>
Re.r.. regU is Latin for klng. Tyrannosaurus ,ex ~ the ti.Ilg
(i.e., the largest) of !he dlno,aQ11 (et)'Dloi%•cally, ··Jting or ~
tyrant lizards"). Dogs :ue oftcu 0001ed Rtx to fool them into
thinking tbey rue king, ralhet than slaves. And r,gal (REE'-g>I)
is royal. or 111 ror a king. hence mgnificcnt, stately, imperious,
splendid, etc., as in regal bearing 01 manner, a regal man5;jon. a
regal reception, etc. Thonolln 1$ regol.ity (r~GAL'-~·tee).
RegalitJ (r.rGA.YL'...yo), a plural noun, desigoated the emblem$
or insignia or dress or a kfng, and now refers to any impressively
fonnaJ clothes.; or, more commonly, to 1hc decorations. insignia,
or U!Uform o[ a raok, positi~ office. i;oclal club. etc. "'The
Shriners were dre.$scd in full ,~gal/a," i"Tho fivc-.star general ap-
peared in full rtgalfr1," cte.
3. "modl'lus" of all s0tts
The morwnuJnfdc deve)ops an abaormal ob.session io respect to
one partic:ulat lhing (Greek nwnos, one), but is otherwise nor-
mal The obsesston itself, or the obsessiveness, is monomania
(moo'-->MAY'-oo,c-;)~ the adjective is m.()7t(Jmo.nfa~ (mon'...;-.
ma-Nf'-~bl), Mono1tumiatal, like. the adjoc:tive forms of various
otbec manias:, is tricky to pronounce-practice carefully to make
sore you can say it correctly "ithout stuttering..
307
 Psychology rccogni7..cs otht.t abnODWll states. all designating ob·
sessioos, and built on Orec.k m.anl~ madness,
t. dipsmtta/U/J (dlp'-so-MAY'-nte->)-morbld compu1'1on lo
keep on absorbing alooholic bevcra&.. (G,..k d;p/,/l, lhlm): Tl:•
dlpsorwmi(ll; bas been defined as lhc person (or whom one dtmk 1s
t<>O many, 11 thousand not enoUjh. Receo.t iovestigatioos suggest
thn1. dipsomania~ or alcoholism, may oot necessarily be caused by
anxiedes or Cr::ustraliQD5_. but po'.»l'bly by a metabolic ot physio-
logical clisordu.
Adjective: dipSYJnwtiocal (dip'•:r.>-D»-~l'•>-t "1).
2. kl,ptomania (l<lcp'-t>MAY'-neo-o)- lDOfbid compuhloo lo
sleal. nol Crom aoy ecolJQmic motive, bu.t siinply becaQSC- the
urge to take another', possessions js itrt.rlsliblc.. The. kleptomaniac
(Greet< klepte, thief) may bo weallhy, and yet bo on obsessive
sbopliftu. Tho kleptolPIDlliac, for """"" that P•)-chologiSIS are
stil,l ni:guiog about_ is more often a female than a ma.le, and mny
pioeb her best friend's Vl!lueless trinket. or a c1>eap asblraJ' or sail
shaker from a re:St.aDran.t, not beatuse &.he wants., (et alone needs,
lh• artlcle, but bceaose she opparenll.y can~ help hen;ell: she gets
carried away. (Wheo she arrivts home, she may toss it in a
drawer with olhet loot, and never look at lt again.)
Can you write ( nnd correctly prono=) the adj<etive?
·3. pyromania (pf·r:>-MAY-'·nCC--a)-morbKl compulsion to set
.fires. PyromdJti" should not be coufU$ed with incmdiari11-m (lo-
SEN'~ce--:,.-riz4m), which is the ma11ciOU$ and deb"bc:rato burning
of another's property. aod. is noi a compulsive oeed to see lhc
fun,,.. and enjoy tho thrill of the heat and the smoke. Some pyro-
mtutlacs join volunteer fire co:o.panies, often beroic:ally putting oo.t
the very bla,.cs they lhemselves h•v• 5"t An /nc,ru/iary (in-SEN'·
dce-llir-<c) is aotoocial, and u.u,Uy sets tires for revenge. Either of
thcoc two dangerom cbancters is called, colloquially, • '"JiJebug,"
In law, setting fim to another's, or to one's owo, property for
tho purpose of ccxmomie pin (such as: (he c:o11t:ction of the pro-
ceeds o( an instnance policy) Is called (Uron (AH.R'-s.in) and i~ a
re1ony. The pyromaniac seti fi..rc for the- thrill; the U1c4ndiary lot
rcvcn~; the Ql'$0nist (AHR'--s>nht) for money.
Pyromania is built on Greelc pyros. fire; lncen4iarism on Latin
Inctndo, i1tce.,uus, to set file; arson on Latin ardo, anus, 10 bum.
·30s.
C.n you write, Md proll01IIIC8, the :uljeedw (oan of 111roma-
nf<lcl - -- - - - - -- -
4. megalomania (m.eg'-o-l>MAY'--nee·~)-m0ttnd delusions.
or erandeur. power, lmpo.rtaiw:, g9dl.inen. etc. J okes accusing the
heads o! govc:rnmcnt,; o! megd/tJmlllllh arc <:0mmo:1. Here's a.o old
chestnut trom the•:forti~:
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin were <alt.lug abool tbeir
dreams.
Churchill: J dJ-eamod last o,glit Jfult God had made 111<>
Prim~ MiJUster of the who!e •·orld..
\. Roosevelt: l dreamed lhllt God hod made mo l'r<.rulait ol
the whole world.
StaliJJ: How oould you gentlemen hllve sucl1 dreams? l
dido1 dmun of .offedng you those positions!
Hiller, Napoleon, and Alexander the Great have been called
megolomnniacs-all three certai.nl1 had dell.Wons about their in-
vino'bility.
Con you writ<, (and pro_oouncc comctlyl) tbc adjective deriv.-d
[rol}I me1alomantac? _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
Mqaloma11Ja is built oo Greek tMgas, great, big, large, plus
mania.
[can you tbjnk of the word for what $Omeooc speaks lhrougb
to make tho sqund (phone) of bi, voice gr,at,rl - - -- -
5. nymphomonia (runt'·b-MAY'•Dcc-Q)-morbid, incessant.
uocontrollabl~ and mte4SC def.ire, on the parl of a female, tor
s,exuaJ ioterex>urse (trom Greek nymp!:e, bride, plu$ mania).
The person?
The adj<ctive?
6. ,oq,oman/a (0>!eer'->-MAY'•nee-<>)-the same morbid, in-
cessM1t. etc. dailrc OQ the part of a male (f.tom Greek ,at;ros,
satyr, plu., mania).
Tho pe""11?
Tho B<ljeclive?
309
 A Mttyt (SAY'-t~r) was n n1ytholosical Gteelc ~d, notorious
ror lechery. He h:.id horns, pointed ears, and the I~ of a goat; 1.h-e REVIEW OF EIYMOI.OGY
rest of him was in human fonn Sal;yromania ls also called sat·
yriruis (stu'·~RI'.o-sis}. PR.E.fLX, ROOT•
SUFFIX MBA.NlNG £NOLI.SU \\'OllO
l. froter, fra1ris brother
.4. ond now phobioi 2. soror Slstcr
So much fot maniacs. There is a,oother ~ide to the eoi.n, JU$t as 3. llXOf wile
personality duordets can cause morbid (fttraC1io 11 tow.lrd certain 4. marilus husband
thing:s or acts (stealing_, fue, power, ~ex, etc.) , so also otbc.r em~ 5, re.c. regi$ lung
1ional ills crui c~usevioleot or morbid npul.si<Jn$ lO certain rondi• 6. mania madness
tJons, \hings. or i.ituntions. Tbcrc, a.re pc0ple ,,.,ho bave irratienal ?. mo,ws o:oe
:md decp,,se.atcd drc-ad of cats, dogs, fire, the nVIDbu lhirtccn, 8. "{JC noun suffiJt,
0
snttkts, lhundet or ligbrning, various colors, and so on alniost onewho1'
without end; • Soch morbid dread ct fea.T is called-. in the langunge 9. -<11 udjec.tive suffix
of psychology, a phooi6, and we might pause to investigate the 10. ditJSa thltst
three most commQn ones. Tbese are:
11. klepte thief
12. pyros fin~
1. cla11Jtrophobia (kl•W'..u,,.F0'--1>«-•)-morbid dread of
bring -physicaUy hemmed in, of enclosed spxes, of crowds, ere. 13-. im:endo_. in.ctn.rut to set.fire
From !,.a.tin claUJ1tum, enclosed place, plus Gteek ph(Jb;tt, mort>id 14. ordo. tu$US to burn
fcu. The pcr,on: c/oustr0pholxl (KLAW' -<in>-fob'). Adjective: JS. m,ga great, la,gc, big
16. phone 50110.d
clau.<trophobic ( klaw'-stto-FO'-bil:).
J7. &alyros satyr
2, agoraphobia (ag'•a,.r.,-fO'·bee-a)-morbld dread of open.
18. lt)'mpl,~ bride
space, 1bc reverse of clmdttophobiJJ. People. suffering from ago,o- 19. c.laustrum enclosed place
1>hobia prefer tQ stay shut in their homes as much as possible.
and becOme panic·s.uicken in such pl&OOS as open fields., ltirge. pub- " 20. agora market place
21. akros highest
lic bu.ildir..SS, airport ttrl'.nin:tls, etc. From Greek <JRora. market
22 • •;,, adjective suffix
p]m:e, plus pltobla.. 23. phobia morbid dread
The P<r,on? 24. r,re- before
The adjective? 25. e.drlJ.. ...outside
3. acrophobia (ak'·<>•FO'-bte-o)-morbid drc•d of high
plates. The victims of tllis fe11r wm oot climb lad.den or trtes, or
srn.nd on tops or furniture. They refuse to go ontO &he. roof of a
buildln# o r loo\.: out the window of one ot the higher Boors. From USING lliE WORDS
Greek. akros, highest, plus pllobia.
The pe-rSon7 Con you prcnoune.e the words? (II
The &djcc.dve'?
1. /rmtmi-t« FRAr·ar·nl:'
• For $0ffi¢. of 1 ~ $$0lerk pbebtu, $cc. Appe!!tdix.
311
310
 !ret'-ot·D~ZAY'-,h:m
2. Jtoie,nlt,odon ft~TUR'-o'>l 3. monommtiacal mon'..>~Nt-o--k.ll
3, frawnal tr>-TUR'..nO•tCO 4, dipsomania dip'-s;,-l.'1AY'-nee-:i
4. Jra1ert1ilY s:rRA\VR'·~Lee S. dipsonumlac dip'-so-MAY'-nee-ak
S. sororiJY 6. dip.romaniccal dip'_,.,.m,-NI'-o-k>l
uk-SAWR'-ee-~
6. u.x.orJou, uk.SAWR'-ce-•I 1. kleptomania kltp'•t.>-MAY'-nee--a
1. ux,oriat 8. kleptomaniac. kle.p'-t>MAY'-nee-:ik
MAIR'-o-t>l
S. matitol 9. l.:leptornaniac:il tlep'·t-o-Nl'·•·k:>J
ck'--ttr.>-MAIR'~wl
9, t!.nramarital 10. pyromania pt-r.,-MA Y'-nee-a
prtc.MAIR'~-tol
lO. premarital 11. pyromaniac pf-ro-MAY'-ncc-•k
REE'-g,l p7-r>m~N1'->k8l
11. ,ego/ J':>-UAJ.J-Q-tte 12. p :,r()lt1'1/Uatal
12. ,egalir, ~GAYL'-yo
13. re.gali4
Con Y°" wo,k with the words? lll)

l. mooon;U:u1ia a. obsession for alcohol

Col' you ..«k wllh th• wor~,? Ill b. obs~ for soulng !ires
a. pcrfaiuing to~ ehacacteri.srlc 2-. dipsomania
1. k;lttrnite 3. rJcptomania c. ob$ession in one area
o~ or befitting, a wile d. obsession for thi.eveiy
4. pyromlUlill
b. outsjde the ID-arriag.e
2. ftiltc:rnal c. ldng)y, royol; splendid,
3. s.orority stately, m3gn.illcent, etc. KEY: 1-c, 2...._ 3-4, 4-b
d. re[erring lo mania£•
4.. uxorious c. bcfo1' muriage
S. uxorlal I. ,ooali:ze
6•. rn:u:ital g, cA."'sivcly indolscat to, or
7. extramarital doting on, one's wife Con ycv p,ono1,1nce lhe words:? (Ill)
h. brotherly in-SEN'-dee-o--riz-~n
8. premarital i. badiCS, insignia, ~ss., c~. 1. ittcendlnrism
9 regll 2. bu:endfary in..SEN'-dte-air...ce
or rant or office AHR'-s.-.n
3, fJl'S<Jn
j. si,1cmood AHR'--s:>-n1St
10. reS"ful 4. ar1onisr
5. megalomania mcg'->Ji)-MAY'-nee-o
6. me-gclom,miac m<!(41>-MAY'·n..-al<
l(EY: 1-f, 2-b, 3-j, 4--g, S-a, 6-o, 7-b, 8-e, 9..:, lo-i me.g'~l~m:>--Nl'+Gl
7. mtrfldlomaniacal
8. 1rymphomonia nim'-f~MAY'-nco-¢
9. nymp/wnUJniac uiur'- f>.MAY'-nc~ak
JO. f1Ymphorrumiaca! nim'-f>-m:,,,Nl'-<>-kol
Con yov pronounce the wl;M'ds? CIU
1 J, SO/YfOIMniJJ s2--Lee(~),fAY'-occ-~
moo'-;-MAY'..nee-o ~tt.cr'->m>-Nl"->kol
1. monomat1iti 12. .wY,M"'11iildJI
D10JJ'q,.MAY'-nec-ak sat'"3-Rl'~sls
2. monomaniac 13. S<Jtyriasls
 '
3. raegnJom:miac c. ooc who re111s ibut•in or
crowdt<l pb:ces
Con you prOnOUACC th• wo,d.s? (IV) d. one w1to se.ts fires ou1 of
4. oymphoJnilfti:ic
I. claustrophobia kJaw'-st~F<Y-bce.q malice
2. clausrrophobe KL.AW'·st~fob' S. sat)'l'iasis c:.. one who fears heights
3. ciaustropllobic kla"'.,_str>FO'-bik 6. tlOUSltOpholJ< f. one who feaf1 large or open
4. ap:,rophobio ,g'-~ro--F6'-bce-a spoces
5. f.ll(H'aplu.>be AG'-~r.>-fOb' 7. agornl>hobe g. ono who sets nrcs ror cco--
6. ,1aoropl1obic aJt->~f<Y-bik nomie and illegal profit
1. acrophobia ak.'-r;,-FO'-bcc-a S. acropbobe b. woman with con1pulc;lve. in·
8. «cropl,obe AK'-rxW cc-ssant 11,exual desire
9. acrophoblc al:'-ro-F6'-bik r
KEY: J-d, 2-g, 3-a, 4-t\ 5-b, k , 7- f, 8-e
Can yov WOtk with the- W()rdc? (Ill)
l . incendlarism a. delusions of grandeur
2. nrsoo b. compulsive sexual needs oo
the part of a male
3. megalonulUa
4. nymphomania

5. sa1yron1ania
c. morbid dread o( open spo«.
d. morbid d(cad of enclosed
pl::icer.
c. malicious setting o( ftrc:t, as
Do yoit undcrstartd th• wo,d,?
I. ha sorority a meu·s otgani:uttie.'ln?
2. Is•• uxorious busba-od likely to be
...
YI.$
NO

"°
for (1:veogc, etc. psycbologlrnlly dependent on bis wife?
I. morbid dreod or lwigbts l . AN txtromorital a.tloirs adulterous? YES NO
6. claustrophobia Yl!S NO
7. agoraphobia a compolsi'vc sexual needs on 4. Do Vlf's often rccei\·e reR<Jl uea1mcn1?
YES NO
the part of a fom.3Je 5. ls an admiral o( the tleet in retoalia
8. acrophobi11. h. felony of setting lu-e for eco- infonnaUy d~?
6. Do monomanfQttll people have varied YES NO
nomic gain
interesG?
7. Can a dlpsomttniac !;afely indulge ln Yf.$ NO
KEY: 1-e, 2-h, 3-a, 4-g, 5-b, 6-d, 7-c, 8-l sociol drirudng'I
8. Do pcopl-e o[ pyronw1iacal teodene:ies YES NO

(ear 6re?
9. Is incerullariSm an uncon1rollabte Y1'$ NO
Can you work with the word,? UV>
impulse?
a. one who has delusions or l 0. Docs: an a,sr,mist txpect a rewaid for VES NO
t. incendiary
greatness Of power his acUons?
b. m,lc compub:ioo for sexual l l. 1s 1t n«essary lO seduce a YES ><O
2. v.1so11ist
lotercourse nymphomaniac!
314
3i5
 10. morbidly dreading enclosed or 10. '-'---- - -- -
12. Do megofomaniDc.s have low opinions YES so CI111Dp<d places (•dj.)
or lherosclvcs? J 1. mo,bldly dre•ding heigh!> I I. A-- -- - - -
13. !$ a sc.tyromanlac lecherous? YES NO (adj.)
14. ATe .ttu1rlasis and asr;etkism Y1'S l<O !l. morbidly dtt0ding wide-opeo 12. " - - -- -- -
compatible conctidons? spaces (ad/.)
13. haviug delusions o! grandeur 1 3. M._ _ _ _ __
1S. Doe$ :1 clawtroplwbe enjoy cramped Y<S NO
quarters? or power (adj.)
14. referrin; 10 a Ccmnlc who 14. N•- -- -- -
16. Would an tlgOr()l'hobe be cornfon.able YES NO
in a small cell•like room? obsessively ....i. se,ual
gratification (adj.)
17. Docs on ocrophobeenjoy VES NO 15. alcoholism JS. ,.,__ _ __ _
mountain-climbhig'l
lei stealing for thrills or out of 16. L - - - - - -
po)lcbologicaJ compulsion
KEY: 1-oo. 2-ycs, 3-yes) 4--yes, .S- no, 6-no, 7-no, ~oo, 9-no, (od/.)
JO-yes, 11-oo, 12-<lo, 13-ycs, 14-DQ, 15-""s l~yts, 17. brolhedy 17. p,_ _ _ _ __
11~0 18. characteristicof,otbcfitting. 18. u,______
a wife
19, refenmg to, cbaracicrisllc oi, 19. ..__ _ __ _
or involved in. the- matrimonial
relationship
Can you rocoll the words? 20. tioaJy; royal; sple<>did; c1c.
21. ouiside the marri•ge (adj.)
20. K...---- -
21 • .,__ _ _ _ __
1. ro socialize t. £,c__ _ __ _
22. before matri31!e (adj.) 22. !''--- - - -
2. excessively indulgent t'\ and 2. u,______
doling ~ one's 'wife
3, full drel$. with ribbons, 3• ..__ __ _ __ KEY: 1-trawrni:t, 2--\lxorious, 3-~lllia, 4-,,iOD()ltlAIUJlca].
insignia, badgc,5 of office, e,c. 5-pyroman;..:al, ~kleptomanlacal, 7-i•cendiO!)I, 8-alson.
4. obsessed in one area or wllh 4. M._ _ _ __ _ 9 _ . . t ~- or satyriasis, 10-clausuopbobl<, ll- acro-
one ovctDd1ng interest (culj.) phobK; l~pbobic, 13-meii>tomao!ac,l, 14-nymplto-
S. baviog a tom[>ulsi-Ou to sci 5 . P'- -- - -- maniac-,4 15-dlp,omania, l~kloptomaoi=~ 17-traicr-
llres (ad/,) 1121, 18--uxorlAl, I 9-marltal, 20-«gal, 21-munarltal,
6. having a psychological 6, "'-- - -- - - 22-prcmru:ilal
compulsion to steal (adi,)
7. pcl'SQn who sets .fires ror 7. ,__ _ __ __
Il;Vet1g0.
( Elul of Smlo• 30)
8. lelony ol putting the ton:h 10 8. A..- - - - - -
pro_peny for cc:onomic profit
9. ()bsc,.~ve need fof..,ie:C:Ua1 9. " - - - - - --
grati6.cation by a male "' ,;__ _ __ __
317
316

SESSION 31
ORIGINS ANO RELATED WORDS
1. no reverencn
The icon()(;(a.rt sneers at con~ntion and tm<lirion, ottemp!s. lo
e.itpose our cherished bclteft, our revered 1radhfo1ts. oc our Sttteo-
typic~l thin.king as shams and mythi. H. L. Mencken ~1 1hc g.re-,ll
;conudost <>f the t92~; Tom Woltc (The /Gandy-Koloud To1t-
gerine-Flake Streomli11t B<rb)J), of the 1960s.
• ous similar ca.scs. wha1 to expect.
Adolcsccoce Is lb.it cooJused nod rebdhous 1!me Q, tire: in
which iconcdasm ('i-KON'~kla.t-;m) is quite normal--indced
lhe adolescent who ls not lconoclllstfc (t-k.o.u'•>KLAST'·ik) tu
.some degree might be considered eilhcr immature or maladjusted.
The won.ls are from ellum, a religious image, plus kloeln, to
bre.ak. /CQnocla~:m is POt of course restricted to religion.
2, i-,, thete o God?
Athei,fl combi11es the Groot %):C'guti\te prefix o-- with th«t:t, Cod.
Do not confuse a1heiw1 (AY'-tbee-jz...;rn) with agnosu<ism tas-
NOS'~11H-iz-~m), the. philosophy that claJnis 1hat God is unknowa-
ble} 1ha1 He ,nay or may tw:L cxiSt, and that human beings can
oe,vu come to a final ooncrusion about Hun. Tbe 4gnustic: (::s•-
NQS'..tik) docs not deny 11:ae. existence cf a dcit)', as docs the a1he
0
is/. bot sjmply holds thtit no proof can be :u;fd~u;ed one way or tl1e
other.
3. how tC) know
Asna.uic (which is also an adjective) b built on the Orctk root
grrostos, known, ond the aegulive prdix a-. An agnuJ1ic clahns
lhat all but material phenomena is unkno-wn, and, il'ldeed, un·
knowable.
A di.11gno.n,, (dl·-'i·N6'-sis), t.-Ooitructc:d on the nllicd Orctk
lHU
root gnosis, knowJedge. pJus dia-, through. is a knowing throuab
exruQin1tioo or testing. A progn<Jsis (prog-NO'..tis), oo lbe o(her
haod, is etymolo~.aUy a knowing bc10teband, hcoce a preclktion,
generally, but not SQlely. as to the oourse o[ a di-.scast. (The Greek
prefix pro., before, plus gnosis.)
Tho~t you may~)' to a doctor: "What•i the diagnosis, Doc?'"
''Di"betcs."
Theo you :iay, "And wha1's the. prognosis?'"
..lf you roke inrulin and watch your diet, you·u soon be ns good
as new...
llle doctor's progncsi11 then, is 3 forccas1 of the developmc,n
or 1.l'cnti of a disease. The doctor knows betorcband. from prcv;.
The verb form of diagno,is is dlagntne (dl'-og-NOS'); U.c vm,
form of prognosu is prognost!ctlte (prog-NOS'-~kayt'). To use
the vtrb prcgnostictJlt: corrcctly, be -sure that your meaning in-
l-Ofves l11e toreqasting ot devclopmer.ts lrom a considero.tion or
sympt0ln$ or c-oodhions-wbether the problem is physical, men•
raJ, political, coonomi~ psychologicat, or what have you.
lo ,cbool, yl!u doubiless recall taking ,liagnc.<1/c (dl'-og-NOS'-
tik) tcsu; these measured not what you wue supposed to have
learned during !he ..meslcr, but your g<1terol knowledge in a field,
.so that your teachers would know wh~t remedial ~eps to toke.. just
as doctors rely on lhclr diagnosis to decide what drugs or trtat·
meals to prescribe.
lo a rtadin.a center, various diagnostic .m3chines and tests arc
used-these ltlf d!e cUa:kian wha.t is wroog with a s.i-oden.t's read·
tna and 'Whal meti.s:ures wW probably inc~ such II s-Jt1dcot's
reading efficiency.
The medical spc.cia.llsr in diagnotf.s ls• a dlt1tnosti,inn (dt-
•g-nos-TlSH'-on).
The noun form of the \lcrb P"Ognostical~ is prognt>Ju'cation
{prog:-no!i'...t>KA yi~h~).
,4, geffin_g boek to God
Theos, God, is also round in~
I. Monotheism (MON'.,.thet-iwm)-l!cli<f in one God.
(Monos, one, plus theos, God.)
319
 thing alh~lsm, tJihelsi~ e.ud at/Jfistic as • mode-1, write the word
fot the pe,soo who believes ill o"'" God: - - -- -- - -
Toe ttdjcclive? - -- - - -- - -- -
2. Polytheism (POL'-thcc-iz•om)-belief in many gods, IS
in a.ocict1.rGree.:-e ot Rome. (POQ'J, roany, plus 1heos, )
The person with such a belief? - - -- - - -- - -
The adjtctl~? - -- -- - - -- - - . .
3. Pantheism (PAN'-thee-iz-~m)--beliel !hat God l3 not ID
mao•s image, but is a combination of all forces of the nnl\'crs¢,
(P.,,, all, pl'"' thees.) The pe..on? - - -- - - - --
The adjective? - - - - - - - -- - - ·
4. Theo/of)' (theo-OL'...Jcc)-the study of God and ,.ugtoo.
(Thros plu; logo.r, science or>llldy.) , , ,
The studont is • 1heol:ogfqn (thee'...-LO'·J•o), the ad)«liVC LS
rheolo~ (thee'-o-LOJ'.,...bl).
5. of .1u. and the tongue
A. tech<, practices lechery (l.ECJ:l'"",'·<e). The derivation, i,
Old French ltthier, to liclc. Tbc adJCc:tlVC lecherow (LECH.,.,.
n,s) has man-y close or ru:ic-so-cl~ synonyms. m~t of them
also, and aig,illicantly, start&R;g 'Wilb the lelt~r '· a sound fanned
with lhe toogue. ,uppo<Cdly th.-seat of ..nsalion.
I. 1/bldinou.s (b>-B!D'-M>os)-(rom libido, pleasure.
2. /tlldvlow (b-SlV'-ee-.,)-from la,clvla, wantonoes5-
i llypoc!w11drla (bi-p>KON'-dl<c-o) is built on two On,ek
3. lubricious (lcJo.BR!SH'""')- lrom lubri<:us, slippery, tho
same root found in lubrlca,e. tbe noun is lubricity (l<R>-.BRlSl-
l breastbooc is the abdomeni the ancient CtteJc.s. bclie,'Cd that mor·
o-<ee).
4• licenlioU$ (R-sBN'-sh:,s)--'ro111 Ii«"', to "be J>"~I~ the
root frocn wbicll we get license, etymologically, pemu.ss10Q, ancl
illicit, etymo1ogically, ·~ot permitted." .
--
s. tew~e previous four words derive frOm Latin, but this
one .S from Anglo-Sa.ion lewed, viJc..
6. /u.rtfu/--from an A.oil~,on wo1d meaning pl<a.n,re, d•·
sire. Noun; lust.
'3?0
LibidinckJ, lasctvlow, lubrklou,~ IJcentlous, l~d, l«!ltl'Ous,
Jusrful 01e seven adj«;tiVC$ that indicate sexual desire and/or ac-
tivity, The .implicotion of cill sevco \\'Otds is IDOfC 01 less dcroiia-
tory.
E.acb adjective becomes a noun with tbe addition of tbe nctt.tn
suffix .,,as; lubn'cii, and lust are alternate noun (onns of two of
the adjectives.
d. of sex ond tho itch
Pturknt (PROO"~t), from Latin prt(rh,, to itch, to Jong
for_. dc::scribes someone who i1 lilted with great sexual curiosity,
dciirc, /onglll&, etc- Can you rnrm the noon? _ _ _ _ __
PruritU (plWr..t'.US}. from the same root, is n medical condi-
tion i.n whiclt tho dio. is wry itchy, but without a rash 01 eNp-,
tloilS- (&:catch onoosJ>, of ooone, as you will be irmistlbly
tempted to do, aod something: like a ntsh will soon appear.) The.
o,ijectM> Is pnmtic (prdor·11'·il:).
7. 1,mdet o,id over
roots: hypo,, DJldc.r, "°"
clu»idtos, the c•rtilag,, o! tho breost-
bone. This may $0\IDd farfetched until you rcall7.C that under the
bid anxiety about ooc's health arose in th~ abdome:o-and no one
is more morbi<Jly, unceasingly, aod onhnppily anxious about
b..lth thaJJ. the hypochondriac.
Hypochondriac Is also an adjectivl>-in ~tcrnate anti more
commonly used adjoctivc lonn is hypochondrlocDl (hl'-~bn•
DRt'-o-kol).
H)'f'QI. under, is fl U5Cfu1 root to tnow. The hypodermic D..C()(lle
penotnues Ulldu th.e slcln; a hypothyroid persan bas an under-
working tby,oid Ji)llDd; hypor.,,.,;on is abnormally low blood P"""
um:.
321
 On th~ ·o ther hand, hype,. b 1be Greek root me.aning Ol.'tr. The
/iypercritical person is c.-xc-essiv,:Jy fault.finding_; JJyperthymidi:,m is
.in overwori:i.nS: 6f I.he th)'roid gland: /Jyp11rttmion i$ hi£h blood USING THE WORDS
pressure: and you can e3Sily fa£,UJt- ouL the n\.tani11g~ l'r /JJp&r•
ncidity. hyperc,cii\~e, hyl)frrt,ui,ive, etc.
The odjec1h•e forms of liypo1ensio11 and l1ype,t(Jl.nOn are hyJIO-
Ca.n yov p1onoun<.e the word,? {1J
lt:11,'fn•e and hyp(trtensiv~.
1. iC01u:,clasm t•KON'-~klaz-:im
2. iccmoclaJtic i-koa'·>KLAS'-tik
3. at/1eism A y;-thee-iJ:-~m
4. (dheistic ay'-lhee-IS'-1ik
5. ag,w1tlc •g-NOS'-tik
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY 6. agncsr;cism ag-NOS'-t>siz~
7. diagnosf, di'-~g..NO'"-sis
PR£Ftx1 ROOT, 8. dicgno&e D1'-og-oos'
SUF'F'l'X M!-A.NJNG EN'CLlSTT WORD dt-og-NOS'-tik
9. diogt,oJttc

..
l. eiko11
klo,dn
3. r.-
religious itna~-e
to break
negative prefix
10, dioanasticicra
11. {JrOg1w.Jis
l2. prognostic
dl'-og-n0$-TISH'·:m
prog-N0''5is
prog-NOS'·lllc
4. theo.s God 13. progno1ttcatt prog-NOS'-b-kayr
S. C!tOJCOS known 14. prog11fJsdcntitm prog-no~·-~K.AY'-11h.1n
6 . ..fam ooun suffix
7. •IC ndjcc-li,•e suffix
6. g11osis knowledge
9. d,a- thtough
JO. ,,,,,_ before
Uln you pronovnce the -words? i ll)

JI. •ate ,,.,b ~ufl\X I . mtmothtlsm MON'~thc~z..-am

MON'-o,.lhec'-ist
12. -ion noun suffix for 2. monotheist
verbs ending in -.(lte 3. nto,101heistic mon'-~Lbeo--lS'•tik
one who~ expert 4 vntytlieism POL'--ee--thee-iz-~m
B . ..,fr:Jtm
)4. monos one s. poly1heis, POL'-ce-tbee'-ist
JS, polys mnny 6. polytheis1lc pol'-eo-lru!e-lS'-tik
nll 7, pomheism PAN'-~1ee,.iz.,m
16. pan
Ji. loc<>s science. study 8. pa1t1l1eiJI PAN'-thee-ist
18. -al adjci;tivc suffi:x 9, ponihei.slic pan'-,bee..JS•tik
19. p,urlo to itch, to long for l 0. t/""'1ogy thcc-OL'-o-jce
20. hyp,,, unde-1' 1l. theologian 11\ee'•>I..O'•jOD
21. lr)'per over 12. 1/1,0/o~iccu thcc'-;t-LOJ 1-~ta1
22. -ive adjtc.tive suffix 323
322
 3. dilettantism c. excessive patdotism
4 l)'TO d. name from father
5. virWOSO e venerable 2.nd inftueoUa1 old
Con yov prOnO\lnc:e 1ho word,? tlll) man
6 termagant f. begimaer
I. Jrxhuy l..ECH'-•r-eo 7. chauvinis.m g. brllUont performer
2. lw:herouJ LECJl'..,r-~
8. patrimony b. bootlicldng
J. libidinous 1•·810'->-nos i. inheritance from lather
9. patronymi•
4. lascfrivus l~SN'-ee,.~
10. patriarcb j. strict disciplinarian
S. lubridc>us l®-BR.ISH'-,s
6. lubricity ICll>•BR!S'•..iee
1. UcrnHou.s tt-SEN'-sl!JS KBY: 1-j, 2-h, 3-a, 4-1, s-g. 6-b, 7-<>, 8-i, 9-cl, l<k
8. l,>vd LOOO
9. lun/uJ LUST'-fal
10. lust LUST •
Con you work wrth lh• wo,ck? (II)
Con you pronounce the wo.rdJ? (IVI I. patricide a. modicr-tillina
2. alma mater b. tcod!D$ to Jillie ob...,iv,ly
J. prurietJI PR®R'-cc-~t
OD ODO thing
2. prurience l'ROOR'-ee,-,ns
3. pr11r/ti1 pruor-1'•,is 3. mau:icido "- wi!e-tllllng
4. pruritic 4. lratricide d. [athcr·tillins
pTOOt'·D"-i.t
S. lryp<>efr.ondria bl•p>KON'-dree-o s. 1Aoricido •. tending to sci li,cs
6. hyf)<)ChondriactJI h,-p..ton-DRl'-•-~•l 6. uxorjous f. alcoholic
7. liypo,ensb:m hl'1)6-TEN'-sb,n 7. monomaniacal ,. wif~a
8. J1Yromaniooal b. sc:bool or oollege from which
8. hypertmsJon hl'-por-TE."1'-shon one luls graduatod
9, hyporemi~t bl'-pG-TEN'-$iV
9. meplomanlacal L tending to delusions of gran•
10. hy~rrensi'ie hl'-p,r-Tl!N'.,iv
dear
This has betn a Jong chaptcc. iod we have discussed more or
10. dlpsolllllliJi,;aJ J. brochor-tillin&
less in detail, over one buudred words. Just to keep ;\'Crything
stra.igh.t in your mind now, .sec how succcufulJy you can work out J<BY: 1-d, 2,-b, 3-a, 4-j, S-<; 6-i, 7-b, k , 9-~ I~
the follo9i:ng matching cicrciscs. which will coocen1 any of the
words discussed ip this cb.apcer.

Can YQU wo,k with th• WCilfds? (U Can you wod: with the wordJ? OIO

l. martinet a. lack of scriou~ in All art I. kleptomania a. dbbelkf In Ood

or pcofeuion 2. m,i<lin<>u, b. belief in many gods
2. sycophancy b. hanidan, shrew 32~
132•
 3. ~thciem c. lewd
4. agnosticism d. bdicf that God is nature
5. polytheiSlll e. morbid anxiety abou1 btahh
CM you -work with th~ words? M
6. moootbeis.,n J. belief in one Ood
7. theology g. study of reli;pon I. prurience a. abnol"nlal Deed £or scx-ual in--
8. pantheism h. obsessive thievety tercoutSC by a male
9. satyriasis i. abnonnal male sexual needs 2. setyromania b. re-ar ot, enclosed places
10. hypochondria j. )kepticism abou1 God 3, agoraphobia c. stodc:ot otre.ligion
4. claustrophobia d. sexua1 longing or t·utiosity
S. acrophobia c:. fear of heights
KEV: 1-h. 2-c, 3-a, 4-j, 5-b, 6-f, 7-g~ 3-d, 9-i, 10--e 6. theologian L fear o( Op<'U space,
7. lubricious g, ba..-ing, Of referring 10, a.b-
uotmally low blood pressure
~- byp<Jcl1oodtlae,i h~ itching
9. hypotensivl! i. having, Qr re!ert.ing to, high
blood pressure
I 0. hypenensive j. 5CXUallf i.tnmoat; lewd
Con you wo,t with the wotds? UV)
J J. pruritis t. be$£.t by anxieties about one's
J. bypotcnsion •- blgb blood pressure health
2. lasCi'i1ioUS b. mnliciOO$ fire-setting
3. hypertension. e. aboormally low blood pre9-
suno KEY: J--0, 1-a, H, - . 5-e, ~. 7-j, 8-1<. 9-g. Jo,.;, 11-h
4. agnostic d. fire-set~ !or illegal gain
S. incendlarism e. to fortC-a1t (probable de,•e.1-
opments)
6. nrson I. a determi.nattan th.rough e.x· Can you r~all lbe worda? W
amin.ation or tesµf)g of the
nature, type, causesi etc. or a I. manlos: and phobio,
condition l . sjngle 6.xcd obse$.k>n 1. 1',,__ _ _ _ __
7. iconoclasm g. one who dai.tm that ultlmate 2. irresistible-compulsion ,o set 2. p _ __ _ _ __
reality is unknowable Ore$
8. progoostiai.te- b. , • .,,.uy immoral 3. unceasing desire, oo 1he pare 3. " ' - - - - - - -
9. diagnosis i. a Core.telling of probable de-- of a wonmn, for sexual
vclopmcots intercourse
I 0. prognoo, j. a scoffing at tradition 4. obsessive dC$lre to stc~l 4. ,.__ _ _ _ __
S. delusions of grandcut S. M-- - - ' - - -
6. alcoholism 6. D>- - -- - -
KEY: 1-e, 2-h. 3--a, 4-g, 5-b, 6--0, 7- J, lk, 9-1, 10-i 7. compulsion (ouexual i. s,_ _____
iulcrcourse by a male or S,_ __ _ __ _
320 327
 S. belie( in one God S. :r.,.__ ____
8. dread of heights 8. ,..__ _ __ _ 6. belie! ill many gods 6. P- - - -- -
9.,.__ _ _ __
9. dn:ad of open gpac,s
I 0. dn:ad of cr>mped qwutcrs 10. .___ _ __ _
KEY: I-theology, 2-pantheism. J-atheism, 4-agnoslicism,
5-monothelsm. ~polytheism
KBY: 1-monomilllia, 2-pyromanla, 3-nympbomanla, 4-klcpto-
marua. 5-mcgnJomnnia, 6-dip:somattla, 7--satyromanlil o,
satyriasis, 8-acrophobia. 9-agoraphobia, 10--claustrophobis

Co.n yC>tJ recoJI th• wotds? (IV)

Con you rotoll the word1? (UJ J. morbid anxiety :about one's I.
health
U. sex 2. high bl.o od pressure 2.
3. maliciOU3 firHCttini J.
0
Write seven adjectives; all st-arti.ug wjth L, more or less meaning 4. the felony of set ting fir.Cor 4.
·SCJtually hninoral. desiro~ etc."•; wri1e the adjective st:l.rting with. economic pin
P meaning ·~SCKWilly curious or loo.glng." 5. sneering contempt IOI 5.
I. ' - - -- -- -- - S• .__ _ _ _ _ __ cooveutlo11 or ttadltion
2. ,_______ __ 6• ..__ __ _ _ __ 6. p
3• ..____ __ _ _ 7. ,___ _ _ _ _ __ 6. a lor«m or de.tlopruent (of
a disease, etc.)
4. ' - -- ----- 8. p _ __ __ __ 7, dcsiped to discover causes or 7. 0
cooditlo.os (adj.)
8. abnotmally low blood prcS6ur~ 8.
KEY: (1-7 In any QrdP) I-lecherous, 2-~l>idinous, 3-J.,civi- 9. to forecast (probable lolure 9. p
ous, 4-lubricio.., 5-liccntious, ~lewd, 7-lasllul, 8-pruri•
• dov<lopments) by e,amini..
"'" present condltio:n.,
10. to determi.ae. Lhe aature of a 10. 0
disease, condidoo, or stare by
c.itNIUIJ1.ti011
Cot1: yov rec.oll lht "'On:b? (Ill)
11. tbe ae,of lorec:uting (probable JI. p
fulnre devdopmtmS) by
IQ. God exa.mlning prese.nt conditions
J. iludy OI religion J. T _ _ _ _ __ l2. doet.ot who is a.a expert at 12.0
2. belkf that Ood u thuum total 2. p_ __ _ __ reeognm.oc tbe :nature of •
ol natuntl !Groos disease or eonditio.o
3. belief that there is no God 3. ,.__ _ _ _ __ 13. po,$C$$ed ol, or referring to, 13.
4. belie! that God's eiisteo<e ls 4. ,.__ _ _ __ _ high blond pro$$11re
unbowaole 329
328
 12. Lewd, lustful:
14. possessed ol, or referrlng to, 14. H..------ (a) prurient, (b) agnostic. (c) hypochondriac
abnormally low blood pressure 13. ll,cliet in man) g<)ds:
IS. one who stuclies religion lS. T - - - - -- (a) polythe.i.sm, (b) monotheJsm, (c) ngooslidsm
14. Settiog lire toe economic gain:
KEY: 1-~ypoehoodria. 2-hyJJ<nension, 3-ino.,ndlarism, 4-<lrson, (a) pyromaTiia, (b) inctl'ldiarism, (c) anon
S-1coooclum, 6-prognosJs, 7-diagnOStic, 8-bypotenslon 15. Morbid leai of heights: •
9-pro~ticare., IO-diagnose, l 1-prognosHcation J2-di~ (a) agoraphobia1 (b) '1Crophobia, (c) clnustcophobln
agnostidao, 13-bypc-rtcn~ivc, l~ypottMive 1s'-tbeolo,. l 6. Higil blood pressure:
gian ' (•) bypote,u:ion, (b) hypertension. (c) hypocl,ondri,,
17. Abnormal need ror $C:Cual intercou~e by a male:
(a) Jtchery, (b) lubricity, (c) satyrlasi!

CHAJ>"reR REVIEW KEY: I-a. 2-b, :3-c, 4-b, S~, 6--a, 1-&. 8-b. 9-c, 10-c. ll-3,
ll-a, 13-a,, 1-k:, I~. 16-b, 17-e
A. Do rou rea,gni2e the words?
I. Disciplinarian: 8. Con you recoonbo roots?
(a) mortincl, (b) virago, (c) dilettante J.OOT :Y'fi.ANIJr,:G EXAMl"lE
2. 80()Uick«: <yt-Opl)MI
1. sylwn
(a) cbouvine,1, (b) sycopban~ (c) lcchec 2. plrand,i diaphanous
3. Scoffer tit trnditioa: virago
3 vir'
(a) monomaniac, (b) hypochondriac, (c) lconocias, patemal
4. patu, potris
4. O~bdiever in God: synonym
5. onyma
(a) agnostic, (b) alheu~ (c) chouvinist homonym
S. A«omplish~d musician:
6. Mmo.,
1. phone homophone
(a) lyro, (b) dilettante, (c) virtuoso malriarchy
6. Sheer, ftimsy: 8. arche;n
9 ,001e,, malris maternity
(3) dlapbanous, (b) uxorioul, (c) patem•l ;1lmn maier
10. afnta
7, Abusife woman: ~cide
11 , .wi
(a) tumagom, (b) virtuoso, (c) mntriucb panicide-
12. C4edo ( -cidc)
8. Murder ot one's wife; frs1cmity
(a) goo<>cide, (b) U1<oricide, (c) sororiclde
13. /rater, fratris
14. wror SQrority
9. Old man in raJing position: homicide
15. hQmo
(a) matriarch, (b) patricide, (c) patdao:b regal
16. rtx, regi.t
10. Morbid oo.mpulsion to steal: u:torious
(a) dipsomania, (b) oymphomania, (c) kleptomania 17. u.wr
18. m,uitus marticidc
11. Delusions or g,anda!r: infanticide
19. infanv. i.n/anJ.i..s
(a) megalomania. (b) ~ani•, (c) p)somania
33 1
330
 20. 1t<!10S poooido
21. mallia egomania
22, monos monomania
23. dipso <lipsomaoia
24. klepte .tleptomania TfASER QUESTIONS FOR TME AMATBJR ETYMOLOGIST
25. pyro, pyromania
26. (nundb, inc.mm.t - - - - - - - .in.ceodiarl$m 1. JI a patronymic~ a oame derived from lhc name ol one's
27. ard(), arsus anon father, can you figure -out the W1>rd tor a narne derived from one's
28. mega mmlu:r'.sname? _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _
megalomaniac
29. lat)'TOJ satyrlas1$
30. nymphe 2. fncendo, bK't1f.SUI, to set on me, is the origin of the adjeo,-
nymphomaniac tive tncendiafYi tho- oo·un in«n.re. and the vc,b to lncc.n.,e.
31. clauscrum claustrophobia
32. "8()fa (a) Wlm Is an C>u:.,ndlary statement or SJ>ffCh? - - -
agoraphobia
33. ""'""
34. phobia
acropbobiJI
zoophobia
(b) Why do people
C.enstl
=incens,, and why ir it called ,,..
35. ,1.,ton iconoclastic
36. ku,ct,, icoooclaw
37.t"'- (c) 1f comeooo iHCe!IUa you., or if you t"ee:l incensed,
monolhelsm bow does tho meffliog of the verb derwe hom the
38. gnostos acno,tie rOOl?..::·_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
39. gnosiJ pnisnom
40. polys polytheism
41. pan pantheism 3. Ardo. M"Su.t, to bum1 l.s the source of ardent aod ardor. Ex~
42. logos lheolQgy plain tbe'° two wordi in 1erms o! the root.
43. prurio pru.ritis
(a) ardent: _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _
44. hypos bypoiensloo (b) IUlfor:
45. /ryp,r hype.rtens.ioo
4. What ~ used to mah sound greater (use the roots fot
g,eol and ,ound)1 ---------- - - - -
.KEY: 1-fi& 2-to show, 3-mllll (male), 4--rather, 5-name. 6-tbc S. A mnropolis, b\f e,ymol0$J, is the molber <ity (Greek
some, 7"'40ultd, 8-to rule, 9-motber, 10-soul,, 1J-of one-- f7tt:tcr, mother, plus poli.J, cit:y. state). Coo,:truct a word foe a
self, 12-tO lcill, kilJin& 13-o<olber, 14-<i.1er, l ~ o , 1rto.t r;Jty (thi.ok of megalQmania, delmiortS of gRW)Css):
16-ldttg. 17-wife, IS-husbruld, 19-baby, 20-race, klJJd,
21-tlllldam, 2l-<me, 2l-thi"1, 24--dutf, 25-lire, 26-to 6 . Poli,, city, s:rate, is the orlgi.n of the word for the unl!onned
..t lire, 27--to bum, 28--ar<at, lug,,, 29-..tyr, 30-bride, group gwudlng the cil)I or state. Tho English word?
31-euclo,ed place, 32-markct plaoe, 33--hipicst, 34-mor. COil you thin,: of the word
bid dread, 3S-rcllgious Image, 36-to ~ 37--0od, fl'om the same root for the an of govc-rniJ'lg the city or state?
38-lcoown, 39-lmowled~ 40-ooany, 41-all, 42-scieoce,
study, 4l-to itcl,, 44-under, 45--0••r
7. What is a bibliokleptomaniac? - - - - - - - - -
'331
333
 Coin a word for one who b.iis an irresistible compub,ion to Slc~I
h"Outt.tt: - - - - : - - - -- -: : - -::--;-- To st:al c:hlfdr.ut
(us.o the Greet, not the l utin, rooc fot child) :
_ __ _ __ __ __ _ To stefil males (use l~c Greek
roo,); - - - - - - - - - - - To Slc-aJ people (use the
Gteck toOl); - - - -- - - - -- -
8. What \'oord c,1n }'OU coin tor someone who bas 30 obsession
,o Tc.Ith I.he hjgbest pl:i.ce$? - - - - - - - , -- - - To
be u1 the marl:et place, or in widc~ptn Sp.tees?
To be in conftned ph!ce,s?
9. Coin a word for one who bas a morbid dread Qt thieves:
- - - - -- -- - - -; of fire~
- --~· ot women: - - - - - - -- - - - ; or
males: - - - - - - -- -- ; or people: - -- -
l 0. Guess .it the meaning, lh.inldng of lh.c- rOQts you h.1vc
It-a.med, of gaoslolo;:J·: - -- - -- -- - -- - --
! 1. WoUgang Amadeus Theoph,i.1us Gottlieb Mozart was a fa.
moos ei,ihtecntb-cenrucy Aus.trian comp0ser. You cao rtcogniic
the i::oo1s i.i Theop/ulus. How are his othec two middle names sim-
ifor 10 Theophilus?-- -- - -- - -- - -- - --
12. lbi.nking of the root plw,rtln, define u.ffopJ,nne: _ _ __
13. Recogniiing the root hypos, can )OU define hypo-glyc,emia?
Coo.struct a word Lhat is lhc oppoiile oC hypCJglyun-,ia;
14, Pan, aU, occurs io Pamhton, pandemonium, Md pnno...
romo. C;in you figure out tbe mfaning.s7
(a) Pontbeon: _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __
(b) pandtmoniwn:
l34
(c) panorama:
JS. Recognizing lhe roots in mo1Jarclt1. define lhe word: _ _
(An,fwers in Chapter 14)
MAGAZINES THAT Will HELP YOU
Wtie.n a pregnant woman utkes calcium pilis1 she .must ma.J:e
sure also that her di<t is rich in virnm.in D. since this virnrojn
mates the absorption of lhe cakiun1 possible. fn building yow vo-
cabulary by Jesming great quaut.ities ol new words, yoo LOO must
late a ccriain vita.mm. metaphodcally spe.1king, to help you ab-
sorb, understand, and remember lh~c words. lb.is vitamin is
Tead.ing-Ior ii is in books and magazines that you will find the
words that we have bceo dL-;cu.ssing in thc-1e page~. To learn new
words without seeing them applied h:i the conte.x1 o! your re.iding
is 10 do only half thoe job and to l'Wl the risk of gradually forgt t-
cing the additions to your vocabulary. To combine your vcc.abu-
lary-buildiog wilh increased re:sding is to make as.~urance doubly
"'"'·
You are now so alert to the words and roots we have discussed
that you will find tha1 roost of your rcadin& wilt be fuU ol lhe ne.w
words you havt learned-and every t.hne you do see one of the
words used in context in a book: or magazine~ you wlll understand
it more ruUy and wiU be tat:iog Jong steps toward using i1 your.self.
Among mag.0:zi:n~$,. J would like pankularty to recommt-nd tile
following. "-hicb v.iJJ act both 10 keep you mentally alert and to
set the ticw words you arc learning:
J. FiarpUs Magazine
2. Atlamlc Month.iy
3. Th• Nl!W Yorku
4. Tin,e
5 . Newsweek
6. £$tl_uirtJ
335
 7. Psychology Todey
8. S01urdQ)' Review
9. M,.
10. Mo1/u,, lone•
II. Signs
12. NatitmoJ Geogrophi& - - --Brief /11/ermisslon Seve·n----
13. Smlthsoniw,
14. Human Naiur~
LS. Scientific Am~riMn
16. NamraJ History
SOME INTERESTING DERJVATIONS
These periodicals ~L"e aimed at tb6 alert, ,•trba.Uy 5ophistica1ed,
e-ducated reader; you y;iU see in them, without fail, most cf the
wor'ds you hava been $ludying in lhis bOOk- not to mention hostS
or other voluable woros Jou v.ill wont ID add to )'Our vocabula,y,
many of -which you will be able to figure out once you ~gnize
PEOl'1.E WHO MADE OUR 1.ANGUAG,
their etymologk,u ,truct....e.

81oomtrt
(End of Stnion 31)
Mrs. Elizabc1h Smith M'iller invcnled thew in 1849, and
showed a working model to a fao\0\1~ women's rights advoc..itc,
Amelia I. Bloom.a. Amelia "'M fascinated by Lhc idea of gar-
metttS that ""-ere both modest (they then reaehtd .righ1 down to the
ao.ldes) and con~em-and promptly s;pon:sorcd I.hem.

Boycott

Clw.rle, C. 80=11 was an Engli1b liod agent who"' difficult

duiy it was to collect blgh rems IJ'.ow Irish farmo,.. In ptotes~ lite
(ann.e,:s osunc-lz.ed ~ not even allowing him to make purchases
in town or hire workers to harvest his crops.

Mo~.t

Marcel vras an ingenious Paris.ian haird(csser who (elt he could

improve oo the blltton cur-ls popul;u- .io 1875. He did, and made a
fortune.

336 337
 •

Silhouette
Finaooe, Minister ol Fnnce just befote the Revolution. Etienne
d~ Silhouette advocated the simple life. so that excess money Fouc hundred years ago, lt!t:m Nicor, a Frc11Cb ambassador,
could go into the treasury in.stead or in.to luxuriOU$ living. And the bougbl some tobacco seeds from a Flemish t..radet. Nicot's sue,.
profito is the simplest Corm of portraiture, if you get the connec,. u.ssful efforts lo populo.r,iu the plao1 in Europe brought him lin-
&uisdc immortality.
tlon.

Oen'ic.k
A seventee.nlh-ceotury English hangman, Dcrrlck by name,
hoisted to their death some of the ~ t no1orious a:im.inaJs or the
day. PlACfS THAT MADE OUR lANGUAGE

S<Jdlsf Boyonn~, Frarw:e

Becauso Coum d~ Sade. an ei&hteenth-ccotu:ry Freocb.man, Wbere lim was Wllllu1actured tho dagge,like weapon that fits
found ttis grea1es1 delJ&ht in tonuring friends and mistttsm, the over the muzzle end of a rifto-lhe bayonf't.
renn sadist was derived irom his name. His works Sboolced his na:
tlon and tho world by the alanniog frankness with which he de- ContoJuPQ, ltofy
><ribed liis motbid and bloodthimy cruelty.
The 6.rst place in Europe to grow those luscious melons we now
enu c4nlalo,,p4s.
GClt\l'on.lsm
Luigi Galv•nt, the ltali1111 pbysiologls4 found by accident thnt an Coltevt, Indio
electrically cbarged scalpel could seod a !rog's corpse Into museu-
la.r coovuJ.sions. Experimenling (urther. be 4Wenrua.lly diwovered The city from whlc:ll w~ first iroportl!'CI a kind of cotton clotb
oow known as caJ/cq.
the principles of chemically produced el,etrieity. Ha name is re-
sponsible oot only for lhe technical txprwsioos galv'!'1lsm, galv~..
niu,I iron, and galvanomett•r. b-ut aJso for that Wgh.ly iraphlc Tuudo Pa,l;, New Yofk
pb.rose, "golwwiud into act.ion.."
lo the oouotry club of this cxc1usiVc and "Wealthy commuo.ity,
the shon (no ULiJS) dinner coat for ruen, or tuxedo, was pc>pu..
Gvppie1 lariud.

In 1868, R. I . L«lur.ere Guppy, president of tho Scienti1lc As-

sociation of Trwdad,.sent some specimens of a tiny tropical 6sh Egypl
to the British Muse= Ever since, llsh or lh4 species b.ave been 1t wu.s once supposed that the colorful, tonuoctclling wa.n--
eallid supple,. dere~ or Gypsies, hailod ftom this ancient land.
339 r 339
Doma~us, Syrio
Where an elaborately patterned silk, domosk, wa, 6.tst mn:de.

Tu,-t' in9. China 12

Oocc a great seaport in Fu.kicn Province. Marco Polo caUcd it
Zaltun, and in Lime a silk fabric m:idc t.hece was ca.lied uiUn.

HOW TO FLATTER
FrcinUutt, Getmony
YOUR FRIENDS
Where the bwgbers once greatly enjoyed their SJD()k°ed bee( and
pork sausages, which we now ask ror in delic3tc:ssen stores ~od !.u-
pennartet.s by the name of /ranAfurlers, /ranks, or hoc dogs.
(Se.1sio11s 32- 37)

IEASBle PREVltW

What odj«tive oplly d~kl'ibei poople who tire,

• /rlenJJy and easy lo gel tA!ong with?
• tirel~ss!
• silhp/t!, frank, aboveboard?
• kee1t--,ninded?
• cencr~ noble, and forglvingt
• a.hie IIJ do many things skiJ/Jully?
• .trt/lind1ing in ,he face of pai11 or disaster?
• luave, /mrltss?
• charming and wilty1
• smooth, polished, cultured?

340
 tbar counts, but energy- and or that wondcrfu1 quality ·we all b.t\'C
vocy different a.mounts-, from the persons -who wake up ti"ed, no
fll3ttet how much sleep they've had, to lucky, well-adjusted mor-
tals wbo hardly ever Deed to !deep.
SESSION 32 Energy co.mes from a healthy oody, of conrsc; it also comes
from a psycholoJicaJ bala11CC, a focit ol conJlicts and insecurities.
Some people appo.rcntJy have bouodlcss, iU.intitabJe energy-
of emO tions, as wctl M ideas. You can they're on the go f.rom mo.ming to night, and often far into the
Words are the.symbols c ( ··You-Te siUy" can be an night. work.u1g hard, playing bard. aevec tiring, never «pooped" or
$how your feeling by the tone ~::r':ent, depending on bow you "bushed"'~d getting twice as much done. as any three other
insult, ao accwaoond ~'01n1 ~ (you
0
,,rn fa.be! a quality eitbcr hU!MJI beings.
say it) ot by Lbe ~·or_ s 1,. du c d' " on whether you admire it or
"' hlldiu'' or "childlike, c_pcn lOci U, ) The adjectft.·e is: lndejatigabli!
c d , 't's. the same quality oo matte[ what you« ~t ·
con em.n n---t , ' . .rds lhAt you IDJgbt use
In Ch"ntc:r ll we cUscu.~sed te.11 bam: 'ii,'() d' t acfw•·=
Ii) show ~ l, .....t« we 15Ctlss en
3. no tricks, no Jee.ts
your disapprova1, Tn th.11 cUG¥ ,--

4!At indicate wh?lehe~ed approval. le described !n the follow- They .,., ple..in&fy !rank, uttedy lac.t;og in pretense or
Consider 1hc U'!lcrestulg types of pcopl the d:.-+ivc applies to "'1iticiality, in foot quite 11noble to hido their feclinJ:$ or tlu,ugnts
ing patagraJ)M, then oot.c how occu:rate }1 a 1''""·' -and :,o hooost and aboveboard that they can scarcely conce;,.,
cacll type. of trickery, diicancry, or djssimu(ation in an.yoM. There is, then,
about them lhei rimplc naturalncis ud unsophisticatjoo of n cbiJd.
The adjective is: ingtnuoU$
IDEAS
4, iborp os o rmor

They have minds like steel traps; their i:ns.fgtu into problems
I.bat would confuse or mystify poopl~ of less kccot1:e.ss or d.isccrn-
rnent is just shC>:rt ol amazing.

Tbe adjecth·e is: /Mrspicociow

5. no ptac;oting awcess<,:ry
The adjective is: cQnvivial
They are most gencrow about forgi:vin,a a slight, an insult, an
injwy. Never do they bazl,or l'Cffll!meot, storo up petty grudg<s,
:2. you con't tire the:m ot was1e enelg)· or lhougbt on means of reveago or retaliation,
Ha... could they? Thcy',e mvcb too bit-hearted.
Arnold Bennett once poiated out that Vi'~ all have
t f tim~ty-four bouu a day. StnctJy spean.au.&~ .
t--;~: ::.
The adjoc:tivt is: ma.gnonimou.s
::'°~n:lush-e an observation as Bennett eYet made. Its not ume I. 343
3.;2
6 , one--person ote:heslros
The range of tht..it aptitudes is truly formidable. If they !l!e 10. i;ity sfi,kcn
WTiters, they ha••e pl"()fession:il facility in poetry, fietio~ biogra-
phy, criticism. essays-you jlls.t mention il and they've done it, ':fl~ey act C'11tivau:d, poised. u,c1tul, sociail;' so e.xperienctd, sc,..
and ,,cry rompeteotly. If lhcy are nutsicians, th.e}' can play the phu11c.1ted, and ~u11coui that they're a t bome in any group. at
oboe, the bassoon., tho French born. the bass viol, the piano, che case und~r. a.JI ct.reums.tan«s of sodaJ interc-ou.rse, y oo. cmuioi
help admm.ng (perhaps cnV)ing) their s.inoo1bncss and scU~as-
cdes1a. the xylopboae, even I.he cl,avic:hord it you Q:Jn dig ooe up.
SUl'tlnce., their 1acr and congeniality.
U t.be.y arc a.ni$1.S, they use oils, watec. colors, g<»urclie, eha:rcoa.l,
pen and ink-the)' can do anything.! Or m-3ybe the raoge, o( their l'be adjective is: urbattf!
~bilitics cuts acTOss aU field~ as in the case of Mi~hclangelo, who
was an cx,perl sculptor, painter. poet. ardutect, 8.1\d inventor. In
case you're thinking "Jack of all m1des • • . •" you're wrong-
they-'rc masiers of all uades.
l'hc adjec-tiv!l is: w,:rsoINtt
USING TME WORDS

7. no grumbHng Coft yoc,, pn>n(H.ln<o the WOids?

They bear their troubles bravely, never ask for S)'mpalhy, never
yield to sorrow, oevec v;inee at JXLin, lt sounds almost superhtt- 1. convivial br1•VIV"-cc--:1I
2 . lmltfati,gable in'-d~FA'JV+g9--b;)l
mao, but it1s true.. l. Ingenuous ln-JEN'-yoa:>-os
The adjectiVe Is: sroical 4. perspicacio11.s pur'--sp~KA Y'-..sb.;1s
5. mnsnanhnou.r 1ttog·NAN1~ m~
8. no reo.r • 6. versatile
1, stolcol
VUR'-53-rnl
ST6'.._kol
There is not, as lhe hackneyed phrase bu it, a cowardty bone in 8. inJrepid in-TREP'-id
lhei.r bodies. They are stzangecs to rear, tbe)"re e.udacious, daunt~ 9. .1ci11tillaJing SlN'·t>layt•i.ng
less, contemptuous of danier and hardship. JO. tU'bam~ ur-DAYN'
"Ibe adjecti\'C is: intrepid
Co.n you work witfi l'h• WOfds?
9 . no dullness 1, convivi::il •. !rank
They a.re witty, clever, delightful; and narutally. aJso. they art 2. lndelati,able b. un.lliocbioi
bdlliant and enkrtaiuitlg conven.ationalists. 3. ltl,gc-ouous c. noble
4. perspicacious d. capable in many directions
Tha adjecti-.ie is: scintillatint
5. magn:animolli e. litele.ss
6. versatile f. fearless
7. stoical g. kun-mindtd
345
 8. fotrepid
9. fCi.11tilla1ing
h. willy
l. friendly
4 . pcrspioacious-<>btuse
5. 01agnt1.nimous-peuy
......
S>\J.!E
OJ>l"O~tJ B
orPOSITE
JO. ocbanc j. polished, sophisticated 6. \'erSatile-well-roundcd SAMB OPPOSITE
7 . .stoical-untmotion:iJ SAMI! OPP0$1TE
8. intrcpid-(im..id
s.-u.ts OPPOSJTE
KEY: 1- i. 2--0. 3-a. 4-t. ~ 6-d. 7-1>, 8..f, 9- h, l ~j 9 . sc-inlillatins;--lxin:ll
IO. urbanc---c:rude .......
SAM8 OPPOSITE
OP'flOSITB

Oo you u'l\denlond the wcud,? U) KEY: t-0, 2-0, 3--0, 4-0, S--0, 6-S, 7-S, 8-0, 9..0, I 0..O

l. Convivial people are unfriendly. TRUE PA1.Sl3

2. Anyt:ine who i.s inde/arlg,a.ble tires easily. TRUE FAl:5"8
3. An i.ngen110-us _persot1 is artful and
untrustworthy.
4. A persplcac/our person is hard to fool.
5. A magnanimous person is easily
UUI!

1'l VE!
TJtUf!
~ALS8

FALSll
l'Al-1:B
Con Yov recoll the wc-rds?
I. wluy
2.. noble, for~vinc
), ______
2.M,_ _ _ _ _
insulted. 3. capable In many fields 3.V_ _ _ __
6. A ~ersa1lle person docs many things TI\U£ FALSE 4. keen-minded! 4.P_ _ _ _ __
weJI. .S. uncomplaining
7, A stoical person always complains of TRU8 FAL$11 6. friendly s.~----
6. _ _ _ _ __
his hard lot. 1. poised; polisaed 7. U,_ _ _ _ _
8. courageous g _ _ __ _ __
8. An intrepid exploret is not easfly TJt.U£ flALS8
lrighi.ned. • 9. dreress 9.'."""_ __ _ _
9. A sclntJJltUing speaker ii interesting to TJlUB PAI.SB 10. simple and bones1; !ran.k J O . ~ - - --
listen to.
10. Someone who is urbane isalwayi TitU6 FALSE
m,1tking enemies. KEY: 1-~lntiUatiag. 2-magna.nimous, 3- versaJile, 4,>cr,p;.
cac,oos, 5-stolClll, k<lcviviaJ, 7-urbaoo. 8-intrepitJ,
9- inddatigable. 10-ingenu~s
KEY: 1-F, 2-F, 3-F, 4-T, S-F, 6-T, 7-F, 8-T, ~T, 10-t'

(End of S.ssfon 11)

Oo you und...,tond the words-? IIIJ

l. 'cOnvivl.aJ-ho;,.ti.lc OPPOSITE
2. indefadgiible-eoervated OPPOSIT'E.
3. ingenuOU.9-WOtldly OPP0$1T!

346 347

SESSION 33
ORIGINS ANO REl.41'£0 WO•os
1. eol, drink, ond be meny
The Latiu verb vivo, to livt, and the nou.n ,·ita. life, nre the
source of 3 number c;i( imi;ortant EngHsh words.
Convivo is the Latin verb lt:1 Uve togtthu; from this, in Latin.
was formed ihe noun conviv;u.m (don't get impatjeut; we'll be
back to Enelish directly), which mt.lnt a /ea.rt or bttllque1; and
from coJJvJ.,ium we &el our English "'Ord co11vivial, an adjectivtc
tha1 describes lhe kind of peoon •'ho Jjkes to aUend feasts and
banquets, enjoying (and supplying) the jovial good lcllowsbip
cha-ractcristicof such gathetings,
Using the suffix -ity can you "'Tite the noun Imm of 1he adjec-
tlve t:om:ivia/7 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ (Can you pr:ir
oounce it?)
2 . riving it Up
Among Rl.llDY olhers, I.he f~Jowing English words de.rive from
Latin 11ivo, to live:
l. vi"'acio.,,s (vi-VAY'-®;,s)-.fulJ of the joy of Uving; ani-
mated; pe-ppy-.i 1,frudous personality. Nou.o: viv-acilJ (vl..VAS'-
~-,oe). You ci1J1. as you know, also add -nt!ss to any adjocti.ve to
foon a novn. \Vri1c the aJrematc nouo form of viVQclous:
2. vivid-possessing the Cresb.ness or lifei strong; sharp-a
vivid imagination; a vfvld color. Add -ness 10 fomi the noun:
3. revive (ro--VlV')-bri.ng back to life. ln (he 1960s. men's
fashiol'ls of the twenties were m•lvt!d. Noun: revival (~Vl'·V31}.
4. vi1tiuc:tfon (viv"/4-$EK'--sb~n)-opmtt.i.ng on a live animal.
3•8
Sect• is from a Latin verb meanina u, cut. 'Vivisection .is the proc·
ess Of ~pcrimeati.ng on li\1e animals to discover ca.uses end cures
of disease. Antiviviseclionis.ts object to the procedure, though
matt}' of our most important medic.al d.iSCO\>crles were made
through vlvirection.
S. Viviparous (vl-VIP'-or-~)- produciog live babies. Human
beings and most olhe; mammals nro vivfparou.,. Y iviparow Is
cootranod to (Jl,'li(Ktrous (O-.YIF'-w-;is), prodocing youog Uom
eggs, }.ifos.t fish. fowJ, and other low-et fornu of life are oviparou~.
The c:ombinin.: root in both these 3djecllves i, Ultin par«J, to
give birth (par~m oomcs from the same roo1), to ovip'1TOus, the
first two sylJables derive from Latin ovum, egg.
• Ovum, egg, Is the source of oval and ovoid, egg~sh.npcd; <WUlaJ.e
(0'-ry>1.ayt'), to release an egg from the ovary: t.X•um (6-v,m)
1
the, fe.mafc germ ccU which, \'rhea ferli~ by a ipecm, develops
Into an embryo, then iota a fenlS (FBE'·tM) 1 and finally, in about
280 <lays in the cue of humans, is born as an infant
The udjoctivc :form o( owiry is O\tarian (O..VAIR'-ce-~); of
fe111,, /eull (FEE"-t>J). Cao you wril<> the noun Coon of the verb
ovulate? _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __
Love, you may or may not be surprised to hear, also comes
(rom ovum.
No, not the lidd or Jo,;-e you"rc thinking of. Latin ovum beta.me
oeu/ io Freoch, or with "tho" precedin, the noun (t)l..f egg),
roeut, pronollJlC<>d S<>metbing like LOOF. Zno (p;cturc it for •
moment) Is shaped lil:e an egg (0), SQ if your score in t•nnis is
fifteen, and your opponea.l1s is tero, you shout triumphantly,
J fifteen love! Let's gol 1'
3. mote o.bout life
Latiu vira, life, is theorigino!:
1. ,•ital (VJ'·t;J)--essential to li!e; of cniciaJ i.J:oponaocc-tl
vital matter~ also full of li(~ strength, vigor, e1c. Add the suffix
.Jry to form tho noun: _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Add a
vorb fUffix to construct 1be verb: _ __ __ _ __ _ __
(meaning: 10 gh•e lift: to). F inally, write the noun derived from
the verb you have coo.sttut:tcd: - - - -- - - - - -- -
3~9
 2. Rt vftalitt! ( rce..Vi'-,~-IT.z;,") is constructed from U1e pttfiit,n-,
again~ back_. the root vim, 11nd the ,-ert, suffix. Mcatung1
_ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ Can )'Ou writt. the noun formed
from lhinorb? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
3. 11le prefix de· ha$ a number or nieanings, one ~f wbjch is .es-
sentill.Uy negafo'C, as in de/ro:rt, dtef)mpos~. declas,ffy, c:1c. Usl~g
lltis prefi.t, can you write a verb meaning. to rob of l,!e, to Joke lilt
from! _ _ _ __ __ __ __ Now wn1e the noun
forni of this \.'Crb: - - -- -- - - - --
... Vila111in-oac o f 1he many nutritional cleme:ius o n which life
Is dcpcndenL Good eyesight requires vitamin A ( found, for ex•
ample. in carrots); strong bones need vitamin. D (foynd i4 sun-
Uglu aud <Od· li>er oil); etc. . ~r weanncss .cesuiu.ng somewnes from having a jaded, oversoph.is-.
Vita/tu, revltalfu, at1d devitaH~ arc used 6.&uratively~fo~ ex•
• h<at<:d appente, sometimes from Just finding all of li/e tedious and
ample, a pn:iaram or plan is vJUJU.t44. ravitali:.ed~ O{ devitaJized~
according to how ifs hondle<I.
4. frcn,;h life
Sometimes ioslead of getting our Bnsfuh words directly !rom
wod:
J...\tin, we through ono of I.be Latin-<lerived or Romance htn-
guai;es. (As you will recall, Ibo Romanco longuage,-...Freneb,
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Rorm>oian-aro so called be-
cause they were origiMl!y dialed$ of the old Roman tongue• .Er,g.
lisb, by the way, .is not a Romanoe languna~ but~ Teutonic one.
Our tongue is a development of a Oennan dJalect uuposed on the
o.ati.ves ot BriUli.n by the Angles, S.1X0ns, and Jtm:s or earl)' .Eng..
u.,~ history. Though we have token ov,r into EngJW\ more 1h10
so per cent ol the Latin vocabulary and almost 30 per cent of tho
classical Greet ,·ocabuJa.ry as tool~ and prtfixc-t, our basic lan-
guage is nevtnheless Oerman).
The F=cb, using !he same Latin root viao, to live, fo~~ '"."'
expressive phrases much used in English. French prooun~ation LS,
o( course, tricky, and if you are not at least supcrfi<:L3lly a':
quaintcd with that Janguagc, your pronunciation may sound a bit
awlc'Ward to the sophisticated ca.r-bu1 try it a.nyway. ThC$e
phrases are:
350
i
1. )<>le de vivre-pronounccd something like z.hwah,d1-VEEV'
( Qt _is identical in sound tG the s of pleasure).
Lncrnfly jcy o/ livi,,g. lhls pltn,se describes an .lmmen,e dcli"'t
in being alive., an etfenrcscent kcenncss for au the daily activities
tbat human bcmas lnduJge in. People Who J)OS.scss joie de tiiwe are
ncwr moody, . depressed, bored, or apa thetic--oo the con1:rary,
Ibey ~te full of spartfe, eager to engage in aUgroup ac::tivili:e-.s, and,
most tmporta111, always seem to be having a good time. no matter
wha, tJ1ey are doing, Joie <k viv," ls precisely the opposite of
ennui ( this js o.lso a wo rd o f F1en.c-b oriiin. but is easy to pto-
nooocc: AffN'-W~J. w.bk~ is a feelln: or boredom., discontco&,
unappetu:u,g. and sometimes implying in addJtloo pby,ical las,;.
tude and general inactivity. Youog e-bildtt:o and sinip.le people
..w.
rart.fy experience ~mud-to them life is always &xcitiug. aJwa11
2. bon vi.,,,,,, pronounced somelhing li~e BONG'-vec-
".'AHNG'-thc
Sing. ·NG a rnutcd nasal sou:od similar to the -ng in
A bo,a vivam lS a p,ersoa wbo Uvcs Ju.nuiously, t$J>«'ially in re-
spect to ricb fOOd, gOOd liquor, <<pellSl•e tbeoter paroes, operas,
and other iCOOUtctruc:ocs ot upper.cla" U!e. Bon vivans .tt1eaos, lir.
craily, a tood liv~r; actually, a high /iv~,, one w.bo live, a Ju.xun..
ou, lite. Wben )'Ou think ot a l><>n viva,i1 (usually, lJU>guage being
semt, a ma.Jo), you acr tbe picture of someone attired fo. top hat,
"soup and flSb,. or b.11.edo, Iaising b.is cane to call a ta.xj while a
beautifu~ e""nin,J-SOWncd and S<lplust~ted-looking wo.,.., spar-
kli"& in dJamooos Md furs, wait, at bis side. They're going to •
champllgl)e and J)O.rtridge supper at ao 0111r1g<ously expensive rcs-
""'raot, etc.-fill In your own details or ,i., high li/e. •
The /Jon .-i'IIQnt is ot course a ccnviviot peaon-•nd also likely
to be a gourmet ( g()Qr...MAY'), another "'Ord from French.
5. food ond how to •nfoy it
The grx.,rman,t' (OO!>R'•mood) enjoy, fOOd witb a ,en50aJ
pleasure. To gourmand, the bjgb spots of !he day are !he lim<s !or
break/as,, loncb, <!inner, and midnight supper; in ,bort, Ibey like
351
to ear. bot the ealing most be good. The verb !orm, gqrmandit.e
(OAWR'-m~-<llz'), however, has suffered • degeneration in 11. d<· ncgatlve pttfl.l
meaoing-it ~ c s to stuff o,oadf Ilk< a pig. 12. bun good
A goumu,,,d is significantly dill'erent !com a gounn,r, wbo h•.• 13. -ate Vetbruffix
also a keen in.ttto,St in food and liquor. but is muth more lasud1-
005> ii .more of a connoisseur, bas a most discerning pilate £or
delicate tastes, fta:vors, and diJiereaces; goea in for rare delicacies
(like bUIIUD.logblrds' toniues and olhcr such ab5urdities); and
approaches the whole busines.s (wm a sctCnl)ftc, as well as a sen- USIHG THE WORDS
sual, 'fiewpoinl. Gourmet ~ always a complimentary temi, zour-
mand somewhat less so. Con you pronoun<e th~ word,? (I)
The penon who e.au voracjous:,ly, with .Do discernment whst-
cver, but mcr<ly !or tho purpooe of st..ni,,, himself (''I know 1 1. conviviolfly koo.-viv'-co-AL'~tee
haveG't bad eaougb. to eat till 1 feel si:Ct"), is called a glutton • 2. ••lvacious YT-VA Y'-sh,s
(GUJ'I'-)-obvk>usly o lli&blY derogatory tc,:m, The ve,b glut- 3. viYacll)l YI•VAS'+tee
tonir,e is stronger than go,ma,ullz.e; a» adjective glutto1t0u.t 4. vivid VIV'-id
(GLUT+...) is about tho strongest epithet you can apply tQ 5. vhirdtters VIV'-id-n,s
someone whoso voracious eating habits you find repulsive. Some- 6. rm,iye r>ViV'
one who has a v«acious, lmatiable appetite tor moocy, sex. puo- 7. reviw:l r>VTV'~l
islunent. etc. is also called i glutton. 8. vivisection viv'..~EK'-Wn
9. antivfvisec1lon.lst an'·tte ( or tt)-viv'-~EK'-sh.in~ist
10. viviparous vi..Vfr'·~-,:,s
I J. o~·lparous 0-.VlP'...ar--as
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY J2. oval. Q'.yg)
13. ovoid 6'-voyd'
PR.MIX, &OOT, 14. O)'at'J O'-w-ree
SUFFIX MEANING 1!.NOUSfl WOJWS 11. 0 1mrian O.VAIR'-ce--,o
1. vivo to live 16. ovulate 0-vy,-layt'
2. -()JU adjective suffix 17. ovularion O-vy..LAY'·shoo
3. re- again, back.
4. secru., CUl
Cott you pronounce, the words? IIIJ
s. attli- against [ I. vital.
6. ,,.,.,, egg Vl'- tal
7. ovum to a;ive blr1h, ptodu<e - - - -- - 2. viUJlity vt-TAL'~tee
8. vita life 3. vitali.u Vl'-t..Uz'
9, .;,,, verb suffix 4. viklli:alion vt'··fa·b-ZAY'--sh:),n
10. -ation noun suffix S. revitalize r*"Vl'~liz' ·
added to verbs 6. reYltaJiJ'.IJtlon· retrVl..,-~.>-ZAY'-sh.in
eudingin-iu 7, dwitali,e dco-Vl'-<,-tt,'
8. deviJa1t:.a1ion dtb-vi"-ta-l~ZAY'·sh;m
352
353
 9. Joie de vivre mwabd'-VEEV'
10. ennui AHN'-wee 8. ho,. vtvonJ h. boredom
1 J• bon '1iV'1nJ BONG'w:e-VAHNG' 9. gourmand i. congeniality
12. go.urlOOJtd G®R'~m;,od 10. gourmet j, Slttl>gtb, vigor
13, ,osumeJ l!,(li,1-l,!AY' 11 . glutton k. one who is against experimcn•
14. garmandlr,e OAWR1-n1~-dl~ tatioo oo five ani.mals
JS. gtuuan GLUT'-•n
J 6. glu11onor1s OLUT_,..o,s
17. glutt-oni~ OLUT'-<1-nlz' KEY: 1-1, 2-c, ~ . ~ s~j, 6-<, 7~b, 8-b, 9-f, 10-d, IJ~
18. vil(lmin \IJ''- b-min

Con you WOflt wit.h th word1? llJ C011 yov worl with lbe \llfOtds? UIIJ
• J. revhre
J. oval. ovoid a. peppy a. rob ot life or Urellgtb
2. tevitallz.e 2. vital b. nutdtion.al eferocot neoeuary
b. bearinJJivt yo ung
3, glu1toDOU$ c. strong, sharp [or life
4. vivadou, 3. vi1ali:te c , important, c:rucfal
d. plg&i,h; gr«dy
S. vMd 4. devitaJiu. d. slulI onc,.Jt like a pi&
e . egg-shaped
6. vh-iparous 5. glottonize e. breathe life into
f. bearing young in eggs 6, vitamin
7. ovipuobs g. give new life to t bril>J bacl: to lile
J
KEY: 1-c, 2-g, 3-d. -h", 5-<:, 6--b, 7-f KEY: 1-f, 2--<:, J-,., 4-o. .5-d. 6-b

•
Oo you undentoi,d lh:e watch? (I)
Con you wo,k with lho worcb? UO
J. convJV:ialiry-asctticism SAME OPPOSITlt
~. oonriviatity
2-. vivi~tion
a. rel~se of the egg
b. e ..high liver"
2. vi\'aoio~palbetic
3• .;vid-duU
~= OPPQSJT!
SA.MB O.PPOSJTB
3. an1jvivisect1Qn.is:t c, experimentation oo Jive anj. 4. revi~~kill &\Ml OPl'OSITI!
IWIIS S. rtvital~i·ejuvenate SAMF, OPPOSITR
4. onllatioo d. one who is a connoisseur o f 6. ennuf-.boredom $,!,Me OPPOSrre
good food 7. bon 1Jivam-...men tbout townl'> SAME OPPOsl:rB
.S. vitality 8. gom:umclizo--«tarve
e. effervescence; joy or livit:ig. SAM!! OPPOslTI!
6. joie dt vivr~ t one wbo enjoys food 9. glutton-ascetic s.w:a OPPOstT.,e
7. ennui g. one who cats greedily; one 10. (ole d~ vi;.•re,-bocedom S4MB Ol'POSJt!
wb.'.) is 11«.dy (as Joe pwtlsb-
meot. etc..)
KEY: 1-0, 2-0, 3-0, 4-0, ~. 6-S, 7-S, 8--0, 9- 0 , lO-O
 3, good-fellowship J.c_ __
4. operating on live animals 4, y _ _ _ _ __
S, o.ne wbo i~ oppo$ed to buch au
a:clivity 5. - - - - - -
Do you undenfond lltl." worth? (ti)
6. tbc process or reJieasing an egg 6. o,_ _ _ __
I, vl\ {!C1ly_.liveliness
1
SA.Ml! OPP~ITI! from the ov:try
2. n:vival-m;cwal S/\MI!. OPPO:,fn!. 7. to rcm.o,·c life or vigor front 7. D
3. vivisecdon-experiment:uion on corpse!. SAME OPP0St f£ 8. joy oflivi"S 8. J, _ _ _ _ __
4, ovulalion-egg•rclcasing SAM~ Ol"POSJTll 9. one who cats like a pig 9
5. de\>italitt-reinvigoratt S"ME OPPOSITE 1O. a "'high Ih~r· 10. 8 _ _ __ _ _
6. vita1ity~fotigue S,,ME OPt'OS(TE J l. one who i5 .u connoisseur o( II. C,_ _ __
7. gluttonous-greedy SA1'ffi OPPOSrrC good fOOd
8. goucman~ascctic $?.>.fB OPPOSITE 12. one Who g_ct$ a seitsual 12. Q,_ _ __ _ _
9. ovold-egg-shaped S,A,)..ffi OPi'()SIT~ tnjoymtnt from good food
• 13. to ttu.ff oneself lite .!I pjg; to 13.o,_ _ _ _ _
CRt grcccllly or Q,_ _ __ __
KBY: 1-S, 2-S, 3--0, 4-S, .5-0, 6-0, 1-S. 8--0, 9- S
14. boredomt diSlconu.•nt; tedium 14. c....- - -~ - _
JS. Uvclioe:ss, pep 15. v_____
Of V____ _ _
Do you unders!and the words? 11111 or y _ _ _ __ _
l. Humo.ns are vh•fparokJ. TRUE FALSB 16. Q,_ _ __ _
2. Cows ate 01•ipo1oul·. TRVE FALSS
3. Ovulation takes places in females only TRVB o r " - - - - --
PALS& 17. {O "bring renewed li1c. or vjaor 17. .,__ _ _ __
when they arc married. 10
or
4. An antivivis«tionlst beJieves in TIU.le tALSE I g_ referring to the ovary (adj.) 18.Q_ _ _ __
experimenting on live animals. 19. essential to life: crudal; ot 19.V_ _ _ __
S. Vitamins a.re csscr.tia! to aood health. TRUE F'ALS'l- uunost importance
6. A bon viwmt lives like a hermjt. Tll,U£ tALS6
7. A gourm,J swlls llimsclf with rood. TJl.tJEi F ALS6-
8. 11 is normal for young cbildteo 10 be TRUE FALSE
KEY: 1~viparot1$. 2-viviparoos. 3-conviviality, 4-vivis-ecti6n,
over:v,,·belmed with mnut
S-aotivMsoctioolst, 6-ovu.tation, 7-devitaltze., 8-joie Je
9. People who are keenly alive possess Joie TRUE FALS8
vi1rre. 9-glu:ttoo, 10-bon vivant, 11-goo.rmct, 12-gour-
de viYre.

KEY: 1-T, Z--F, 3-F, 4--F, $-T, 6-F, 7-F, 8--F, 9- T

.
mand, 13--sJuttonize or gormandize, 14-ennui, 15-vivac,.
,ity, vlvoQousn~ss, o, vitality, 16-ov:tl Cr oyoid 17- rcvital-
i%.c or revive, 18-ovarlan., 19-viral

Con you 1e<oU the words?

J, Q,_ _ _ _ __ (End of Sw/orr 33)
l. bcaringyouog by eggs (od/,)
2. b.. riDg live young (ad/.) 2,V_ _ _ __
357
3$6

SESSION~
ORIGINS AND RBATED WORDS
I. no fo1i9u•
lrult-/atigabfe is a dcdved form of fatigue-ht- is a negati\-e
prefix. the suffix --obit 11).U.0$ able to be; hence, lilerally. indefat-
igable means IUIOble to be fatigo<d. The DOW! is indefallgob/Ury
Cm'-dxit->-~Bll/-0<1ee).
2. how stmple con ono be?
Jnsenuous ls a complimentary term. though its synonym.1 nalve#
gullible, and credulous are faintly derogatory.
To call people Inge'""'"' Implies that they an, Crank, open, an-
less-in other words, not lil<cly to tty to put anythiJli ov,:r oo
you, nor apt to hide f.ecltAgs or thoughts that more sophis-ttcaied
person! would oons.ider it "ise. tacUut, or expedient co conceal.
Ingenucus should not bo coofusied with ingenious (io-JEEN'·
)'~)- note the .slight difference in spcl.lh,g-which on lhe con-
trary means Wewd, cl~er. imiendvt.,
The DOun lorm o( ingenuow Is ~upi,ss; of ilt$<Jll<>us, in-
genuizy (in'•j>Ndrt~tce) or ingeniom.ow.
To call peoplo nolve (oab-EEV') Is IO imply th.at they bave DOI
leamod Ille W>J" o( the world, aod are therefore idealistic and
trusting beyond Ille point ot safety; such idealism and trust have
prob>bly come lrom ignorance or ine:q,crieoce. Th& noun is
nai,etl (nab..,...TAY').
C,,du/ou, (KRl!J'+bs) impli.. a willingne,s to believe almo«
enylhing, no matter bow fantastic. Credu!l!y (kr.>-J<XY-11>-tee),
lite Mi~·er,t uni.any m.nhs. again. from ig:oo.ranco or in"~
rience, or (>C{baps from ao inability lo believe that human bel.n p
a,., capablo of lying.
Gldl/ble (GUL'-<>-b>I) means ,asily rricked, .,.,ity tooled, ..,,.
3.58
1/y Imposed on. It is e !trongt, word than c,,durou, aod is more
d~atocy. Gu/Ub/llry (suY,o.BlL'....tec) results more &om stu-
ptdity tba.o from igooranco or lo~co.
Th~ four synonyms. btzmuoust naJve, cre®loust aod gul11bte,
are Ialrly clo$c, bur !hey contain areas of distinction worlh
remembering. Let's review them:
I. /nf<PUwus-fram:, not g!vcn to - o n t
2. na.a'v~in~.x:pcricnced, unsopbislicated, trusting
3· cwdulou..-willing to believe; not suspiciou, or ,teptical
4. gutUble--ea,Uy meted
3. b.fief ond disbelief
•
Credufous comes from !..&tin credo, to believe, tho s;amc root
Co~ in credls (il peoj)Jo bel/t,e in }'Ol1C honesty, they will extend
cr,d1/ to you; they.~ at.dil what you say). -Ous ls an adjecti,,.
suffl.t lbal usually signmes /ll1I oj. So, Slrictly, credu/ou, means full
of belle•ingne.i:r.
l>o not confuse credr,f<>us with credible. (l(.RED'+b•l). Ta tho
latter word we sec combined tho root credo. believe, with -ibl~t a
suffix lDffillng C01t be. Something crtdlble cao be believed.
lel\; chart some. di.lfercnce.1:
•
A credible story-one !bat =
Credulou, listeoer>-lba<e who fully believe wbat they bear
be believul
Ao incredulous (in-lCRBJ'~Ja,) auJl1>do--an attitude of •kei>-
ticlsm, of non-belief
An in,;re,i/J,/e (in-KIU!D'*bol) story-one that eaoeot be
believed
lnarediblff cha:r.acters-peJSOm who an so unique that you can
scarcely believe ll1ey- exlsl
Nouns are fonnod a, follows:
credu~eduliry (itr>I00'·1>-tee)
w:redulow-in<ttduiit, (in·kr>-J©'-lo-tee)
credibl~edibllity (kred'o>BIL'..,-tee)
incrtdib/~dJbiUry (in·kr<d'·>-BIL'~tee)
To cbfck your undmt.anding of th,.. distinctions, try tbe oc.tt
""L
359

Con yOu UH fhe,e wonk correctly?
Use. c:red.utmu, a-mibh!, or COrre$J)Onding ncg:itivc or noun
forms in the following !lcotcnc:eo::
1. Sho ti,uened - - - - - - - - : - : : -- ~-Y to her hus-
band's confession of his ireque·ot infidelity, for she had always
considered him a paragon of mocal uprighlness.
2. He told b.is audience an-- - - - - - -- - - lUl<I
rantll.Stic s.1ory or his narrow escapes.
3. He'll believe you-he's vory _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
4. Make your chatacten OlOfO - - -- - - - -- - -
it you wont your .-..dots 10 believe in them.
s. We Jmoood dW11Mtrock, mu or - - - -- -- ~
to tho shocking dttalls oi ooiruptlon and vice.
6. Hob0$tl,emost----------sood luck.
7. The o( ht How can such
thlngs happen?
S.. Nalw pec:t-ple 11ecept wilh com))lete - - - - - - -- ~
whatever aayonc ce-Us them.
9. "Do you believe me?" "Sur-your story IJ
- - -- - - --CDOUgb.."
10. I'm not objecting to the total--- - -- - - -- -
of your stol)'. bur ooJy to your thinking: that rm - - - --
- - - - - - ~"Ollgb to believe it!
KEY: I- incredulously, 2.-inered;'ble, ~ulous, 4-<:rediblc,
~incredulity, 6-incn,ruble, 7- incredibility, 8-credulity,
9~rewble, 10--incred!l>lllty, cr.,duJ-
.(.. who1 peopte bel.eve in
Cr~o. to believe, is lbe origin of four other u.~ctuJ English
words.
I. Cr,4o (KREB'-do)-persooal belief, oodo of ethics; the
principles by whicll people guide their acdoos.
2. Creed-4l cJo~ synonym of credo,· .in addition, a religious
belitf, such a$ Cal.boli<:ism, Juda.Ism, Protcsrnnrism, Hl.llduism,
etc.
3. Crr:dttnc• (KR.EE'-d~)-beliel, as In, "l place no cre-
detrce in hji stories." oc "Why should l give any c,edenCC! to what
you say?'"
4. Crtdenlials (~DEN'~hals)-a doeumcnt or documents
provi.ng a pt:rson·s right to a title or privilege (i.e., a righ1 10 be
believed), as tn. '"The new ambassador presented his. credential$
lo the State Ocp,artm~L"
5. heads ond toils
We c.an hardly close Out book on the 1,\'0rds suggested by ingen-
uous without looking at the other side of the coin. li irtgen&l(Ju.s
means frank, open, lhcn dlslnaenuous (dls-i:o-JBN'·y(RJ-~$) should
mean not /MJtk or open. But disingenuous people are far more
than timply no1 intem~ous. They a.re crafty, cunning. dishonest.
artful, insincere, untrustworthy-Md they are all of these while
making a ptttensc of bcing simple, lrllllk, aod aboveboard. You
are Lhin.king of ;i wolf lti sheep's clothing? It's a good analogy.
Similarry, a remark may be db~nuous, as may also a s1ate-
mcni, n.n auitude, ;i confession, etc.
Add -n,:.ss to form the nc\la dedved Crom dlslngenuouJ.:
REVIEW OF ffiMOLOGY
PR.SFrx, ROOT,
SIJFMX l.tEANJNG £ NGUSN WORD
1. in· ne£:ith'e prefix
'2. ness
4
noun Stl.fllx:
3. credo to belie\le
4. --ous adjective suffix
36 1
 S. -ible cen be; able to bG
6• ./ry oouosufflx 3 . d:isinienoousness c. personal code or etblos
7.-ffl<O DOWlsuffiJ< 4, na'i,·e1e d. franlmcs,
8. dis- Dep.ti"1> prefix S. eredibWty e, belief. m,st
6. Incredulity t. tirelessness
7. crtde«c g: believability
8. credo h. inexperience; unworldlinesa
USING TliE WORDS

KEY: 1-1, ~ 3-a, 4-b, S-g, 6-b, ?-,,, 8-<:

Con you pronounce the word,?
1. indefau,abilit, ut~r.~_..en:-.,.,..
2. ln,enwumers io-JBN'-~ness Ci;,n y6U work 'With the word:a? (II)
3. ingenious in-JEl!N'-,..
4. Ingenuity 1. ioseniou.s a. easily tri<keel
ln'-j,.NOIY->tcc b. rcligic:,us belie(
S. n.ai-ve nah-EllV'
2. credulous
6. ndlvetl 3. gul~blc c. inexperienced: unworldly
nah-eev,.TAY'
J. cr~dulQus 4. incredible d. document proving prlvUegos,
KREF-o-1,s
8. in<redulou.t identity, etc.
ln-KREJ'.,.,.Jas e. un\:>elieV'.1.ble
9. tuilible S. cr«d
GW-o-bol r. shrewdn~; clc:v:mc:$:-
10, gullibility 6 credentials
gul'-Q--BIL'-o-tee 7. lngem,ity g. clever; itivw1ivc~ shtcwd
l I. credible IOUl!Y+b:>I 8. nai'lt n. willing lo believe
l :!; Incredible it>-KRED'~
13. cre4u/iry b->-IOIY•lo-tu
14. incredulity in'..Jtr.>.JfX>•-l~lee KEY: L-s- 2-b, 3-a, 4-c, S-b, 6--<l, 7-f. k
JS, credib/J/ty krtd'~BlL'•o-tee
I 6. i"ncredibility in•kred'->BJL'-;Hee •
17. credo KR.Ell'-<kl
18. cred KREED Do yo11 undcutcand th• wo,dl1?
19. Clldrmo, KREE'~ons
L Ts ind<101igobility a sig:n of phys;caf and
...
20. credent/ah lc:ro-DEN'-<ho!> YES NO
21. di.ring,nuous dis'-iu-1BN'·Y(R>->< omotio.nal health?
22. dL!VJKettUOUSn= dls'-iu-JBN'-Y®-"'"n•• 2. ls ingt11uousnt:$$ a nom:ull quality of ~o
youna childhood?
3, 1$ ingen,ii.ty a characte.ristic ot Ytll NO
Con )'OU wot1t: with the words? (I) i.n11enlors?
WORDS
4. Ale some adolescents ,uiive1 V£S NO
OBFn.TnONS
I . i.ocle[afi8ability 5. Are unintt11igent people often gullible? YES NO
a, cunni.og 6. Is incredulity the mark or lhe agnostic? NO
2. iQgeonousoess Yl!S
b. skepricwn 7. Does an lncrcdiblc s1ory invite belief?
362 YES
"°
363
 8. Do people g,,-oeraDy Dve by a credo? YliS NO
9. i:,oc.s our Constitution guarmieo ccnaiA YE:$ NO
ngjlu 10 Americans irrespective o! their
cnr,d.7
10. Arc ingenJ011s people SOD)etimes YES NO SESSION 35
disingniuo1'.f1
1 J• Do we gcutn.lly &ive credtnce to
YES NO
incr~diblt staterncots?
ORIGINS ANO RELATED WORDS

KEY: I-yes, 2-yes, 3-yes, 4-yes, S-yes, 6-yes, 7-no 8-yes,

9-~ IO-ye$, 11-oo ' 1. howtoJoot
'Ihc Latin root specta. to loot. is the sowce ol :: host o( coro-,,
moo English words: spectacle, .speclauw. ins~a. retrospect (a
Con you ,econ the words? looking back), ptosp,ct (a looking ohead), etc. In • ,·ariant
spelling, spic., the root is fouod in conspicuous (easily seen or
1• ioexi)Cricm:e; 11.DSOphlstica.lion
1.,~--
2.,__ _ --
_ _-
_ looked at)J perspic.adous, and p,nplC1,lou.t.
2. believing (adj.)
3, religious belief
4. believable
S. great reservoir: of cocrgy
6. frankness
_____
3,'------
4_._______
,_,.._
6,~- -_--_-_
A perspiGacious (pur'....KAY'·sb.3s) person is keeo--rn:indod,
menta.Uy sharp. astute. Per- is a prefix roetmi.ng through; so tho
word etym0l<>gically means IA:,king lhtcugh (matter:!, etc.)
keenly, ln1elligenUy. The noun: paspicacity (pm'-sp,-KAS'+
tee). Wrile an altemato noun t.nding in -nc.ss:
7. c rafty; dishonest 7.o,_ _
8. Ulven.live; clover a. .______ P,rspU:Odty iJ a synonym of acumen (~·KYC~Y-nwn), memal
9. easily trlcted 9.Q,_ _ _ __
10. ,____ _ _ __ kccnnes.s, sharpness, quickness; keen insight. 'fbe .root h La1jn
10. &kcptical acuo, to sharpen.
II. unl>olievable 11. .___ __ __
12. per.,onal c:odc
12. " ' - - - - - -

KEY: 2. shotp.r..u
From ocuc, to sharpen, come such v,-ords as acuJ~~ sharp, sud•
den, as aeutt pttin, an acute attack ot appendicitjs, ocut~ ~on·
ing. etc; a.ad ocu,pwu;ture (AK'~y~punk'-ch:,1) 1 the insertion of
a (&barp) n«dlc into the body l<>t medlcal purpo,,s. The noun
form of oc.ute. rclerring to the mind or thio.Jdn&, is acutMess or
(End of Smion 34) '1C4Jity (~KY~tee); in other contexts, acuteness only.
A.cupu11cr1,4re combines acuo, to sharpen, with punctus, point.
Wbeo you pu.nc.ruate a sentence, you put nrlous point, (_periods,
commas, ett.) wber& needed; when lightning punctuatu the
364 storm, or when the silence ls ptm<.tu.(Jl.ed by the wniling of polfoe
365
 ,;,.n,, again poP,u, etymologically speakio& intemip1 the atmos- more enjoyabto In retrospect than 1n actuality" (retro-. back•
phere, tho qui,~ etc.
U y0u a.t6 punctual, yt>\tte. Ji&ht on the point of time (noun: watd), , i'S a forward look: prospe.cli've (pn-
Prosp«i (PROS -l_)t~) t's the r<npect for in.tla1ioo. for
punctutJllty); if you're puncliil.ous (punk-Tll..'~e-;:s), you m SPEK'-ttv) is the adJtctive. ~Vh\c ~pply? Yow prosp«tive
•uct. scn,puJous, v.:ry carcful 10 observe the proper points o[ b&- wodd pellet:, for lhe domes~ J~ £ot«ard lo if you marry a
havior, proetdure. etc. (noun: pUJtCrillownus). And to pwrc,.u,_ mother-in-law is the one you . ta/vt bride groom, child,
somethiog, or colll"K\ is to make a hole ill jl with a sharp polnt- ct1tain person; .simUatly, your ~wp activity i~ the fu ture that
as to puncu,u someone"$ lire. or figurat;i,-ely, iJlus.io~. fantasies,
or ego. Punge.nt (PUN',j~t) comes from aoolher form or the
job. va~uon,•
elC, is the persoo, tnmg, or 1-Ar
fut. pt<>-- forward, ahead, ~ore.
)
you look fo""·ard to: {The pre ; fi • tively speaking, then you
root pwrcJu.s (pungo, to pierce sharply), oo a pungent smell or lf )'OU enjoy looktng :.t yourse • ~demotion.al reactions., in
taste is sharp, spicy, pricking the oose or taste buds, so to tpeak::
and a p,m1t-nt wit $hafpfy pierces one's sense Of humor. Can )'OU like 10 exnmioe your ment~
the intense v,ay cbru:actc:nsue
pn:t: introvert (see Ch."1picr 3}.
d a good deal of time
o, _____
Write _____
the noun forms _
of this adjective'/ - - -- - - -- Your mind's eye turns inward, and }'~~s~:Wnality, your actions.
analyzing youtself, your c~arac::r, yo are introsptcliv~ (in'...1m-
Hencc. since yoo look_ i~war , . yoidc within. If you inJn:nrpect
3. some moro footcing aul
SPEK'-tiv)-lhe {Prefix is m!'o-;:5 examine your inner reac•
Pi!r1pkaciow should not be c:oofoscd wilh ~npicuoru (PQJ'-
(in'-tr:.-SPBKT'),._ you loot. inw(in'~tn-SPSK'-sb.m) or inlrOSp«·
SPIK'•)'O!>-os). flerc is the important distwrtk>n: tioas. Too much Ultrospec,,on_ or to dep,essina thoughts or
tivenes., may Jead to unhappiness 1he courage to sec them•
Perspir:ack,u,t mcll1$ J?11Clrt, sharp. cble to look through and utt- feelings of a.nxiecy-fcw people have
derstand quickly. This adjccu.. applies to persons, their rea,oo.
log. minds, etc. sehies as they realJy are. l e
10
Joolc around most carefully;
The.re :arc times wb~ }'OU m: (SUR'-k~m·spekl')-wau:b.{ul.
P~r.rplcu.ous is the obve,sc side of the coin-it means ea.lily un- }'OU must then be CirCUtnJP" .
de:r.rtood from one lO<>k, and applies to writing, style, books, and cautious., ale.tt (drcum-, arountl).( r"-kem-.SPBK".sh.3n) oc ctr·
like tbin&s that ha~·e to be undCT$tood, Hcn<::e it is a synonym or The noun i3 circumsp«;dara su
clear, simple, lucid. If you writo with Pfrspicuous style, your ran• cimtS(H-Ctltl!,jS, all
gu.age is clear, easy to understand. Jf you arc perspicMlous, you "bJ1: but ectualJy is not, we c
understand quickly, •osDy. u something toots eood oc scns_i 'argument sounds plausible,
1
~ DOUD. form Of prrspi<:rJou.r i.s perspicuity (por"""Sp>-KYOO'· it specious (S~EE'·sh~). A ~;": fallacy, or an u:oLrUU\. Toe
>tee), or, of course:~ per'P''cuousnts:t. but in reality is based on a:n en: '
noun is spedoumu,.
A spectacle is something to look at; s~c:tacle.t (eycglas.~~) are
lhc means by which you get a cornfonabre and acctm1te !QC/.:. at
the world. Aoytbiug spectacu/tu .is, et)'n,QJogically, wonh looking
at. REVIEW Of mMOLOGY
A tpectaJur Js one who lookl aJ what'& happening.
To insp«i is to look into something. PREFIX, ROOT,
R,trospea ( RET'·ta-spekt') ls a backwnrd /ook- geoe,any the SUFFIX ENGLlSB WORO
word is preceded by tho preposition In, for instance, "'ffis Jife b1 1. J/}«JO
r~uospect ue.m«i dreary and du1f." or t<Mos.t experiences seem 2. pu-
3dd 367
 3. ntrorptel RET'-.ro-spekt'
3. acuo IO ,mirpen
4, JJN»Pe<t PllOO'-ptlt'
4. pUll("/U3 point 5. prosp«tivc pn-SPEK'-tiv
S. •ate verb suffix 6. inmn~vs h>'-tro-SPl!K'-tlv
6. -al odjcctlYe suffix 7, /Jttrosp«I iu'-tro-SPBKT'
1. pungo to pierce sharp!y in'-u,-SPE.K'-shao
8. bitrosp«tlon
8. - tnl adjectl~ suJllx
9. cir<,unsp,cJ Sl.Jll'-k>m~'
9. -~nee. ~ncy QOUJ1..tlix<S
10. circunupeclion su·r'-bm-SPE.K'-sh~
10. -ncs.t noun suflu
11. speriOIU SPEB'·sh,.
JI ••;ry noun suffix
12. rtlr<r badr.ward
13. p,o- forward~ ahead, befoTC---- - - - -
Con you work wilh the worcb? (Q
14. lnrro-. inslde. -Ailhin
JS. -ion DOUD suffix 1. perspicacious a. Htremely careful, exact. or
16. -ive adjec:iiveiuffix proper in proceJu,c
11. drcum- around 2. acumen b. cloar: C3!1J' lo understand
3. =puoctuie c. a Corwatd loot
4'. puncrillou• d. looking insl<ft., or examining
or analyzi,;,a. oneself
USING 11'11: WORDS
s. pw,gtnt ~ keen-minded
6. perspicuous f. sharp; spicy; piercing
Con you pronounc.e tho words? (I} 7. retrospec< g. carefuJ, \\'atchful, W"dt}'. cau-
tious; "'k)oking around"
1. ~rJpicAcious pur'-spa-KAY'-sh••
pt1r'~;)-KAS'--;t-lCC
8. pros~ h. sharpness of mind or think-
2, p4rspicacl()1 ing
3, acumen o-JCYOO'-m,n
9. introspective i e backward loot
4. acuJe <>-KY!X>T'
<>-KYOO'->te< 10. ci.rcuwpect j. medical insertion of necd]e3
.S. acuity
6. ncuprmcture AK'-ydb-pw,Jc'-ebor
? . p11nctu,ue l'UNK'-choc,,ayt' Kl!Y: I-<>, 2--b, 3-j, 4-a, S-1, 6-b, 7-i, k , 9-<1, 10-g
8. puntttlloua pu:nk--TIL'-e~;s
9. p•naur• PUNK'<!=
l O. pung~nl J>UN'-j>nt
11. punge.nce PUN'-j~s Con yov wOrli with lb• words? (11)
J.2. punge."cy PUN'•jao-sce.
t. acute a. pierce; mak,o a bole lo;
(noun) um.a n bole
COft you prono1.1nce !he wor1h? 00 2. acuity b. clarity; lucidity; ability to be
por-sJ>IK'-ydb-.S undemood quidtly and eas-
I, /H1'Spleu<>us
1. puspicuity J>ur'·<p>KYCX>'+t.. ily
369
368
 c. soooding plausible. or look-
3. punc1u:.te ing right. but ncruaH)I £.Ilse Con YoU ,,ecciUlhe word1-? en
or untrue I. plausible, but talso or inc:orrecl '->---- - -
d . lo tbe furure; describiog th.at 2. spicio~ '11:upocu; plcrc:iog 2. P ·--
4, punc1urc ,,, p_ __ _-
_-_-
_
which, or one who. can be qu,llty
looked forward 10 3. clear. easily understood 3.P'-----
S. pungcnce, pungency e. c.a.c; watchful.neM> t.-aution 4. $harpnes.s of an.ind or o( 4.A-- - - -
(. shatp; sudden; kecn-miftdcd intcllige.nce
6. petspiclUty
g. lending to e~amine and tO
7. 1>ro!ipec1ive lhink aboot onc:-'s 10.otives, S. core and caution; wariness
reclings, etc.
h. intttn1pt sh,::1cply or sud(knly 6. plerclftg of the s:k:io with
8. in1rospcetive
l. sharpness or spiciness of needles for medical purpOSCS
9, cl tC"UtuSpl:CtiOn
tas1c, smell. wit, etc:. 7. tendin:g to e~amlne one's 7. ' - -- --
j. keeneu of mind, lhinking, or mQri,·es. etc.; Joookint; inward
IO. '!'etious
U,tcllcct (adj.)
8. exact in 1be observance of 8 . P · - - - -- -
proper procodure
JlliY: 1-f, 2-j, 3-h, 4-a, 5-~ 6-b, 7-<I, 8-g, 9~. Lek 9. 10 pierce and make a s.o\all 9.P-- - - -
ho,C in
10, e b3ctward look or view 10. J<..-----
Oo you understand th• wotdf?
SAMS OPflOSlTS
I, perspi-cac.Ous--dull--wiUed KEY: l-specious, 2-pungcnce or puoae-.ncy, 3-perspicuoutj
S-'ME 01.'J:'OSJTt
2. a~Ullleu-st:upidity OPP~fTt
~acumen or acuteness qr acui1y, S-circwnspection or
SAME
3, acute-sharp OPPOSITE-
c_ir(.umspcctness, 6-::icupgncture, 7-jotrotpocth-e, 8-punc-
SA~fB
4. acuity-perspicacity lillous:. 9-puncture, J~ttlrospcct
SAW.£ OPPOSlTn
5. puncliHous-casual OPPOSITE
$It.MB
6, puDgent-tlat, du11
SAME OJ'POSfTB
1. perspicuol.15-ClC.JT OPPO!StTE
SAM!? Can you fll!,Cotl the words? (II)
S. retTosp«,1-backward look
SAME Otl'OS11'1l
9. prospec1-cx.pec-talion I. kec.oness of mind l. P c . . - - - - -
SM,-te; O'PPOStTS
I0. inuos:peci.iv~xtrovened
11. prospcl;livt>-in the pasl
$AMl3. OPP061T£ or
2.
P·A---
- -----
--
SAM-8 OPPOSITE 2. sharp; sudden; keen-minded
12. cir¢Umspct:t-carekss OPPQ!,J,1Te 3. 10 loterrupl. wddenly 3.P·-----
SAM!.
13. specious-true 4. spicy; piercing in taste. smcU, 4. P'- -- - -
wit, etc. s.r,____ _
K.BY: 1-0, 2-0, 3-S, 4-S, 5-0, 6--0, 7- S, 8...S, 9-S, 10-0, S. clarityj clearness oC style or or p,____ __ _
lnnguage
l l-0, 12-0. 13-0
370
 ..
6. teen-Dlind<d; perceptivo 6. P·- -- --- Oo the other band, people who have tloy, tiny minds or souls
arc pu,siltanJmous (pyCRf..~LAN"..;i;--w.es)-1..alin pu.ri.ltu,, ti.ny.
7. a look!orward 7. P·-- - - --
8. act or prouss of looking 8. L---- - - Hence, they are ccntempb'bly petty and .,.... The o0110 is
pu.,iJ/4n/miJy (pyCil>'~>NIM'·>-tee).
inw~d
Olhct word, built on anfrn.u.t, miod:
9. C8telully loo!cing around; 9. " - - - -- - -
I. rmanlmou,1 (yot>-NAN'·>am)-of one m ind. 1f the Su-
caotious; wary
10. anticipated; "to t,e••; looked 10. P·---- -- - preme Coun bands down a unanimous opinion, an the judges are
forward 10 (adi,) ol one mind (Latin rmw.r, one). The noun i.s unttnlmlry (y(R)'-n>
NIM'->lte).
2. tQua.nbttiJY l~- ~NIM'-:Hcc or ek'-v-·~NJM'..~tce)-
KEY: 1-perspic:acity or perspicaciou:mcss, 2-acu.te, 3--puoctuate, ctyi:nologically, "equal (or ballnced) mittd.'" Renee, e.venncss or
4-puogcnt, >9Crspicuity or pcrspkuous.ness, 6-pcrspl-
cacloU$, 7-prospec~ 8-lntto6J)«ti0n, 9-circlltll,poct,
JO-prospective
.. calmness of miod; composure. n you pre:&etve your equanimity
under u:ying ciccu;mstances, you keep your temptt, you do not gel
ccnlused, you remain calm (Laun a,quus, equol).
3. an/,,,,,. (AN'~mos)-hostility, ill wm. malevolence. Ely·
mologically. aninw.i is simply minA, but has degeoerated, as words
(!ind of S<Jlion 35) oftco do, to meao unfriendly mind. The Vf'Otd i$ .most often used
Ul a pattern like_ •11 boar you no an;"""'• eveo though you have
tried to destroy me." (Sucb • statement shows re"1 n,ngnan/mJryl)
4. ar./mo,iry (·an'~MOS'~tee)-ill will, hostility. An exact
.synonym o! tmltnus, and a more oommon word. It is us,;:d io pat•
SESSION 36 terns lik~ "You feel o good deal o f onimom1. don't you'?"'.
''There i$ real onbnosit>' between BW i.nd Emi&i" ""if you bear me
no mrimosiry, why do you treat me so badly?"
ORIGINS AND RBATEO WOltDS
2. turning
l. the gr40t ond th• small
Ver.ratile comes .from ,•a-to, ve.,n,s, to tQM-versatil4 people
You a.re ftmi&r with Latin on.imu.t, miod. A nimul and a re• c.an turn their ha.ad to maoy things succcssf'uUy. The nouo is vu-
lated mo~ on/JJUJ, lile prin<iple, soot, spirit (in a sense, UIC10 so:iliry (vur'-i.:>-TTL'.o>tt-t).
meaniogs a.re an very sunilat), are the source of such words a~M-
Jmpl1 animote and iMml'ftOte, animattdJ and animation; kno'Niog
the meaning or the roots. yoo ba,•e a bett« understanding of any 3. Zeno ond the rron, porch
word built on tbesn. Centuries •go. in ancient Grc<ce, the pbilOSOphec Zeno leciured
Magnanimous eontaim, in addition. to animus, m.ind1 the root on a topic that ltlU piques the human mind, to wit: ''How to Live
magnus, large.. great, which you rec-all Crom magnilcqu.eilt. Mog. • Happy Lile!' Zeno would stWld on a porch ( the Gredc woro for
nanimous people have such great, noble minds or $ouls lba.t the.y which is stool and hold forth somewhat as follows: people $hould
an, beyond seddng petty revenge. free lhcmselv"' from lnteose elllOtlon, be unmo,·ed by bolh joy
The noun Is magnanimity (:m.ag'-n~NIM'-~tee).

372
• 373
and sorrow, and submit without complaint 10 unavoidab\o neces,.
si1y.
1'odoy, psychologists cugg«t pretty much the CJ<><< op~ll~
kit y0\11' emotions Oow (Rely, express youc love or anuuosuy.
don't boltle up your fcdiogs. But in the. fourth ccnlory a.c., wheo
Zeno was expo®diog lus ct<do, b;. pbilosaphy of oontrol of ~·
passi9ns fell oo receptive ears. His foltowers were caUed Stmcs,
afler the stoa. ot p0n::h; from whlch tM master lectured.
Jf we call people stoicol, we mca.o lhat thCf bea~ their ~i.n.or
socrow witboot complaint, they cncet *1;dversity wu.h unnmchio&
fortillldc. This soUJ\ds very noble, you will adnut-o,ctuwly, ac-
cording to modem psychologica.1 belief, it is healthier no, to ~ $CJ
stoical. Stolc/Jm (STO'+s.iz.-~m1) may be an admirable vmue
(malnly because we do not then have to listen to the stoic's trou·
bl«), but it can be O\'t.rdooe.
4. fe ar a.nd lrern'bllng
Intrepid is from Latin 1,epido, to tremble, Intrepid pt:ople ex•
hibit courage and feartetsness (ilnd not a sing.le tremble!) wbcn
confronted by daogm from which you and I would nm like the
cowards. we- are. (You recognize the n~s:ative prefix lt1·.)
The noun: intupidity (ln'· tR-PID'·~tee), or, of course, Jn-
trepid,1,s..,;.
Tupi'do 1-. the source alw of 1rtpidntlon (uep'..,;-DAY'-sb3n)
-great fear, ttcmbUng, or alarm.
S. qvidt ftos.h
Scintilla, in t.ati.n, is u quick, bright spark; in English Ule word
sdnlilld (si11•TIL'-::,) may aka mean a .Jpark.~ but more commonly
rcfets to a very 1m;:11l pa11ic.le (which, in o sense, a spirk is), as
i.n, '"Thero was 001 a.scfo1ilta of e:vidcnco against him."
ro the. Yerb scintilla1e (SIN'-t;.-layt'), the idea of the spork
N mains· oorneonc who scintmot& spa,kles with ctiann 3nd wi~
Oas.hes brightly with humor. The noun is .scintillation (sin'-t:I
LAY'-sb•n).
• 375
374
6. dly and co11ntry
People who live in the big city go to theaters, a.ttend tbe opera.
visit museums aDll picture g.aUecies, browse. in bookstores, iind
shop at Robinsoo.'$, BloomU\gdale'~ Marshall Field. or other
large de"p1utmcnl stores.
These activities fill them wjth 0.1lrure and sophistlc0:tion.
Also, they crowd inco jammed subway trains or buses, squttl.e
into pa'-*:ed elevators, cross the street in. competition wjth high-
powe.r«I motorc.ars, patiently stand in line outside o{ movie
houstS-, and then wait again in the lobby tor seats to be vacated.
Also, they have the privilege or speodu,g two ho un a day going
to and co.ming from work.
As o result. city-dwellers are refi.ned, polished, courtcous-ot so
the etymology of urbane (from Latin urbs, city) teUs us. (Alld
you mu!l be abs,udly credulous, U pol downright gullible, 10 bc-
liC\IC it,) The DOI.ID is urlMnlt)l (ur-BAN'?t ec).
So urbane people are gracious, affable, cultivated, sua:\Te, tactful
-add any !lmilar adjectives you con think or.
Urban (UR'-b.m) u e.n adjeaiv~ simply rc[ers to cities-urban
:i.llofrs, urban areas, urban p0pulations, urban life. urbtu, deYClop-,
ment, ecc.
Consider some prefixes: sub,., near; Inter-, between; i11tn1-, in-
side, within; ex•, out.
Add each -prcfux to lhe root urbt, us.ing the adjecth-e su..fl ix -an:
,ub_ _ __ _ _: near the eity
(Sub• b.as a number of meanings: under, r.tor, close to,
CIC.)
inter,_ __ _ __ : between citteS
in,1111~ -- -- -: wilhio a city
e : out oJ the city
The suburbs are residential ,cctions, or small communitWs.
close to a large city; Larchmont i.s I suburb of New York City,
Wbittier a n,bur:b of Lo, Ango1C$.
Subwbio (s:>-llUR'--) ID3Y deslgnale suburbt as a group;
suburban residents, or .s.ubu.rbanlta (5.>"BUR'-b':>-ntlt'), as a
group; or the typieo.J mtmncrs, modes oI llvin&, customs, ete. af
s:ubutban rcsidcnis.
An inleru,ba:,. bus travels between cities, an intraurban bus RfVlEW OF !TYMOl.OGY
witl1in a single cicy.
An uurb (EKS'-urb) lies well ~yond, wny outside, a larie PREFOC, ROOT,
d1y, and ,;cnera.lJy refers to a l"Cji:On. inhabited by well-to-do SUF'F'OC Mtl\N'tl"O ~NGLISH WOJt.O
families:. 6xwb has de.rivtd forms corresponding to those of snb- I. animus mfod
urb. Can you construct them? 2. anin,(l souJ, tpirit, life
Plural noun: principle
3. magnus large, grc.al
Adj,<tivo:
4. pusJ/(us tiny
RCildcnt:
S. unus

-
Ai a group; manner,, customs, etc.: ooc
6. aeqUJJ.S ( eq_u-) equal
Urbs is the- city; Latlll rus, rurls is lhe country. i.e•• farmland, 7. 1/4.rlo, vusu.r lo tum
ftekls. etc. So rl.lTal (R00R'/4l) refers to counu-y or la.nu regions. 8. Stoa porcll
1tgrlculturei, etc.--o wealthy rural area. 9. In- negative prcfur
Rustle (RUS'-tik.) as an adjecth•e may describe furniture or JO. trttpido to tremble
dwellings made or rough.hewn w ~ or (u.rnisbiog., suitable to a l I. sclnlilla a spark
f.annhouse; or, when applied 10 a person,. js an ao.tonyni of tulxme 12. urb.t city
-unsophisticated.. boori~ 1Mking jn social pace$. unculrurod. 13. sub- Qear. close 10, under
Noun: rusticity (rus-TlS'..a,..tee). Ru.tile is also a noun d~ignati11t; 14. /mer- between
~ person with such churacteristfos., as in, hHe was conUde.rcd a 15. l111ro- within, inside
timlc by his cl:issmritcs, all ol whom came from cultuttd .aod ]6. u -
wealthy back.,urounds."
Urbane and rust,'c, when applied to people-, &re emotionally
ohargcd words.. Vrbune is complimentary, m.rtlc derog:otory. • \>
]1,
18. ..,.
rus, rnri1

19. -Jon
out
oount,y, farmlands
verb $Uftix
noun suffix adcd tc,
To rusticate (RUS'-t,-)cayt') i5 to spend time in the country, -ate verbs
away Crom lhe turmoil and tensions of biJ-c-ity life. can you con-
struct the noun'? - - - -- - - - - - - -
• foic:i.deotallf, a •·ON u,ed wit!) ,. duot,1tory con.notatio11 (bird,. pe2cifh,
tluftOlf., Idiot, d"-,) h CtUcd • ~jaralini (pc:,JAWlt'•·tlV). P,rjoratfr< b USINC !HE WORDS
aho a.n ildjcctivc. a.-s iP, "'Sbc spob In p~;ora,iv, t.etms 11bout bet tx·bl.l$-
ba&L" The d«ivatioa_is Latin p.,ft>r, .-Onie.,
Cott '(Ou pronounce the word,? (I)
1. mag11animi1y ma(-n~NTM·~ tee
2. pusfflanimour py(R)'~;i-LAN'+m.is
3. pusillanimit,1 p)'®'·»-1 ..NIM'-,>-tee
4. w,anlmous yot>-NAN'->mas

376 .. 377
 ...
tion successfully in many
5. unanimit1 ym>-,n~NJM'~1ec
an:as
6. equ,mimiry .:ck' (orck')-w>NIM'~·lCO
l u11aoimity c. fcarlcssnffl; grc:ll couruge
1, n.nlmus AN'-->M)S
4. t'(\U;."tntmit)' d. uneoootiom1.1ity; be:iring- of
8. nnimu.,ity an'4-MOS'·:>·ICC pain, etc. wilhout complainl
9. ventitllily vur'-s3--TIL'-:i-tee S. t111imosi1y e. big-heartedocs:s; genec«nit}';
lO. stoic STO'-ik quality or fo<giving eotjly
11,. stoicism STO' ·3--Siz-~n 6, V<"rszlflity (. a spark.line; with wit or clc•,cr·
nc.-;.,~
7. stoicism g. rear aml l!embliog_~ alstrm
8. in1tcpidity h. complete agrecincn1 1 all being
iJ1'-1r>PIO'->tcc of one mind
t. intretJfd;,-, i. peuy-naindcd~ss
trtp'-,-OAY'-sh;in 9. LrCpldatiC1n
2. trepidation j. anger, hostility, rcsr.ntmcnt,
sin•TlL'-, LO. sdn1illa1ion
3, scintilfo hatred
4. scimillale SIN'·t~layt'
S. sdntillatHln sin'-t>LAY'-sh:>a
6. urbanity ur-BAN'--;,-tee KEY: 1~., 2-i, 3-h, 4-a, .S-j, 6-b, 7-d, 8-c, 9-~, JO- [
1. .mbvrbia ,,..BUR'·b<e·Q
&. inttrwban in'·t~r--UR'-b.ln
9. intruurban in'-tr>UR'-~11
10. exurbs EKS'-urbz
Ii, exurban eks-UR'-l>M
12. exurbanite eks-UR'-bou-il' Con yov worll wilfli !he wordi? UII
13. ~..t«rbia eb-UR'-bec/4 a. rtfe.rring to the cmt1Hr)11i<le
urbttnit)'
2. $\lburbla 'o. word with oeg:,tive or del'OE;•
atory comiotation; de«:ribing,
Con you pr0nO\IA<O; the words? cm, such a word or words
ROOR',ol 3. exurbia c. to spend time in the counuy
I. rnral
RUS'-tik 4 . animus d. rc~idential nrcos near bJg cit·
2. ,11.ftit ics.; customs, etc. of the in-
3. rusttc:ity rus.nS'-o-ttc
RUS'-t>-kayt' habitanls of such arus
4. rusticate c. midcntial accas far from biS
S. rustlcatior, rus'·t>-KAY'-sh>n S. lnierurban
[>'>1AWR'.,.tiv cities; custonu. ttc. of the in·
6. ptjora1ive habitant, of .such orea.s
6. inttaurban f. between cities
1. niral _g. roughhewn. fatD1likc~ unso-
Con yo1;1 wcr-k with the: words? ll) phisticated, uncul1urcd
I. mlilgna.nimity a. ealrimess. composnrc 8. rustic h. sophistication, e:o\a1es.y, pol-
b. ability either to do o,any dH· ~b. etc..
1. pusillanimity
fer,ent things well, or to func.-
379
 •
9. rustkate i _ , , batrtd, hostility
10. pejorative j. within - city
Con you work with the words? OU
KEY: 1-b, 2-<I, J-e, 4-i, 5-t, 6-j, 7...._ s-g. k , 10-b 1. stoicism a. fcsrlessness
i. inttepicllty b. sparkle
3. trtpidatioo c. inward look
4 , scintillation cl uocomplainiog attitude to
I End of Su#Qn 36) pain or trouble
S. urbanity e.. falsity
6. iotrospectioo f. polish, cultivation
7. oircumspe,ctioa g. care. cautiousness
8. specloUSt1ess h. tear
SESSION 37
KEY: 1-4, 2-a, 3-h, 4-b, S- 1, 6-c, 7- g, 8-o
READY FOil A STRONG REVIEW?

Drill, drill, drill! This i$ the Important secret of leamlng worcls Can you w.oric with the words? 011)
tboroogllly.
t. aurbs a. of OD.6 mind
Review, review, review! This is 1he $eCl"~t of remm1bm.n~ • .,
2. pusilJanjmo-m b, ill will
similating, dige.tio:, and keeping as permanent acquisitions all the
3. unanimous c, pcrtaininc tO (be city
new words you b.Avc le-a.med.
4, anlmos d, petty
So pi!ch in with cnthusiu:m to the rest o( this chapter, mo.de- op
of a smcs of valuable resu on au tbe chapter words. Ready? S. rustic e. self-aJlJl!ytic,al
6. llrban l regions fat from the cjty
7. inttospedl.. g. cautious
Cari you work with the words? (I) 8. circumspect h. !alse, lhoogh ploosiblo
J• retrospect a. complete agreement 9. speciOlJS i. oountrl.lled
2. acumen b. pcttinCM .
3. magnanimity c. malevolence. KEY: 1-f, i-4, 3-<I, 4-b, 5-i, 6-c, 7-e, 8-g, 9-h
4. po.sUlanimily d. backward look
S. unanimity c. calalM$S
6. equanimity L ability in mony &clcls
7. anJmosity g. menlal keenness Con you wotk with the word,? (IVt
8. Yen3tility h. generosity l. perspicacity a. clearness
2. penpicuity b. lo be witty
3. stoic c. speed 1jm.e 1n th• country
KEY: l-<I, 2-g, 3-h, 4-b, S-a. 6-e, 7-<:, &-I
4. scintilla d. one who controls his emo-
tions

380 • 381
 •
$. sc,ntillal<
6. rural
7. ruslicace
e. to look inward
t. a very sm.aU amount
g. keen iotelllge:nce
S, Doe,• stoic urualJy complain?
6. ls sroidsm a mart of an uniahfbited
penonaliiy?
7. Do cowards .show intrepldily i.o the face
...
ns NO
NO

8. introspect h. cle3r, unde.rstandable YES 1'0

9, pc rspicuous i. keen·minded of danger'!
10. perspicacious j. pert.a.i.n.ing: to the country. 8. Do cow,cds often feel a ccrtai.11 amount YfS NO
of lrepidatio.n?
9. Is. a scinlilla ol C\'idencc a great YES HO
KEY: 1- g, 2- a 1 3-d. 4-t, S-b, 6-j, 7-c. 8~, 9-h, 10-i amount?
I 0. Do dull people st:inJillar<1 YES NO
l·l. ls mbanity a d:u1.racterislic of boorish YES NO
Do you undentond the word,? ti) people?

1. Docs lire often seem pleasamer io YES KO

, ·~1rospec11 KEY: 1- no, 2-ycs, J--«10. 4-ycs, S-no, 6-oo, 7-oo, &-yes. 9-no,
2. Ate people of acuit)' gullible? YES MO JO-no, JJ- oo
3. l!i perspicacity a common characteristic? YOS ~o
4. ls a person of acumr.n likely 10 be nal~? YES NO
S. ls a (Jerspicucus style of writing ~asy lO YES NO Do you unde,stat1d th• WQtd,? (JU)
read?
6. Should all wriLerS aim al pcrspicuity? YES NO I. Is New YorlrCiiy a rural communicy? ns NO
7, ls magnonil1Uty a characteristic o'f YES NO 2. Is a village an wban community? Y1!$ l<O
small-minded people? 3. 0o you rutticate in the city?. Y!S l<O
8. Does ~ person of pusfUanimous mind YES NO 4. Are extroverts vuy inl.rrupecti1,·ef Yl!S NO
often thin~ of peuy reveogel S. Docs an introvert spend a good deal or YES NO
9. ls a mtanimous opiJ,ion one in which all
concur?
YES NO
.. time in i.nlro,rp.ectionr
6. In danJQrous circumstances, is it wise to YES NO
be circwnsp«e.1
7. Do spteious ar.gumenta. often sound YES NO
KBY: J-yes. 2-no. 3-oo, 4-no, S-yes, ~)'eS, 7-no. 8- yes, 9-yes conviru:ing?

Do you undentond th.ft words? 1111 :KEY: J- no, 2-no, 3-~ 4-oo, S-yes, 6-yes, 7-yes
1. Is lt euy to preserve. 000'$ equanimity YRS
under trying ci.rCWJ1$UUlc.tS? DO you ul'lde,iiand' tfle wo,ds? CM
2. Do wo ben anirnur toward our
enemies? I. mrospeet-prospec:t SAME OPPOSJTR
l. Do we U$1lally {eel grea.i anirrwsity
1owo.rd our friends?
4. Do we adlllirt wn•otiliry?
381
YU

YES
"°
"°
2.
3.
4.
acutc--pcrsplcaclous
acumen-stopidil)'
pe.rspicuous---c::ollfused ..,,,,
SAME
S•.\M:B
OPPOSIT£
OPPOSITE
O.PPOSITI?

383
 S. pcrnuning to th~ cow,ll)'sldo 3. ,.___ __ _ __
S. magnanlmCU>--Mble ,w,,:$ OPPOS!T£
(odj. )
6. p1tsf1htnJmOU5-pttty
7. unaolmous-!ividcd .....,,
$,WE

SA),(11
OPPOSm!
O?POSITE
onC.$Tl!
4. aloomgbac:ktothopast
S. nobleness of:mlncl ouplrlt
4 . ...__ _ _ __ _
5, M.------
8. cquanimity-nervousncs.,
9. animosity-hostility
10. anlmm-lrieodliuess
11. versatility-monomania
......
SAMI?

SAMB
OPP<ltSITI!
OPPOSIT8
0P"POStT8
KEY: 1-&oicism, 2-rustlc, 3-rural, 4-rclzospect. 5-mapanimity

SAME OPP0$1TI!:
12. SlOicism-<OWardico
13. intrepidil}'-(car
J4·. tropidatioo-<:ourage .....
SAM£ OPPOSJTt
OPPOSJTI
Can you te<olJ the word,? (HQ
I. keen•miod<dmOS$ I.
15. scintilla-olightamount
16. ut1>anity-refinement ..,..
SAYl! OPPOSITE
OPPOStTE 2.. clca,, lucid
petty, mean
2, p
17. Tustic-crude SA>t~ orrosn:a 3. 3. p
18. rural-utb3A SAME OPPOSITE 4. all of ooc.mb:Jd or opinion 4.
19, introspeod-lf-anaiytic SAM1! OPto:SlTI!. 5. ill will s.
20.
2 I.
cm:wnspect--arele.-.
speoiou~ .....
SAMJ! OPPOSlfl
OPPOStT!
or

KEY: 1---oeuity" 2,-:peupicuous. 3-pusillanimous, 4-wlanlmom,

KEY: 1-0, 2-S, 3-0, 4-0, 5-S, 6-S, 7-0, 11--0, 9-S. 10-0, S- aninnts ,,.. arumosity
11-0, 12-0, 13-0, 14--0, 15-S, 16-S, 17..S. 18-0, 19..S,
20-0,21-0
Con )'Ou rtcoll ti,.• word,? UVJ
1--4. tec:o,,... <>I DlUld I. p
Con you teeoJI the wo,ds? U) "'p
I. ability in many fiold> I. v _ _ __ __ ... 2.
2. pertalningtolbccity (ad/.) 2. u,_____ _ 3.
4.
3. ti> sperul time in lbc country 3. K..- ----- e S. clctmess or style or language s. p
4. merest spark; small 8Jll0Wll 4. " - - -- - - -
5. OOUrO&C S. 1------- 6. one who ktcpo bis cmodons
during tirn.. ol trouble, •
6.

bidden
KEY: J- versalility, 2--urball, 3-<,atlcate, 4-<cintilla, S- in- 7. sophistication, courtesy, 7.
trepldity rtlincwnt

Cott you racolt the words? (IQ

I . . __ _ _ __ _
I. unfilncblng fortitude
2, OOUDIIilltd; unpou.t,cd 2.R--- - - -
· 384 • 385
 4. perspiel'lcjous d. cou.ncous~ polished: suave
Can yo11 ,ecol! the WO"ds? fVI 5. roagnanlmous e. companjooable, e,regarious
1. p._ _ _ _ __ _
J. pcuincS5 orchouactcr 6. versatile f, winy
2. 1\0011 rorm ol unflnm,tnn 2. U- - - - 7. stoic,31 g, capable in many dircccions
3. me1>HII calmness, bal.ince 3, E,_ _ _ _ __ 8. lmrepid b. brave
4,T_ _ _ _ __ 9. seiotiJIAliog i ktiCJ1•rnioded
4. feur llnd 1.rtmblln:
5. to sp:irkle whh wit ond humor 5,~- - - - - - 10. utbMe j. tirie1ess

KEY: J-pusill.animhy, 2-unanimiiy, 3~quaol!ulty, 4--1rep- KE.Y: 1-c, 2-j, 3-a, 4-i, S-b, 6-g• 7-c. 8-h, 9-t. 10--<I
ida1ion, S-scinti11a1e

U. $01110 or oppo,-ite?

Can Yoi, recoU the WQrds? (VI) 1. vivr.,.dous-$lug,glsh SAME OPPOS:lTlt

l. vlt:IJ-crucial SAMI OPPOSlTI!.
l. a lool.:ing inw:ird; on examining J.
3. ennui-boredom SAM.I! OPPOSff'J?
of one's mental processes or
4. bon 11/vant-gourmand SAME OPl'OSrrt
emotional reactiOfHI
S. gou.nnct-ascetic SA.MB OPPOSITE
2. cau1ious 2. '-- -- - - - - 6. ingenuo~afty SAME OPPO!-,Tfll
3. 5eemfng1y true. actually false l . .,___ _ _ _ _ __
4. to th.ink of one's menu,l 4. r_______ _ 7. naive-sophisticated $AME OPPOSITE
8. cre:duk,1.1$-$keptical $AMR OPPOSITE
processes 9. disingcouous-ins.inccrc SAMII OPPOSl'n?
.S. Co'lre, watchfuJ,,ess S. '---------''--- OPPOSITt
JO. crtdo-beli:ef SAME

KEY~ 1-imrospcctlve, 2--eircumspect, 3- s~ious, 4-imr0$pcd,

KEY: 1-0, Z-S, 3--S, 4-S, S-0, 6-0, 7-0, 8-0, 9- S, 10-S
.S-<.'in:ums-pcction •

Ill. chonging parh cf $peec;h

THAEE FURTHER TESTS 011wgc these adjcedvt$ to nouns not ending in_
-.neu.
1, _ _ _ __
L indelatigabl•
2, _ _ _ __
'2.. perspicacious 3_ _ _ _ _ __
I. matching 3. sioical
4. urbane 4, _ _ _ __
WORD MEANING
.s. na.rve s, _ _ _ __
l. convivi:1t a. frank 6, _ _ _ _ __
2. in1Jc[a1igx1ble b. noble, rorsiving_ 6. incredulous; 7, _ _ _ __
J, in&tDUOUS c. unflinching~ unemotional 7. incredible
8. J)Cf$picuous g__ _ _ _ __

• 387
386
 9, _ _ _ _ __
• 14. Counuitied:
9. magnanimous 10. _ _ _ _ _ __ (a) rusti<, (b) apecious, (c) chs:umspcet
to. pusillanimous

KEY: t-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-c, s-a. 6-c, 7-a, 8-a, 9-b, 10-a, 11~,
KEY: 1-lndefatigabilily, 2-perspicac:ity. 3-stoicbm. 4-urbanit'f,
12-b, 13-a, 14-s
S-na.lvctC1 6-inc-reduli1y, 7-incrcdibility, 8-pcrspic.uhy,
9~agn.animity. 10:;>usilla.nir.ttity

8. Con Y°"' t9<ognire roots?

ROOT EXAMP't.£ M£>\l"ING
CHAPTER REVIEW J. vivo vivacious
2. ttClUS vivisect.ion
A. Do you rttog:niz.it th• words? :3. pareo viviparous

l . 'Unless:
... 4. OVl(III
S. vita
oviparous
vital
(a) convM•t. {b) indtfatigabte. (c) \'trsatUe 6. bori hon 11ivan1
2. Frank, unsopb.iJ:ticatcd: 1. credo credlble
(e) ingeouous, (b) ingenfous, (c) imreptd 8. specto spectator
3. Unlllndling, uncomplaining: 9,aa«> ac:upuncturc
(a) perspicacious, ( b) urbane, (cl s1oical 10. punctus punctuate
4. Noble, forgiving. generous: 1 l. pungo pungtnt
(a) pusillanimous. (b) unanimous, (c) maiflaoimous 11. crnimus animosity
5. Between cities: 13. pu.,illµs pus:illanimol.lS
(a) interurban, (b) lninurban, (c) exurban J4. magnr.u magnanimous
6. Giving birtl1to Uvt youoe: 15, unus unanimous
(a) oviparous, {b) ovulation, (c) vh•iparous J6. orquus ( rqu-) equaolmity
?. Tedium, boredom: • J 7. vtrto. 11ers,tJ versatile
(a) ennui, (b) jole de 11/vre, (c) vitality 18. stoa .stoical
8. Connoisseur of choice food: 19: ,,~pi,lo n-ep;dadon
(a) gounne,, ( b) gounnaod, (c) gluuon scintlllate
20. .scinJlllo
9. lfle~perienc«l i.n the waY' o f the world: 2J. u.rbs urban
(a) credulous, (bl naive, (c) credible 22. ru,.., r,lri, CUTT!.I, rustic
10. Easily tricked:
(a) gurnbtc, (b) incredulous, (c) ingcnjous:
11. Backward Loot: XEY: I-to livo, 2-cut. l-to givo birth, produce, Hgg. S-llfe.,
(a) prospeci, (b) retrospect, (c) introspection 6-good, 7-to believe, 8-<o loot , !I-to_ sharpen, 10-pcint,
12. Clearness: 11- to plc:rc:.e sharply, 12--mind, 13-doy, 14-big. g,eat,
(a) perspicacity, (b) perspicui1y, (c) intrepidity large, 1,5.,,Qfle, i6-equat, 17-to tum, 18-porcb, 19~o
13. Rcscnl.Dlcnl: tremble. 20-.spark, 21~ity, 22-country, wunttyside,
(a) animotity, (b) stoicism, (c) urb:.inity
388
• 389
 8. Use in11YJ.., within, to form wotds with the following mt:an-
TlASEt QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATEUR ETYMOLOCISI ini' (•II adi«tives):
(a) willlincnestatc:
J. RecaUing 1he r001 vfw>, to li"e, can you think of tltt ve,b (b) wfthinonenatioo:
that muns to live en? _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ (c) within <>nc's o~upe:rson or mind:
Can you write the now1 form?·- - - - - -- - - - - - (d) within the muscles:
2. How wou.ld you uplain a vfrAdmn! - - - - - - - -
(Answers in Chapttr 18)
3. Ra;alling the meanings o( Laa.i n vila, what woukl )'OU under•
$tand if someone as.ked )'Ou {or your vito before you appcartd for
a.a inteniiew for a professional position'? _ _ _ _ _ __ _
WORDS INFLUENCE YOUR ll11NKING
4. Untd is Latin tor one. Can you use I.his root to construcl By now, you have thoroughl;· explored hundreds u_pon hun-
words meaning: ched$ ol valuable words and scores upon $COt"t$ ol 1mponant
(t..) animal with one horn: - - -- - -- - - - Gzeck ;ind Latin toOts,
( b) of one form: A$ you wtnt along you stopped at (reqlltnt intenials to say
(c} to make one; aloud, think about. work with. and recall the words you were 11dd·
(d) oneness, ing 10 yout voca.buJary.
(e) ont•Whctlc.d vchk:lc: By now, lherefotc. the words you ha"-e -bee~ Jeimiog a.re pt~ba-
S. Annu., i.s Latin for Jt:ar; vcrJo, versw, as you koow, me.ans bly old (rie.nds or yours; they have ~tarted to in.Buen~e: your thtnk-
to mr1t. Can you, then, cxptein the word tmnlvtrsary in terms
its roots? _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _
.or ing, haw petb-11ps lbegu.n to appear m your _oonvcnauon, and have
cetta.inly become conspicuous iD _yout rc:~dIDg, Co $ho~, 1hey hove
beeo effective in making chaoges m your (lltelltctual c:timnte.
6. H:ow abou1 universt and uni',1.ersity in lt, l1l$ of their roots Let os pause now tor: an.other checkup o.t the success ot y~r
(u1WJ, ooe; ,,eru,. ,,,,sus.
to wm)? study. In the 0,1:;(t chapter. you '\\ill find a second ~m~rehens1-.·c
(a) Wli\' Crsc: Te::st. Take the lest cold it -you feel that all lhe malenal lS at your
{b) univer,hy: fingertips; or tpel\ld a litt1e time re-viewing Chapten 9. l 0, 11, and
7. Use lnu.,., between, to Corm words of lhe following meaf\o. 12 if you believe such review is nem"Sary.
wi:,:
(a) btiWunsiatc, (adj. ):
(b) between nations (Qdj.): (Eml of Smw,1 37)
(c) inthcmidd1eh~tween
elementary and advru,ced (ad/.):
(d) lo break in (bdwan
people con~ersing):
(c) l>ttween per1ons (adj.):

390 391
 •
1.;. loquor 1oquae1...
lS. s.olu1 soliloquy
16. ven1et, 11t1ttris venlt81
J7. magnu.t m>gnlloquence
18. verbum ,,crbalim
19. vol,o, volut"' voluble
13 pn,IIIAnimo••
20. aninua
21. dorsum endorse
22. llOK, VOcif vooal
23. f•ro vociferou.t
HOW TO CHECK &OC11Dam.bulitt
24. ombulo
YOUR PROGRESS 2-5, .wmnus somnolent
Comprthensivt Test II
fl.-cnor• etymology
ROOT Mt~mo EXAM'PLB
). phgn,in ,ycophant
2.. Yir virago
3. pater. pattts patricide
SESSION 38 4. onym.a synonym
S. homos homonym
6. p/iom, homophone
1. archtln matriarch
1--ctymology
8. mal6r, matrls mairon
l\001' ft,j£AN[NG 6.XAMPLE • 9. catdo (-<14) ..suiddo
J. xrib<>, scrip1us pro,cribe 10. homo bomicido
2. ilt'.quus (eq11-) equlvotaJ 11 . U.X(N uxo.dous
3. malus maliifi J2. marilut mariticidc
4. dico. dichd maledic1ion 13. pyro., pyromania
S. vofo 14. ,,.,,,, ;ubeist
ma1evol,nt
6. facio .tnaJcfactor 15, Yl\."O viviparwi
7, borm.s, b~ne 16. credo ('reduJous
bcne\'olent
8. fida jofidelity 11. pungO PW>B<•'Y
9. don() WW>imouo
condone 18. """' inncpid
10. rrox. not/ls equinox 19. tupido
I 1. equus r questrian 20. sci111illa scintillate
12. libra cquilibrilllll ZI. urbs urbanity
13. tacrtt> taciturn 2Z. rw, r1UU rural. tuStlc
392 • 393
2l. g11QJ/t prognosis 7. is excessively patriotic g. vtrtuoso
24. pan pa nthciim 8. js a loud·moulhe'd woman h. tennagant
25. omnis omni$cient 9. ii. a beginner L matri~h
10. is a dubb1cr j. H:ptomru1iac
111- ·lOme o, opposil•?
V-morc mot<.hing
J. d.isparagc-praiso 0
2. proscribe-prohibit 0 1, does no, know 1,1,:hether a. dipsomaniac
3. placate--irritate 0 or not God t.l.iSU
4. 1aci1urn--talkanive 0 2.. L., a cdminal b. pyromani0:c
5. cog~IJl--brilliant 0 3. i$ a connoisseur of good c. ag.nosdc

-
6.. atheisiio-rcligious 0 food
7. «>nvivial-nnfriendly 0 4. st.1s fires for rcvl'.rlge d. hypochondriac
S. ing~nuous- naiV'C 0 5. rnceu adversity JJr pain e. so-urmtt
9. perspicacious-keen-minded 0 without ffinching
10. imrepid-rearru1 0 6. wollcs in bis sleep t stoic
l l. malign-praise 0 7. is obsessl1;dy addicted g. malcfaetor
12. inatticulate-vcrbal 0 to drink
13. vc-rbose-lacon,c 0 8. has imaginary allmen1s b. somn:1mbo.lht
14. tyt~U0$0 0 9. oompulsivtly seu 6.rcs i. nympb.omani&e
LS. mcgalomanfa-modcsly 0 J0. i.s a woman who is j. inc,,udiruy
l6.,satyriasis- nymphom11nia 0 scxu3lly insatiable
17. clanmophobfa-agt>raphQbia 0
I8. indefat.ipbility-tirelessne:ss 0
19. crtdulou$-Sk:eplical Vl -recoll o word
0
20. a1tiJ:nosity~ostility 0 l. to make \UUleccssilry l . 0 - -- - - -
2. to Oaue, hlhomcly 2 .A
3_ ,.,__ -
_ -_
-_--
_-
IV-matching 3. to spread sJa.nder about
4.
l. is lewd and lustful
4. economical in speech s,,,__ _ _ _ _
~hiUJVinist
3. 5_ trite and hackne}'Cd
2. ca1crs to 1he rich b. sycophant 6. word for word 6 . Y - - - - --
3. is an ~mplishecL c. dilcllantc 7. killing of m.3$$C$ ol people 7. '-'-- - - -
musician 8 . inheritance froro one's father 8. P·-_ _-_
9_p --__ -
_
4. snt¢rs »l uaditions d. iconoclast 9. bolkf in roany gods
5. 1s 1ht nx,lher-rulcr of a e. lecher JO. a person a.gg.rCS$.ivcl)' f1gbri_ng 10. 1,L-- - - -
family tribe, or Mtion. fot acau.,e
6. has an ir,ulStable urge .f. tyro 11. s1nte1e; vo1id; i1'I good faith 11. " - -- - --
to steal 1'-----
395
394
 12. babbling -1...ty •bout 12. 0 11
trivia (od/.) J-lo show, 2-mant male.. 3-.fatbet, 4-namc. S-lhe $1llJ18, 6-solJnd,
13. to speak to oneseli, u In a play 13. 7- to role, 8,..motbet, 9-co kill, tilling, J~rsoo. 11-\ttifc,
H. ma,terpicoo 14. 12- husband, 13-fiuc, 14--0od, IS-10 llv,:., 16-to believe, 11:-40
0 picroe ,harply, 1&-<>oe, 19-to tremble, 20-,.park, 21-cny,
IS. unselmh; not reveoge!ul IS. 22-<owmy ( count,ylido), 23- knowlcdge, 24-oll, 25-all
16. able 10 walk ac,... beina 16. . Your seore: _ __ __
bedrlddeo
17. inability to fall l!lleep 17. lll
18. morbid r.., of heigh!$ 18. 1-0, 2-S, 3-0, 4-0, S-S, 6-0, 7-0, 8-S, 9--S, 10-0, 11- 0,
19. !be tillingofonc'1brother 19. F 12-0, 13-0, 14-0, JS-0, 16-0, 17-0, 18..S, 19-0, 2lhS
20. opposite in m•anlna (od/.) 20. Your~: _ __ __
21. "joy of life• 21. 1
V
-.-- IV
22. tO rob ot life or •igor 22. D 1-c., 2-b, 3-g. ~ , s-i. ~. 7-a. 8- h-, 9-f', JO-<
23, i.ne-~enee. unsophistication 23. N Yout KOH ' - - -- - -
24. ocnapolously carel'ul In !ho 24. p
oblffi'anco ot proper pr<>eedOie V
25, clear, undenllodible (of atylo 2.5. p 1-c, 2--g, 3-c, 4-j, S..J, 6-b, 7-&, 8-d, 9-b, I0-I
oc language,) Yourst'Or'O :,_ __ __
26. ,;;a,ry, c.aotiou-a. watcllful 26.
27, a backward look 27. VI
28. all of ••• mind (od/.) 28. U 1-obYia.te, 2-adulate, '.3-malign. 4-lacontc, 5-banal, 6-verbaliln,
29. U000111PJJ1lnlo1 in laoe of pain, 29. 7-ge.noc:idc, &-pa1rimony, 9-polythcism, 10--mllitant. 1I-bona
misfortune, 0( emotional fide, 12-garrolou•, 13-soliloquiu, I -gown opus, I s-,,,,g.
dillicultico (od/.). nanimous J6-ti.mhulato.ry, 1'7- ln.soro..oia, 18-aerophobia, 19-frat·
30. be.......,, citio, (adj,)
• cicide-, 20-antooymous, 21-Joie CU vjvn, 22,~:!tNitaUte.
30.
2.3-n.aivcti., 24-punctilioo.s., 25--pcrtpieuous., 26-c:ireunupect,
1.7-retrospoct., 28-unanimottS, 2~stoi.cal, jO-ioterutban
KEY: A com:ct answer cowns one point. Score your points fot Vour scort: _ __ __
each part of the test, then add for a total.
You.J total s:corr. - - - - -
I
140 write, 2-<-qual, 3--bad, e,,11, 4-<o say or tell, 540 wish, 640
cl<, 01' mde, 7-good, well, 8-laith, 940 give, 10-a.ighl, I I-horse,
12-h•I•- pound, 13-lo be sOcot, 14-to speak, 15~ooe, Significance of Your Total Scott:
16-«lly, 17--bia, IArge, grea~ 18- word 19-to roll 2o-mind
21..._.1,, 22-voico, 23-to bear or carry, 24-to W1III:, 25-sleep ' 100- 120: Masterly work; you arc ready to move right along.
Y..,t .KOR:: _ _ _ __ 80--- 99: Good -.·ork i this review was userw to you.
" 397
 65- 19: Average work; you·re getting a good deal out of your
f;tudy, but perhaps you ahoutd review thoroughly after PART THREE
each .sessjon.
50- 64: Barely occ:cprnble; work harder.
35- 49: Poor: !Urtber rc~iew j$ suggested be!oreyoa go o n.
0- )4: You can do much better if you really try. FINISHING WITH A FEELING
You might tu.rn back Cot a moment to Chapter 8, in wbic-h yolt OF COMPLETE SUCCESS
rt<."'Orded your score on the first Comprchtnsh'c. Test. Did }'Ou do
better this time? Let's Olilkc a record of both scores ~t this point /~
for the sake o! c:om1>4risoo and to gi,-e you a mark to shoot al in HOW TO TALK ABOUT
lb¢ Cornpreheush·e Test you wilt take in Cliaprer 17.
COMMON PHENOMENA
SC<)lf.S AND OCCURRENCES
Test I (Cbaprer 8): ou t or 120
Te.111 (Cbaprer 13): -----omor 120 (Sessions 39-41)

(End •I Semon 38)

re...sER PREVJEW

Whot word Clp11y describ.s:

• dir~ poi,-urp?
• tmotion expcritnc,d withom d(fm participation?
• somtlhlng which f,w.1 a '1cry shon 1imt>1
• on ino(Jf'nsfre W<>rd for 01t Wtpl,:o.sMr ideal
• llght and l!OfY bamer?
• .somm,rc who 4· cowllk~ In his s1clidUy?
• hornesicl.ness'!
• harsh .sound'!
• a niear.t:Uting animal?
• !Omerhing ktpl ~cret?

• 401

SESSION 39
This world, Robert Louis Slcvcason oOC'e clai.med-wilhi, 1 think,
questionab!e logk- is so full of a oumbc:r of things thal we should
an bo as happy 3i tinp.
1 dwbl vc.ry strongly that happiness comes from the ou1$ide, or
that king, •"' oco=arily lmppy. Bul I will go Lb.is far (and no
further) with Stevenson: the world i, certai.nJy run of a number of
things. For inst.a.nee, poverty and misery, hospiW.b and insane asy-
ilums. and racfal restrictions, cut-down toruti and once (er.
J\IQlS.
1Ue lands becoming: ptogrcssl ..·ely more arid. wu and d¢:ath and
wees and bwnbling diplomats. I know that Stevensoo bad •
dillerent sort or thing in mind, for rom.ruitic poets tend to view the
world lhn;>Ugh roso.Linlod $pedacles, but it is often 11cctssary to
counter ooo Utre:mc. wilh aootber -l!nd l simply wish to set the
record suaigbL
Io chis cb:>pter we are going to di..~1.1$$ a nwnbet of thin~ to be
found in the wofld aod in the miod.i of its inhttbit.aa:ts--pove-rty
and wc-:a1th; secondlutod emotions; the rehlli.vity of tirnei prai~ of
vJrious 50rts; i,nalJ talk and how to indulge in iti animaltt long-
in.gs for the past; sounds; ca1ing habits: and many kinds and oon-
ditions of s«-TCCy.
A5 you see, whea you st.an cxplo.r:Log ideas, as we constantly do
in these chaptm, you never know what will tum up.
IDEAS
1. for 'WOnl of tho 9rcon stvff
111,re are those people who are lorc<d ( olteo through no 18ull
of their own) 10 purs-uc: ao cxilteocc not only devojd of such 1\lXU--
ries as radios, television sets. rookcn bathtubs, electric orai:i,gc- ,
juiQ, .squcctcn, auiomobiles, Jac:mz.is. privnte swimming pools,
402
ek., ~ut l.ackln.g al$o in many of the pure neccS.sitie,: of Jiving-
suftlCicnt (OOd, he,;ted homes, hot wattr, Yermin- 11nd rodent>-free
iurro.undings, decent clothing. etc.
Such peopJc Uvc:
inpa,ury
2. ot least wotch U
AU ?onnal pr.eople want and need rove and at rea~t a mc,dlcum
or excitement In I.heir lives-so .say 1hc psycbologistt. JJ no one
lovcs them, and il they <:'oLO find no ooe oo whom to tav~h their
own Jove, they may OftC'n satisfy their CD)Otional Jon"mg.,; 11(1()
needs by gctcing their feelings secondhand- through rC:ding love
stories. ntteoding mot,lon pictures, watching soap operas, etc
The5C are:
vicatbx,.t fo:Ungs
3. lime i, fleetin~
During the late winier aod early spring of 1948-49, gr<nt num-
b~rl of J>Of!Ple went pniclicaUy berserk jo-inin,g and forming "pyrn-
nud .clubs. Tl )',Ou havo net Rea.rd of this amazing phenomenon, I
';on l attempt U> describe it in any of its muJlifariOU$ namitlca,..
uoas. but Ole main point was that you paid tWo dollars, uealcd
some pcoplt t.o coflee- and doughnuts, and <Shortly thereafter (if
you were gulhb_lc enough to foll for this get-ricb-quJck .'!chcme)
supposed_!)' rc«:1ved a rc-1um of some f'a.otastic amoum hki!! S2.064
for your m••estment
~or o shon time, pyramid dubs we": a r 3 g ~ 1hey had
vanished Crom Lhe American scene.
Anything thal lasts for but a short IJmc ond leaves no trace ls:
rphancml
.t. how not to cot! o sp'.Jde . , ,
Words arc only l)mbol.1 o~ thin.gs-they arc not the thing:.
themselves. (Thh, by the way, lS one of I.be basjc tcJlets or i.cm.nn-
403
tics.) But many people ideotify the .,w4 and tho lhing so clordy «snoo? What's $000?"'
di&! they fear to ..., cerwn word• that symbolizo lhlnp that are '"N'o 1a data! What's J\cw with you?"
unpleasant to lhcm. "What are twin:s?"
I know lbnt this is confuting. so let mo illusuate. "Oby, what are twins?..
Words butna, '° do with death, sex, certain potliont o! the "Womb mates1"'
anatomy, u~.retio~ etc. are avoided by certain peopk. "l took a twip yestecday."'
These people prefer circumlocutions-wards lba.t ..tslt around" "'A twip?"
an idea or that mean or imply $01Dethiog but don't oome rlgbt out "'Yes, 1 toot a twipon a twain!..
and say .. di,oc;tly. These are examples or:
Focnample:
CJlCUM:LOCUTlO."'f badinage
WORD
di« expire; depart this life: pass awayi
leave this vaJc of tears 6 , ...-e"Ylhing b11t give mUk
(intimate) rcla.tio.os; "playing house"; You've ~ a cow contentedly mu:ncbJng its cud, Noth.in.g
..&hacking up" seems ettpab1e of di,tutbi.ng this ani.rual-llocl lhe animal seems to
prostittlU lady of tho evooin$; fill• de Joie; want nothing more out or Jife tbao to le11id a slmplc, vegetable eic-
point,,d woman: Jody of CaJY virluo; istencc.
filU de tulil: s.treetwalker; booker Some people are like a cow~tm, patient, placid, phJegma.tlc
house of ill-!a.m.e; bawdyhoustj vegetable-like. They nn:: '
Jwuse of pro.stirulion
house of ~repute; ba,gniot brothel; bovine•
bordello; ""house.'"; "massage parlor"
buttocks, b~lu'nd derrim; ITaf end; butt; tail 7. oood old day,
breasU bosom; bu,t; curves
toild po"""dcr room~ little girl's rooro; Do )'O~ ~etlmcs experience o. keen, aJmost pbysicaJ. longing
facilities; -washroom; lavatory; bead for associations or places of the past?
Wntn )'OU pass the neighborhood in which you we:a-e bom aod
The left-hand oolumn is the dircc~ non-pussyfooting word. The wh~re you spent your early yeaf"St do )'OU have a sharp, straQgc re.
rigllt-haod column is mad• up of: aehon, almO!it akin to mild nausea?
When you arc a'ilfay from home aod friends and family do
pleasant remen,1bm.nccs c.rowd ln on your mhld to the point where
your present loneliness becomes almotc unbearable and \'OU t •
5. small tall( ally-!eel a liure sick? ' ~ ac u
"'Whenever rm in tbe dnmps, I get a new 1uit." 'This common fccllnJ is called:
"Oh, so that's where, you get them!.. nonalgia
"Lend me a d i ~ want lO phone one of m)' frieads ...
• ltancmbet Ogden Nash's dcl[gtuful dec6n.ido11t
"Here', a quactcr-<all them alL" Tbc cow it ol tbe bovine ilt.
''11>e dootor ..,, 1 """' 1000 in my blood!" One ffld moo. the other tad milk.

•0•
8. sounds lhat 9rofo
Some sound,5 arc so harsh, grating, and discordant tba1 they
offend the car:. 1·bcy Jack all sweetnC~'i. harmony, pleasantness. USING THE WOR OS
Traffic oois~ of a big city, clccironie rock music. dw(k squeaking
on ii blackboard. . • .
Such blaring. car-splitting, or spine-ting.ling rot1nds are called: Con YO\I p1onovn1;ci lhC! wozdi?

arcoplw,ltOUS ] . penury PEN'•Y>-re<

2. -.iiM,lous vi-KAJR'-c:e-.1:;
.3. t'pltem~rul ~ FEM'~r~I
.i. c'upltemiUtt y(X>'.. f:-,.miz-~rn.
$ . hctlinagt BAD'-:,-n:,j
9, toting hobib 6 bmi'ne 80'-vTn'
Lions, rigo~ wol,;c5 and some other mGrum:t1s subsist entirely
0 7. n()nnlgia n..STAL'·i•
on flesh. No spinach, salad grc:ens, whole-wheat c:erca.lJ, sugar. o.r 8. 1..YH:ophom· ko-KOF'-o-D<C
spices-Just good, (ed rueaL 9. tUfltfrmr>U$ bhr•NIV'·•r-:i•
These mammols a.re: JO Nnndo!.\fi11e kl:an.OES'-tln
carnlvorQU:i
Can you wo1~ with the words?

I penury
2. ,·icario,n
•• impenmmcut
b. brmtcr
l 0. p,tvotq ontf public
3 ephemcrol C. homesickness
The-re iirc certain things most or u, do in pl"l'vme, Uk• taking~ 4 euphemism d. mc,u-~ting
ba1.h. Some people lite 10 engage in other actlvilie!l in complete ; badh1,1ge
••r. ha1sh noise
circumloculion
privacy-eating, readiflj. watching TV, slieplllg, for example.
Tho point 1$ th.at, while these activities may be conducted in pri-
.,.
6. 00,·Ulc
no,1111.gia g. poverty
v11cy, there is ncv~r any reason for keeping the in secre1. 8 c:aoophon)' h. secret
Dul there 1ue other 3Ctivities lb.at ace kept not only private, but 9 carnivorou\ i. r1ucid; s10Ud: cowHkc
well-Shrouded ln secrecy aod concealed Crom public. knowtodge. 10. clondcs.1Jne j . secondhand
Tilesc activities ate unethical, illegal, or unsafo--like havin& an
affair with someone. wbosG spouse- is youc best Crle.od, betraying
KEY: 1-J, 2-j, 3- a. 4~. ~-b, 6-i, 7-<, 8-1, 9-d, JO-h
military sce:rets to the- e.t'ICmy. trading in narcotics, bribing pubUc
officials, etc.
Arrungements, activities., or mectio~ that [all uodcr I.his c.ate•
gory are caUed: Do you Ul'lds,stcmd the word,? II)

clande.stin~ I. Do wcallhy p,;oplc norma.Uy tive in NO

406
, penury?
~07
 2. h a vichriou.r thrill one that comes from ves No • (The new words used io this test will be discussed in Jater se.cr,.
direc.t participation? lions of Ibis chr1pler.)
3. Do ephemeral things las( a yery ,hort V.S NO
time? Con you r•co11 the words?
4. Is a euphemism the subs:tilutlon ot an YE!S NO
inoffensive term for another of the ume l.
2.
harsh sound
having a short life
1.~-----
2.
meaning that may sound offcnsi've, 3. p_ _ _ __ _
vuJgar, ()r in.dclicntc? 3. di,. poverty
4, sub.$tiludon of an lndircc1 or 4'.,____ _ _ _
S. Docs badinage ,how lighthearted YES NO
[rivolity? pleasant word or phrase (or a
6. An: bovine people blgh-stroog •nd YES NO posstbly olleo:sive one of the
same imaning
flt:t'VOUS?
7. Docs one get a lcdi"ng of nostalsla £or YES l<O a.,
S. experienced a spectator. ~.v____ _ _
past occurrences and relationships? rather tha.n as a participant
6. acute (eeli.og of homesickness 6. N-_ _ __ _
8. ls cocopho,ry pleasant and musi-cal? YES l<O
7. lil\h~ boll·te>sln& banter 7. .,__ _ _ __
9. Do carnl11orour animals eat meat? Y£S NO
10. ls a dandesline mcctina conducted in Yl!S )(0 8. subsisting so1dy on meat
9. cowlike; stoUd
s. ~ - - - - -
SCc:«'CJ? 9.B•---
10 --_-
. ...__ _ __
l 0• .se,cret; ooncea.led
KEY: 1-no, 2-no, 3-yes, 4--yes, S-yes. 6-oo. 7- yos. 8-no.
9-yc,, 10-ycs KEY: l~aeopho:ny, ~ph<mcral, 3-penwy, 4-ph<mi,m.
5-vicarious., 6-nostalgia, 7-badinnge. 8-carnh'Oroos,
9-bovillc, 30-clandestine

Do yew understand the words? (ll)

1. pcnucy-a.llluence SAM.B OPPOSITB (&d of Su,ion 39)

2. vicarl0u$-a.Clual S.U,fB O'PPOS.fT&
3. ~hemcra~tcrnal $AMI! OPPOStt!
4. eup.hcmism,-IC$5 offensh·e word SA.Me OPPOSITE
S. badinago-light, tea.siog talk BAM• OJ'POSlTE
SFSSION 40'
6. bovin&-high..1rung SAMB OPPOSrTB
7. nos1a{gia-longu,g l\)r !he p,st SAME OPPOSltE
8. cacophony-euphony $Ar,(B OPPOSITI! ORIGINS· ANO RfU\TfO WORDS
9.
10.
camivorou~erbivol'OU$
claodcstino-hiddcn .....
SAM! OPPOSn&
OPPOSITE
l. ,ru,ney, ond wha-t ll wm bi.ry

KEY: 1-0, 2-0, 3-0, 4-S, S-S, 6-0, 7-0, 8- 0, 9-0, 10-S The modern world operate$ largely by mt'ans of ;i price struc-
tu.re-weahh and povtrty art: therefore woi:ds th.at incUcare Lhe
,os -409

possession on the ono hand, or the. Llek. on the other, of mouey.
Penury, ~m LatJo pe.nu.ria, need, needineS$, is dire_ abject. puv--
cny. complete tact ol .6.nancial ,esources. It is one: or the two
sltongest English words there are to denote ttbsence of money.
The a.dj«:tiw form., prnurio,u (l)>NY®r'ooee,,~ or p->N<X>R'
ee~), !iitrangely enough, may mean poVerl)'-stricken. but more
c:onunonly sign.ilia slirrgy, close-{isled, niggardl:y,· so sparing in the
use- of money as to give the oppca.raa,ce o{ penury, _ co now--offtuence is th;it dclightfuJ condition in whith money
Pt nurlous is a synonym of pars.imtmiou.s (pahr'·~Mo'.. nee,.
os). but ls much suooger in lmpUcmic>o. A p'11simonious person is
stingy; n p~nurious P'r.iOn is twice as stingy. Penury, then, is pov...
eny; pctturlousnm is sti.oginess. exceuivc frugaUt)'._, The noun
form of par.1i.nw11iou.s is pa,s;mf>ny (PAHR'...,><016'·nc--e ).
A somewhat milder word than penury for poverty (il you can
lm.1g.i ne a mUd dctrtt of p0\'crty) is indigence (JN'--d~j:ns). ln-
dlge.nt (IN·~~P,nt) people arc oot absolutely penn.iless-they a.ro
simply living in .reduced circumstaoecs, forgoing mruiy creature
com.forts, forced to undergo the type of h ardships that may ac-
company a lacic of suflkicot {und.s.
On the other band, a close synonym of penury, and one of
equal sc.rengtb, is de.srllullon (des'-ltrT®'-sh.m) , DutiJUJe
(DES'-t~tdbt) pe.oplt do not e\ren have the means for mere
subsistc.n~ ~1.1ch. they arc pcfhaps on the \'ctge of stan-atioa..
Ptnll,Y ~o<l d~.Jtitutlon are oot 01cmly stntiteocd cirtum-
stancei-tbey arc downrigbt desperate ciro.urnstaoc~. + s;1ruc agony, that's vic.ariow tormer.t
To turn n°"' to the brighter side of the plcn1re, 1he possession
or money, especially in increasing amoWlls, is expr~'Sed by
affluence (AF'•l®-ons). AQlu••t (AF'•l®-•n•J people, people
of ofllu~11ce, oc th0$e livin.g i.n aflluenl ci.rcuntStancd, ;,il"t more
thaa comrortablei io addition, lhcrc is I.he impUcation I.hat their
wealth is incTCMing. People who live i.n affluence prob~bly own
large and conly bomt.s, run big. new cars, belong to expensive
. ~If or coontry clubs, etc.
A much sttongct tenn is opulenu (OP'-y;i-k1ns), which not
only implies mocb greater wealth than olftu.,nce. bul ln :.ddltion
su,gges.ts lavish upeodilures and ostentatiously luxurious sor·
round.iogs. People of opul~nce own estates; drive llnly outn-
geously expensive and specially equipped can; (Rotls-Roym,
M~rccderBenus, rorsic:.bts, etc.); hlvc a corps of. servants, in•
410
I
cludi.tlg a major-<,10010; beloog Jo golf and yacht and coumry
dubs> etc., e10. Embroider t.he fan,tosy as much as you wish I(>.
Opulent ( OP'•)'> l~nt) UHi)' describe poojllc. surroundtnP-t slylcs
or life, or the like.
A/Jlucnt is a combi11aJion o[ the pceftx ad· , tu, tnw:lrc.l ( cbang• ·
ing to a/~ bdor~ a rool bC'F)nnins with/). plus the Lat,n vc-rb floo,
kC':'ps Oowing to us, n nd rio ono cw,er 1um.s off the spigot. 01her
word$ from lbe same roo,, fluo. to llow. ate ifttid, influence.
c,.mJluu,ce ( a " Oowin1:, 1og,e1he,..J> Pmmf (the wvrds flow
smoothly). c1c.
Opulent is Imm L :itin Q()ttlttHU.t, wcal1hy. No other fal&fisb
\,l,'Ords derive from this root
2. doi~o ond fe~ing
If you "''atcb a furious a1b1<:Hc C\iCnt-, and you gel tited, (bough
the .11hle1cs txpend all the energy- Uw's vk11rious rail.sue,
lf yo\t.r ftitnd 1i,-oes On a bender, and as you watch him absorb •
one drink after another. you beg;» ro feel giddy and stimula1cd.
l113L·s ,·icarious in1oxic..ation.
lf you wmcil a. molher lo tt motion pic1ure or dtrunutic ))lay
suffer horrjbiy at lJ)e dea1h o( her child, and you f!'O through lhe
Ycu can experience an emotion~ lhc-n, in lwo ways: firsthand,
Llmrngb .ac:tunl r artkipa:tion; or vicarioqsiy, by b-cxximmg en,.
~ thcticalJy involved in aoothcr person's feeling$.
Some people, tor example, lead esse.tutally dun and oolorfess
lives. Th.rough their ch.i1drcn. through 1Clding oc auending lhe
tJ1e.ater, bqwevcr, they can experience all tM emotions r~h by
others whose live:~ ,nqve atollg at a lwifi, exciting pace. These
peopte livca1 secondhand; they live viC<!riously.
3. time I, refo:tlve
Elephianu and Lurtles live :,,}most forever~ hum1:m beings Jn the
United Stales have a Jife e>epcct:.rncy fo general of si:uy.eight to
seventy-six. )'CaTJ. ( though lhe gtaduaJ conquest of dis.ease i.s oon·
•
"'
 •
slnndy tengtbcnin; our spa.n)~t dogs live from seven to tco years;
and some insects exist ror only :t few hours or day$.
One such shorHivcd creature is 1he dayOy. which io Greek wiU
~Ued ephemera. Hence anylhi1.1g so short.lived, so uncnduring
that it sc.arcely sc1.:m.s to outl.tst 1hc day. may be en lied ephemer<il.
A S)'Uon_ytn or eplrrtmernl is e,o,re.fcent (c\'·2-N"ES'-aot), fleet-
ing. ~tn-)'ing lot a remarkably short time. vunKhin,. Something
inwngib!t, llke a feeling, may be called tYor,esctnt; i!'s here, and
b(:fore you c;in quite curnprdtcod ir, it's (:Onc-v.inisbed.
The noun is e~·,mewenc'!' (ev'-,-NES'-~s)i the verb ;.. V)
r1•,1mtff~ (ev.,.,.NES'),
E, a11e:.cem is built on the prcfi.c c• (a•), out, the mol vtmt,·m,
1
lo v;~nish, nnd the adjective suffix -tnl.
The sllllh .-r.scc: often. but not atw3ys, means b~glh ,,,, •Ev:em
n1ay mc:in becoming or btglmtirtf io. l11u\;
odoltsCt'nt-bctinoing to grow up;
beginning to become an ~dult
,·,·a,iesce--bcGin to V3.!lish
• convalC!Sce-bc;in to gel well alter illness
purr,~-ce,11-beginoing to rot;
b¢ginning to become putrid
obsol!'SCt'nt-becom.ing obsolete.
4. on e•ploroHon ol various gGOd thi"91
A cupJu:mism is a word t>r expression I.hat has been substitotcd
for another that is lik.rly to offend-it is bu.ill on the Greek prefix
eu... Jood, 1ho root pheme. voice, and the noun suffix -ism. (Etymo,.
logicaUy. '"something said in a &QOd voh.:e!'") Adje~tive: eu-
phemistic (yOb'-fo..MJS'• tik.)
Olhcr Enili$h words constructed from the prefix eth·
1. euphony (YOO'-fa-nec)-good sound; pleas11ot mt or
rhythm (phone, soond)
Adjccti~: ~«phonic ()'«>-FON'-ik) or er,phon.ious ()'Ob-F6'-
nee,.~)
t Latest tlc.ures, 19-78, for 1be Un.ddl St11.1cs: m~tll, 6tUi ycau-: ftma1cs.
, ,... )"tatl;
, 12
2. eulogy (Y©'·b--jce.)--e1.ymoJoglcally, ..go~ sf)(X'(:h"'~ ~
formal speech o( pra,sc, u~ually dcli~rcd a.'I a tune-rat oration..
Logos ln 1h.is tc.tm means word or spud,, as 11 did in vhifolo,:,v
(Chapter 6). Logos more cQmmonJy me.;ius .scimce or smd.v. but
h.as the abcmate. meaning in tmlogy, pl,i/ulogy. mcmo/Qguc. rfin·
logue., epilog,,e (words upon the ocher words, or "aflcr-\\'orcb... ),
aod protogu~ (words before the main purl, ··t>erorc--wocds.,."' or
introduclioo).
Adjt"ctlve: euloglstic (ych-J~JJS'..tlk.); v,wb: tulogiu (Y®-1~
jtz'); pc:rSOn who delh-erS a eu/()gy: eulogist (YOO..J.l•jlsl)
3. euphoria (j®--FAWR'-cw)-good fccHng. a st:nsc of men-,
ta.I buoy:mcy and phys.ic:ial we.JI-being
Adjective: ,uphoric ()'(R)-FAWR'-ik)
4. euthanaJla (yO{)'-th;-NAY'-ih.1)--ctymolog;icall)', "'&ood
death''; method ol p;,Jnless: death infficlcd on people stdfcring
from incurable <lis.t:ases-l'l()( legal at the prc~nl tlme. but ad..
vocated by many people. 'fhc word derives from eu- plus Greek
1ha11alo1, death.
S . e.xplorcition of modes of exp11mion
Badin.ase iJ a holf..tca:iliig, non-malicioos, tdvolous banter, in-
tended to amuse rather than wound. Badinage bas a dose syno-
nym, pasiftage (PUR';~ftalrm'). wWch is• tilde more dcri:dve,
a trlilc more indlc'"1\'t. of oontcmpt ot mockery-but still 1omUy
unm:tl.kjous.
1n hi)¢ with bo.dinag~ aod pe,sif1<1ge. there are four olbu forms
ol eJ<J><CMiou you should be familiar wilh: clichl (kltt-SHAY'J,
~romide (BRO'-mld'), ploti1udc (PLAT'-o-tood), and ar.odyn<
(AN'->-<IJn')_
A cllchl is u pa1ttm or words ..,hk,b was ooce new and £resh,
buc whicll now L$ so old~ wotn. and lhrtadbatc that only bana'-t
unimaginative speaket'S and writtts ever use it, Examples arc: }a.ft
and furious.; wisung heron: by leaps and lx>unds: ccnJpiCJ4ous by
its absence: green wit/a envy: etc. The most devastating cri1jcisn1
you can make of a piece of writing: is to say...It ls full of d.iclilS';
the mos1 pointed insult 10 a penon·s: way o( talking is, .. You speak
mc1;cMs...
•13
 A hrmn/df is any trite, dul1, and probably falh1clous remark weallhy
4. opultn.ru:s
chat .shows Jlttle evidc.:ncc of original thinking, and th~t thetelorc.
5. ephtmera dayOy
<.-Onvinccs a Usttno:r of 1hc lOtal ubseoce or perspicacity on the part
()f the ipcaker.
6. ,,., e.i~ out
1. vaneSCO lo vanish
For Instance, s.oml! (autlous, dull-minded individual might wnrn 8. -,uce begin to
you not to take a c.hlUlCc in these words: " Remember it's beuer to udjccfr.,,e suffiic
be s,1fc than 5orry!0 9. -<rt/
10. ·e~e noun suflu
Your snee.ring response might be: '"Oh, t11at \Jld bromid~!" i l. tU· good
A plo,;1ude is similar to a r:licht or bromidr, in lhat it is a dun, voice
lZ. phf!me
trite, hackneyed, uujmaginath:e pattern ot W4,1rds-but, to 11dd in..
13. -irm ooun suffix.
suit 10 injury (diche), the speaker uses ic with an nir of novel1y- 14. pho,,, sound
&$ if he just made i1 up, and isn'L he. the brilllant fellow!
lS . •;c adjective suffix
An a11od_v11e, in the medjcal sense, is a d.rvg that allays pain
16. ·OUS adjecti'•e suJix
without curing an illness, like aspirin or morphiue. Figur.itively, • 17. logo, word, speech
an a11ody11e is a Statement made 10 all:::iy someone's fe~rs or anxie- 18. ./Z,, Ytrbsu.ff'lA
ties, not bc:He\'ed by the speaker, but intended to be believed by dt,tb.
19. Jhanatol
the lishmer. "Prosperity i:, jost :.round the comer" was a popular
a,ro,,/)11;(l or the 1930s.
20. p1.,,,. broad 0< Oat
21. '111· negatm prefix
A bro,m'dt! i,; also a dru&, formerly used as a scdatil'e. Sedatives 2.2. odtne pain
dull the st-nses-lhe stntcmcn~ labeled a bromide comes from a
speaker of duU wit and ha,; a sedative t?ffect on the listener. The
adjective is br1>midic (br~MlO'-ik). Hin "h.i.s bromidic wuy o(
expressing himself."
USING THE WORDS
l'la1iJ11dB derives Crotn Greek pla1yt. btoad or flat. plu.s the noun
suffix. -1ude. Words lib plartau (ff.at hl:nd), platt!. and plottn·
('10.1 di~cs) 1 and plaJypus (llal loot) aJJ derive from 1he same Can yo1,1 pron<Kll'ICe lhe words? (II
root as platitude~ a flat sunemenr, i.e.~ ot1e that Calls ffat1 dttipite p,-N'YOO'-ce->< or
}, penurious
the speaker'li h.igh hopes for it, The adjective h platiludinou., p>NYOOR'-ct~$-oos or-
2. penuriousness
(plat'-.i-T<X:l-d>na.ci), as in, "Wh&t a plt1titl4dinouJ' remark.~ p~NOOR'.,ee.»n:;,is
Anodyne is a combination of the ocgatiYe prefu: a,1 .. with Greek pahr'.,._MO'-nee•n
3. ~ninwniou.r
odyne, pi.in. A.,rodyneJ, as drugs, lessen pnin; as Slltlemcnts, they PAHR'-s>mO'-oee
4. p(lrSimtJnY
rue mtendcd 10 rcdute or eliminate cmotiOnal pain or anxiety.
5. indiae.nce lN'-drj;)flS
6. indigent [N'-d~j,nl
7. de.stilu.lkm des'-t>-TOO' -sh>n
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
3. dt-stitute DES'•t.>-t®t
9. al]lw,net AP'-1®-,ns
1'8.liFIX, II.OCT, SUPFIX .MJ!A~l'NO liNGLISH WORD
10. affluent AF'•l®-oot
J. p,nuria need, neediness

.,.
l l . opule,u:t OP'•Y,-l>ns
2. od- (a/- ) 10, toward OP'-p-bnt
12. OJl"l<III
3. P•o to flow
• ~,s
Can yc,u prC>ftovnce th• words? (I() Can you wotl: with the: words? {If)
1. 1n1anl'.S(.-e,1t ev'->NES'-ant 1. p11Dirnony 1. lavish lun.ry
2.. ~ane.scence: ev'~NES'·~ns 2. dcstilution b~ p~nless death
3. t"1<unace · tv'-.-NES' 3. opulcoce c. pJeasan1 sound
4 , (UJ}ht:mi\liC y6l>-f.,,MIS'·lik 4. e\'ancsc,eaec d tri1e remark
S. euphony YOO'-f>nee S. euphony e. impem'lanenc:c
6. m,vlwnic yO<>-FON',ik 6. euphoria r. feeling of well-being
1. ~uphonic>us y<R>-FO'-n«->< 7. euthanasia g. stingi,ne.ss
8. ~ulug~ y()()'. J.,j.. 8. platitude h. poveny
9. eul<>sistic y<lb'-lo-JIS'-tik
10. tuloglt:e YO!)'.J ..Jlt'
KEY: 1-g, 2,-h, 3- o, 4-e, S-<; 6-~ 7- b, 8-d
•
Can you pronounce the words? (IIJI
l. ~u,,horia y®-FA WR.' ~c-;, Con you work with the wo,di? (Ill)
2. euphoric y<R>-FAWR'•ik
I. aood~ 1. Ha:bt, tea.sui, banter
3. eu1ho110.Tia y(!J;/-lh,..NAY'-xha
2. bromide b. tijbtfistedoess
4. pen.'iffogtJ, PUR'•S>·Dab7h'
Jdee-SHAY' 3. persifuta,, c. statement inte,nded to allay
5. clicM
anxiety
6. b,o,,,ide BRO'· mld'
4. eulogy d. po,-erty, waot
7, bromidic br6-MID'-ik s. penuriousn...,
8. platitude PLAT', ..tood e. b.igb, fonnal praise
pla(-o-TOO'-d,-n,s
6. indigence f. wealth
9. placitudlnous 7. afflueru:e 8, trite atatcment
JO. ol&OdJtte. AN'+ d1D'

KEY: l-<:. 2,-g, 3-<1, 4-c, Sob, 6-d, 7-1

Con yo1,1 wo,k with lh• words? UJ

J. penurious a. poor; or limited means

2. indigent b. ino!leosivc
Col\ )'OU work wilh tl1• .-ords? UV)
l. affluent e. fta~ trite
4. evan~nt d. feeling tiptop 1. pmimoniow a. begin to V6nish
5, euphemistic e. v.-ealtby 2. destitute b. stin;y, frugal
6, euphonfous (. pleasant in sound 3. opulenl c. hiahly praisina
7. euphoric g. stini)'~ right-fisted 4. vk:a000$ d. ha,;tneycd phrase
8. pJatitudiDOU$ h. fleeting 5. euphooic e. ostentatioosJy wealthy
6. eulogistic f. stilled in express.ion
7. evancsoe g. pleauoi-souoding
8. cul~ h. in want
• ~17
 9. bfQOlidic L seccndhand 3. Do pattnl.$ g.eneia!l)' indulge jo Y6S NO
10. clicb6 j. praise euphemisms in front o( young <:hlldtcn?

K.EY: l--0, 2-b, ~.4--i, S-11, 6-c, 7-a, 8-j, 9-l, lO-d
4. Is poetry gen,erally <J(phonious7
S. Does a sincere eutog.v iodicale one's
Ceding of admiration?
YES
Yl?S ...
NO

6. Is ,:uphor,'a a. ft-cling ol. malaise?

Oo you vndorsta,id the words? (I)

I. ll<> P""'ricu.s people ,atitfy their ... NO

7, Is c1i11hanasia· practiced on animal:i.?
8. Is pa.i;i{iage an indication of
seriousness?
...
YES
YES
"°
NO

""
9. Does a Jibcrlkl use of c/iC'hls show YES NO
e-vagant dtsim? original thinking?
2.. Is penutiousnea the characteristic of a_ yes NO
JO. Is an anodyn~ intended 10 relieve (tars? YtS NO
ml,et'I
3. If you ""'par.rimoniow with prtlse, do Vl!S NO •
yon la•wi it on othen?
4. An, people with extremely low inoome,
forced to Jive a Ule of pa,simo,oyr
.... NO \ KEY· 1-ycs, 2-no, 3-yes. 4-yes, S-yC$, 6-no~ 7- ycs. 8-no,
9-flo, 10-:yes ..

5. Is lndie<n« asign or wealth? YES NO

6. An, inditffll people ofta> wed by state Y6S NO
Do 'fOII 11nder.tond the wotds? 11111
welt.a.re?
l. ls a plalitudt flat and dull?

...
? . Uyoulivein astateofdatitut.ion,do Y6S NO Yts NO
you have all tho m0ney you need? 2. 1f a person uses hromid~s, is be likely to YES NO

-
8. ls a complei,ly desfilule peru,o liktly be an interesting convcrs.ationalist?
to bave to lilfe in warJl?
"" 3. lt }'OU indulce, iu persiflage, arc you
9, Does a pef'50o of afllumce generally NO being fJCClious?
ba,.+e pe.tt,y money worries? 4. Arc the worb of Beethoven considered Yl:S NO
10. Are opulent sunound.ing:,: inditati,·e of YES NO ' e11phonious?
g~, wcslth? 5. Can pArtnl$ rec:eh·c a vicofious thrill
from 1heir children's ttiu.mph,?

!CBY: 1-oo, 2-yes, 3-oo, 4-)-es, 5-oo, 6-yes, 7-oo, 8-yes, 9-oo,
10-y<a
KEY: t-ye..:, 2--oo, )-yes, 4-:,•es, S- ye11

Do you understond the WClrd.1? tu)

Con you ,e-call the wrotds?

J. t:l stalcmcnt~ usually untrue; I. ,.,___ _ _ __

1. Can you engage in -.,icarious exploit, by KO
roadlng spy oovel,? meAnt 10 alleviate fear
2. Docs an e\lCIU:S'Cc:nt feeling remain for a YES NO 2. light banter 2.P·------
3• ...__ _ _ __
C<lOsidttabla time? 3. a ba<:lmeyed phrase
 4. flectitlg,-lasting a Yety S:hccl 4,c-_ _ __ &-destitute. 9--aflluence, JQ--Opulcncc·, 11-vicariouily,
time (ad/.) 12-p;irsimouy or penuriousness, 13-lodigence, 14-desti•
S. Jaudatory--delivertd in roncs 5. c__ __ _ cution, IS-evane:socncc. l!H!Ucphon)', I 7-cuphemittic,
o( formal praise ("dj. ) 18-cttphoria, 19-bromide. 20-platitude, 21-cvanesce,
6._c__ _ __ _ 22-hJdigcn.t., 23-affluect.. 24-<>pulcnt, 25-euphork.
6. process of painlessly pultiog to
death ii victim 0! an incurable
0
26--¢uphollic o.r euphonious, 27-euloi)', 28-bromiclic,
diseaso 2!)-phnimdinous, l0~uJogi;,;c
7. Slingy (adj.) 7. P_ _ __ _
o, p-_ _ _ _ __
8, in wani (ndj,) s.o,_ _ _ __
9.A-._ __ _ (End o/ Se,rion 40)
9. wcahh
10. inuneruc Wc-1.hh 10.
3 I. ad~erb describing the ma.oner 11. 0'----
v_ _ _-_-_
or rtsponding empathetically to
another's aces
12. ,tioglnffi (noun) 12 p_ _ __ __
or p,_ _ __ __
13-14. poveny 13. SESSION 41
14. D · - - - - --
15. impermanence 15. " - -- -- -
16. pleasing soond 16.. "---- --
17 .,__ __ __ ORIGINS AND RelATED WORDS
17. substhutioj inoffe:nsi-vc words
(adj.)
J 8. sense o( we11--bein; 18. " -- - -- 1. 9t:oplc ore the troziest onimak
19. 1ritc remark 19. B - - - - --
20. p _ _ _ __ _ Bovl11e, placid like a cow, stolid, patieD.Lt uncxdtable, is built on
20. banal remark , h~ Latin word for ox ot <ow, bovls, plus the suffix -int, like, slmi·
21. btgin 10 vanish (v) 21.• ."_-_
-- _- -
22. poverty-stricken (adj.) 22 _ _- lar to, or charact-eristic of. To call somcope lx>vbi.e i, of COUl'$C Car
23.A_ _ __ _ !rom c::ompLimcntal")', for thls adjective Is considenbly !llloogcr
23-24. wealthy (1wo adjs.)
24.Q,_ __ __ than pldegmatfc. and implic:t a. certain mild con1cmpt on the pi..tt
of thespcld:er. A bovine person is somewh.a1 like a vegetable: ca.ts
25, feeling tiptop (adj. ) 25,
26.,:.__ _ _ __ and grows and UYes, but upp1nend)' is lacking in any strong !eel·
26. pleasan1 in sound (adj.)
iDW>,
27. formal praJs.e "'
27.
Humans are $0mttimes compared to auimals, as lo the Co!k>w·
28. tri1e (ad/.) in~ adjtcth1es:
28.
29 a.,,
dull (ad/.}
30. to praiS(
29. p._ _ _ __ _
30.,:;...._ _ _ __
J. t,wnine (L!EE'·>nin')-tike a Uon in appearance or temper·
ameo1.
2. ctmine (KA Y'-nln')- 1.ike. a dog. As a noun, the YiOCd iefers
to the species to whic;h dogs belong. Our canine teeth are similar
KEY: 1:-a?odyue, 2...persiflagc, l-<1ic,M, 4-eva.oesceu1, s~ul~
gtsu~ 6- euthanas.ia, 7-parsimoniou:s or pc:nutjous., to those of o. do3.
•20
 understand until you·'ve experienced it-and you have probably
:3. feline (FEE'•Jin'J--catlikc. We may speak of ft/inc grace· ex.perieoce<l h v.hcn,eYet som,~ external stitmllus ha$ crowded your
o r (in~Jlingly) of /tline temperament when we nic:an tbul a per~ rni'nd with sceoes from an earlier day.
$On it ••cauy." You know how JHe often seems much plcaso.nter in retr0spec1?
4, {IOtchrt (PAWR'-sin')-piglike. Your conscious memory tends to store up lbe pleasant ex.pcrie:BCes
S. Vllfpiut (VUL"-pin' )-fodike in oppe:i.ranc-e or tempera· or the past (tltc trauma and unpleuant tx,Pcriences D1ay get
mcnt. When ,1pplied tu p-:bple, this adj«tivc usually indictl.h!S 1ha buried in the unconscious) , and whco )'()U .:ire k>ntly er unhappy
shrewdness o[ a fox. )'Ou may b(-gin to relive these p1easam occurreoccs. It is then lhat
6. 1mi11t: (UR.'-sin')-bearlikc-. you fed lhe emotioJ'1al pain and lonSing that wt call noMalgfa.
The edjc:ctive i, nostalgic {nos-TAL'-jik), as In ..motion pie•
7. lupi,re (Ldcl'-ptn)-wolllik•.
tutes that arc no.ltclgic o( the firlies.'' or as it1 1 " He: fet1s ,ioJtalgic
8. t'qwntt (EE'-kwin')-horselike; "hOrS)'." whenever he p~ses 138\h Succt and ~ the house: in which he
9. piscine (PJS'-ln')-fishllke. grew up."
All the:~ adjecfr,·es come from lhc: corretpondins Lalin wo1ds
for the anmutls; ~ud. uf cou~, e.icl\ adjective al~ dc5cribe(, or 3. Kn,ndingt
refers to, the .spcciflc a.nimnl as wt:U as to the person likened 10 the
Cacophony i, itse:U 8 ha.rsh·soundlng word-fl.nd is the ooly o ne
nnimnl. 1ha1 e.taelly d~nbcs the unm1JSical, gratiog, ur-offcuding noises
I. leo lion you afe Jikely to bear in mun-made suttoundiJlgs: the- New Yor.k
2 . can1s dog subway train~ thundering through tht'ir tunnels (they are abo,
3. /dis cal these. days in die taie 1970s., cye-offc ndin"' tor which we rnlght
4 pvrcus pig ~o.n the teem caco,,Jis, noun, aod ca,eoptie., adjeaiwe), the trftffic
5 . vulpus foJI bedlam of nab hou.rs: in a big dty, a steel miU, an automobile fac-
6. ursus
1. h,pus
8. cquus
9. p;st'i,s
bc:tr
wolf
horse
fish
...
tory, a blast furnace, etc. Adjective: cocopl,01101,s ( ka--KOP+
).
These words are built on the Circck toots lcakos. bad, harsh, or
ugly. ond phone. sound.
The word tor meat rrom a pig- pork~erivCS, obviously, from Pho1re. sound, is round abo io:
P<J"l41, Ursa MtJjor {Ind Ursa Minor, 1hc Oreal /Jcar o.nd the Lit- I. rtfephon~eymo1ogica11y, ..sound from irar''
tle Bra~. tht two conspittlous groups of stars in the nonh.ern sky
2, euphony-pleasant sound
(con!.~ltuous., nt course, only on a clear night), arc so labeled be·
c~use JD form.ado~ they rc-scmbl~ the outlines of bc~:rs. The fe.mi- 3. phonograph-etymologically, "writer of sound"
?mo n:1ml!- Urn,ta l.S, by etymology. "-a little bear," which. pethap~, 4 , u~ophont"-a musjcol lnstrumen, (hence S<W1Jd) invented
is a strange name to butdeo a child whb. The tkin di.sca:sc luput- by Adolphe Sax
was so named bccttm,e it eats folo the Resh, as a wolf mighL 5. x>·lophon.,-n music111 instrument: etymologically, "sounds
through wood" (Grc;k .r)iM, wood)
2. you con'1 go home ogoin 6. pliontlics ( t..~N'ET'-ib)-the science of lbe- sounds o[ lan-
guaiit: the adjective is phondic (f~NET'-ik), tho expert a phon,-
t:Josialsia, buih on No Gree~ roots, nosto1, a return, and afgo1, ricia11 ((O'-n-:>-TlSH'-~n)
pain (as in neuralgia, cardialgia. e1c.), is a feeling you can't ever A23
 1. plw11Jcs...-ffiJ,. 5ei~nce of sound; IU50 the method ot teacbl:og
reading by drilling tho souods of letters and syllables
•. lhe n.sh and all
CarniWJ1ous combi.a.es cttmis, flesh, and \.IOro, to devour. A Cil.r-
,,;.,o,ou.t animal, or carnivore (KAB'R'-n>vawr'). is one whose
main diet is meat.
Voro, to devour, is the oriJjn ot alb.er words re:(erri.ng tO eating
habits:
1. he.,bl\/Orou, (bur-BlV'-'.tr~)-s.ub1isting on grairu., grasses,
and other vegetation, $$ COW'S, deer. hor,sos, etc. The animal is a
h,rbivore (HUR'-b>vawt') . Dctivatioo: Latla herba, bero, plus
voro. to devour
2. omnivorous (om-N[V'-.>r4)-eating everything: meat.
grains, grasses, fish, tllSOCIS, and aoything else digestible. The only
species $0 indiscriminatt. ln their diet a.re humans a-nd rats, plus. of
cow;se., aomo cats a11d dogs that live with people- (in contrast to
felines mid ~,~ooos. tigen, bobcats, wolve-1. etc.- that are
no, domesticated). Omnl¥orous (combining Latin omni$, all, with
w,o, plo.s the adjectjve suffix ..cus) refers not only to food. Ao
omnivorous reader reads everything UI great quantities (that is.
d~ours all kinds of reading matter).
3. vor()CU>w (vaw•RAY'-i:m)-devouring; heoce, greedy or
g)uttooous; may rder either to food or to any other habits. One
may be a yaracious eater. voracious reeder, voraciou.s in one's
pursuit of moocy, pica.sure, etc. Think of. the two aoun forms of
loq111JcioUJ. Can. you write two noun$ derived rrom ,•oracioia1
(I) - - - - - - ~ (2) - - - -- - -
5, "alln-eu"
Latio omnis, au. is the origin of:
I. omn/powu ( om-NJP'~Qllt)-all-powedul, •• ad~vc
usually applied to Ood: also. to any ruler whose governing powtrJ
arc onlim.ited.,. which ellows for sotne exaggeration, as King
Canute the Creal proved to his sycophantic oounien when he or•
424
dered lhe tide to oom.e so rar up the beach a.ad no turther. He got
soaking we.1! (Omnls plus Latin po-1en.t, potenlis, pawerful, as in
potcn1,ue, a powerful ruler, impoltlll ~~p;>-t~t}, ~~·cricss;
pot,mt, powerful; and potential, possessing p()\\'er ol' ability not
yet exercised). can )'OU write the. noon form of omnlporenl!
2. Qmniscient (om-NlSR'-::in1)-al.l~knowing: hence, infinjtely
wi$C. (Omni.t plus sdens, lnoYl;ng.) We bivc discussed thi_s_ adjec-
tive in a previous chapter,~ }'OU will hav-e oo problem wcnmg the
l'IO\ln:
3. omnipresent {ooi'-n:i--PR£Z'..;,nt)-pi:esent in all places at
once. Fear was om.nipresmi in Eu.rope du,i.ng 1939 just before
World Wnr n. A ,-yno.oym of om.nipraent i$ 11.biquJ_to"! ()'~
BLK'·w~bs) from Latin ubique, everywhere:. The 11biqu1rous tee
cream vendo; seems to be everywhere at the same time. tinldU1s
Ul0$0 litde bells, ooec spring. arrives. The ubiqui1ous little ~d
wagon rides tu'0\1Dd 6VU)l"'hud m airports to -refuel dtp;'"mg
planes. "Dbiquitous Jaughtec greeted the-. press secretary s re·
mark.'' i.e., laughter wu heard et1crywhere m the room. Tb~ noun
fo[ms are ubiquity (yGt>-BIX'·w~t.ee) or - - - - - - - -
- -- - (Can Y"" think o! the oJtetnJte !ono?}
4. cmnibuJ (OM'·n>~s)--etym.ologi.eally. "fot au. includini
all" In tho. sbortcoed form bus we have a public vehicle for all
whC> can pa.y; in a John G•J.swonby omnibu.t.Y.'C bav.e a ~ook. C.Oll-
tainins atl of Galsworthy's works; in en ommbus .1~-gislauve btU we
have a bill con,einlng all the miscellaneous pto'Ntons and appw.
prialions left out of otbet bills.
6. f!'tQfe fl$Jh
Note how carnls. tlaht ls the building block" of:
1. ~mel.ian (kah.NlEEL.'-~:11)-a reddish color, the color or
red µ,J/t.
2. ,arniv<I (KAHR'-=val)-odginally the ""':"'" or mcny-
making just before Lent, when people took a last fling before ••Y·
ing "C4rne 'lltlle!" ...Oh fl~sJi, farcwel11,. (Latin vale, f~well,
goodby~). Tode.y a carn;val ),$ o. kind of outdoor c:ntertauu.'l'leo.t
AlS
 •

w1lh game$, rides, side ,bows, and, of course, Jots of food-also REVIEW Of flYMOlOGY
any exuberant or riotous merrym3.k.ing or fcs:tivitics.
3. carMl (KAHR'·n~)-most ofteo round in phrases 11kt
"carnal pleasures•· or "camal appcritts/' and signifying pleasures PRF.HX, R.OOT,
llNOLISl-1 WORD
or appe:dtes ot the flesh rather th3n of ihe- spiri:t-hence, seruu:al, M.'Ffll( MEANlr,l(i

lecherous, la.sdvio"'- lubricious, etc. Tho noun is camailty (bhr• I. •in~ like. similar
NAL'->lce). to, t·hartactctis.tic of
4, carnt¢e (KAl:IR'-n:aj)-en-at destructjon or life (that is, of 2 leo lioo
human /le.lh), as in wuor mass murders. 3. /ells <al
S. reincvuno.li<m (ret'•iu·bhr·NAY'·shxi)-a rebirth or rc:.tp· 4. porc:u.1 p,g
peararu:e. Sc.lievus in. re.ln.ca:rnatfrm roainta.itl that one's soul per. 5. ~,mis dog
sists alter ii bas ffed Lt!c flr..s/1, and even1t1aJ.ly ,eappea,rs i:n the 6. ',!U/ptU fox
body o! a ntwbom in[am or anJmaJ. or io a,nolher form. Same or 7. urntt bci:ir
u.~. :iccordiug to lb.is inte~g philosophy, were once Napoleon. 8. lupu.i "1."0lr
Aleundc-r lbe G-reatJ Cleopatra, etc. The verb is In rrincar,wte 9. rqmrs horse
(tto-in-KAJ.:I.R'•oayt), to brlng (a soul) back in aoocber bodily 10. plscis fish
Conn, I J. nOJIOS a rcwm
6. in<·tJrnate (in-.KAHR.··nat)-in the flesh. J( we use thjs ndjcc- 12. OfgQ.V plliu
13. -IC adjeclivc suffix
tJve 10 call somroue .,_the devil J'1t(.ant'1te, '' we me.:w tha1 here is
14. k(lk(>$ bad, harsh, u~ly
tbe devil i.n the fl~sll. Or wtc may Sl)' Lhat someone is evil htco,-
nau:, thal is, the porsoni.6cation of evil. t,\il im·cstcd whh human tS. phone sound
or bodily Corm.. The. ,,era to f11Cor11atc. ( in-KAHR'-nayt) is lo c.m· 16. xylon wood
bod}\ gi,·e bodily form m, or make rtal. 17. ca.mis llesh
I 8. \!Of(J to deYOUf
19. herba hem
20. omm's all
7, dork .ec,ets 2J. -cu., adjective stlfflx
22. p01ttt.1, pot~,rtis powerlul
Clur,destine comes from Latin clam, secrttJy, and implies se• '23. scie.ru· knO\loing
c.recy or coa«altoenl i.n the working out of a pla-n that is danger- 24. ubiqut! \Wetywhere
ous: or IUegM, ClondMtine. .is a elose sy11oo;m or stnrepti1io1.u 2S. -lry noun somx
(sut'--~~TISH'· .)$), wh.i<:b means >lt'althy, 1neaky, fur:lv4, gener- 26. vole farewell
DIJ)' bccau.~ of [ear of detection. adjeclive suffix
27 • •a/
The two words c.innot alway$., how«n·er, be used interchange- 28. re- again, batk
ably. We may Spt&k of either clandc-.ftlnc or suneptitious n,~tings 29. -ate veri> sufti•
or arrangements; but usually onJy o[ damksri1te plans and only 30. in- in
of 11,rrrptJ'tlorq mo~ments or ac1ions. C-3n you write the noun
form of 1-urr,ptitio1,,? _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __
4!7
A26
31. clam ,eomJ.y
32. •tnl adjective suffix 1. omn;scitnl ODl•NISB'...-;int
33. -cnu DO\Ul Suffix 2. omn.i.sclence om--NISH'-3Ds
3. omnip,aenl om'-no--PR.EZ'-.iot
4. omn:iprtse:nce om' -n>PREZ'4DS
S. ubiqw.itow )'t1t)-.BIK'-~t~
6. ubiquity yc,>-BIK'-w>tcc
USINC lHE WORDS yao-BOC-w>tas·n~s
7, ubiquirou.mm
OM'-n,,bos
8. ·omnibu.s
Con )'QI.I pronOt.UK• the words? (I)
Con you prot104.lnce th• words? UV)
l. leonine LEE".:,.nln'
2. canine KAY'-oln' J, carnelian bhr·NEEL'-)')O
3. felf11e FEE'-ltn.' 2. coma! KAHR'·ool
4. porcint PAWR'-sill' 3. cam,J/ity l<ahr•NAL'· >-t••
S. vu/pint VlJL'..pfn' 4. ct11'1'UJte KAHR'•oaj
6. un,'ne- VR'-sin' S. rtin,;omtulo• ree'·in-kahr-NAY'-shoo
1, lupme UXY-ptn' 6. rtfncam,tlle (v.) ree'-in.-KAHR'--Oa)1
8. equiM El!'-lcW!ll' 7. in<Mff•" (ad/.) in-KAHR'·oot
9. piscine PIS'-Tn' 8. lncomalt (v,) io-KAflll'-nayt
Jo. n<>ru,/gi, 009-TAL1..jik 9.., 1ur1epti1;ocu sur'-~TISH'~s
10. surrcptitiousne.JJ aur'-~11SH' ~ ~

C,on you pronovnc:e lhe word,? (II) Ccft )'OI.I wot\. with tho w«d,? U)
1. cacopltOnOUJ l<>!>OF'-~o.. L doilike
t. leooine
2. phonetics fa-N.£IY4b b, greedy, devouring
2. canine
3. plwntlk: f>-NE'r•ik c. foxlilcc
3. feline
4. pho11t!ttdan ~n-,-TISH'··•m 4. porclfte
d. all•powerfol
S. carnivore KAHR'-n~vawr' e. stealthy, cluddlinc
5. Ylllpin•
6. herbivore IIUll'-bo-vawr' 6. uni,,.e f. !ioolik•
7. herbivorous hur-BIV'-or-.. 7. votacious g, all-knowing
8. omnivorom om-NfV'..~.r..;s 8. osnnipoteot h. bearliu
9. vorodou.s vaw-RAY'-slm 9. onmiscieot L ca~ik•
10. voraciry Vllw-RAS"->tcc- 10. sum.ptiliou.s j. piglik•
11. omnipctenl. o.zn..NIP'...;:,,-1:mt
12. impot~,tt IM'1J"'lont
13, impettntt IM'-p.-t>m KEY: J-1, 2-a, 3-i, 4-j, H, IH>, 7-1>, 8~, 9-g, 10-C:
14. omnlpol~ncc om-NIP'·>tons
•29
•28
 Con you work with the words? (UJ
Can yov worli: with the wotd1? (IV)
1. oosutgic a. harsh...sounding
2. cacophonous J. lupine a. fishlike
b. eating evtrytbln:
3. herbivorous 2. equine b. powedess
e . lewd, lecherous, lnbrkiou,
4. omnivorous 3. piscine C. W0.1flike
d. round e:,·crywhere d. bring back into a new body
5. ubiquhous c. home-sick 4. phonetician
6. carnaJ or form
(. gra.'iS·C&tJng c. OCCortetl«-i or aisteneec_. ev-
7. incarnate g. in the flesh s. lmpo1ent
ery,vbere
6. ubiquity f. horselike
KEY: 1-e, 2-a, 3-1, 4-b, S-d, 6-c, 7-g 1. relncamatc (v,) g. expert io ,pcech sounds
8. incart1ale (v.) h. embody; make real; put into
bodily form

Con yov work wift, tho wotd1? (IUt

KEY: 1-c, 2-f, 3- a, 4--g, S-b, &-e, 7-d, lhh
l. phonelk:s a. universality
2. ¢8.mivorc b. n Color
3. voracily c. in.6nite power Do )'OfJ undcutand the w01d1? UJ
4. omnipotence d. £urtlvtnt6$; stealth; sneak.i- l. A person or leonine appearance looks n.Ull PALS8
n-es:. like a tiger.
S. omniscience e. lccbery, lasctviousne.ss. lu~ 2. Canine habits refers to the habits or. T1lU1' FALS8
bricity dogs.
6. omoiprc:se11ce f. infinite wisdom l . Feline grace meaos catlike grace. TllU-B FALSE
7. omnibus g. scicocc of sperch sounds 4. Porcine appearance means wolffiko TR.llB FALSE
8. carnelian h. sJau~tcr uppca.ran.co.
9. c,mafity i. a collection of a.U lhings S. Yu/pin, cnutinc$s,ncans foxlike nu• FAt..Sl
10. carnage j. i£c-ediness crllfti.ness.
t 1. surreptitiousness k. mcat-e:ner 6. UrsiM means bearlike. Tktlll PA.LSB
12. reitie~mation I, a retum to Life 1D n new body 7. N~talgic lecli.op,oler to a lo"811'tfor TllllE OAXS2
or fol11.l post c,q,erlcoces.
8. CocophOMUJ mosic is- pleasant aod 'D'.Ult PAl..SC

KEY: 1- g, 2-k, 3-j, 4-c, 5-(, 4-o, 7_;, &- b, 9-e, J~h, 11-<I,
12-1
sweeL
9. An elephant js a ,can,iw;u.
JO. Deer are herbivorous.
TRUB
'D',UB

KEY: 1- F, 2-T, 3-'1, 4--F, 5-T, 6-T, 7-T, 8-F, 9-F, t~T
·~
PALS2

•30
 4....._ _ __ __
4. in. a bomdlck m:annct s,v______
Oo you undentand the words? CUJ s. in a greedy, deveucina manner
f . An om.ni'tlOr()u.s reader does very littlo 'tRUf! F,u ..se
reading, KEY: J-clandestincly, 2-sum:ptiliously, 3-<:llcopbon<>Usly, 4-noo-
2, A voracious cal.er is gluttonous. TRUE FALSE talgically. S-voraclOus.ly
3. True omnlPo1ence is Wt.aUainable by TJLUI! FALSE
homan beings.
4. No one is omniscitm. T'k VE FALSE
S. Fear of ccooomic ruin was practieaJJy U-noun,
Tl\UE l'At..sE i.v_ _____
onu1iprek.nt in the early I. grttdfow
nine tetn.-.thirties. '2. unlimited power 2, 0 - -- --
6. When an airplant: lands for rerue1ing. 'TRU'E PAUi! 3. infinite knowledge 3. 0..-- -- - ' -
1be t4biguitous llulc rod ga.soliae wagon 4. a g:nhe-rlng oI all thing., 4.
s. 0
...._-- -- --
_ ___ _
comes rollin& up. $. lechet)'i indulgence in fleshly
7. An au thor's omnibus con1ai:ns Ill his TJIUE f ALSE ple.'.ISUJts
published wri(iog>.
6, ....__ _ _ _ _
6. >lauahter
8. Carnelian is a deep blue color. TRUE PAUi!. 7. stealthiness: sccretiveness 7 . S - - - -- -
9. Carnality is much respected in a 8. <,;__ _ _ __
T~UI PAI.$£ 8. ~arsb gound
purilanicaJ sociely. 9. science or speech 50unds 9. P'-- -- -
10. Tbcre U consfdetablc carnage in war. 'IRUE P,\lSB 10. a return to life in ntwfonn 10,K..---- -
1 J. A si.rreptft/ous glance is me.anc to be TllUI FALSE
con,pjcuous.
12. A pel'Son who i$ evil lntortuut is a TRUI? FA.LS£
KEY: 1- voruetry. '2-omnipotenee. 3--ornniscience. 4-omnibus,
vicious character. 5--camality, 6-camaa,c. 7-surreptitiousoess, 8-cacopbon)',
9- phoneries, l~reincam;i.tion

KEY: 1- f , 2-T, J..T, 4-T, S-T, 6-T, 7-T. 8-F, 9- F, 10-T,

11-F, 12-T
111-adfediv~
L. lionlike I.
2. d~lite 2.C--- - -
3. F_ _ _ __ _
Con yov recall the w1;1rd1?
3. cutlikt
4. cowlikc ~-
s. v•___ ___
5. roxlikc 6. u,_ _____
6. benrlitc
1. homesick 7. N- -- - - -
1-2. secrotly (two fonns) 8.c...._ __ _ _
1.~-
2,._ --
_ _ __--_ 8. gr-11ing in soond
9, incat-c3ring 9,<-- - -- -
3. in a harsh and nol.Sy ma.nnet ), ~ - - - - - - 10. " - - -- --
10. gras~-cating
•32 433
 II, U--- - - ' - ' - 10. to embody, make real, or put 10.
11. all-ta.Ung; jndi$Crlmlnate
12. de.vouringj greedy ) 2. Y -- - - - into bodily foan •
13. in the Bcsh 13. ' - - -- - -
KEY: l-fo.pine, 2.~ulnc. 1-piscioo, 4-phoMtic, 5-phonc:idan,
6-impotcot, 7-ubiquity or ubiquitOU$OdS) 8-omni-
lCEY: 1-konine.. z..cnoioc~ 3-feline. 4-bovine, S-vulpi~ ~r-
s.lae. ?-nostalgic. 8-cacopbooous, 9-caroivotoot, 10-hct- prcseuce, 9-tcioca.mate, 10-irn:arna,e
bivoroos, 11~mn1voro1,1s., 1'2-vo,:aci.ous, 13-incarnate

CHAPTIR REVIEW
rv. mo!e. odicdfvec
l. all-powi,tful L ,..,__ _ _ __ A . Do you recog:n.iu the words?
2. •11-knowlng 2. o,____ _ _
1. t:uer want:
3. present or existiog evccywhe:rq 3. 0 •-- -- - '"--- (a) alliuence. (b) opulence, (e) penury
4 . found everywbot& 4. o,______ ,;_
2. EJtperi~ seooodh•nd:
5. lewd. lascivious, l<cherou• 5. c,._ _ _ __ _ (a) ephemeral, (b) vi~rK>-m,, {c) cvanescem
6. secret 6. " - - - -- -- - 3. I.nnffcnsive circu.mlocutton:
(n) badin•go. (b) pcr>illage, (c) cupltecnlsm
KEY: l-omnipore,n¼ 2-o«nnisciem., 3-<:imnipresent, 4-ubiqui- 4. Home.sick:
(a) nostalg,c, (b) bromide, (e) ciandost,ne
tous, :koma l. (klandestine
s. Me,af.eatioi:
(a) herbivorous, (b) vorac)Qus, (c) c-amivotous
6. Slingy:
(aJ indjgent, (b) parsimonious,. (c) opulent
V. flnof mop-up 7. E.x ttemc finti oci al ncod:
(a) deititution. (b ) 1lffluenct, (c) parslmi.>Ry
1. wotmke
2. ltorsolike
'·'------
2. r - -- -- -
S. .(ire.at and inc:re.ls.ingm:.ahh:
(t'I) penuriotl!)lless, {b> affi1,1cocc:, (c} omnipn-~nce
3. fiJtbllke 3.P·- - - - -
4. reJe.-rriog to speech 50un-ds 4, P · - - -- -- 9. Remaining for :i short time:
(a) euphetn.ishc, (b) CV'Jnestent. ( c ) eulogistic
S. expert in speech sounds 5. P ' - - -- -
6 lO. Sweet--soundjng.:
6. powcrlc.c;5 7, .lf1
_ -_
-- _-
_-_ (a) cuphonictos. {b) cacophonous, (c) cuphonc
7-8.. existence everywhere
or u______ 11 . Prai$0 glowingly:
(a) CYMestt:, (b) cutog.ize, (<::) rclncam:itc
8. U..-- - - - ' -
J2. Sense or phy~c~l well~bcing:
9. to bring back into another 9. "-- -- -- (•) euth•nas,a, (b) eupbOria, (e) pcrsiftago
body or Corm
435
 •
17. U1p1u lupine
13. HaclcJle)'cd expression: equine
1&. t:".quu.s
(a) anodyne, (b) badinalgC, (c) clich6 piscino
19. pisd'$
14. CiUlike: nostalgia
20, fJ0$.IOS
(a) leonine, ( b ) lcline, (c) Cl\nine no~:tafgic
2 1. olgos
ts. Bearlike: cacophonous
(3) rtilplne, (b) onlne, ( c) porcine 22. ka/<os
23. xyJo,1 xylophone
16. All•koowing: camivorou!C
24. ~a,-nis
(a) omnipoLCnt. (b) omniscient, (c) omniprc:scnt omnivorous
25. •·on:)
l 7. Found everywhere: htrbivorous
26 he.rba
(a) ubjquitous, (b) o mnivorous, (c) omnibus omnipotent
27. QIJ?llif
18. Destruction: impotent
28. J,OletfS, pOltllli.f
(a) carnage, (b) c.amality. (e) reincarnation omniscience
29 . .tdent
19. Steollhy: ubiquitOU$
(a) voracious, (b) sur~ptitious, (c) incam.ate
30. 11biq11e
31 . w,I~! carnival
32. dom dandcs1i.ne
KEY: I~, 2-b, ~ 4-a, S-e, &-b, 74, 8-b, 9-b, JO-a. 11-b,
12-b, 13-e, 14-b, 15-b, 16-b, 17-•, ,s... 19-b KEY; t-want., ncodindlS, 2- to Oow, 3-wc1.dthy1 WayOy, S-to
,uni5h, 6-voiec, 7-sound. &-word, s~ch, 9-dco.Lh,
10-<lut, bmad, II-pain, 12-lion. 13-!, 14-jlig, JS-deg,
J6-fox, 11-woU, I8-hone1 19-6sh, 20-a re.tum, 21 ...pai.n,
8 . Con you rct:ogrii-u roott?
22-bad, ha~b, ugJy, 23-wood:1 24-tlC5h. 25-to devour,
ROOT WAN I.NO £X.A),f'Pl,6 26-be,b, 21-all, 28-po,,·crtut. 2~iug, 3<kvuy-
1. pl'.nuria penury whcrc, 31-farell-,:U!, 32-secretly
2. µuo amwu
3. op,dent.us wealthy
4, ephemera ephemeral
s. llan4S'CO cvancsct.nt TEASl'R QUESTIONS FO~ TiiE AMATfUR etYMOlOGl$T
6. plu~me euphemism
1. pJl(me phonetics t. An,erl~n poet William CUllco Bryant wrote a poem in 1811
8. 108')$ eulogy called Tht:ntllOp.ffs. You arc familiar with both roots in the word,
9. thaMlOJ eulhanasia Cn.n you Rgurc our the meaofog? _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
10. platy, platitude, platypus
1 1. Od}Wl anodyne 2. If you wanted to coin a word ror the stud)' or scie:t1ce of
12. ,•• leonine cltatb md dyi1~,:. what would yon conic up with-?
13. /tlls fcllne
14, portus porcine 3. flhr:m<', M you know (rom e.11phemfrm • .means ..,o;,:r. This
ts. conls canmc root. derives Crom a Grtek verb plumai, to $peak. whidl. a1 it miv·
16. vulpus vulpine
'37
436
ded lhto\lgb l..a1Ut, Old F"rcnch, and Middle Engli$b, finany tool::
on the speJUng phth ph«--. ot plra-. And you recall thal the
Greek prefix pro• means btt/ortlu:md or a.head (as in prognosi.s,
prologlle, etc.). Cun you noW' combine elements to (mm a wotd
meaning:
(a) 10 say be-forehand: 10 to.retell (an occurrence before
iL actually h:ippens)? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(b) the fore1clling of such a.n occurrence? _ _ _ _
(c) the person who rore1ells? _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4, can you combine a Latin prefu: and toot to fOtD\ words of
the SQIDC mtaning7
(a) to forc1<ll: - - - - - -- - - - - - -
(b) the oct of forctcl1ins: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
S. An eminent psycboru:utlyst• R.icl1ard Korpc or Connecticut,
bas coi.ncd the term nastop(Jlky (nos-TOP'-~tbec) for an cmo,,
tional disordt.r be diagnosed amons a number of his paticnl! wbo
were rr:tunting veterans of World War IT and of the Kore.in and
Vietnam wars. You know both roc,,t.s in th~ word. Om )'OU figure
out tJ,e m.eanio.g? ____ ___________ _
6. Coin a word that means:
(8) the killing of foxes:
(b) the kilUng o( wolves: _ _ _ _ __ _ __
(c) the lolling of lions~ 11gc:rs, and orher cats: _ __
(d) lhe killing or ben.-s:
7. F"igu.rc out an adjective that rue.ans:
(a) fish<ating.: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
{b) i1lsect--tating: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
8. Hav-e you ever wondcr.:d whether lha C:m:iry lsl:md$ were
named after the Latin root co11ir, dog? They were. Large, 'Wild
dogs i.nnllbiled the ma. Pretty songbirds also aiboundod the.re.
Wh~u werie these birds ea.Utd? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
9. A new \Crb was ootned some yurs ago, based on the La.tin
root P'1ten.s, JH)tenfis. m03ning
(or a drus) u, make m0rt -:ffectlve
438
or po)Jerful; to- auz,nent 1he cDcct of 01101h~r drvg. Can you f1g\lR'
out what thi! \'ecb V.'OUld be'l---- -- - -- - -
(AnN'u.t ltt ChDVlet 18)
GITTING USEO TO NEW WORDS
Refe«nce has been made, io pre-vtou~ chapters., to the intimate
rc:la1ioru.hip betwee..-u rtading and \IOCabulary building. Oood boo.ks:
aod tho beuer mug;nzlnes will not only acquaint )'OU with a hon of
new idie:8$ (and, t.he.refo1':~ new w ~ Sloce evuy word is the
verbalization or ao lclea), but also will help you g:aio 3 more cOin•
p(cte and a ricbtr vndcntanding of the. hunUreds of words you ttre
lcaru1ug through your wt\rk lo this ~k'- ff you h'avc been dojn~ ~
s1.1fficient amount of stin1ula.ling readmg---and that means, at D11DJ--
n1uin. scve.rll1 mapzines a we.ek -and at le.a.st three books or mm-
6ctioo a month-you bnc been meeting, constlll!.lly, o~ and
o,-cr again. tbc new words you have been learning in these p~~-
.E~f)' such tflco"Onter i$ like sccins an old friend in a new place
You kf\0\11 how much better you widustand )'Our friends 'i!,1,c:n
you ba\·e a ch:;ncc to se:.e them. react -to new .situations: $itn03rly,
you wjl) gain a: much deeper uodcrstaoding of I.he lricotls yoo
have bceo makJui amen, words M you 1ec them tn different con-
texts :ind ln difi'~renl pla.ces.
My recommendations in the p~c;t have ba-n of non-fictic,n t:irle.1.
but novels too are r. rich source of additions to your vo,c:abu-
fat)._.provided you $ta)' ak:rt ro the ritw words you will inevit11bly
meet itJ rcadi,ig novels.
·inc natural tetr1ptadGn, -when you encounter a brand•ocw word
in a nO\·CI. ts to i"1oce jt-the line.1 of the plot are perfectly dear
even If many of lbc author'-; words a.re not.
I wii.nt to couo!ld strongly that you resist the. ttmpuuioo to ig-
noro the unfamiliar 'Yl(lrds you may mc::ct in your novel rc&dinJ:
resist it ~ith every ounce of your e-nergy, for only by such resist·
i.nce can you keep buitdint your vocabulary M you read.
Wha, shou.ld you do? Don't rush lo a dictionary, don't bother
undcrlinin~ tht word, don't k«p lont; tisl:S or words. that you will
e\'cntually toot up en massc-these activitiC$ arc likely to boo)~e
A39
paio(ul a.nd you win not conJJoue them Coe any grc&l length of.
time-.
Instead, do something quite simple-and \'cry e.trective..
When you met.t n new word. underline it with a menial peOC'il.
l1H1t is, pause for a s.eoond and :mem_pt to figure out jts meanUlg
Crom its use in the semcnCC or from its etymological root or prefix, - - --Brief Intermission Eight<- - - -
if il contains one you hav~ studied. Make a menti1 note of it, say
ii aloud once or twic~nd then tp oo reading.
That'$ all there is to it. What you ore doing, of course. is
developing tbe samo lypo of D)iJ\d..set toward the new word that
you hove devcloped toward Ibo words you have studied Ill Ibis
HOW TO SPELL A WORD
book. And I.be res.ults, ot oowse, will bo lhe same-you 'Will begin
lO notice the word occuniug again and agaitl in other reading you
do, aad finally, having SC"CO it in a number ol varying CO.Ole.XIS.
you will begin to get enough ot. its conootation and lla.YO:r to come
to a fairly aecu.ra1e underst.anding of its meaning. In this way you
will be dcvelopi11g aJertnes.\ 001 only to the words you ban stud- The spelling of English words is 8lcbaic. it's oonCusl11&, it's ncccJ..
ied to this book, but to all expressive and meaningful words. And lcsd.y complic.ated. and. if you have a sense of bum.or, it's down-
your vocabulary will keep gxowiog. ri&ht comical. rn fact, ony insulting epithet )'04l mJ&hl wish to level
IJuc o/ course 1ha1 ~lit J:apptn only if 101' kf:fp nadlng. aga.ios1 our weird! methods of putting letters together to form
I do not wish to recomiu.end any pa.rlicular novels or novelists, words would probably be Justified-but h's oar spoiling, and we're
since the type of fiction one enjoys is a very persoo.al matter. You stuck wi.rb it.
dou.blless know the kind of ttorY you likc-m_ystery, science How complctcly sluck we are is Ulus-tratcd by a somewhat Judi-
fietioo, spy. adv¢atuff, historiul, politicaJ, romantic, Wcsttm. bi- crous eveot that goes ba¢k to 1906, and lh3t cost philanthropist
ograpbi<ol, one or all of the abo..._ Or you may be enlnulow by Andrew Cru:negie $75,000.
novels of ideas, or sexual prowess, or fantasy, of life in difrereot Wotl:lng under • five-year grant ot funds from Carnegie., ond
segment! ot society from yout" own. No matter. Find the k:-lnd or beaded by tho csle<mcd scholar Bronder Manbews, the Simplified
no...·el or novdjst yqu enjoy by bro,.-s.ing in the publtc librat)' ar Spclling lloan! published in that yeor & number o! recom-
nmong the tbouu.nds or titles in bookstore, that ha.ve a rich a~ ruen.dation-s for brin&ing some Stllall 1emblance of order out or the
sonnient of paperbacks es well a, Jiardbacb. gr.., ob"°' of English spelling. Their suggestions affected a mere
And then recd! Aod. keep on the alert (or new words! You wUI three huodred words out or me halt million then in the language.
find them by 1he hundteds and thousonds. Bear in mind: p,op/t Hecc are a. few examples, to gi,.,e you a general idea:
wi1h rich Yoca.bPlorlu J:ava bttn rtadlng omn,'vorously, vora- srEaLLING TireN CUJUlEN'T SJMPl.lflEO SJ'ELLINO
dou:rly, SJ'nce chl/dhood- inclodi.11g the iogredieots listed in $mall
mediaeval medltval
print on bread wrapport and ccre-1 boxes.
do&J.,., dout
dtbr.,, d~ttor
htad hed
(End of Session 41)
tltoug/t 1l10

AAO
1/Jrough thru
lai,gh la/
1oug}1 tu/
,UJ~
km'/~
1/u:tttrt tJu-atff'
cenl~t
ce.n:.rt:
jontom
pl:anlom
1·1icsc rc\'isions sec.med cmiPCnlly sensible lO 110 lc..;s a per-
sonage 1han lbo lhen President of the Unit-cJ States., 'Thcudore
Roosevelt. So c.lcligblcd was he 'A'llh the new gacb in whk:b lhcse
three hund red words cc,u!d be clothed tbal he immediately or-
de1-ed 1hat all g,o..·eroment documents be printed io 5lfllplifitd
spelling. Aod the rcsulL? Such a bowl w.ol up Jroro the good cltl·
:tens of the republic, from the n:i1ion1 s: edjtors and schoolteachers
Dad bu~incss.men. that l11e issue:; was final ly debated in the halls of
CCIIJ&f~- Almost 10 a man. 1enato.rs and reprosenmtlves stood
opposod ro I.he plan. Teddy .Roosevelt. as )'OU ha~ doubt1c,,J,
he.1.rd, wu a stubborn fellow-but when CongrtSS ilircatendJ to
bold up Lhe White lJouso $UltiC>11ery appropllation unless lbe Prc.s-
klcnt backed down, Teddy rescinded the order. Roosev-elt ran for
re..clcction some time later, aod los:t. That bis attitude tc.\ward
,pclliog contrib uted 10 his defeat ii o! cou,sc higltly doub'lul-
nevcrthe1ess an opposition New Yock newspaper, the day tbe re-
turns wcro in, maliciously co,:u.mcnt.ed on tbc outgeing incWDbcnt
lo a one-word s.impll6td"'5pc:llillg editorial: ""THRUt..
Roosevtll was not U1c first President to be Justifiably outraged
by our ridkuloos orthography. Over o. h\Uldrcd years ago, w:hen
Andrew Jacks.on was twitted On his poor speWng, 'he is suppo~
to have rnadt. this characteristic reply, •wen. sir. it is ::i d:imned
poor mind that cannot tb.i.ok oi more lban one "'ti.>' to spell a
word.I" And according to one apocryphal version, it v;-as J:lcksoo's
odd spelling that pve birlh to t.be eXpres-sion 'fotay.• 1ackson
thougb1. so ~es the ,tory, lb.a~ ..all cottecf" was spelled "ort ko r-
n:ct,'' and he used O.K. as the abbreviation for Lhese words when
he. approved state papers.
Many Jca.rs ago. lho British playwright QeC)rgc Bemnrd Sh.aw
offered a dramatic p roposal (or reducing England'~ tllXes. Just
•42
elimuutte unnocessary lttt..en. from our unwieldy srcUing, he said,
:ind )'Ou'll sriv,: enoug,b money in paper tiOO pdoti.ng ,o cut evcry--
onc.·s tax ra.lt in baJC. M:1ybc It would w rl? but 'i11s never bcM
pul tu lhe tat-onJ th~ wa.y tblogs look now, it never ·will be.
Currcnl practice mo~ J.lld mc,ce. holds $pclling e.x.nctly whe1c. ii is.
bad 1bcrugh it may e,c, h is a lW)c:ntific law ot language I.hat if
t:.nougb people makt a •~mis111kc." the 1'mistf\C8" beeotue'$ accepta-
ble us:.ss;c. 'I'hat l~w applies to protu1nch1t.wn, lo gnurunar1 1() w-e>l'J
mcaningst but not to spelling. Ma1be. lL's bee11use o! our .°!i,;be,.
gouea tailh in, aod worship or, Lho pnnted word-ma)bc ll 5 be-
c:~se written Jangoa.go tends 10 be 51at.ic, wbilc spoken language
oons.ta.ntly changes. Whatever lbc cause, $()Clling today s11~ i-
1
fully n:.sist.s c,·cty lo:gical etforl at reform. 'Engli&h sptllin_g, said
Thotstcin VcbJcn, "saUsfies all the uqulrements ot the ca.(H)ns or
reputability under the law of c:on1picUC)U$ w~lt;, 1t is ~cb~t7,
c111nbrous. and indJccti..,c." Perfectly uue. Notwithsmndmg. II s
bero to stay.
y 0-ur mQ$l en.1dite lricnd doubtless misspclk the name of the
Hawoil<m gwtar. I ruk«I ball • dmon mC1Ubers of the !!uglis~ dc-
pacupent o! a large college to s:_pell the v.·01:d-witbout cxooptio_n
they responded \\i tb ukeltte. Yet the only accepted fQm\ is
uk.ulele.
Judging from my ex.peric.occ with (JI)' ctasse, at ~ io Hondo Co~-
lcge.. ball the population o[ the country ll111St think tbe word 1.s
spelled alrlsht. Se..,enty-fivc: per <:ent of the m~mbers o( ~y chu.~es
eau't spell e.rnbarras.sing or C(}Olly. People Will go on m,~spel1in~
these four words, bill the authorittd spellings will remaln 1mper,·1-
ous lO change.
Well. you ~ the one about Mohammed and the mountain.
T hough ifs true that we ha"-e rnodemited spellio.g to a micro-
scopic o.,:tent in the]8$t eighty yea.ts (rravcltr. cemcr, thca.icr, me-
ditval, labor. and lto11or, for exainplc, have pretty o.,uch rcplaocd
trave/lu, centre, theatre, medit>eval, tabQur, a:ad llonouf), still the
resistance to cb,mgc ha, oot observt\bly weakened. lf_ spdllng
won·, clul.:nge.., ttS it probnb1y won't. lbose of us who cooi.1der our-
selves poor spelle:n will have to, We.1l ju.st have. to tet up 3nd go
lo 1be mowuain.
ls ii La.I'd .o bc.ie:ome a good spellct'l l have demonslJ'Dtcd ovt-r
and o,•cr again in my clas~s tha1 anyone of o.om)DI intelli~nce
«3
nnd nverAge educntional background co.n become a good speller io 7. cede, precede, AU other \\-ords-wlth a similar«Janc:S.
recede, tlC. ing final ,yll•blo end in -cd,.
very linlc time.
What makes tho-tusk so ca-;y'? 8. proceducc. Ooe o( the double e's of proceed
Fin;t-invest.igalioos have proved tb&l 95 per ccn1 or the moves to Lhe end in the no\Ln form.
spelling t'.rrun. that educated people mate occur in jui.t o ne b un- procedure.
d.l't"d wotd:-:. N\Jt only do we all mis-spell lhc same words-but we !). suHione,y This is the word 1bat mean$ pa.per,
mis.spell them l11 ubout the same WIJY and oolice the-er in papa.
Second-correct :.pelJing relics- exclusively on memory, and the IO. stationary ln thls spelling,, the words means
most effective way to train memory k by mcons or associ:uio n or, st:mding, and notice the -a in swnd.
tc> o~c the: 1ecbnicaJ 1erm. mnemonics. 11. rcoommend C011J1TU11d. whlch we aU spell
rt you fancy yourselr an imperfect or even a terrible speUer. th.e correctly, plus the prefix re-.
chtinccs aro wry great thul you"ve deve.Joped a complex solely be-
Cluse you misspell some or all of the buodrcd wQt~ Wilh which 12, ...pnn11e
Loo~ for • "" io bolh words.
this lntcrmission deals. When you have conquered this single: list, 13. companuive
and ( shall immediately proceed to dcmonstrme bow easy it is., by 14. ecslasy to .!'JI (sigh) wilb ecstasy
meaos or mncmon1~. to do so, 95 per cent of }'Our ~cUing IS. :ma-lyte 'Jhe only LWO nor:Hecbnical words in
difflc:ulties w:ill in all likellh.ood vanish. 16. paralyu lhe whole langu,,ge cndwg ill -yie.
Let us start with twenty-five word$ [t'om the Ust. In the Oest col- 17. r,:pc:lition First four leuers identical witb those.
umn you will fwd 1he correct spelling of each, and in the second in the allied form rt1XO'·
colllmn the simple mnemonic·that will forc,·crmorc fix that correct J 8. irrilable Thint: or allied forms irritate and
$pelling jo your memory. 19. lnimiu,blo imliaJ~.
20. absence Tlunk o! LIie allied rormob,w, aad
you will 001 be lempttd I<> mi"'P"ll
C:OU~T SPELLl?-G MNEMONIC it absc,nu.
l . all risJ>l Two words. oo matter wbat it n,i=on~. 21. supcri.oteodent The sup;.rlDtendtnl in an apartmnlt
Kttp in miod W t it's the opposite of house collects the ,cm-thus you
all wrong. avoid superintendant.
2. coolly Of coul:'$e )'OU cao spell coo/~ in,pty 22. consc:ieoco. Scwice plus prefix ,;o,1 ...
odd LIie adverbial cndiog-ly. 23. anoint Tbink at an ointmtnt, hence no
3. supersede Tids ts the only word in tbe langu;igc doubt. n.
e~dingin ~sede (the only one, mind 24. ridiculous Think of Ille allitd form ridicult.
you~herc i.$n't a single 01bcr one so wrucb we·usually spell correclly, d111s
,pelltd). avoid.tug rtdic:ulous.
4 . succccd The only th.rec words lo the entire 25. despair Again, think of another form-
5. proce«i language ending in -ceed. When you de,perale-,md $0 avoid di.,palr.
6. exceed think or 1be th.rte words in the order
given here, tho initial letters form the Whether or not you hBYe mucb faith in: your spelling abi.lj_ty,
beginning of SPEED. JO• will oeed ffl'J UUI• time lO conquer lhe preceding 1wcniy-6ve
••s
demons. Spend 3 few minutes, now.. on c.1cli or tho\6 words in the accustomed task while )'Ollr mind is far away. Aud if you bope to
list thot )~·re doub1ful of, ruid Ulen test )'Our, uci:css by mctins of )earn to spell by lllllug pagc5 wilh a y,,ord, stop wasting your time.
the cxe~ below. Pcrha~ lO ~our astonishment. }'OU "ill find it All you'll get for yotJr uouble is wrirer's cramp.
ea!iy 10 mnl:c n high :.con;, The only way lt> learn to ~pe.tt tho.Jr W(.)"dt tha1 now vtague 1ou
Is ltJ devise a mnem<>nlc for each Otte.
1f you arc oc••er ,qui1c sure whether it"s lndi.sp~mible or i11dls-
A fe1J of YOIN loorning pen.sabl~. you ~n spell it out one hundred, one Lho~li,a.nd, or one
million times-.lad 1he'neX1 lime you have: occa:sion t\l v.1i1e it In
lnst_~liom: Arter stodying i.tte rreceding list <>r words. fill Jn a seutetaet, you'll still v,vndcr wh.:ther to end ii with -,bk ot -nhlt,
the nussJnJ lettc::rs correctly. But if you ~y 10 yo1.1rself Just onr:t 01.at obit! people nee geoen,tl)•
I. a_ _ _righ1 14 eC>I y ir:disptnsahle. I.hat thought WJII come 10 you when1?ver you need
2. coo___y IS. a.n:i,~---' to spell lhe word; in a tcw 5CCOnds you"ve conquered another
3. super_ __ 16. para,~_ _., spelling de1non. By engineering your O'.\n mnemollic 1hrough a
4, SU«:.___ 17. TtJ)>---.cfitu:m study ol the arc.hitoc1ure of a troubk:some "-"Ottl, )'OU will become
s. pro~---- 18. IJri ble so quickly tlnd comple~ely ln,•olvcd wii.h I.he corroct speUing or
6. c,,,___ 1.9. inimi~--bl• tluu ¥,·ord that it wiU be impossible for you ~ver to be $1tJmpcd
7. P'"--- 20. ab___cnce
ll(!>in.
8. pt('I(' d•Jrc 21. superintend nt Let us &tan at once. Below )'OU will find anot.he-r tY.~llt)·-five
9. stali0-n1-___ry (paper) 22. con~--ncc "'Otds from the li$t of one hundred demons. each offerc.tl to )<1U i.n
J-0. stati-:,n ry (still) 23. a olrit both the corrt<:l fonn and in the popular misspelling. Go through
11. scp>---nitc: 24. r_ _ _diculous tho tC)t quickly, ch«kiug off wh111 }'OU consider a pro1,er choice i.n
J2. compar___,,vc 25_ ~--~pair each case. In that way )OU will discover which or the twenty-five
13. r·<----"---end you would oo likely to ;ct c•us)11 on ofhcn devise a personal
mn.emooic lot each wotd you Ounkcd, wrili.og your i:0t,."Cnlous: re-
Mete l'epetiti.ous drill is of no value in learning to spell n word
sult out in the-margin or the page. And don't be al~d .if some
OO~tly. You\·e probJ.bly heard the one about the younvter who
of your mnemonics tum out kind of sill)'-lhc: sillier they ;1r-e
was -.ept •her .school because b:o. was ln the habit of using the
the more likely YO\ll ate lo recall them la an emcrgeucy. Ono ol my
ungrammatic~J expressiol\ ..J have went." Miss X w3s going to
pupils, who could not remember how m1!1Y rs to put into tran-
cure tier po.pd, even if it rcqwrcd drastic measures. So she ordered quiUIC)• ( or is. it trm,q11ilityt), shifted bh mind lftlo high gear :)ml
him to write u1 h:i.ve gono" one thousand times. "Just leaoJe yout came up with I.his: "In the old days life was more tranquil than
work. on my desk before you go home. .. she said, "and ru find it
1oday, and people wro1e with quJll.r instel\d of fouruain pens.
whco I com~ in 1om<>rrow m.orninQ... Well, there were twenty ~o,cc-tranqi4illityf' Another pupil, a gid who always chewed
pages o( neat script on her desk ne.iu morning. ooc tbous:md lines
bcr nails over irresistible betore. she «:iuld decide whether lo ~od
or "l h:.we gone's;' and on the last sheet was a note from the
it Wit!\ -ilm or -<Jble, soddenly roalizOd thal • cxrlllin brand of
ch.iJd. "'Dear Tc:ac;:hcr," it read, •[ have done the wor.k and 1 hnvc
lip.ttrck wns called irrtsi.stiblr. I.he point being of courSO- tlu!L the
went home," If tbis dido't actually happen, it logically could have, only vowtl in Up.stick is i-beoce, -iblel Silly, aren't they? Bul
(or in any drill, if lhe milid is no1 .ie1h•eJy engaged, no learning
they work. Go ahead to the tesl now; aod sec. how c)c.,'Cl'~
~'1,11 rec.ult. lf )<>u dri~ scar. or sei.v, or do any rumWcu and rtpc-
httou.s manual work, )'OU know .bow your hands can carry on an &illy-yuu can be.
..,
 pie think they're awi'ul spellers, and have ci>mpktdy lost faith in
lhcit abill1y, solely because they gel befuddled o.., no more tlum
SPEU.ING TEST two doicn or so common words that they U$C over and over .again
and always ,wsspell. Every olher word they spell pedcctly, but
l. a. supprise b. surprise lhcy still tbml: shey'rc pri,e boobs in spelling until th,.,- ,cl(-
2. a. inoculate b. inooouJatc confidence is restored. So if you're begianin, 10 ,a_in more &$.Sur·
3. a. definitely b. defuiatcly anei:. you're on tho right t.raek. The conquest of che one .hundred
4. a. privUedge b. privilege common word, most (tequeotl)' misspcUed Is oot going to assure
S. a. inclclt11tly b. incidentally yOu that you wiU always come out top in.an ia a Spelling bee, but
6. a. preclictiblc b, pred;cublc it"s ccnain to dean up your writing and bolster your ego.
7. a. dissipate b. d.isippate So lar you haw worked wilh fifcy ol tbe ooe hundred spelluig
8. a. descrimin.atc b. discrimirulte de.moos. Here~ now, is &he remainder of the ti:sL Te&t yourself, or
9. a. description b. discriptioo. have someone who cao keep a S.CCNt test you, and diseovu which
JO, a. baloon b. boll<)on ones arc your W.eterloo, Study each ot1e yo11 miss as it it were a
I t. u. occurenoo b. occucrcnco problem in cngi.o.eering. Observe bow iL's pvt together and de-vise
12. a. uucly b. 1nlly wha&ever association pattern wiU fu the torrect foc.m io your
13. a. .u-guement b. a.rgurncnt mlnd.
14, a, assistant b. aslssr.ant Happy spcllingl
15 • •. gmnuncr b. gram.mar
16. a . par.Uc! b. poralcll
17. a. drunkeness b. drunkenness
18. a. Sl>ddeness b. suddenness SPRUNG DEMONS
19: a. embarusment b. embarra.-»rocnt
20. a. weird b. wicrd The,c fifty words compl<te the llit of - hundred words d!a1
21. a. pronoonci.ation b. pronunciation most frequently ,tump !he uiCJ<pert speUen:
22. o.. noticeable b. ootieablc
2i. a. developcment b. development I. embnm.ssing 14. dilemma
24. a. vicious b. viscious 2. judgment I 5. per$CVCfflOCt:-
25. a. insistent b. iBslSlant 3. indispensable 16. until (bu1 till)
4. d ;,appear 17. 1yronnl2.e
s' cfuappoint 18. vac:illete
KEY: J- b, 2-a, 3-a, 4--0, 5-b, 6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a. IO-b, 11- b, 6. corrobor.i.te 19. oscillate
12-b, 13-b, 14-a, JS-b, IH, 17-b, 18-b, 19-b, 20-a, 7. sacrilegious 20. acoommod.atc
21-b, 22-;s, 23-b, 24-a, 2S-. 8. tranquillicy 21. dilet1an1e
9. exhilaration 22. chong.. ble
JO. newsstand 23. accessible
By now you•rc wc.U on lhe way IO"Ward devtloping • definite SU· 11. license 24. forty
perio.rity oomplc,: nbout yoor spe:Uing-wh.ich isn't a half-bad 12. irmlsllble 2S. desirable
lblng. for I've 1c&med, working with rny sludenls., that many peo-
,;e
.. 13, per$istent 26. panicky
7,7. seize 19. vaC\'lum
28, leiture. 40. benefited
41. committec-
29. J;tetivc
42. g_rievous
30. nchi<>vt
43. constjous
31. holiday
44. plebeian
15
32. exbtence
33. punu•
4S. u,ril1
34. pastllno 46. sheriff
41. connois.~ur
3 S, posStSSC$
48, ncces.sary
HOW TO TALK
36. professor
31. category 49. sefiean:l ABOUT WHAT GOES ON
38• .rbythmi<ol
so. DW$pelling
• (Sessions 42-44)

TEASE!t PREVIEW

Wbot verb, er,,dlng in -ate, mc<ins1

• totxhat,,st?
• to scold se~rdy?
• ro d,.ny ontse.l/1
• to repeat tire main polmsl
• to b~ f1 victim of mental or lntelltttual Sft;gMtion'!
• tq pret~nd?
• to him'?
• UJ mah· (someth(ng) easier to bt!4r1
• to show sympathy'!
• 10 wa~·e-r indecisive/yr

;51
;50

SESSION 42
WORDS .l1'e symbols of id,os-u.ncl we have been learning
di~iog, Hd wor.king wilh words as they revolve orovnd ccrtai~
basic concepts.
. .Starting :,111'th an.•'dea (personality types, doctors, occup:uk>lls,
sc11:nce, lymg, 8Ch0OS. speech, insults, compliments, elc.). we
have explored the meanln~ tnd vses of ten baJ:ic words· then
v.oiking .~om each weed. we have wandered off. toward an}' idea;
and add1uonaJ words that a basic word might su"tst or toward
any oth~r words built ou the same Latin ot Greek roots~
By_lbis natural and logical method. you, have been able 10 mnkc
nleomngful and lasting contact with fifty to a hundred or more
wo~s In ~ch chapter. And you ha"e disoovered, l t.blnk, that
while O'\·e isolated words may be diflicult to foam in one da fiJty
I? a hundred or m0tc rtlaJed words are easy to learn in a
SlOns.
,J:,
S(s,,
In lb!., session we It.am words I.hat 1eu what's going on, whu1•5
l1appenmg, wha1 pcq>Je do lO c:icb other or co lh.emselvcs or
what other:s do to 1Jiam.
IOcAS
1. complete •:.1110111-tion
. You ha,•e stayed up oJI ni&Jlt. And what were you doing? Play.
~g ~oker, a very pteasa.ot way of whiling away time? No. Er.gag..
mg. i.n some cre~tive a_ctivity, like Mi.ting a $hart , tory., planning ...
~htlcel campaign, discussing fascinating questions with friends?
..o.
1!e e~ples l ha"c offertd are exciting or stimulating- as
fS! olog,.sts bnYe diSCOvc.re(i, it is- not work: or ttfort that C3USC~
auguo, but bof((lom, lrustration. or a similar feeling.
'51
"
You have stayed up all night with a very sick bU$band, wife,
cMld, or dear iricnd. And despite aU your ministrations, the JXl•
ticnt is sinking. You can see how this loo; viglt contains all tho cl-
ement$ of hus-tration tb:n contribute to m cnU1I> pbys~al, 1rnd
nervous fatigue.
And SO()'OU are bushed-but comrlctdy bushed. Your exh::ius,.
tion is mc-0lal, it is physiol()gical, it is cn'lotionol.
What verb expresses the c0ect ol tho night's fMtrations on
you?
2. tongue,lcstling
You suddenly .sec the Bashing red li£hl as you glance in your
rear-view mirror. ll's the middle of the night., yet the police OMher
is dear as day-and thco you bear the low growl o( the siren. So
you pull ovec, knowing you were speeding along at 70 on the SS--
mjJ~hour-limi:t freeway-after all~ lhere we., not another car io
sight on the dcs.erted stretch o[ road }-OU wfrc tr1wellng,
The cop is plcas.aoi. c;oucteous, sm.ilina; merely asks for your
drh•er's ticei1Se end n:gisttation; even says ..Please."
Feeli.tlg guilty and stupid, you become irritated.. So wh.tt do you
do?
You lash •out at the officer with an the ver"oot vitupcradon
v,-e\ling up in you from your self.anger. You scold him harshly for
not ,pending his ti.me looking ror violent cri.mi.n.als it1stead of h•r-
assing innocent motorists: you call into question bis honesty, hi-,
ambition. his raimw, even his ancestry. To no av:ill, or course-
you stare at the traffic ticket morosely as the po1ice cruiser pulls
away•
\I/ha£ vetb de:scnbes how you reacccd-?
,o ccrsrl,:ate
3. oltruisllc:
PhylH$ js selftess and $tJf..sacrificing. Her husband's needs and
desires corue. finl.-Ol'CR when they con8ict. with her own. Clothes
fot her two daughterS are her inaio conccm~eo U she has to
'53
 wear a S¢Ven~)-«1r-old co:it :md oocmodctl drCl>S<:S so Lbnt Paula
.tltd EvelJn c.1n look sin~n and I.rim. At ,he dinner Wble1 she
haaps eve1yone·s plal~whi1c she hcrsel.l. often goes v.-ithotU.
,o
Ph)11liS wilJ deny herself, wtll scrimp and save-all the end th::it
she mny o!fer her hu ·b.1nd find c:hildrc:n the ha.uries that her 1ow
self-esteem docs not pc11nlt her to gh,o her.seJL
Wlmt \'erb expre..~ts whru llhyllis docs.?
A. repetition
Yot1 ha.,•e dclivettd a loni, compJjcared lccmre 10 your class,
and now, lo ma.Ice soro tha1 they "'ill teme.mbt-r the lm_portunt
poims, you restate the t.ey ldeQs, trie m.ain thoughts. You offer, in
shon, a le.ind o( brief summruy, step by ,tcp, om..hting all exuane-
om dt:ttiJs.
What verb best de,5crjbe$.. \\•hat you do?
10 rt.-capiruJat~
S. no ioto de vivre
Per.haps. you wake up some glcximy Monday morning (why is i1
tbat Monday ;,. alway, tho wom day of lhc ~ ) and oolin 10
think ot I.he waste ol. the last five )t:ars. lnteUeetuaUy, lherc has
been no progress-you-..•e re.ad scarcely halt a dozen boola.
haven't made one new, exciting friend, haven't ht1d a st11rtling or
un~ual Lhouatn. Economically, thing.-. are no- bcttcr-.samo old
debts lO mce1J .same old hundred doUacs in the- bank. sime oltl
job. same old routine of the eight-10--he workda~ the tuna !ish
or chlckeo 1alad sandwich for lurtch, the same dreary ride home.
What 3 life! No change, nothing but routine. Mmene.ss, moootony
-and for what? (By oow )'Ou'd better get up-this type o[ think-
ing never lfn<ls anywhere, 3$ you·ve tong &ince learned.)
What w:rb d~ribes bow you think you live?
6. pretense
Yo1,,1r 11cighbor, Mrs. Brown, pops in without invitation to td1
\·ou of her bt¢i-C troubJcs \rith (a) her thernpis~ (b) hc:1'
hairdr~~er, (c) her hu$.band, (d) her c:hildre,~, .and/or (cJ her
g)nccnlogb,t
Since fl0<c11ce Brn,m is dt11f to the point of ennui, and ,IU}'Wol)'
\'OU hO\'t. :i <f,t:;~k pHcd.bigh. with work you \\'Cte-pfan,Ung to light
imo Y(lV tin<l it difficult to ®nctnthrte on '\\'bat she. i$ saying.
f·f o~~er, yuu do not wi,h to offend her by sending her f''Ald:ing.
or c,,C'n by appearing to be unintcr&ted, ~ you pretend rnpt nl-
tcnlion, nodding Y,i~ly .it what you hope nre the ri{.'ht places.
Whal vnb dd::rihes dtis fi:iga.i.ng of loter~t?
to sim,,l:1.lc
7. &light h.inl, nc;> more
You ore an author ~tnd are discus5ing wilb your editor tlic pos-
sible. avenues of publicity '1td 00:vcn,,.in& for )OUr uew boot. At
one poi.nl in 1hc 0011versatio11 the editor m;ikcs several s.1atc~111~
wbkh nuW,1 - -or miglu no~bc con.."trued 10 mc~n 1hat the oom•
pany ;,. going lO promote the OOOk heavily. For example, •~If v.e
put s<.1me ~ mnncy behind thls, we mfgtu sell a few copies,.. or
'I wonder ,r it ""·ould be u &QOO idea to get you on I r1.:w talk
shnws ..... No uocq_unocal con1111itmcnts. oo clear-cue ptomi~s.
only lhc r.light and oblique mention of pOs!.ibiliiics.
What "'erh expresses v.hat the editor i'li doing?
10 itul""'te
8. ••lpM
As.piriu doesn'L c-u10- MY discnM!S;. Yet this popular ond ioe,; ...
pcosive drug is universally u5¢CI \Q lighten a"? relieve Y~rlous UJi-
pleasaot symptoms or disea•c:~ iachcli and p1HflSi fever> mllammit-
hons. etc.
\\ihat verb expres~ I.be action of t1spirio?
10 ollfflat~
ASS
 The peodulwn swiop bocli: end forth-you eanno1 make up
your mind.and stick to it. {You tan to realize tha.t )'Out .lndccislon
9. when the bell toll, provc.s that you don't want to marry either one, or perhaps don't
John Donne', llaes (made famous by Emtst Hemingway): "11-am to f;ivc either one up, or possibly do.n·t even want to get mlr-
cied.) first it's John. then it's George, then \)ac.k to- John'* then
No man is an Iland, iniire of ir selft~· e"P''1"1 m4" is a pt«e George ag.,lll. Which is ii, which is lJ?
of the Continent. a p<irt oJ 1M maine; if a Clod bte wrulrtd What verb describes your pondulum-lila> indecision?
('l'Wa)' by the Sea, Europe is lhe last, as we!I as if a Promon- u, vacillat,
locie were, as well as If a hiiannor of dry frie:ocb or of thine
owne were: any man3 death diminish~s me, be.cous, I am ln-
volwd in Mankind<; A1'<1 t114re/ort ""'" stnd u, tnow /qr
whom th• bell to/I.r; 11 toll, for thee.
are truer lb.an you. may think:; any peswn who views anothers
pain With complete detachment or lodlftcrcnce is shutting oft im- USING 11iE WORDS
po!Wlr feelings.
When people h:ifs ,uffered a bereavement (as tbrougb den1h); Con yo1,1 ptonounce rt,,. words-?
when lhey have been wounded by life or by fricndsi then is the
time thoy m~t .need to feel that they a:ro not 1to.ne1 that yoo share J. c,~t~ EN'.., •.,,yt'
their mjjcry " 'ith them eve.n if you cannot dlttctly alleviate tbdr 2. costl8'1U KAS'•l>&aJI'
sorrow. Your sympathy aod compassion are, o( cowse. alleviation 3. scl/-4bnegatt scll·A8'-n.-gayt'
enough. 4. recopitul11.1e -"-to-PlCB'...layt'
Whot vtrb signifies tltls vicarloU.$ tbacing of sorrow with some- S. \lctg•tau VB!'...blyt'
ooe who di1'Ct(y suffers? 6. simulate SIM'-~1ayt'
7. inlimate IN'·••may(
8. alleviaJ• ...LEE'-vee--ayt'
9. commiserate b-MIZ'.;J--n.yt
10. when two men ptOpOS:e JO, w>t:i/lar, VAS'->l~yt
Should )'OU marry John or George? (You'rc strong!y and
equally attncted to both.) John i.,; handsome. virile, teodcr; Can you wo,k whh the word.s?
George is stable, reliable, dependabJe, always there when you
aced him. Oeorae Joves you deeply; John i.s moro ~ g . You l. enervate a. deoy.,_.lf
decide on John, oaturaUy. 2 . castlpto b. !lagoate
But -.,air-marrying Sohn would mean giving up Geo<i<, and 3. sell-abacp<e e- augcst; hint
with George you always know where you stand: he"s like the Rocle 4. 1ecapitula1e d. sympatbize
ot Gll>rtllru (and sometimes almost u dull). So you chaage your 5. Vetetate e.. waver
mind-it's George, on more maw.re reOectloo.. 6. simulate L mlllUSI
But bow happy can you be whh a b\lJband who is not c"Xci.ting? 7. indma!e g. les,.,,; Nghtea
MAybe lobn would be bc6' a1i.r all ..• 8. allevia1e. b.""""'3rize
•-'56
 9. comm.iscJ11te i, pretend
j. censure: scold; slash at ver- Do you undGfstCJnd the word,? (II)
JO. vacillate
bally 1. enervitcd-cx.hita111ted SAMt OPl"OSrn
2:. c~s.i,ptc-praise .SAM£ OPJ'OSITB
OPPOSITE
KEY: f-f, 2-j, 3-a. 4-h, 5-b, 6-i, 7-c, 8-g, 9--d. !0-e 3. $Clf-abn~g;uc,......deny oneseU
4 rccapitu)ate-summarize
"'""'
SAME Of't'OS1T£
Ol'P05Tfl!
5. vegcm1c-stagn~te. SAt\f.&
SAM£ Ol'POSiTE
6. slmulat~ptetend
$,\.MB OP-POSrtE
7. intimate-hint
8, alleviate-make-worse SAMR OPPOSlTE
SAMt O.P'POSITB
9. commiscrato--6ympalhize
SAM.I! OPPOSIT6
Do yo-u undorstond the worcb? Ill I 0. Y1Cillalc-decido-

J . Should you feel enef\'ote.d after a good YES NO

night's s.lecp? KEY: 1..0, 2,..0, ;..s, 4-S, S-S, 6-S, 7-S, 8-0, 9-S, 10-0
2. Do mo1orists who have beeo caught \'F.$ NO
speedina somctimts s1art CQ.Jtigoting the
traffic officel'l

.. ,______
3. Do people who ;u-c.compleuily ns ~o
Con "/0" te<aU 1he words?
self-abtitfflti11g sny "Nolt> 10 their
needs nod <k.-osites-? I. pretend
4 When you reccpiJuJiJlt, do you cover YES
"' 2. scold 32_,,_
.< ____
. : - - - -_
-
new m:uerinl? 3. saerlficc onc~s desires 4. y _ __ __ _
S. Do people possessed of ;ore de \'i\'fl \'tS ~l
4. waver
usually feel that they ,uc vegetating-? S. exhau.st 5.1:-----
6. Wh~n you tim11lar~ aloOneS-S. do you Vts 1'0 • 6. symputhlu 6. ' - -- ---
pu1-posely act somnolent? 7. summnrlto 7.
7. Wbcoyouintimore.,do you matet vt., ><O 8. lighten 8.A---~ - -
dirtct statement?
TIS NO
9. biot 10. v_____
9. ' -----_
8. Does aspirin often have an olleviaring 10. stagmue
t0:«1 on pain?
Yl:S NO
9. Do we oatura1Jy ccmm,rcrale wilh
KEY: 1--sim.ulate. 2-castigate.. 3--sel!-iiboeg.ato. 4-vactnatc, S-en-
people who have suffered a ervate, 6-<:ommisc:rate, 7-~.1p1Lul.3te, 8,-3.Ueviatc, 9-lntl•
bctcavrment?
JO. Do decL~lvc people orteo vaci11ate7 Yl'..S 1'0 nmtc, JO-vegetate.

KEY: 1-no, 2-ycs, 3-yesl 4-no, S-no, 6-no, 7-no. 8-yes, ~~'Cs.
( End of Se.trio,, 42)
J~o

458

SESSION 43
OitlGINS ANO RELAT£0 WORDS
1. moro ti-ion fotlgu~
When you arc rnenat,·,I. )OU ft."CI n.s if your nCl"\'l!S have b«n
ripped out-or so lfN: tl)'motosy o( the wor~ ind1ca1cs;.
Enermte is deriv(d from~- (.tX•). om, and Latin 11c•t11us. nerve.
Entn·a1/01J (en'•ar•VAY'-51120) is not Jus1 [11tigue. but complete
de.vi1aliz~1ion-pbysic:il 1 emotional, mcnta1-as if cv~,y ounce of
lhe Ufe fore~ h~ bcto sap1,ed out, ti$ if chc J;isc p:article of energy
ha5 b«n drain....~ away,
Despite i1s similar appearance to the wocd tr.rrgy, ~n,:rvation is
ttJmost a direct antonym. EnrrgJ• is derh'OO from the Greek prefix
en•. in, plus the root crJ:rm, work; erg is the 1c-nn used in ph)'S.ics
for a unit of work or energy. S)'trtr&frm (SIN'-9r•jiNm)-the
prefix syn., together or wllh, plus erg-on-is the process by which
t.wo Of more substances or drugs. by working. together, produce a
greatet effect in combination thnn the sum total of their individual
elTects.
Alcohol, for example, is a deprtssant. So ar~ barbiturates and
olhcr SOporifics. AJcohol and barbiturates wotk: J)·n~glstkatry
($in'~r..nS'-tik'·lec)-the effect of each is incrc.ascd by the other
if the two are taken together.
So if you'ro ddnklog, don, tal:.e a i !ccpiog piU--or iI you mu.st
take a ~ 11 fo r yow i.rl.somnfa, don'1 drink-the combination, i[ 001
lethal, will do more to you than you may "ant done!
Synergy (SlN'-~r-jec}, by the way. is an altcmate form of
syntrgU:rn.
2. vabol pvni.shm•111
Casrlgate is derived fmm a Latin verb meaning to punish,· lo
p.rcscnt-day usage, the verb generally rciecs to nrbal punishment.
<60
usually harsh and severe. le is $Omcwhat synonymous with scold,
crillciv:, rebule, centure, reprimand, o t berale, but much suonger
than an.y ?f these-rail at, ranl at, slash al, lash out 01. ot tong""'
losh is a mui:h c:lo.set synonym. When candidates f<K office cas-
tigate their opponents, they do not mi-tee -''Ords,
Can )'OU construct the noun form of casligas~? _ __ _ _ _
3. saying " Nol'' to one,eff
Abnegate is derived from Latin ob,.., away (as in absent) , plus
11<8Q, to dCJ1y-sel/-ab11<gorlon (ab'·O>OAY'-sb;u), then, is sell•
denial. Ntgo jtse.lf ls a c:ontraction of Lati,n n~. not, no, and oio,
I san to be :relf-abmtgating is to say "-No!" to what you want, as if
some ln:n.er ccosor were at work wtuspering, ''No, you can, have
!hat, you can't do Iha~ you don't desen-c that, )'Q•'ro not good
enough for Lbat. • ••:~
To ntgrU• (nxiAYT') is 10 deny tho truth or exi.s1ence of, a,
in "''fhe atheist nq:at.es Ood"; or, by extemioo, to destroy by
world.ng againP:, as Jo.. ''His indulgence. in expensive bobbiet
negates all bu wife~ attempts to keep the family 50tvcn.L" Can
you write the noun form or the verb nega1c'l _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Negmlvc n.nd negatlviry obviously spring from tho same sowu
as negate.
4. Mods and heodJngs
La.tin coput. ropilis mean." het,Jd. '[he C(lpUiln is the Ir.tad of any
group: the cll.piud is 1he "head city" of a state or nation; snd to
decapitate (deo--KAP'-~ tayt') is to chop otT someooe~s hetui, a
popular acti\'i'Y dwing the Ftencll Revofotion after the guiUotinc
was ioventtd. Write the taouu form of dOC1Jpitate: - - - --
Latin capitulum is a Jittli:-he.l, or, by extension, the heading, OT
titJ~ of A chapter. So wbco you r«opilulou> you go through lhe
cbap1er hcadinp ogain (re-), e,ymoto ~ speaking. or you
Stunmarize or review the main points.
RC.111cmbcring bow I.be noun and actjccPve tonns: ate C,cri~
461
Cro1n adu/41~ (Chapter 9). am )VU write the requ.ir ~ forms of re- JO. caput, capui.f bead
(tlpilulau? II. de- ocptlve ptcl'lx
12-. capitulum little bead,
t-101)"':
AD.1£.CTJYE:
chapter heaclioa,
Wh~n )'UU capiw/01.e (krPlCH'~Jayt'), clymologicnlty )'OU 13. ,e. again
arrange in heading.'S, or. as the meanjog of the verb na1ur;:illy 14. .,,.., adjtc'Uve s.uffix
eWllved, yoo arrange C'Ondifions of surrender, us when a.n anny 1S. ,,egtto to li\ie and grow
capi11Jo1e.t Ii.> th-c enemy forces unde.r prciimnt;:cd condittOns; or,
by further n:iloral cx1ension, you s.top resi$lin,g anJ B).ve up, a.s in,
..He rcaliud lhece was oo long-er aoy poiru in 1-esistiJlg her ad- USING. THE WORDS
vances, .so he relucto1n11_)• (·apitulutrd." Can you write the noun
form of oopltufate? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Can you pronouoee the word,?

5. 11.)eto vogeloble$ J. ~nawrl.ion cn'~r-VAY'--sh~
2. ,yne,gl.ml SIN'•at·•JlZ4m
Vrgtr®lr is Crom U.tln Pegt•to, to liV"e 11.nd gr0w, which is wh:at 3. #)lfl!fkY SIN'-ar-jee
vr:gc1ables d~ut that's all they do, $0 to n:gttnte, is, b) j,np1i.
1
4. sync.rgistfc sln'-or-TTS'-llk
catton, to do oo more than s1,ay -41li\•e, s11,1ck io a n,u, Jead1ng no S. ctuligorlon kas'-t..OAY'-shon
inic,h·e. unsthnulAting.. t:rt'IOtiortally and intellectually statndnl 6. self.abnegation self-ab'-n-OAY'--sban
ex.t!tcnce. VegetaJtoJt (vej'4-'fA Y'-sh;in) is nny dull, pas$iYO, ~1ag,- 1 . negate: o..OAYT'
nruu cxislencei :.\lso any plant life. as the thick- vtgero,;cn of a 8. ne,ation n~OAY'-sh.m
jungle, 9. dccapitale d"'·XAP'~my(
10. decapitation dee-kap'-,..TAY'-slr.>n
J J. rttopflulatfon rc~k>picb'-:rLAY'~h.:m.
12. recapitul,uor, ree--G-PICH'+l~tawr'-ee
I 3. caplwlat~ k>-PJCH'-o-layt'
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
14. capitulation b-pk:h'...l-AY'-sbon
PAE.FIX, llOOT,
SUFFIX ME'A"NINO l?NC'.lUSl-t W-01W Con you v,ork whh tli• wcrclt?
1. •· (,x- ) out a. IODJUO·lasbing
2 nervus nerve 1. enervation
l. synergism, ,:ynerr, b. doolal; de<tro<lion
3. !'ft. in C. U lopplng o(f O( ono's head
4 <1'/1<>11 wor.k 3. ca,tigatioo
4. sclf-aboeg.atkm d. summary) review of main
s I'/,,. witJ11 together points
6 -ic a.djtttiVG 5~ e. self-denial
7 ·loll S. negation
noun suffix 6. d-ecapitatioo r. urter exb&ffltian; meoU.1,
8 ab- aw-a>· emotional, aod pbyJiealdraio
9. ntgo lo deny
,._, -463
 •

7. ttc.npitutatloo g. a working together for

grtatcr elie-ct
9. SU'O.Qg cetlSUre 9• .__ _ __
8. capitulation h. surrender
JO. to swrender 10. .___ _ _ __

KEY: 1-f, 2-h, 3-a.4-<, S-b, 6-c, 7-d, 8-g KEY: 1-capituJatc. ~-ynergistic, 3-<Dcnation, 4-.recapitulatory,
5--«lf-aboegaiion, ~gate, 7-<ynergi.,m or syneliY,
8-<locapitatc, 9-«Stlgation, l<k,apil1llate

Do you undentond tlM word.s?

1. enetvAting-rcfrcshing SAME OPPOSTTS
(End of $es,ion 43)
2• syncrghtic- neutraliti.ng SAME OPl'OSr'ft
3 castliation--scoldinJ SAt.rE OPPOSlff
4. se1f·abnegatlon-egoism ,W,{8 orrosrt-e "'
S. oegate-acccpt SAME OPPOSITE SESSION 44
6. dt(!1piL-ate-behead •• SAM"E OPPOSITE
7. rcc:apituJatory-summaru:mg SAMI Of'POSITE
8. capitulate-resist SA~AI OPP05JT'E
ORIGINS AND REIATEO WORDS
KEY: 1-0, 2-0, 3-S, 4--0, 5- 0 , 6-S, 7-S, 8-0
·- - -- - - I. not the reof McCoy

Simulate ls from Latio simu/q, to cop)'j Md nmwo itsetf derives

Con yot.1 r.c:QII th• words?
J. to give in
2. working together for greater
el!e<:1 (ad/.)
3. 1013,J fatilUC
4, ror the purpose of summadzing
or review (ad/.)
s. self.denial
6. denyj rcoder lncflectivc:~ nullify
7. process by whidt two or more
,ubstances produce a &ffi'ltcr
c:ffc,ct tban the sum of the
incfi\•idual <'::llc:cts
8. to ~t off the: Mad.or
dd4
rrom lhc J..atio. adjecd'°'Jimilu, Jib or similar.
Sintulatlon (•uu··~LAY'-sbon), tb"', is copying the reol
l,c__ _ _ __ thing, prttondiag to be tbo aonuioe article by la.ki"8 on a similar
2.s,______ l!j>peanu,co, The Jimulati<,n of joy is qwt.e a fet1t wbcn you rwly
feel dcpn-.,sed.
3,J:....._ _ __ Oc.ouiuc- pearls grow imlde oynon: JiltnJaJed pearls arc. syn-
4• .K..._ __ _ _ th,tio, but look Uk~ the ones from 0111m. (Rub a pearl against
your tCtth to tell tho dJJl'erence-the oa11D'81 pearl reei. jJTiuy.) So
s. ,>.----~ --- ihc frequent ad,·crtis.ement of ao in~i'llive gocklaoo made ot
6. NI_ _ _ __ "genuine simulaitd pearls'' can fool )'Ou il you doo't Jc.DQw the
1. 5_ _ _ __ word-you're being olleccd a gennioe ~b. .
Di.tsi""'101ion ( ~..~LAY'-shaa) Js som.etblog etser Whtn
OT"------ you di.tlimufor. (~t'-~ayt'), you hide your true feelings
by making • pr.tense of apposite !..lings. (The,, again, lllllybc
8.Dc....._ _ __ it's llOt SOlll<lhms complmlye!,c!)
S,-,apb...., a,., grcar dissitrUJ}ofor,-.,J,ey ,my fed contew_p~
'65
 ·-,ion·• ihey mily feet ncptivc, but
but show :id mh... express 8bso· Have you cvtr seen a performance of mag.ic fn \\'hich a peraon
lutel)' positive f.lgreem~;td;s.fimulate is dis:semble (cb-SEM'-b.il) , or an object oppare1l1fy im, in the air as ii Rooting? Th,t•s lw/ta-
tlcn (lev'-a,.TAY'~n)- risiog through no visible means. (rve
r r by pretending the opposi1e; or.
A clost synony~
which tllso is lo h,de true, ec tnf onc·s irue intentions. by dectP:- watched ii a dozen times and oever could figure h out!} The verb,
to'° rise, is k,1itote (Ll?V'-+tayt'}.
ttddidouall~, to concca]d~~~~:ly, to pretend ignorance of facts
tion, or, still ru~,~~ b h · ndecd you're folly awatt of lhem. And bow about levizy (LEv'-->tee)? That'i Ug.hcne:ss too, but
you"d ,~thcr not ,mm1t, w en, I M·-bl)n!;) of • dillerent son-J;ghtoess in the ..,,,. of frivolity, llipPancy,
Tf1e noun isdi5s~mblonce (d3-SE. rcfix di.f- acts ioldng. or lack o! Seriousness, ,.pcc,ally when solctllJlity, <lignity,
In tlmimu/01e ilnd dillcn:bfr., lhc ncgauvc p or !orma1i1y is required or tn.ore appn,priate, ns in "loo~ of leli--
ltuicly 10 make- both .,.,--ords pcJ(lrntive. 1.ry," or ru in, "Levity is ou1 of ptace at a funeral, in a house cif
worship, at lhc swcaring•fo ceremonles ol a Pres:idco.L or Suprame
2 hints. 011d help, Coun Justice,.. or us b.1, "Okay. caoogb /ei,ity-now Jet's ,:et
down to bUsinC$s!"
• f Latia intlmu.t, innermos:t, the same
The verb irmmnte IS rom , • (lN' t:, m~t) and its noun
hich I.be adjectl* mllma1t' - • . • 1
root
I . !tum W ) d • cd· but the relationship lS tm Y 3. sborino someone's mf.s.ery
( )N'•t.>m:.-see a~ env ' • , MAl('-'• n)
mtmaq, . • . An i1i/imn11011 (m •t> -;iM.•4
in c:lymo1o£3:, ~ot Ill Ul¢:ln-::, d • the lmlCf'lllO:U c(u·e. only " Ultin miser, ~tchcd, the. p.reflx con. (which, ai you know,~
conlains a sign1fican.ct bur dc,ep m beain fo hnvc. intima.t imu comes com- before a root begi.tutlng wilb ,n..), togd.her or Yiil.b,.
• ho · ~ "OU g.row ol r, Vo.a a· h
hmt s wmg. s ., . · . a 45 at you or w en a •od the vwb •llflilt -at• are the building blocb from which com-
that you urc mo11aJ; when someone almsyou drive absc.~1.mlndedly Jniseratt Is C:ODSUUcted. ••1 cornmisero~ with you.·· lb~. means,
. oaring down tu you as ·
truck comes
agains1 a red r_llgln throu!j,nJ. • Htrsection t you are Stuldcnly very
.. an it "I 8ll1[Orm?
noon _ _tog;elhcr
wrctclt«i _ _ _w[lh __ yo-r __ your misery." The
_ _ shore
that you are mortoL .
Sf/Tl' f L f ft-Wr light (nof heavy), the: Mi-ttr, misuty, mt:rcablt.r, misery aU come Itom tbt came fOOL
Allt:vialt!. is. a combmahon ouffi a l~Ad- ·;llanecs to <1I- before ll
prebx ad-, 10, aod tho verb s x. -
If, IWing Oltd SWO)"
root starting with/-.) ., m!'lkCS" )'our tx1in lighter for
.
Tf somcllrin~ ollrvu11es your :a~n~ake. it lighter IO bear; and if
~·ou; jf 1 ufleVlote your ~~doe(s { , ee-AY'-sh~n) or your prob-- V'1CI/Jatc-notl! the sln&f~ c, double I-derives rrom Lalin
w,ci/lo, to swing back and forrh. The noon form? _ _ _ _ __
you need some allevlm,on • ;:,. ee ..v d less "burdtnsome. To all11,1i.
k ms, you nted tbtnt made hght~r. an t lo eoro or do away w1tb. PeopJe Who swing baek nnd forth in iadec,s1on, who are i.rreso,.
at,: is to reJiOVC only lcmpor&nl), no -.. ~•o make lisht or Ca!;>J lute, who can, unfortunately, see bath, or even thrtc or four, sjdcs
• • aJ from ltt1ls plus ,e., ng,u,..-.. LEE' ol ovcry question, ond so have difficulty making up !he;, mlnds,
a~:tin,) Trs
(Rdievc $0
ho adjccth•b Conn' .oc. oilevurte
, ·s
i
olleviati\!c (~ -v-co--
•re vacfllatory (VAS'-<>-1>-tawr'-~). They are olso, usually, an,.
11 b;v.i~, (am-BN'-o-bnt)-tbey have conffkting $Del souulta-
y•-1jv)-aspirin is .an Cf1-lev,arn•e dru~c: rem,. (ex-), ou1, plus
Anything Jlgb, Wlll n-. t;OU:evaut
lc!':i.1, v.-e Clio construct th e \ et e
etymologically, to raise
' ·s spiri4s misc them op,
oeous emotions. about the same person or thfog; er tbey want to
go but lhey also w.nt to Stay; or they love something, bu( th<y
, tip as to tlt!vtU~ one
make them tighter; or e/.t,;\•al~ Sott'lW01.:~ 1o fl bi::>..her position, wh,ch
all bate II too. The noun is nml>i'val~nce (a.m-lHV'...,..bns)-from
our. e r, actu r~ nusc •
1 •

amb/ both, (Rcmctnhcr am/,;i,m and ombldex1ro.., from Chap-

jg what an clevau,,. dots. tor 37)
=.
 ,{mb;valtnce bas best been defined (perhaps by ffcru,y Young-
J. di.r,si.mulation d~SUD'-y.,-LA\''-shoo
man-if be didn't ,ay il .fust, he should ba.,·c) as mtching your 4. di.tstmble d..SEM'-bol
molher,Ul~taw drive O\'tT a cliff in )-OUr new Cadillac. S. dissemblance
To vacillatt is to swing mentally or emotionally. To !tWJ.Y b:ic.k d..SEM'·bfans
6. ;,rtimation in'-1.)-.MA Y' -sh-..o
und forth physicaUy is oscillate-again note the doubtc 1- (0S'·
1. al/t~·loJlon e-.led-vu-AY'-:!.h::m
~layt'), lrom Latin osc{llum, a. swing. A pendulwn oscil.14tes, the
8. <ltrevia1ive >LEE'•\!te-ay'-tiv
arm ot a nieuonorne osdlJOlts. and people who've bad m\lch 100
9~ lt•vitate LEV'-~·tayt'
much to drink o.fc-illat< )\'hen Lhey try to walk. 11lC noun? - - -
10. lcvita1ion fev'•e-TAY'-sh.10
11. levity LEV'~tce
J2. commiserution ka-inlz.'~·RAY'-Wo
13. vc:cillation vas·-.,.LAY'"-sh.a-n
J4 . ••ac/1/atory VAS'•a-lo-tnwr'-ce
REVIEW Of ETYMOLOGY
JS. ambi,•alent aOJ-BIV'-~fon.t
I6. aml>ivafe~ am-BlV'->1:ms
l'llSFDC, Jt001'1
).f£At-"t?lG E'NCUSH \\'OID J 7. osclllate OS'+la)'l'
SUPFhi
l 8. os.cilJqtiqn os'->LA 'r'-.sb;,o
I, linu4.W to copy
2. sindli:t like, similar
; . dis· pejorative prefix Co.n you w<,tk with Iha wc:wds? U)
4 . ad- (al-) to, tow,rd
S. le\lis light 1. :1jmu1ation a. hiot
6. -ate verb suffi.t 2. dissemble b. dippaocy or joking when &e.-
7. -;on noun suffix riousocss is rtquircd
8. •- (ex· ) OUL 3. iutimaa.ion o. • tbarina of grief
9. intimus innermost 4. 11Uevia1ion d. physical swayiu.g; swinging
10. miu.r wretched action, os or a pendulum
11. vac.illo to swioc back and S. levitate e. a swloging back and forth in
/Orth indecision
12. ambi'- both 6. le,·ity f. prete::ose
13. oscillum a ,wing 7. commiscratloo &- oonflktod and oontrary fcel.-
inp
8. vacillation b. rise in the a.it (as by moiic
or Uluslon)
9. ambivalence
USING 11-tE wo~os
Con yoU pronovn~e the word.s?
10. · 0$clllation
..
I. pretend
j. a lightening; a making JCS$
.., ,.,
I , simul.af/011 si.m'-~-l..AY'-s:h,n •
<1>-SIM'·y>lay1• KEY: 1-t, 2,-i1 3-a, 4-j 1 5-h, 6-b, 7-c. 8-e, 9-g. 10-d
2. dfrsimulout
•68
469
 Ccn )'OU work wflh tho words? 110
I. dissimulate a. pretense of ignotance Con you ,acall th• words?
2. dissembJincc b. a rising and floaling in air l,v..._ _ __ _
I to swing b;1dc und forth
3. alleviative e. having: sim'Ultaneous and COD· 2. - _ _ _ _ __
2. feeling bcuh. w11ys ut lhc 1;:11,1c
uruy teelin8s fin>< Cod/.)
4. levitation d. tending to swing back and 3, 0,_ _ _ __
l to ~ooccril rc,11 reel111g:.
forlh in indecision Qr o.______
S. v3tiUatory c. 10 swing b.aclc and fonh lil::e 4,.,__ _ _ __
4 pretc.-nse
a pendulum S. 10 pr-eti:nd'Sgnora11Ct- 1hough s. o___ _ _
6 ambJvalem I. to !tide reol feeJJnp by pro- krl()v.ing the facts
tending opposite Cttlin.gs G..__ _ _ __
6 . joking; rrivnlilyo fUpp~cy
7. osciUate g. tending to case (p.ilil.. bur- 7. ,ndccis.1\'c 7, V_ _ _ _ __
dens, suffering, etc.) or v ___ ___
8. 1orisein1heair.osbyiltusion 8,.__ _ __ _
KEV: l~ 2..-<l, 3,t, 4-b, 5-d, 6-c, 7-e • 9. 1cndjng to ta:,,e (pain, elc. ) 9. ' ~ - - - - , -
(od/.) 01 ,,.__ __ __

IO. a sharing ol .ano1her's grit( ro. ..______

(n.)

Do~ undenlond the won»? KEY~ 1-oscilt;uc, 2-,imbivalcnt. 3-Ji~imu1atc or dissemble.

1. simulated-genuino SAM£ -'-5:imulatiou, 5-diS'Sc:.mbl(', 6-fovity, 7-\•acillarory or vacil-
OPP()-.rrB
2. dtsslmulate-ptetend SAM£ 1:.uing, 8-~\'it11rc., 9-aUc-vio11vc ot alievir11ing. 10--eommiser-

...,...
OPPOS.ITB a.rioo
3. dlssombl<>-bc truthful SA.MB OPtosn'B
4, intimation-hint SAMB 0PPOSIT6
5. aUeviation-redu¢tion OPPOSlTB
6. Jcvitatc-;"lnk SAM-£ OPl"OSIT!. CHAPm REVIEW
7. levl ty-llippancy SAME OPl'•OS:rTI!
8. vacillstion-dec.isiveoess SA.MB OPPOSrre
9. ambivalen~onfused
10. oscinate--sway .....
SA.'-IE OPPOQTE
OPPOSJT8
A. Oo you R!(OQlllze lhe words-?

J. Complere exhoust.ic,n:
(3) synerg1sm, (b) cnerwtioo, (c} negation
2. C~peratioo in producmg cticcts:
KEY: 1-0, 2-S, 3- 0, 4-S, S-S, 6-0, 7-S, 8-0, 9-S, 10-S
(3) .synergy. (b) ca,uigntiol\, (c) capitulation
3, l..opo[lhebeadol:
(a.) ce11tigau:, (b) c:apirula1e. (c) dec:ipilate
4. deny; r(nder inefl'ec1i,c:
• 70 (•) ca&ilgaie, ( bJ negate, Cc) "°"pi1ola1e
A7 1
5. Sl'$Jl&te!
(a) ID!imate, (b) simulate, (e) veg,tato
6. conce.al.mcnt of true feelings:
(a) slmulaliOn, (b) dissimulation. (e) dissemblance
7. sympathy:
(a) levity, (b) amhivalence, (c) commiseration
8. indecisiveness:
(a) vacillation. (b) oscillation, (c) dissjmulaliou
9. aware of contrary fccling!i:
(a) alleviative, (b) dissimulati"i, (e) •mbivalent
KEY: 1-b, 2-a, 3-<:,4-b,S-<, 6-b•nde, 7~ 8-a, !k
l<ASER QUESTIONS FOR THE AMATBJR rn'MOLOGtST
. We have previonsly m.tt the Greek prefix .syn•> together or wilh,
m $)/non)'m ("names tog,,ther") and sympa:/ry ( "feeling with"),
and a,gain in this chapter in synergism ("'working together'·).
S)n,. is a mc»t usefuJ prefix to know. Like Latia con-. (to,ethe-r
or whb) and od· (to, toward), !he final lcncr ebangeg dependlng
o.n the firs.t letter of the root to which it is attached. Sy,,.. becomes
,ym- belon: b, m, and p.
Can rou construct some words wing syn-, or sym-t
,, I. Etymologically, Jews arc "led together" ln a house of ,..,,.
ship (atotor, leading). Can you oonmuet the word for this tem-
ple or place of 'll'Onbip? _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _

2. There is a process by wbkb disiim.ilar organisms live to-

B. Con yo4.1 recognbe roob?
gether (blos. life) in c;lose 35S0Clrtlion, each in. some way helping,
ROOT MEAN'l:NO !XAMPU and getting belp from, the other (IJkc tho shark and the pilot
1, nUIIUS CllCt'V•te fish). What word, ending in -sif, desi$Data aueb a pro=,?
2. ergon energy
J. ne,o lelf-abneg,ltion What woold the adjective tom be? _ __ _ _ _ __ _
4. ca.put, capitU deeapilaro 3. Using Greek phone, sound, write- the word that erym~
S. capl-zutum te<ap!tulate logic:ally refers to a mUsicel comJ)Oatlo.o. in whlch the sounds
6. vegtto vq;otaro of all instruments are in harmony together. _ __ _ __ _
7. simulo dimmllblte • - -- - Using the suffix -ic. write lbe adjecti~ form of Chis
8. ,lm//11 siruiluity word:-- - -- - - --
9 . /,:vis levity
4. Combine tym- wilh mt1.ron, measurement, to comtruct a
10. lnl/mus iotia;wion word deslgiwing similarity of shape°" both, side, (i.e, "mtllSUle-
11, misv commise.ro.te
12. ....c1110 vacilla~ ment together"): -:--- - - -- -- -
Write tho adjective fonn ot tlti$ word: _ __ __ __
13. ombl- amblvaleot
14. o.scillum o,cillalc
5.. Sy,o- plus drama,, • l'UllJUJl8, arc the bulJduti bloeb or a
medical word deslgnating a group or ,ymptom, that occur (i.a.
KEY: l-nccve, 2-wort, 3-deny, 4-bead, 5-lltde bead, ehaixer run) 1ogether in certaill diseaset. Can you figure out tho word?
beading. 6-live Md grow, 7-to copy, 8-1.ike, Jimilat,
9- ligbt, 10--inncrmos~ ll-wrotchcd, 12--swing back and 6. Tiu, aunn drom,n, a nmnlng, combines with Orcclc luppos,
fonll, 13-both, 14-a swin& hOl's~ to f.orm a word Teter.ring to a place in ancleot Greece in

A72 473
 ..
wbicb hor1e and dnuiot ,::ic« were run. The word'! _ _ _ __
uJarie-s at ,such prodigious r:ncs No Jcarn.ing is quite as effective R$
7, Hippo:r. horse,, pllO <;ircck µmomos, rher, v>mbinc to fOfl\.1 a 1he fcarnmg cha1 cnmell from 01hcr -pJe 00 · r • ,m
word .Jcsignllting one of the Lhtc-e p.ichydc:rm.-. we <Jis-1.:u.s:.cd m an . .. . ....... - m onnatron
c:..rlier clrnpicr. lbe worJ'l _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
pnn1 c:an ~vec be 11$ vmd as mforrrw.tion that C'Q..Dlcs r-mh'I
ano1be1
h~mau bcmg. An~ :.o lhe word$ )'OU pick up from your hicnds
~Ill havi: un a~azmgly srrong appeal, will mljkc 3 l::i.-;ting i •
(A'u, ....·crr in Clut/llt!r {$,) s1011 on your mtnd. mpres
i\'ecdl_css to_ tay, your own nc.h voc.ab~tary, JlOW ihat you h;;iyc
co1111: this fur m th1; tx,ol:, will ma!.e it pQs.s.lblc ror )'Ou to roturib--

·-=
utc to )uur rrit.nds' vo1."abuJnry ns much as, ir .not more thao
PICKING VOOR FRIENDS' BRAINS t;,J.:e ,.,,.:a>-but sin\!c giving to others 11; one or tb • 0 :°
~.urtes. of a.Icehrii
. of sell..wonh. you can lu'lrdly CQmplJio b
You an build your '¥OCabaJ;.il'), I have said, by lnc-re,sing yow this exrn, dh.•tdend, a Oul
familiarity with llfSW ide1ts and by becoming alen lO the m:,• words
you mee.t io your re-ading or rttagazine$ ~d boob.
'rbcrc is sta.U 1nothet produc.ti\sc method. one lb.at will be p:rrlic- ( £rid of Ses:rio,, 44)
uh1rly awlieab!e in vi.cw of i.11 the nuw wottb )'Ou arc le11rnin8
from your study or these po.gcs.
lhatJDetbod is pickhtt )'Ohr friends' brains.
hnelligea.t people are tmcrestec.J rn words because wor,ti art
\}'m.bols ofide.3,. ~d the person with :m alert mjnd is always in-
letestod in ideas.
You may be amazed, 1r you haw:, nc-vtr tried it, to .finJ that you
can !ilir up nn animated d*cussiun by ask.mg, io a social group
lhat you alttl'ld, .. Whal docs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
mea.a?" (tJ-.c ony word t..'1:.1 pani~larly fa"-Cin~ucs
... yoo.) Someon~
in the group Is likely to know. und ~lmost everyone will be wmlng •
tu nu1:k.e a gttts.1. From that point on, others in tho group will a~k
~uestioos about their own f11.vorire words ( most people do l1ave
favorites). or 9bout words th.at they thcmsc(~ haV'e in ;-.orne
manner r'CCCntJy learned. As lhc discussion continues at.on~ these
lines, you wiU be introduced co new wt:>tds yourseU, and if )'Our
friends have fairly good ,oc.abul.arics you may ~trike a rieh vetn of
pay dm and come ,.,,-ay with a large number o{ words 10 add to
your vocabulary.
This method ol picking your friends' brttios a:s par1.rcularfy fruit..
ful because you wilt be leo.rrutig not from a paac of print (.a.s in
this book or 65 in yow Olber reading) but from r-cn.l live persons
-the same SOUJtes thal children ~ to increase their vocab•
.,.
475
 Check 1hc only misspelled word in each group.
A: 1--surpris,e, 2-disoppear, 3-innoculote, 4-dcscription, S-a:c·
omruend
B: l-privllcgc, 2-sep:.t~He, :3-incident:JlJy, 4-dissipate, ~cur•
ence
----Brief Intermission Nf.n.,e----- C: 1-.analiz.c, 2-argumeJlt.. 3-assit tont, 4-compa.rativc, S-truly
0 : 1-gl'.amn,a,. 2-drunk~nc:$$, 4-piirallel, 4--saciiJ::'gious, 5-con.
stiencc
E: I-precede. 2-extttd, 3-acct-dc, 4-procede, 5-concede
TAKE THIS SPELLING TEST F: J-1,roouncia1lon, 2-no,rcabte, 3,,,,dtsirable, 4-hotidJI)', 5-
:inoitu
• G: 1-wicrd, 2-seize. 3-achJeve, 4-rcceive, S-teisurc
li: J~upcrlntcodenl, 2;,e.rsistont, 3-rcsi.Stant~ 4-itwstent,
S-pen:evtrence
1: 1-accc..,;!.ibfe, 2-pefflUSsible, 3-inim.it:ible, 4-irrt1ista.blc, 5-ir·
Evco io fbo most pai.os,tllkmgty edi1ed of magazioc,, a, s:illy Utt(c riu1.t>lc
oti.sspel.ling of a _pcdec-Uy common word \\<ill occasio»ally appear. J: l- pursue., 2-pastimc, 3-kidoapped> 4-rhythmical, S-exJtiJ ..
How the error eluded the coUecth-e and watcbful eyes of Lhe edi· Jarate
tor, the associate editor, the assistant editor, the typesetter, and
the proofreader, no one will ever know-for praet.ically every
reader of the maauine spoU it at onoc and writes an indig;nMt KEY: A-3 (lnocutatc), B-5 (occurrence), C-l (aoaly,e),
letter, beginniog: "Didn't you ever go to school .•• ?" D-2 (druokenru:.ss}, E-4 (pro<ced), F--2 (notio<able),
Eve-a it you went to school, you're- going co have ptcocy of trou- G- 1 (weird), H-S (pmeveranee), 1-4 (irre,istt1,le}, J-5 (cx-
ble spotliog !he one misspelled wor<I tn each group below. And hilante)
t
001 one of tl1ese words wlll be demon. like 1pJrygmoma1Wt1'4lu
(a device for measuring blood pl'eSmre} ot pfocaUfll (a highly
Sea\cmcd rcl~h), which no one would ever dare spell without 6rst
check:ing with a dictionary. On tbe cootrary, every word will be of
the common or garden variecy that you might ll5C every d:1y in
your social or business correspondence.
Nevertheless, you·re letti.ni yourself in for ten minutes of real
trouble, for )OU will be wocking with fifty p,arlicu)arly difficolt
spelling words. So put on your thinking cap before you begin
A half-dozen rugb school teachers wbo took this test wcro able
10 make an a.vcrago score of only fivo proper choices. Can you do
better? Sb. or seven right is very good, clgbt or nine right is t!,tctl~
lent, and 100 per cent s.ucctss inarlc.s you as an absolute expert in
Engli,h spelling.
·,16
477
 SESSIOl'I 4S
16
There ate thuu..;.tnd::,, of English woRls tJmt ertd in ,he tettcN -ou,;
-is LatinJufiiic: meaniug Juli oJ.
The ocnlnd theme nbout which the wol\ls in lltls chape<:r revc-tve
BOW TO TALK ABOUT is 1be idea ol "fullness·•--:1m.l 3:!- you will shortly see, yo~ cun be
A VARIETY OF full or compliMce. and servilily; full Q( eompl.,ints; foll Qf tnob-
bcry; full of nois~~ full or no monC)'; full ot hooemans;hip; Cull o[
l'ERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • harmless.n~; full of liqooc; full of dcathl) pallor; and rutl of sor-
1ov.'s.
(Sessions 45-46) For each of th~ ideas Engli&h has a word-and the pcr~on wilh
a rich vocabularly ltoows the. exact wort! to dtscribo what someone
is lull ot

TEASER PREVIEW
IDEAS
Wbot word, .,,ding ih --<MIJ., de.sai:bcs someone who 11:
• fawning, se,vl/ely attmrive, rransparenll7 .rclf-ingratiatlng? 1. eompOattc.
• nagg1'11g, dissatisfied, comp/alningt Tho Latin root s.::quor ru~iu to Jc,/low-.and those wbo follow
• snol>bi.t h, haugh1{{y comempiuoi,s, ar~ganl1 rasher fbao lead are usuaJ1y in n mcn.ial, suborc.1.i11ate, or int~rior
• n.oi.u/y trm,blesome, u11mariageable? position.. People who engage iD certain fields of endeavor-
wahers. elects, and strvartlS, for example-ntc foreed, often oon-
• habit.ua/Jy <j·/wn o/ CtJsh?
traiy to th.e:ir natural temperaments, to oot e.xcessi~ly courteous,
• tlltentlve and courteous ro women? pleasant, obli~ even fllbscrvie:nt and humble. They mnst foOow
• harmless? the lead ot their customets or employers, bending lhelr own wills
• fond cf liquor? ~ccording to the desires ,,r those they serve, Tbe.y are, etymologi-
cally. /1111 of following aftt'r, or-
• pole, ,aun1, ltaggo.rd?
• tMlanchoiy, sorrowful?
RELATJ!.O WO.RDS:
l. obseqiuu-ln a funeral oortege, the mourners Jo/low ttft"
the COJT)SC. Hcoce, obsequia are the burial ceremoni~ !lie t-unc:ra1
..,... rites.
 2. substqlAtnc-A subsequtnt letter, paragraph, time, etc. is one
that Jollows anocher.
3. Jeque/.-A stquel may be • literary wor~ such as a novel,
that Jollow.r another, continuing the same subject, dealing with
tho same people or village, etc. or it may be an occurrence that
grows out of or follows another, 8J in, "lust wajt until you bear
ibe ttque( to the story!..
4. .sc.quence--In order, ont. item followin1 another, as iu, '"Tiu:
sequ~rm: ot events. of tbe next few days left him breathless.''
Any other word contain.in& U,e. root s~qu,.. ls likdy to have some
relationship to Ibo klea of following.
• l!npecurr/ou,
2. comploinh
Tbe Latin root queror ttlQDS lo complain-and anyone lull ot
oompl.uats, ooo;IMUy nagiog, harping. ln)tt,,J, perulan~ wbin-
"'1!, never satwied, may accordingly be collod-
3. snobb«y
The Latin root <ii/um muns e,,,Ud; suptr means abo,·,: and
abo..·e the eyelid, as anyone ean plainly su, i:s the cydnow. Now
tbert art certain obnoxious peoplo who s;o around raising their
eyebro-ws in contempt, dhdain, and &oeering ai:rogance a.t o(dj...
nary mortals like you and ID$. Sttcb contamplUCXIJ, sneering. over•
beorinafy cooceited peoplo are called-
-4, noh~
The Ladn root strepo means to make a n.oise, Anyone who i5
unruly, boisterous., resistant to authority, unmaaQgeabJc-a.od in
a noisy, troublesome macner-is
obstrePff't)us
.S. mon•yleu
The Latta toot Pectd rMans catlle-atld at one time In human
history • penoo·s wealth was measured not by sloeks and bonds
but by stocks oC domestic animal,, wbic:h '""' a lot mo,., Iogio.i,
since you get mill: and lcalhet and meat !tom catdo-uue wwtb
- aod all yoo get Iron, tbe stock ma,lt,:t is a btadocllc.
Son,_cone who had Jocs of pecu.,1 ~ was rich~meone,
without _,,, wa., indij;ea~ dcotitur., "brckc.• And so today we
clU ,omeone who is habitually without lun<ls, who seems genen.Ily
to be full of a sompleto lack of m<>ney-
This word is not a 1ynoaym of indigent, dt.stitrtte, or ~
,tncktn; ;, doe• oot nocessatily imJlly llvloa io !<due«! ciraun-
Sblt!CC$ or wan~ but qttito slmply being short of casb---habimally.
RELATED WORD:
!. pffl4ni0')'-pertain;ng to moocy, as in. a ~ CODsld-
enition, ~ alfairt, otc.
6. hones
The Frtoclt ""111 chnol .._,. horu; and in mediO¥al times
only gentlemen and bti&l>IJ rode on h o , . _ people
walttd. Traclldo.oa!Jy (but oot, I DO<lei$taod, actually) kuigbts
were COUI1:COU$ to womco, att=tive to female deaires, and self.
sacrificing wbeo U.,ir own iourests came in «>nllict with thoto
of the fair oex. Renee, we tab a modern """' who has a tnigbtly
attitude to women-
RELATED WORDS:
(CMW>f, ho"", comes !tom Latin c../Jal/as, an io!erior bone.
Callobus 4 lound iD El>gJl,h Words io the spelling caw,/-.)
I. ca""kade-A proces5ion o! pe,,oru on bDncbaet, u ma
po.radc.
2. CllVali.~ a OOWI. a oovaller was oace.a mow,ted soldier.
'81
As an adjcctM,, caval/u clescn"bes aotions and attitudes that arc
baugb!y unmmdlul oI cthen' fteWJ8<, too ol!band, ,vet, attribu.,.
o!""1 ~ ..<OCialcd wilh people lD powu (we mili<a,y belna
- o/. ~ poW...-thal«), Thus, "& answered in a <D>'anU .....
nee" would sip.i.fy that he was. arroga11t 1a hi, answer, u if the Ji:.EJ.ATltt> WOADS:
questionet were taking a liUJe too mucb pri'lile&e willl hlm. o,.
I. imbib.-To clriat m, scat up, ab<cirl>. U we - dais - b
••AftcrtbectWali« trcatmcn1 J rocc.ivcd, I ncvc.r wisbcd lO return,"
•ilbou1 ~ifyi,,J what ls dnmk, as ia, "He libs to imbitt,• Ibo
sigrufyinc u,;., J wu pretty much made to feel wlimpomnt and
~lion, o1 - , ii ah\-oy1 liqoor: but ....ilHt - , a1so 1,e
irJe.riot. Or. ··Alter her cava.llu ret\lSal. ru never i..a.vile her ro
uocd ut """""" lit<> ''inibik laniing'' o, •.IA tody lofucy sbo
anoth« pan~.- Si&ni/ying Wl lbi, rc(us:il WU, p<map<, curt, oll-
bn~ wit.bout aoy act~ at apology or counesy, in,1,/H</. "'"*'lo< .... """'"'·.
2. bil>-Opper part "' ... - ..... ap<'Oftiib 11.lpltiu lied
3. cavalry-The mounted. or "ho~ .. part of an .army.
4. dlii,a/ry-Nol.Ul form of C,.jvoJroUJ-. Can you write the a.hu- • "'°""" a child'• .,..t_ I• cilliet cae, tbc ,11> 17-ts •hat is
drunk ( OT eate11) from spilliQt cm:r, OT dribbliojl' down, on tho
nate d0tu1for:m e.odin1 in ~nt,1st-~ - - - - - - - - - wearer's clolllini,

10-
S. clrivolri<>-Less commonly used adjective fonn. identical in
meaalng to chiw>lrou1. 9. 0... death itwlf

AaO(.ber Lalin roo\ !or hone. a,s yoµ know, is equ1u, fOWJd ln Tho Lalin roo< cad,, - , 10 fall-uJds m,at /all is ct co111SC
word, ..., have alttady dlscussecl: alway. in death, and wllo ~ like a oocpoe (....,._
J. ~quest1".a:n-A horscma.rL lM>Jy sputlng), wbo lsiu. ..,,..~ thin, liacprd. - ~
2. e(Ju.utrienne-A horsewoman. timbs -.led, ii, other wonls the exmme opposite ot lbe pi<tmt,
o( po,mg bcalib, is call-
3. tquin(!-Horsclitc.

.ly
7. no horm doPe
Tho laldl rool no<:ec> means to iJtju,e,· somcooc who need cause
vou no rear so barmJess is that person, so unable to intmt:re. 10
to ~ JOU iato trOUble, is Called-
uuno
J. ---A--
dis>oorfon.
WO&D$:

lima!Jy, _,.ny.,... - fo< -,lcaJ

2. •"""""'-l!l}'lnOlociealJy, "fa//i,rg """'~" (u- io • ,..fix

one meoaing ot wbkh ls.tow,,, u;,, ~ climb cbn: udw,
wm - ; etc.). u I01DCIJlmg;, in ad-."' m1<, it;, dtle!lo-
ULA.TU> WOJ.DS: ntin& lwwning COUUpt 01' d<aio,allzed. - ... io • -
1, innocm1-Not gt1ilty o( .;rime or koju.cy. of """-7. a-aa, _..,,, aDII - - -~y
-<boy rele, DOI lo llClul pll:,,i<:al decay (• af a dOod body), bot
2. n.o.tiou.t-Hami.lul, poisoftOllSi IUlwbolesomc. to -.ii or spiritual decoy.

8. akohollc 10. p,ain Clftd Mls.y

The Lalin root blbo means to drink: and ooo who • _.uy Tb LaliD ,_ ,k,/eo . _ to Slf#,r o, ,,.i.,,,_...,., - is
(oud with ooc fooc up oo the brass rail. who libs to tipple bc-
"82
 I S. bibo to drink
mournful and sad. whose melancholy comes from pbys.ical pain or io
I6. Im· (in-)
menttt! distrtss, wbo 51..'elllS to be suffering or grieving. is callcd- ro ran
17. cado
dolorottl 18. dt· dowo
RELATED WORDS:
19. •t'lt/ adje<:ti \'e suffix
20~ ·«:nee noun suffix
I. dolor-A pootic synonym of grief, with, together
21. con-
2. dote/fit- A word teferring somewhat humorously 10 exag•
gcrated dismal.oe:ss, sadness, or d~arioess.
3, condot~EtymoJogically, 10 sufftt or srleve with (Latin
con-, wi1h. together). Condbl~ it a somewhat IC$$ commonly used
synonym of COthmlsero.tt'., • verb we discussed in Chu.pier JS. The
nouo condolence is much more frequcocly heard than lbe "erb. as USING THE WORDS
in.. "Let me offer you my cotidolencn:• usu.ally said to someone
mourn.in& the dtath or a frieod or relative. You have beard ot A, TH6 R,\StC WOR!>S
r:ondolnice cards, and no doubt have sc11L yow- share of l.bem..
\Vhco you condolt wilh sQmebody who bas sustained a loss. u:ru-
Can you prono1,1nc• tho WOtch?
ally by death, you are saying, io dTcc11 "I am suffering ot grieving
with you." I. obsiquio,,s ob-SEEK'-wee...
2. querulous !..'WAlR'-Q-1,.
3. s.uperdliou.r .s«l-~r-SIL1-ee-'JS
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY 4, l)b.st,epe,o,,s ~~STR.EJ>-1-x -::is
S. !mpuunious im'-~KY<KY-nee-~
PREPOC, ROOT, 6. chi1ralrou.t SHIV' "'1·""
SUFFIX MEANJNO ENG1.1$K WOKD 1. i11nocuou1 ~NO.K'· J<ll>-os
1. stquor to follow
8. bibulous Bill',y..i.s
2, quoor 9. cada,•crous b--DAV'"'01'..;is
to compl-ain
3. cUumt eyelid 10. doloraus DOL'-o.r--» or D<Y-1~-:K
4. swper above
5. stre-p<> to make a noise Con yov woi* wi'th lh• wordJ? (I)
6. pecus caule
7. -at)' •dj«tive suffix 1. obsc.quioo.s a. snobbish
8. int- (in· ) negative pcefi.:x 2. querulous b. bo.nnless
3. su~rdlious e. gaunt
9. chevol horse
JO. cal/abut (cawll·) inferior bo"'o 4. obsueperous d. .bott of funds
ll. '"()Uf 5. Impecunious C. £awning; CXGCSSJ\'Cly,
•djectiYtsuffl.<
12. -ic adjective suffix rioliuily, pofue
6. chivalrous L som,wful
13.
14.
equ,u
-In•
h""'•
like_ similar to. 7. innocuous g. addicted lO drink
cbaractcmtic of 8. bibuJous b. cou.rLcous to women
485
 9. cadaverous i. complaining 6. Are innocuous people dangerous? YES NO
10. dolorous j. unmanageable 7. Is a bibulous character a tcewtalcr? YES NO
8. Is a cadaverous-looking individual the YES NO
picture of healtJJ?
KEY: 1--e, 2-i, 3-a, 4-j, 5-d, 6-h, 7-b, 8-g, 9-c, 10-f 9. Is a dolorous allilll<le characteristic of YF.S NO
jovial people?
JO. fs an obstreperous child difficult to YES NO
manage?
Can you work with the words? !Ill

Match each word in the first column with one from t11e second KEY: 1-no, 2-no, 3-no, 4-no, 5-ycs, 6-no, 7-no, 8-no, 9-no,
column that is opposite in meaning. 10-yes
1. obsequious a. content; uncomplaining; sat-
isfied
2. querulous b. affluent
3. supercilious c. healthy
4. obsireper;.>us d. rude Can you recall the words?
5. impecunious e. sober 1. D,_ _ _ _ __ _
1. sorrowful
6. chivalrous f. dangerous 2. servilely attentive; overly polite 2. Q,_ _ _ _ __
7. innocuous g. humble 3. haggard; gaunt; pale 3. c.______
8. bibulous h. misogynous 4. Q_ _ _ _ __
4. complaining; whining
9. cadaverous i. happy; cheerful 5. B,_ _ _ _ _ __
5. addicted to alcohol; likely to
JO. dolorous j. quiet drink past the point of sobriety
6. arrogant; haughty 6.S------'-":--
KEY: 1-d, 2-a, 3-g, 4-j, 5-b, 6-h, 7-f, 8-e, 9-c, 10-i 7. harmless 7. 1 - - - - - , - - - - -
8. noisily unmanageable 8. 0•-------,,
9. attentive and courteous to 9. ~---..,,-~--
women
10. sl1ort of money; without funds 10.. l - - - - ~ - -
Do you understand the words?

J. Do obsequious people usually YES NO KEY: I-dolorous, 2-obsequious, 3-<:adaverous, 4-querulous,

command our respect?
2. Are querulous people satisfied? 5-bibulous, 6-supercilious, 7-innocuous, &-obstreperous,
YES NO
3. Are supercilious people usually 9-chivalrous, 10-impecunious
YES NO
popular?
4. Is a person of affluence impecunious? YES NO
5. Do some women like chwalrous men? YES NO (End of Session 45)
487
 4. sequence d. pain, sorrow (poetic)
5. pecuniary e. coming later or afterward
SF.SSION 46 6. noxious • f. procession of mounted riders
7. imbibe g. offhand, haughty
B, RELATED WORDS 8. dolor h. a following even\ or literary
work
Can you pronounce the words? (IJ 9. doleful i. horsewoman
10. cavalcade j. pertaining to money
l. obsequies OB'-s3-kweez 11. cavalier (adj.) k. mounted military division;
2. subsequent SUB'-s:rkw:mt soldiers on horseback
3. sequel SEE'-kwQl 12. cavalry 1. funeral rites
4. sequence SEE'-kw:ms 13. equestrian m. exaggeratedly sorrowful
5. pecuniary ~KYO<Y-nee-air'-ee 14. equestrienne n. horselike
6. noxious NO~-shas 15. equine o. horseman
1. imbibe im-BIB' 16. cadaver p. spiritual decline
8. dolor DO'-lln" 17. decadent q. morally decaying
9. doleful DoL'-fal 18. decadence r. corpse
IO. cavalcade KAV'-'cll-kayd' 19. chivalry s. expression of sympathy
11. cavalier (adj.) kav-:rLEER' 20. condolence t. gallant courtesy to women

Can you pronounce the words? 1111

KEY: 1-l, 2-e, 3-h, 4-a, 5-j, k , 7-b, 8-d, 9-m, 10-f, 11-g,
1. cavalry KAV'-Ql-ree 12-k, 13-o, 14-i15-n, 16-r, 17-q, 18-p,19-t,20-s
2. chivalry SffiV'..gl-ree
3. chivalric shQ-VAL'-rik
4.condole kan-OOL' Do you understand the words? 111
5. condolence kan-D0'-1:ms
6. equestrian 1. Are speeches usually made during YES NO
;rKWES'-tree-3n
7. equestrienne obsequies?
3-KWES'-tree-en' NO
8. equine 2. Did Margaret Mitchell write a sequel to YES
EE'-kwin'
9. cadaver Gone with the Wind?
k:rDAV'-31' or k:rDAY'-v3r 3. Are these numbers in sequence: 5, 6, 7, YES NO
10. decadent DEK'-Q-d:mt or d3-KAY'-d3nt
11. decadence 8,9,10,11?
DEK'-Q-d:ms or d3-KAY'-d3ns 4. Do banks oJten handle the pecuniary YES NO
Can you work with the words? details of an estate?
5. Is arsenic a noxious chemical? YES NO
1. obsequies a. proper order 6. Do children sometimes imbibe wisdom YES NO
2. subsequent b. "drink; absorb; take in from their parents?
3. sequel c. harmful, poisonous 7. If a song is sung in tones of dolor, is it YES NO
. 488 ' a happy song?
489
 •

8. ls o do!iful countenance a happy ont1

9. Docs a (dva/code coniaUl boi:scs7
...
YES
NO
"'o
3. pecuniary-6.naneiaJ
4. ~oque.nc:e--order
S. noJtious-harmfol
SAM.ll
SAME
OPP0$1Tli
0Pf0Srt£
orPOsrrE

-·
SAM.B
JO. Docs a ccvo/t,-, attitude show a splrlt of
humility?
YES NO 6. imbibe-<lrint SAM£ orroSJTE

KEY: 1-yes. 2-no, 3-yes. 4-ycs, 5-ycs, 6-yes, 7-not 8-.no, 9-

7. dolor--deligbt
8. dolcfu~D:lerry
9 c:aqfier-oourtcous
......
S"M'I!
OPPOSITE
OPP()SITI;;
OP'POSJTe
ycs. JO-no JO. c:ada,•cr-<:arpst. SAM.Ii. orroliJTE
11. deculcnt-resurgent SAME orPOSITE

Do you 1.mdersto~d the words:? r11,

0
12. chivalry-g.·tllantry to women
13. c:ondofcnces.--congratulallons ......
SAMll -OPP()SrTt
0.1.'l"'OSITJi.

l. Is a ca,•a/ry officer usualJy a gOQd YES NO

horseman? KEY: 1-S, 2-0, 3--S, 4-S. S.-S, 6-S. 7--0, 8-0, 9--0, 10-S,
2. WouJd ~n eqMuir{an statue of General 11-0. 12-S, JJ,.()
Yf.S NO
GrMt shqw bun '11'il~ or on a horse?
3. Is an ttJut.sui~nne amJln?
4, Do humans p01SSCss m.iny equine
chafltCteristjcs'?
5. b a cadtn•,r- alive'!
...
YI!~ NO
so Co.n you r,c4;o!I tho words?
I. h..-mlui I. ,..___ _ __ __
YES NO 2. a literary wc11·k or an event that 2, ~ - - ~- - - -
6. [~ an ioonodast likely to consider YES NO follows Molhec
religion a dttad~nt institution? J. drinJc ID 3.
7. rs decadence a desirable quaJhy? y-c,; ~o 4. poetic word !or sorrow 4.o.______
8. h, chfralry dead? YES NO 5. bufial ceremonies 5. " - - - - - --
9. ls it .11ppropriatc 1n condole with "CS NO 6. honeman
someone who has wffered a loss 6. ~ -- - - -
7. horsewornao 7. "--- - -- -
through dtitth?
JO A rt «.mdolt11ces :appropriate :u a S horselike 8. ~ - -- - -
YOS NO
wcdOJng ceremony?
9. following (adj./
10. relating 10 money (adj.)
9.~-
10. p._ _--
_ _-
_-_
11 . exancratedly sad II. D • - - - - - -
KEY: I-yes. 2-yes, Mo, 4-n(), S-no. 6-ye,, 7-no., 8-yes, or no, 12. proper order 12
dcptnding on )'our point ()£ view. 9-yts. 10-no (unless 1l. pal'ldc of mounted riders 13. ' - - - - - - -
yc,u'rc misot;aman<;) 14. oJThand; unmindful of 14. ~ - - - --
another's fcc:liogs •
ts. mounted soldlerS IS,'---- - - --
)6. 11 corpse
Do you vnd•r,taiid •h• wo,ds? IUI) 17. morally deteriorating (4dj.)
16. ~
17. o, -- - - --_
_____
18. splrlrual decay 18. D,_ _ _ _ __
J. ob,cqute:s-ri1es OPl'OSJT!
2. subsequent-preceding J9 expression of iympalhy 19. ' - - - - - - -
0PPOS1TC
, 90 •91
 •

20, galJJolty to women 20.<.;__ _ __

B. Con you recoontie roofs?
KBY: l noxious, 2-scqucl, 3-imbibe 4-<fol- c -1. • ROOT MJ!AN!t(Q tXAM..PLt
6-<ques1tian 7 . _, v, • ~sequ1es
JO- . • ~uestncnoe, 8--equine, 9--.sobsequcat' I. Se(l"-<>f - - - - - - - sobocqueot
pecu~iary, 11-doJeful, 12-&equence: J~vaJ de, 2. qutror - - - - - - - queru!ou,
14-cavaber, IS-cavalry, Hi-cadaver. 17-deeadt:n ~ ' 3. ciUtnn - - - - - - - supercilious
decadcoec, 19-condolence, 20-chivelry or cbivalrou~ess8- 4. super - -- - -- - rupermloo
S. strepo -
_-_-
__--
_-__- ob,;t~perous
pocuruary
6.
?. """''
chevol -_ _
-_-__
-- _-_ chivalry
cavalier
8. a,l)al/., (cawJl•)
CHAPTEJt REVIEW _ _ __ _ _ _ equino
9. equus
_ _______ dccadc.ncc
• 10. cado
A. Do 'YOU rccogniH the wo,d,?

J • .Excessively polite and fawning: KEY: I-to follow, 2--lo complain, ~elld, - ~ S--to make
(~) querulous, (b) obsequioos, (c) supercilious a noise, 6-<:anle, 7-borsc, 8-(Wetlor) hone, 9-hoac,
2 · NmsUy troublesome: .10-to fall
3 C (a) qucrolou,, ( b) impocuruoo,, (c) obstreperous
· ourreow and auenti.,·e to women:
(a) quen,Jous, (b) chivalrous (c) ,upercit"
4. Complaining. !lagging: ' 1ous
lfASER QUfSTIONS FOR lME AMATEUR ETYMOlOGIST
s. fl •<•!.
...,ti'!u1yenilous, (b) sup<rdlious, (cl innocuous
d;..iaJnfol:
1. Io logic, a conclusion not based 011 tbe evidence is called a
G (•) supe«ilious, (b) bibulous, (c) dolorous non sequitur; by extension. the term i$ applied to any statement
6• aunt, co.rpsdilcc: that appears co have no connc<::tioc or relevance to what wu said
(a) noxious. (b) cadaveroui, (c) doleful beforo. Knowing the root se.qu.or, bow would you deftoc this term
7. Highhanded: etymologically? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
8 M{a) supcrcilious1 (b} ca\·&!ier. (c) dotadent
· on! decay:
2, Stquor, like roany other Latin verbs.. has another form some.
(a) d:<:uknce, (b) obsequies, (c) sequence what differently spelled. (Remember verto, YtmtS and foquor,
9. Expres,,on of sympathy:
loc.utus?) The other !orm of sequor ls s«uoo. can you define lh.e
(n) bibulousness, (bl doleru111ess, (c) coodolence
10. Courtesy to women: following words in terms of the root?
(a) dolor, (b) chivalry, (cl decadence (a) &ee<>od:
(b) coosccvtiY<>:
KEY: 1-b' 2...:. 3--b, 4-a, S-a, 6-.b, 7-b, 8-a, 9--c, 10-,b (c) p c - :
(d) prosecute:
A93
 ,. Latia - · abo,e ... · - · is wed . . . pod, in bundrods
al &,pd> wwds. Con,... lig,n oat tbe W<risf.lltiDc wilh,,,,,.,..
!bat li<s - -<y"'Ologiea 1 -Jehitioo?
(.) - otiien ( in quality. posltloo. Cle,)

(bl - the.-; not in depth (ad/,) - - - -,Brit/ lntermilsi'on Te,n--- - --'

(c) (llowinJ) above what is a..,.._,.; moto !baa
,a.ceded C""i-) - - -- - - -- -
(fl) llhcM, (or bcyood} the oatural (adj.) _ __
ANOTHER CHECK ON YOUR SPELLING
(•> 10 ovenee; be in charge d. (v.)

4. Cod,,, 10 fall. a !ouod ia the following ~sb woro, (liOffl..

wnes tbe 1'001 ii gpellod <id} . ca,, you dcfioe CKl, word in · - ·
of iis etymologjcol .,.,..,
Jo each linl: you will 6nd four wotdl-<,ne ot lhem purpoeely,

-
(•}C>dalce:
subtly, and p«haps unexpectedly misspelled: II'• up to yov 10
(b) O<cldao\MJ:
chcc.k the sm,te enor. ff )'OU CIJ). come OUl (JI) top at least 6f1uu
(c) d -:
( d) ioc;deut:
limes O\ll or twuny, you11e probably a better speller than you rtal·
he.
(.) :
co cotnd ..
I. (1) alrip,t, (b) ooolly, (c) supersode, (d) dhapp<II
S. 'Ibo ..gati,,c prob IA- plus d<lko, lo ,ul!cr, lonns ao ad- 2. (•) inoailiuo, ( b ) definmly, (c) ineJistibl•,
joctlve 1h41e&,....,,,,_, muns no, "'6uint (pain). bul actlKJ/1)'
means id'-: lazy: dlJllJrJnt lff(wJ or ""'*·
Ca.a ,.,. lip« out tbe
(d) m:cmmend
3. (a) Incident.Uy, (b) dissipate, (c) scper1te, (d) balloon
Enslishword? ' 4. (•) argumea1, (b) ecstasy, (c) occornace, (d) ooa1y,:e
Can you-.rrl.. lhe aoaa !onn1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ S, (•) s=ilegiow, (b) wciJd, (c) p<OIIUnci,iion, (d) ~pililloo
6. Wba - the feminine Mffl• Oolom mean etymol0£icoll17 6, (•} clroo.lr.coe,s, (b) embatra..,,.c:nt, (c) wci1'I, (d) irrimble
7. (a) aoci<oable, (b) supcnul<.Odnt, (c) . - _
(d) defflopmeal
8. (a) Ylc:lom, (b) C<alSdence, (c) plllliq, (d) amo-
9. ( 1) -1,Je, (b) punve. (c) oxhilsnte, (d) lnsisWlt
10. <•)naiYm, (b) ..-..ry, (e) caa,o,y, (d) profe,oor
JI. (a) l'.bytbmi<al, (bl .etpn~ (e) YllCCWIII, (d) """"'°'
11. (•) bendltlOll, (b) alloucd. (e) corrobon"', (d) despair
13. (•) diJ,lllheria, {b) grandeur, (c) m1ic"1ous, (d) licom<
14. (a) uanquilllty, (b) ,ymmeuy, (c) occusiooally,
(d) pmil•Jt
 •
IS. (a) tarm!, (b) tyranny, (c) baltallon, (d) III<h!pelago
16. (a) bicycle. (b) geneoloS)', (c) liquefy, (d) bettor
17. (a) dofon.., (b) batchelor, (c) swpe{y, (d) pmulel
18. (a) whisky, (b) likablt, (c) bookkeeper, (d) accomodate
19. (a) compadtive, (b) mayo1111ai"" (c) in<fispensabk,
( d) dexterous
20. (a) dictionary, (b) ca,ualoupo. (c) existanco, (d) ukulele 17

KEY: 1-a (all risJ,t), 2-b (defuutely), 3-c (separate). 4--c (occur-
rcoce), 5-d (rtpelltioo), 6-a (dnmke1111ess), 7-b (•upcrin- HOW TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
teodem), 8-c (panicky), 9-<I QD$,ste,u), Uk (category), '
11--<: (vacuwn), 12-a (beoe6ted), 13-c (ridiculous), 14--c
(oceas!oo.Uy), IS-a (tariff), 16-b (genealogy), 17-b
(bachelor), 18-d (accommodate), 19--& (companwve), Comprehensive Test IIT
20-c (existence)

SESSION 47

t--tymol~y

I 1. fluo
2. pheme
3. p/<uyJ
4. fclis
S. pi~cis
ROOT MJL\NING l!XAM'PUI
affluent
euphe miim
platitude
/eline
piscine
6. no,ros nostalgia
7. koko• cacophony
8. cantis carnivorous
9. V(ITO voracious
10. omnls omnivorous
t 1. p<>1cns. poumis impotent
12. ub;que 11biquiry
" 13. lupu.r
14. ,i,,,.,, lupine
dO!Or<)US
JS. f)OfCU$ porcine
16. lhanaros euthanasia
496 497
J7. conir canine
J8. vu/Jrul vulpine
19. aigus nosralg_ic IU-son,e Of opposite?
20. ()d;me -tmodync t. penury- affluence
2J. [Ql,'O.' r eulogy 2. vicarious seoon.dhand s 0
22. sde11s, ~v:h•ntis 001n.lsciem
3. cphemenil~vunescem s 0
23. W'S/IS u1s.i11e
4. badinage-persiflage s 0
24. pho,re euphonious
5. <flOOJ)bony-euphony s 0
25. pcmma penury
6, c1andcstine-su.rreptitioos
s 0
7, pa,rsimonio~rtra.vagant s 0
11-;norE etymology 8. indjgent-opuknl
s 0
9. desti1uto--impccuniou.s
s 0
ROOT, PP.EFlX EXAMPl.e
l 0. eupbcmlstio-iodin.:, s 0
I . nerwrs eneITarc l I. clkb6-bromidc
s 0
2 '®" encrw 12. platitudinOU$-Orlginal
s 0
3. Mg<J negation 13. voraclous-gJunoool.l:! s 0
4. cuput. capilis deccpitate I 4. Onmiscicnt-ignorant
s 0
S. ,apitulrmr ~pit.ulatc
JS. omnipcesent-ubiquiroU$
s 0
6. vegtlO vegetate 16. <""1lll-lt1,idinous
s 0
7, ,vinmlo simulate
17, cam:igc-sJa.ugh ICl s 0
8. suni/1., similariey
18. encrvatoo~arated s 0
9. lc11is alle\•iatc
J9. ca-stigare-coodone s 0
10. imlmus intimate ( 11,) 20. simu.liue-prctcnd
s 0
I l. mi.u>:r commi~ rate s 0
12. V(ICilk> vacillilte
13. ambi· runbivalem JV-moh:hing
14. ntcillum oscillate.
WORDS
15. seq:,,,,, s.ecut,u. obseqoloos PEff!-ITtO~S
J 6. qilerf.lr
J. aJJeviating
querulous a. t1tcesslvety polik or servile
17. ctlfurn s.upercUloU$ 2. cav•lier (ad/,) b. gaunt, corpselilr:e
18, 1,;t1per• superior 3. •aeillating c-. nojs-y
19, S/IC'pi> obstreperous 4. obscqolous d. poisooo~
S. q0<rulous
20.
l l.
pecu:,
equuJ
impecunious
equiru, 61 obstreperoU.1 •f. sad
hlghluuidcd

22.. cabal/us ( c:ovat.. ) cavalier 7. inooc1,1ous g. nagging; complaining

23. foquor, l<,<;ut11.1 clrcumJoculfon 8. Cilda~rous b. harmless
24. cado clccadcncc 9, doJOY'OlL<; I. sooUiing
25. e:vnnesce,it 10. 11oxicius
Vatlt;'SCO j. constanOy cltanging one's
mind
498
.;99
 •

19. me,:cy death 19. " - - -- - -

20. scienceofsp<edl ,ounds 20. P · - - - --
V---4T!orec motdilng 21. all-powu!ol 21.0•- - -- -
1. coodotenoe a. a rising iolo the air 22. to gm in; I() stop resisting 22. ,.__ __ __
2. decadent b. harsh sound 23. a working togclber for greater 23. ....._ _ _ __
3. levity c, powetlessoess elfecc or >--------
4. ltvitadon d. a return to life id: a new [onn 24, 10 behead 24. D- - - -- -
5. surreptitious e. devoudng all; eating every- 25. relating u,. pertaining 10, o, 25,.p_ _ __ __
thing iovolvlng money (adj.)
6. cacophony t e,pression of sympathy 26. hatmle"' 26. ,___ _ _ __
27. tending 10 drtnl: a lot (adi,) 27• .,__ __ __
7. rc:inca.matio.n g. cowlike: phJeamatie; stolid
8. omnivorous b. morally dcterioratiJ:z 28. to express Jympathy; to share 28.<.;.._ __ __
9. impotence i. joking suffering. pain, or grlef (with) or .._
'---- -- -
j, slealtbr, secret 29. snobbish; contemptuous; 29, _ __ _ _-
lO. bovine
haughty; arropnt
30. moUDted soldier> 30. ..__ _ __ _
VI-recoil o word
J. L _ __ __
I. lionlil:e 2. (.;..._ _ _ __ KEY: A correct ao.swer counts one point. SQorc your points fot
2. d01:like eoch part of tho test, then odd for o IOtal.
3. eatlik( 3. F
4. l'_-
_ -_
--_-
_-_
4. piglite
S. foxlike
s.v_____
6. bearlike 6. U - -- -- - I
7. horselike 7.E-- - -- -
8.Qc...__ __ _ 1-to Oow, 2-\'0lcc. 3-tlat. broad, 4--<'at, S-fish, 6--a return,
8. oll-poworlul 7- banb, bad, ugly, 8-He.,h, 9-IO d,,·our, J(H,!J, 11-powcxfol,
9. in lhe ilesb
9. _,___ __ __
10. v,_____ _ 12-evcrywhere, J3-wolt, 14-to mffer, gric,-c, IS-pi& 16-dtalh,
10. to .stagnate 17-dog, 18-lox, 19--pain, 20-paln, 21-word, speech, 22- 1:now-
l l. 5(!Crct 11 . ' - ' - - - - -- ing, Z-3-bear, 24-sound, 2S-want, oeed.iness
12. mcat~31ing (adj.) 12. C--- -- - - You:rscore: _ __ __ _
13. lasting a very short time 13,E..-----
14. stlngy; tiglu-fisted 14. P ' - - - -- n
or P·- ------ 1-ner,,e, 2-worlc, 3-to deny, 4-b~ 5-litt.lc bead, chaptc.r he1d·
1S. feeling contradictory ways at
thc-satnc time (adj.)
tS•••• - - - - - - 0

Ing, 6-10 Ii•·•

and grow, 7-to oopy, 8-tike, similar, 9-ligh~ I ~
16. ,,__ _ _ __ oe""°"'· 11-wmcbed, 12-to ,wing back and lonb, 13-bolh, 14-<l
16. speech of pral,s.e 17. e,__ _ _ _ __ swing. lS-to follow, l ~ complain, 17~cUd1 JS-above, 19-to
17. a f«ting of well-being, b<>tb malce a noise, 20-cattlc, 21-boo,, 22..(Joferior) horse, 23-to
physical and emotiooaJ speak, 2 - fall, 25-to vanish
18. ,.__ _ _ __ _
18. statement intended to allay
pain Qr anxiety Your score: _ __ _ __
soo 501
 •

Record your score in the appropriate space below ~ weU ns

m yo.ur scores (n,m Cbnp1crs 8 amt 13. You wm lh?.11 have a eo,n ..
1-0, 2-S, 3-S, 4--S, S--0, 6- S, 7--0, 8-0, 9-S, 10-S. 11-S, ~rison chart o f all three achlevcmco, te!lts.
12-0, 13-S, 14-0, 15-S, 16-S, 17-S, IS-0, 19-0, 2~
Your stutt: _ _ _ __ _
TEST I (O,aprcr 8): out of 120,
1V TEST JI (Chop,or 13) : OPl O( 120.
l-i, 2--<, 3-j, 4-a, S-g, 6--c, 7- h, 8-b, 9-f, J()..d TEST Ill (Chapter 17) : out or 120.
\'our se:or~: _ _ _ _ __

V (End of S«s.\·frm 47)

l-f, 2-b, l-j, 4-a, S-j, 6--b, 7-d, 8-e, 9--c, 10-g
}:our score: ______
VI
1-lcon.i.ne, 2--¢:u.tloe, l-telino, 4-porcine., 5--vulpine) 6-\lrsine,
7-equine, 8-omnipOtent, 9-incamatc., 10--~gctate, 1 t~Jandes--
tine, 12--camivorous, 1)~hemeral, 14-penurious or p:arsi-
mo1Uous I t S-.100bi qaJenrl 16--c:ulogy, t7-cuphotia, 18-anodyne.
19-euthanas:ia, 20-pbonetics, 21-ontnipotent, 22-capltuJate.
23- syoergism p, :;yoergy, 24-dccapitate, 2S-pecuniary, 26-in-
11ocuous, 27--bibulous, 28--condote or conuo.iserate. 2.9--supercili-
ous, 30-eo.valry
Your scon:: _ _ _ _ __

Your total st.ore: _ _ _ _ __

Significance of Y our Total Score:

100-120: Most<rly
80-99: Good
65-79: Average
50-64: Barely ac«pt>ble
3S-49: Poor
0-34: Terrible!

302 503
 •

The word may have the-roots in ,e.,.ersc, becoming androgynous

(ao-DROJ'..>n:,s)~ with all three meanings identicQ1 to those of
gyntJndrOul.
He,maphroditlc (but-tnaf'-ra•DJT'-jk) , 3.COmbinati.on of Hermes,
18 th1!1 Oteek g~ who SC.r\'Cd as messenger or herald (io Roman
~ylbofoty~ 1his god was knoWn as Mercury, aod i$ convc-11Lionally
JnCl\ll'ed With wings Qn his hoe.ls). aod Aphrodite, the Greek god-
dt-ss of love and beau ty (in Roman Dl)'thology, Yenu.r) . has cither
HOW TO CHECK of the first lwo meanings of tytt4titlrous.
YOUR STANDING AS The noun form of gynandrous ls gyno11dry (jt•NAN'-dree); o(
AN AMATEUR ETYMOLOGJST tmdrogynou.s_,, dndrogyny (an..D ROJ'+n~); of h~rmaphroditic,
hi'rmaphrod,tmn (har-MAF-r~ -tiz-~).
(Answer., to Teaser Questior,s in Chapters 3-7, 9- 12, The individual plant U: ao ondrognye (AN'-dr>jio)· plant or
person, a hermaphrodite (bur·MAP·m-dit'). •
and 14-16)
4 . Mo'!°'nania (ruo!1...,_MAY'•ne.e-;), combining monos, one,
~d m"nta, madness. 1s an obsession with one thing, or obscs-
Si•tcness in one area. Person: mon,oma:nJtJ"; adjective: monomani•
a,"tti {.mon'-;--.m>Nl'-1>--.bJ).
S. A mlsandrisr (ml°YA.t~'...cldst), c::ombiniug mlsein to hate
CHAJ>T£R 3, whh 011dros, man (male) 1 hates men. Noun: misandry (mis--AN'~
drec:). Adjootive: mi.sandroU$ (mis•AN'-d.r\'.6).
I. A.nthiopocentric (an'.. lhr>op,rSE.N'-trilc}, an adjective bllilt
en anthropos. mankind; Oreek ktruron. ccntc.r, and the adjective
suffix ..;c, describes thinking, usumptions, I!UL$0ning, etc. lha1 see ChN:k your l•wning
mankind as the cent.ml fact, or ultimate aim, of the universe. The
ROOT
noun (or.ms are either anthropocentrism (afl'...(hn,.pa--SBN'·triz- UAl,JPLE
1. anJhropos
am) o r andr.rop0«ntdc.ity ( an'-thr3-p6'-s;o-TIUS'-~tee) , anthtopo,centric
2. kelrtron
2. Andromanfo (ao'-<fn..MAY'-nc:c-~), o combination of anlhropocdf!trism
3. a.ndros
tutdros, m:in (mal~). plus manitJ, madness, sig:rufies an obsession andromanJa
4. mania
with m.ales. Pcl'S'On: a,1dromanlac. one who is mad about men; ad• andront:lniac
S. gyne
joctivc: andromanltu.:Ol (ao'-dr~m.,...Nl .....a--bl). gynandrous
6. Rermc.1
3, Gyrumdrou, (jt-NAN'-clm), wmbining gynt, womaii, with hermaphrodite
7. Aphrodite
andros, man (malo), describes; hcanaphrodidc
8,""""1S
a. pla.ttts in which the male and femak organs are unjted i.u the monor:naoia
9. misein
same column; or misandry
b . people who physically have, both male aod female sexual or-
gans, Often ooc or both io rudimentary [orm; Qr KEY: 1-.nankiod, 2-<entcr, l-maa (mal•), 4-m•dntos, 5-woman,
c. (ti more recent meo.nina) people wbo exhibit, or arc wilting 6-Hc:rmcs, !he messenger or the gods, ?-Aphrodite, god-
to own up co, the male trnd female emotional cbaraeterisrics that dess ol love and beauty, 8-anc, 9-40 bat~
cveryooe possesses.
- 504 50j
 •

l. CacDpygit»l (l(.ak"-~PU'-ce-M}.
4. 1'ttlescope (tde- plus s~opein. 10 view) or ,~tebinncu.la.rJ;
1e.lepho1tt; fdt!visiou.
CHAPltR 4,

l. I'edvdontu, (ptt--d~-OON'-sh;i) ls the ~pedaJly or child Ch•ck yo'-lr l~otning

<.lcnlistry-paidos, child, plw. udomqs, tooth. Specialhl: r1rdo-
PRF..FlX. ROOT );Jl!ANl~O EXAMPLE
dr.mtfrt Adjective: 1>cdo,lon.Jic.
2. Curdial_qia (kahc'·dee-AL'-j~). hc:ul paial--kardin, heart, J. ocu,gmt(l oa.ogeoar.ian
2. quinqutJ,ginta quinquageoarl.an
pl us ol_gt>s. poi 11
3. Se.).(tg/,:((t sexagenarian
a. Od.antJJIRio {O'-don-fAL'-P). toothache. 4. srpmagima sepm~narion
4. NQsralgia (l10s.-TAL'-p). Adjectlvt: noHa!gh:, 5. t1011ngil1ta nonagenarian
6. Ctt,ttum centenarian
(h~tk your lecun.ing 1, kfll.OJ cacophony
8. ,,heme cacophonous
PIU?rlX, ROOT EXA.b,t f't &
9. PY,<l~ cacopygl>n
I. p«dlos (pcd-) pedodonti.a J 0. ,.1.. 1efevjsion
2. kardi« cartlialgia t l. skapr/11 teloco_pc
3. algtJ.s odon1atg.ia
4. (X/Qfl(()J pedodontist
5, HOSIQS .QOSt:iJgi.tt KEY: 1-e.igllly, 2-filty, 3-6i.xl)'t 4-sc\.'cnty, S-nlnety, 6-.onc bun-
dre<t, 7-ugly, harsh. OOd, 8-«>und. 9-buttoc.lc, 10-dis-
tllO:oc, from atar~ 11-to view
KEY; l~hild. 2--h.eart, 3-pait), 4-m,)lh, 5~ return

CHAPTEI: 61
CHAPTER 5,

L. Eighty to eighty-nine )'ears old. Prom Latin ocwginta,
eight). People of otbd ages are ns /ollows:
{a) S0-59: quinquagennrlan (kwin'-k.w3-j,-NAIR'.ee,-.;ia)
(b) 60-,69: sexaiwuzrlan (1eks'...:,-ja-NAJR'..ee.-:;io)
{c) ?Q....79: sep1uage1,01ia11 (sep'-ehoo-,-j>NAJR'~o)
(d) 90-99: nonagenarla.rt (nou'->j~NAIR'--ee..~n)
(c) 100 and over: ctnl'1nQ1ia1t (seri'-ce·NAIR'«4n)
2. C<,ccphony (k:i·KOl,-o--nee). AdjL-ctive:: cpcophonou.s (b-
KOF'-o-nos).
t. Sopltomor~; !rom $0p}1or plu~ m<>ros, foolish, the word ct)'-
m?Lo~cally dCS1goatcs one who is half wise and haJf foolish. The
t1dJect1ve .sophomoric__(sor•>MAWR'·lk) describes peopt~. ani•
tudcs, suuemenu, wr1hngs. etc. Chol are higbl)' opinionated selr-
assur~. and,comina otf as if wi~e, bu1 which in realily are i~mn-
tt1re, mcxpet,enced, foolish, cte,.
2. Sophisticare,J h;;,.,AS"-~kay'-t.>d). The verb is JopMsti-
cat~. 1hc noun sophistk.ation. One who is worldly·v.ise i.s a so-
ph/stka,e (•>FlS'-1"-k.cJ.

506
soi
 Sophistlcau:d bas in rccttl.t years taken on the added meaning of 14, Nippono- Ni1>1)0.nopbile
highly d«rvelcped, matin-e. ()r complicated; appeal.Ina to a m/JWre l S. Sino-- Slnophile
intetltCt/ ot nwart and knowledgu,ble. Examples: $0phittitated 16. andros andtophile
maOOinery, ele~tconic equipment~ a sophisticated apProach: n 17. KYM· gynepliile
sophis.ric11ted audience, iroup, staff. faculty, etc. 18. pl,//ein pbilogynis1
J . One who ls obs,ssed with books, especially wilh collctting )9. paMos (f"'d-) pcdopilile
20. Zoion zoopblle
books. 21. boiane
4. (a) spc~king one language, (b) spco.ldng two languoges, (c} QOlMopblle
speaking three languages.
M11lliJin,aual (mulm.r, many, plus lingua)- spca.k.ing many 1nn·
goages. KEY: I- wise, 2-foolisb, 3-boot, 4-cnadoess, S-toogue. 6--onc,
A linguist ts one who i$ Ouent in many languages. or clSC an e~- 7- two, 8--lbree. 9-many, l ~Franoe-, 1 t-RU$sia
pc.rt in 1/nf!t/stlcs (or both). . 12-Spain, 13-Germany, 1<1-Japan, IS-Oiina, J6-m.,;
Mulnu, as indicated, meaos many, as lo multitude, muluply, (maJe}, 17-woman, 18-to love, 19-child, 20-animal,
multiplt, multicolored, multifarious, multilateral, etc... cle. 2 1-planl
s. (4) France, (b) Russia, (c) Spafo, (d} Gennany, (e)
Japan, (f) China.
6. (a) andropllile. (b) zynephil• (or philogynist), (c) pedo-
phile, Cd) woph/le, (e} b<>ianop/1/le. CHAPTER 7,
But pedophilia (pce'-d>-FlL'..cc-o) ii another story. A pedo-
philiac sexually motei1ts J·oung cbildn:o-.soch love liute kids can 1. A notable is someone wel1-know11.
do without! 2. To notify is, ctymologic.ally, io make known- rwtus J-. -/y, o
deriva1ioo ot /ado, to ma.Ice:. ' •
No1ice, ~$ a noun. ii what makes something known,· to notice,
Che.;k your leorning llll • verb, u to observe (somelhin.g or someone} so that it. be, or

.£XA.MPLE lihe becomes known to the observer•

PR£FlX, ROOT
sophomore ~Fy, as a ,·erb suffix, means to mtJkt. So simplJb is to make
1. 1opho:r
sophomoric simple, clarijy, 10 make clear; liquefy, to make liquid; putrefy.
2. ,n()rQI
bibliomaniac 10 make ~or bi:eo~c) rotten or putrid;.Jtupefy, to mate stupid~ or
3. bib/Ion
4; mania bibliomania dumb, wath as1onJshment (note the - t! preceding the suffilt in
S. lingua linguist l~queJy. pu1ru/y, stupefy); Joni/1, to mate strong:; r~ciify, to rn~ke
mooollo.pal ngb.1 or C'011eetj Cle., etc,
6. mor.<)$
1. bi• bilingual 3. Ch,o,r,ograph (K.RON'·rgraf') is an irl$trumem that meas-
8. tri.- trilingual ure$ und records short intervals of time..
9. multu.s multilinpal 4. To 8tMrOI~ .is to give binh to, ti,iUca.th-ely, or to create or
10. Fra11cq-. Francophile pmduce. 8$ a rurbine ,~,ates power, a person's presence gener-
11 , R.w.so- RunophiJe aJe., fear: etc. The nouo is genuatiqrr, which, in another conteu.
12. Bisp,mtr IDspaoophilo also dc:st.gnates the people borra Md living about the same time
13. G=nano- Gcrmanopbile (the older, previous, or next general/on, the Depression genera--
508 509
 •

..
sian, etc.), or a period, convootionaUy set at about thirty years,
between Sl>Ch &TI)UP' or people. _
To ret,o,erate is tu gi\le blnh co agalo, ot to be born agatn,
Some -cr~atures can ,egem~ra:e new limbs or part$ iC these ate CHAPTER 9,
lost or c:ut ofI--or the limbs o r parts regenerate.
Re- ,neans, oi course, (!gain; or. in som¢ words, as rect:de_, t. Magna,limity (m:1g'-n~·l\"IM'-;,-tce). Adjoeth·e : tnO$nani-
rt:gtt.':ts, etc., bad;. mor,s (mag..NAN'-~m;s),
5. OmniJ)orent (01n-NIP'-o-t:>t1t)-all powerrul; onrni.t p1us
0
2. Bifataal (bl--LAT'-:?r-._,J), as in a bilmerfll ckcision, i.e., one
poJttn.,, poumtit, poW'CrfuJ. m:,dc by the ll'tO sitlcs or tv.o people invo1vcd, On the other hund,
Omnipresent (om'-n">-PRl:.Z'-~nt)-prcscnl all over, or eYcry- a 1milateral {)·Ob-n>l.AT'-,1-~) decision is mode by Mc peniOll,
whcre. wii.hout consolt:11.ion with othcrJ.
Nouns: om11lpotence. tJmnlprcstncc.
6. A.naphrodisioc (:1~-af'-r:t-OIZ;-ee,.alt')- both a nouo and
an adjedivc. Saltpeter is supposedly a.n anaphrodisuu:,• so, some.
. 3. Transcribe. Noun; ,ranscrlp1/on. A steoog:N1pbcr rrt1J'IS(.-r/b~s
shortbMd nQtes imo English v...-ords, or a mU$icOI uanscribtt ru--
ranges or ~daprs a mu.'iical composition for an iu.strumcnt, group,
people say, is a cold shower, which is highly doubtfuJ, The best etc. Qthet than the oue for whiith the work qs origin31Jy written.
temporary ana,phrodlslnc is ptobably sexual intercou:rsc. Some
women who ¥1't re teen-agers when .Elvis Presley was at the height
4. Malaria was once cbnught to have bceo c:-.3used by 1hc ''bad
of his: popularity h:we told me that the young m~·s g;yral~ hips
aic" ot swrunps; ;iteua1Jy1 it was (and is) tran.snliucd to humattS
wen, oph,odlsfocal-1 wilJ ta\ie their word for 1t, as Et,·,s Ju\s by inrectcd anopheles mosql.U.locs breeding and 11"\ing jn swamps
never tumcd me on. On the other hand, lf you want to ta1k e:bout anc1 other pl.u:.es where there i3 sl:lgnaot Wat,:.r,
Diane- Keaton or Raquel Welch • . • or especinlly Marilyn 5. CcnfectltJn. The ..,,-Ord is .h.'trdly -used much today with 1his
Monroe •.. meaning, except perhaps by members of t,D older generation who
tt-m~ber co11Jec.ti011e/J shops ;md cqn/tctloticry $lores. Now
sllcb place& arc called Ice C'rl'lUlt nores (or ict crctun pt1rWrJ") nnd
Check your lecrning are run, ot lca:11 011 I.he west coasi, by Baskin-Robbilli or Farrelrs:
or they arc c:-.aHcd candy J/wp3; or, when 1 was growin.{: up, randy
1"11.EFJX, ROOT EXAMl"LB
stores. whece the ldd.~ alt hung out~ nnd candies couJd be bou_ght
I. nows notify for a penny aplcoe. w-itb H.crshey ba.rs selling fo r a nid:~I (1Mt'.s
2.. ,·J1rmws chronograph why lhey are called "Lhe gc:,od old d:iys"),
3, gu,pltein c-hrouographio
4. gt.nc-sfs generate
S. re- regenerate
6. omnis opUlipotent PUFD;ROoT MEANING .B-.1:AMP LE
1. p(Jteru, potentiJ OIIUUpotence l . rpagnus
anaphrodisiac
magnanimous
8. Oft · 2. o,z.imus Dlllgnanitnity
J. bi- bifaleml
KEY~ l-known., 2-time, 3-to writc1 ~inh, S- aga.in, MU, 4. UJUU unilateral
7-po"-'·erful, 8-.not (neptive) s. llltu1, lattri:t unil:itcrol
6. lrfJ.nJ• transcribe:
7, safbo, wiprw tmnscrip1ion
510
51 1

8. m.alus malaria
9. con.. confection
10. fa,;io (fe<-) ~nfectiooery
KEY: 1- bt.a., large, great, '2-mind, 3-two, 4-ooe, S-slde, 6-across,
7-to w-rite, 8-bad, e'o'd3 9-togethcr, 10-to 01.akc
CHAPTER 10,
I, Modus operandi. Mclhod (or mO®) of working (or operal-
lng). Pronounced MO'-do& op'-o-RAN'-d~ the word i, 001; of
course, .resuloted to the special methods used by a criminal, but
may refer to the method or style of operating cha.rncteristlc of
any other professional. ModuJ viVffldi (MO'd~ va-VEN'--<lf),
ecym.ologicaUy ..method or li~'· ii. the style of lite characte.ristie
o( a pecson or group.
2. Circumscription. To circumscrib~ aLw means., figuratively, to
write (a line) flround (one's /rudom of acrioh), so that ouc i.s
re.~trictcd, limited, hemmed in, as i.tl, ..a .life clrcum.scribed by
p(»-crty, by parental injunctions. or by ao overa~t.ive conscience,
etc.," or •·actions drcum.scribed by legal rcstramli." The noun
drcu_nucription has the figurative meaning also.
3. SomnUoquem ( ~-NlL'-~kw;.nt) . Noun: 10mniloquem:e
(sm ~NIL'+kwons) or somniloquy (£Mt-Nll./~kwce), 1.h¢ lauer
ooun also design.aliog the words spoken by lhe sleeper. One who
b.abituaUy ta.I.ks while asleep is a som-niloq_ui.st (s~rn-NIL'/4-o
.kwis1).
4, An aurist is ao CM specialist, more commonJy called an
otoloatn (c5,,TOL'+p$t), from Greek otos, car. Noun: otoloty.
Adjec~ve: 01010,ical (6-t>-LOJ'->bl).
It is diffieu.lt at this point 10 resist felling a weU-knowo story
about medical specialists. In fact it's imposslble to resist, so here h
Is:
A dentist, doing his fint e~raction on a piuiellt, was under•
S12
•
•
standa~ly ocrvous. Whco be go1 the molar ou, his hand shook, he
IOSt his P'ie on the i.osl.Nment, and lhc cooth <ltopped down Into
the patient's throat.
"Sony.·• s3id th¢ doctor, ••vou·rc outside my specialty now.
You should sec o. laryngoJogi:st! {Jait•ing•GOL'"'<>jist-a luynx
or throat spccinJktJ."
By the. time the unfortunate ,•ictim got to the Jaryngologis1. the
tootb bad worked it$ wa'y mucb futlher down.
The laryogologist examined thc man.
..Sor.ry," Said the dC>C1or, ""You're O\ILside my Specialty now.
You should llCe a ga.Wologistl (gas-TROL'•>jist-a stomach spe-
ciaJist]."
• The g3Slrologist X-tt>•cd the patient. ..Sorry/' said the doctor,
"th~ tooth bas tta\l'eled into your tower intestines. You should see
an en1erok,gistl ren'A1~ROU-a-jist-an inte,slinal specialist]."
Tbe ente:rologbt took some X rays.. "'Sony, the tooth isn·t th~.
ll must have gone down farther. You should see a proctologistl
(prok•TOL'*9-jisc-.a specialist iD diseases of the red.umi from
Greek proluos, iinus]."
Ont pa1ieut is now on the procco1opst•s cx.imioing table. in tho
proper elbow·knco position. Tho doctor bas inserted a procter
«ope and i, lookiog through It.
''Oood hcaveJlS, ma.or You've got a toolh up tb.t-rc! You shott1d
1ee a dentist!''
S. Aural (AWR-.1o1) refers to lhe ears or to the sense or phe-
nomenon of hearing. Monaural reproduction, as of mt1$ic over a
ndlo or by a phonograph record, for example, has only one
source of soond, and te<l>nlcally should be called m()Jt()phonk
(mon'4-FON'-ik)-n,onos, one, plus phon~. sound. IJintlurtJ
may mCM having two tl.lrl or involving she lU"e of both ear1, or,
recently, d~scriptive of .sound from two sourcu, Pviog o :rler'ttr
p!tcnic (steer'-ee->FON'- ik) etfect-.sur,os, deep, £<1lid1 plus
phone.
6. A noctambuli.s, (nok-TAM'·b~ist) walks at nigbt-no..r,
nocds, nj&bt, plus ambulo. to wall:::. Noun: noctqmbu!ism (ook·
TAM'-byo-Uz-om).
7. So,nn;Jic (som-NfF-ik); a 101nnifjc lecture, movie, effect.
etc.
' 513
 •

tion of lbc uterine lining-a1do, inside; metro, uterus; -osls, •b·

8. Orcumambulate (sur'--k-am,.AM-'-by:,-layt'). To circ1nnmn:l- normtJ coodilk>11.
ga1e is co sail a.round--circum. act,u.nd, ptu.s navi.r, ship. 2. (a) A n incendiary statcmcnt1 remark, llJ)CCch, etc. 6gura-
ti..·ely en.Barnes: an 1lUdic,ncc, klS them aftre, gets them
excited, galvanizes them into action. ere.
Cl'teck your lea r'ftlng (b) /nt(.n.se (.IN'·.se~) is a sob5wcc thtll sends off a
f>REflX, ROOT Mt!ANl~C 1:XAMPU- plc:tSO.nt odor when bumed--often but not nc:,ccs.
0

I. modus mmlu$ 01u.ran1U sa:tily, 10 mask unpleas.auL or temale smcDs~ as of ma-

2. operandi mQIU,-. operandi rijuana smoke, etc.
3. •·fro modus, lvendi {c) To incense (in-SENS') is to anger greatly, i.e., to
4 drcum· circumsc1ibt "burn up." 11'm aU burned up" j5 ctymologicaUy ao
5. ,teribo. rcrlpW.f circumsaiptio11 acc:u111te translation of "I'm ;nc,nsttl.''
6. st,mrius sorn1tiloquent 3. (o) Ard,nt (AHR'-<l,nt)-bumlng with ,eal, ambition,
1. loquor som.niloqucacc love, etc., as an ardent suitor, work-ct. etc.
8, (UJtUS auri~ (b) Ardor (AHR'-<l,r)-the oouo form of ardent-l>um-
9. oro.r Nology ing pas.sioo, zeal, enthusiasm., etc. A1teroate noun:
10j prokws p.roctolos;is:t crdutcy (AHR'-dan·S<~)-
11. sure.OS sten:opbonic
stereophonic 4. Mcg_ttphone:
12, phone
13. mono.v JnQWIU dll S. Megalopolis (meg'->-LOP'->lis).
14. b,- binaural 6. Police. Pofit;cs.
IS. tlOX, ltOClis noctamb\di~ 7. 11/bliokl•vtonwnlac (bil>'-lce-6-kJetf·t<>-MAY'•nee-a~) : one
16. umbulo noccambulism who has an obsession to, stealing books. Not too many yem af),
17. /ado(~<-} S<m1nific an 3uthor titled his book, Sito/ This Book!, P<<h•ps bopin!l to
appeal 10 biblioklep1omo,1f11cs; if the appeal was soooess!u.1 e.o.ou.gb,
hi5 roynlty statements moo have been minuscule indeed!
KEY: 1-;node, method, 2~f working. j-to live, 4-around. S-to
write, ~,leep, 7-to speak. 10 talk,, kt\r, .9--ear, lO-Mul>, <Jy1111kleptom,mlac.
11-deep, <olid, 12-.ound, 1i-ot1e, 14-lwo. 15-rus[tt, P~dokltp1omanioc.
A ndrclcleptomtmitte..
16-10 walk, l7-to make
DcmokleptommtiQC,
If you prefer w use shorter words. compuh·J,,e kidr1appe.r or
obsessive abductor will do as wc.U tor these words.
OtAPfEA: 11, 8. Acromanlac.
Agoramanloc..
1. Mocron,mlc (mat'-r~-NIM'·il::). Or, if you prcfu to \l'.!;,Q the Clauscro,nanioc.
Ga:ek root for molher (met.er, mert-), mttron,mic. Toe Gree\ 9. KJ.eptopJtobe; pyrophob~,· gynephobft; andr0phobe; d tmo-
word m~ua, o:Lcrus, ck-rh•cs from meter, nanuall>' coo\lgb, so phob<.
11tttri1i,.r is inftammatton of the uterus; metralgla is uterine pain; Triskaidekaphob,a ( tri(-ki-<lek'->FO'·beo-,) is th• morbid
e11dom.etrio.si1 (en'--d6-mce'-t.ree-O'"sJs) is any abnormal i;-ondi--
51•
 •

dre-ad of the number J:3, from Greet trlskni, three, d,:k.a, ten, and
phobia.
JO. Gnosiclog-y (no'--sec-OV..>jte), lhe sc:ienoe or study of Ch~ck your learnlAg
knowledge. 8XAM1'1.I!
J'.kl?Ftx, llOOT
It. Amadeus is lovo (Latin amor) God {Latin drus). Tlt«>-- J. mater, maIris matrooytnic
phf/,u is love (Greek phi/01) Ood (Greek theo.r). Gotlfleb is 2. onyma ~mctronymie
,.,,. (GertnAn Ueb) God (German Gott), - - - - - - - - metronymic
3. me1er
Perhaps this e..xplains why he started composiog at lhe age of 4. ,nerro mctrilis
fc,ut and wrote rony-<1ne symphonies. S. c11do- cndomettiQsis
12. Cellophan~eJlulose. made to be trti.nspa.rent. i.e.. to show 6. i11cer,do, incensus - - -- - - -- iocendlar)'
what's wrapped in it, 1. a,do ardent
IJ. Hypoglycemia (ht-~-SEE'-mce..) -low blood sugar, 8. mega/o- megalo p<)li,
a oommon ailment tocby, lhough t belieYe the AMA has called 9. polis police
it a ..non-disease.. (Greet hypos, \lnder; glykys, swee1; haimn, 10. <U/11os demokleptoroaniae
blood). 11 . akro.s acromaniac
Ilaima, blood, ls found in many English \\/Qtds, lhc root spelled 12. ago,a ~aniac
either hem- or -.m. Here are a rew, with their etymological inlet- claustromsniac
13. dausttum
prttatio0$: tri.,laidekaphobla
l4. u;,kai
(a) H~morrhage-<.xcess.h·e blood flow. tti,;kaidekaphobi•
1$. deka
( b ) An<mia-''no blood"- acuuJJy • p.,thologl<-~I redu,,- 16. gnosb gn<><iology
tioo of red blood oorpt1.$Cles. 11. on1or Anwdeus
( c ) Hemarolon-seicnce of blood (and iii; diseases). 18. deus deity
(d) llv,wplliflo-"1ove of blood"-ac.tualJy a hereditary 19. theos Thcoplill~
20. philos bemophlllil
coodition. occurrJng in males, UJ which th.e blood clots
too slowly. 2 1. phantin oellopbaue
(•) Hemog/obin - ''blood 8<Jbulc•"-actually che rtd col- • 22. hypos bypogl)"""'"'
hypogl-yccnti.a
oti.Clg mnuer of the red blood corpuscles. 23. glyk)lf
H_yptrglyc~mia is the OpPOSitc of hypotlycemia. 24. haima bcworrb.a_,ge
25. an· onco,la
14, (•) Pantht on (PAN'·tbcc-oo')- • temple built in Romo
26. bypetalyoemia
in 27 a.c. tor "all the gods." hyfl<r•
27. pa,~ Pantheon
(b) Pandemonium (pan'-d>-MO'·-)-a ~-ord sup- p:u,o,ama
posedly coin«! by poet Jobn Miltoo io Patatli« Lo,t 28. horama
29. orchein monarch
to signify the dwelling place of au tbc demons: now mooatclly
any wild a.ad noisy disorder. 30, m o no.r
(c) PanQfama (pan'..,.RAM'~ or pan'·->RAH"·mo) ~
view (or a picture of such a vie.w) all around-pan,
all, ~113 horama, view. The adjective: ponortJmk
(pon'-..RAM'-ilrl. KEY: 1- DlOl.h(c, 2--name, 3-mothct. 4-uteTU.$, 5-~osidc, 6--to :
IS, Monarch1.1--rute. by one person. 00 fire, 7- 10 bum. 8-big, 1..-ge, grea~ 9-city, IO-peop '
11-bighest, 12-market place, ,_closed plade,
516 517
 14-t.hm,, l S-t<n, I &-knowledge, l 7-low, 18...Q)d, 8. (a) l nlrostat<.
19--God, 2~1m•c, 2 J- to show, 22-wider, Z3-swt'(-t, (b) l11tranotim1al,
24-o1oo<1, is-oo,. oegative, 26~\·~r. 27-all, 2&-,1icw1 ( c) /nrrapt!rsonol or imra(JJ.)Yhic.
29-to rule, 30~ne {d) httr(tmu:;~ldr.

Ch~ck yout le(lr11ing

fX,\~11'11!
rltEflX, llOO'f
',UJ'\'i\'C
1. ,•ivu
podium
2. /JtJd()G ,•ha
3. t,'J/!J
unico,11

- 4. f<ffnU
unicycle
1. Sun1fre. Nou11: sunfrul.
2. Viwrrium (vi.VAI.R'cc-am)-cllclosc<l area in which p1unts
s. kykfos annh cr,ary
1

6. mmus unl.,,er;e
and ($mall) an.imab h\'C in conditiOO$ R$Ctnbling- Lheir natural 7. verl(), ~·er.sus
h.abim1. The suffi.x -lum u:sually signifies place wherr-m/'1.rWm. a uni~rsity
8. ,mws inlcrstatc
ptace for the suo to t nttr, or wb.:re one can sunbathe; aquorlum, 9. inta•
a plsce for water (Latin cquo, wa1c.r). or flsb 1ank: podium, a lntraps)chjc,
10. Intra-
place lot tbc [ett (Greek p()l!l.)s, (ooc), or spe.aktr's platfonn: ,111-
diturium. a place. for htaiing (or listtnjng Co) concerts, p1ays.; etc. ho . s ' clc v. hed
( L.:iun audio, to bear) .
---
KEY: 1--to live, 2-1oot. 3-llfc, 4- m •• _~,r • ' 6-\'Cb.J'
· '
7-to hJcn. 8-onc, 9-bctwet.n, 10-wnhln
3. S' ila (Vl'-1~), e:tymolQgic;111Jy, lift, is one·s ptoCeS9ona1 or
cnrc-cr rCSu1nC.
4. (o) Unicorn (Latin cornu, horn).
(b) UniJorm.
(<) Un;/y /.Jy, !ram /a<io, to moke) .
(d) Unltv .
(c) Unicydf! (Greek kyklos, circle, wheel).
.S. Annm!r,rary-'l year has turned. 1 "View o[ Dc,a th,"
6. (a) Unive,,c-e...·eryt.h.ing turning as one. 2. Thooofology.
(b) U111h.•rsir)'-llighes1 institute of cdutaliQn-u niversal 3. (a) Proplo<fY {PROF'-o-sf).
subj-ccts mught. learned, tte., i.e., the curriculum covers (b) />ropl,ecy (PROF'~,c<),
the uni\~rse. is in no way rescricte<I, e1c. (c) Prophet (PROF'-ol),
7. (a) lnt~rrtttte 4 (u) PudlCl.
(b) lmemalional. ( b) Prtdklimr. . .
(c) Intermediate. s.
No.v1opolh>._..disc~" (tensions, insccurl1tes, confi1clS) on
(tl) lntenupr (Latin rur,,po, mpws, 10 brc.c0k). returning borne ;after lenvin~ the service. Some veicrans could oll)C.
(~) lnterptrt(mal. fr1ce tho. freedom and responsibilities of being on thclr own, The
519
S IB
 •

Arm)·. Navy, or Air Force had fed nnd clothed tbcm and made
deci:siotl$ for them; now they had to rc.!ldjusLto civilian life.
6. (a) Yutplcfd4.
(b) Lup/cl<k. CHAPTER 151
(c) Fe/id.de.
(d) Urstclde. I. Synagogue.
7. Co) Pi.sci'vorou., (po-SIV'-or-os). 2. Symbiosis (sim'-bW-s.is). Adjcelivc: srmbicOc (sim!-bf..
(b) ln.sttJivorous (in'-sek-TJV'-.lr-,15). OT'-ik).
8. CantJrles, what else? P~p!e (for cxarup1e lovers. spouses. partnt and child, ete.)
also mny live in a symbioric rtlationship, each depeudIDg on the:
9. Po1tnliate (~T.EN'-shee--ayt').
olhec for lmpurlat1t services. c:tnotional needs. etc.; each also pro-
viding these lot the other.
Che<lt you, feomfng 3. Sympi,Qny,• symplwni.J:.
PREFIX, aoor EXAMPLE. 4. Symmetry (STh!'+uec): symmttrlcal (~MllT'-r>-k>I) or
J. thanqros than:itology synimt>Jric {&>MEr-rik).
Z. logos ~,anruol!W 5. Syndrome (SIN'-<lrom) .
3. opsi.s Thunatopsis 6. Hippodrom, (HIP'~rom'); the word IO<lay is olt•n used
4. oheme prophecy as the nunc of a movie theater or other ptaoc of eatenainm-eut.
5. l)l'0-- prophet 7. Ellpl)IJ{H)lanuu.
6. pre- predict
7, dlco, diC'tr.u predict
8. nost(J.f nostopathy
9. path()$ oostopa1hy Che<k your l1orning
JO, vttlpus vulpicidc RXAMJ"L£
Jl. lllpus lupicide .l'kEFtx, ROOT
12. /eli.s felicide I • .tyn- ,ynas-sue
13. ursus UT$icido 2. ag(!got syn>gogue
14. piscis 3. b'io.s symbiosis
piscb.'Orous
IS. 'lloro 4. phone sympbonie
inscctjvorous
16. coedo (-c;ide) S. IMtr<m symmetry
insecticide
17. can.is 6. dro,n(Jj 5)'1)<home
canacy
18. pot.ens, poten1Js 1. hippos hippodrome
potentiate
8. potamos hippopotamUl

KEY: l~ealb, 2.;dcore_ study, 3-view, 4-voice, S-befor:chand

6-before~ 7-co say or tell, 8-a rernr.n, 9-disease, 10-fox..
tl- ~~ l2-cat. 13-bcac, l4-fisb, l~cvouc, 16-to kill KEY: l-with, together, 2--leadcr, leadliig. 3-life. 4-sound,
(k,llmg), 17-dog. 18-powcdul
S-mea.ru..rement, k ronniog. 7--horsc, 3-river
520
52 1
 •

(c) {)ec/duous (d>-Sil'•®-:IS)-falling down (Lolin prefix

dt- ). Tb.is adjective refers to ltees. whose leaves fall
CHAPTER 16, (down) every autumn.
{d) /ncide,u-lbat which falls vpot1 1 befalls, or hnppc:ns.
1. Nrm >equiuu (non SEK'-w~1;,r)-"il does nor fo!Jow." (e) Acddenl-that which falls to (ac- lS a respelling of ad-~
2. {o) S,•eond- follo'l\.ir.g after lh-c. first. 10. toward) .son1coneor somt1hiog (by che:ncc).
(b) Consecntive-foJJowiug io proper ordt'r (f) Coint{de11ce-co- is a respelling of con•, tOgelber. A
(c) Persec.·11re-10 foltow (i.e., pursue) lh.tou.gh and CC}nc./dtnce OCCU.l'S when lWO thinss, befall, or happc!l,
1hruugh; hence co onnO)', b:icass conclitu.iUy Cor no good 1ogcdter, or al the same thw.:, :.-nd by chance.
re.ason. S. /n<loltnl (IN'·d~·l.:int). No1.m: ;ndole"ce (IN'-d>-bl'ls).
(d) Pro,.tr<ure- ,o follow before; hcuc:o to pursue ($omc· 6 Dolorcs-(rom S~ohh Marla de t,n Oolore.s, Mary or the
lh.ing) dlligc:ndy or vi~rousJy in order to oompJe1e it So~WSi h.encc, l guess, someone who is genef;'IIY s.orro'Nfu~,
SUCl.'t-Ssfully (prru·ecm(' a c-ampaign); or to start, or en. though 1he few Doloreses I have known do J10t live up to thelt
ga~ in, fcgaJ proc%edlng.-s ag_nins1, eipccfoJly lo att of• etymology.
6cfal capocity.
3. {::i) Superfr>r, Check you, loorning
(b) Suf}CT/jc/al.
P RSFIX, ROO'f MEANING IXAMPL.e
(c) Suptr{fum,s (s>PUR·-~~). Noun: supcr6uity (SOO'· 1. :rlquor, secultd _ _ ______ non sequitur, second
p;,r·FL00'~->1r-c.). 2. ,,.,. ________ pc:rscculc
(d) Supe.maturoJ. _ _______ pr~te
( c) St11Krvi.st. 3. p,o-
4. 3U{)tf• ________ superior
4. ( a) CadMce (KAY"-d;ins)-f:ill and rise or the voice fo S. f/u<J _ _______ superfluous
speaking; hence inflee1k)11, rhythm beat, ttc. of sound or 6. cado _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cadence
music. Adjective: cade,Jf (KAY'-d~nt). 1. n,i()f _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Orient
(b) Occidental (ok'-s.-DEN'-t>l)-;:1ymologic•lly, railing. 8. d/,- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ disorient
Hence relating to western countries', sin1:e the suo tans 9. od, (ac-) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ uccidcol
in the wc:sr; ufso. a nati\'c or such o co\nHry. Noun: o~ 10. d<>loo _ _______ indolent
cide.nt (OK'·s:i-dant). n1e sun rises in 1hc east, so 11. in- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ indolence
la1ln Qr/or. to rise, is Ute origin of the Orient, ori1m10I,
ere .• t nd ulso or the vetb orient (AW'-ree,..eot'). To qr..
;em is 10 adjust to a place or shu:niou; ctymologtce,Uy, KEY: 1-to foUow, Z...thcough, 3-beforcband, 4-G.bove, S-to flow,
lo lum, Or face, easL Noun: <>rltmratio:n. "I'm Jinally 6-to rail, 7-to rise, 8-negative pre5x, 9-to, tOWl(f<I, 10-10
oriented'' doe.t llOt mean that rm castcrniz.ed or fueing suffer. to grieve, I J-oe.,gat!ve prefix
e:!sa, but that 1 have become Ul.oillinr wi1bJ and c-om!or1-
able. ln, a place. job, siruntion. ecc. So to disorient (di$..
A w~-ree-ent') l$ t(1 re-move (sQmcone's) orien{nffon. or
to conruse or bewilder, espc:cuiUy in re!ta:encc 10 loC'l:ility,
dlrectio.n, etc. Nouo: disori~11tatiC1J,

5 23

19
HOW TO KEEP BUil,DING
YOUR VOCABULARY
At commencement exercises. whether ln elementaty school high
scboo~ or coU~ at lease O.ll.C of the spellers will inevitably' poiu\
ou! to the gradua~s that this is no, the e.od-oot by a kmg ,hot.
ls 1& only tho bepMi:og~ that's why it is called ..oommencemcnt. 11
etc.,cte.
Of .~une the gpeo.ke: 19 right- no e<fu,;ativc procm ii ever the
end; it. 1! al\\'ays the beginning al more education. more leaming,
more liV1Dg.,
And that is the. case hetc. What bas happeoed to you as a result
of your reaction to the. material and wggC$tions in Olis book ls
only tho bcgiru!ing of your dtvelopm<nt. To stop inc,easing your
\·ocabula.ry is to stop your int.eUcclua.1 growth. You will wish. l
s~, to 001u~uc growing intellectually as Jong ~ you ~
alive. And WJtb the momentum th.at your weeks of hard work
have providc:d, continuing wiU not be a.t 111 diffiCt.Jlt.
Let .me offer, Ii a summary of atl J bavo said throu.,ghout the
book, a r.ecapitulation of the steps yoa. must ra.Jcc so that your vo-
cabulary will keep growing and &fO\Vini
ST£p ONE. You must bt.com• octi~ly r«~p,ive to new wont,.
Words won·t come cha.,to3 after you-you mu.st tr11in yourself
to be oo a oon.slo.nt 100koolt in yoor readirig and listening, tor any
~ 1d,, tbat other poople know and you doo'L
524
•
STEP lWO, You· mu.fl read mart.
A• ll!l adult, you will find mou ot the $O\ltCOS of your supply of
new words in boob ud masnlnH. ls your reading today largely
mtricted 10 a quick perusal of the dllily newspaper? '!'hen you
will have to chana;e your habiis. U your aim is to have a superior
vocabulary, you will have \o make the time. to read ii,t least one
book and several ma.ptioes evt.r, week. Not just \his week aod
niiu week-but eve.ry week ror the ~, of your life-. J have never
met a si.ng)e pe.rson who ~ a rich vocabulary who was not
also an omnivorous reidct.
STEP TBRE& You mwt learn to add tc your ~ ·n w,cabulary
the new words you meet ln you, ,todina.
When yoo see an unfamiliar word In a book or ~ e , do
not skip over ii impatiently. Iostea,I, pawo for a xnomeot and say
it over "' y ~ e t used to its sound 8"'I appearanc,,. Theo
puzzle out its possible meaniils in lhe contcn ol the sen.ten-ee.
Whether you come. to lhe right conclusion ot not. whotb.cr indeed
you a.re able to come to aoy i.Dtdligeo.t conclusion l.t all, is o( no
importance. Wbat ls lmPQrtan.L is thal you aro.. by this process,
becOming sa-pertOtlSdom of the word. As :,; resuJt, you will sud-
denly oolloe ll>at Ibis very word pops up unexpeewlly again •nd
ag:UO in all yovr rt.adin&-for you now have a miod-sct ror iL
And ol COtl.tSC after you•vo seen h a few times, you wiU know
!ti.tty accuratdy not only what it means but the many ways in
whioh it <Alt bo 1lSCd.
STEP FOll'R. Yoi, must open. your mind to MW idea.,.
Every word you know is tbc translation or an idea.
think for a (ew minutes of 1be areas of bumao knowledge that
may poss,1,ly be ,mknown lo you-psychology, semantics, scien<O,
1,n, mll'PC, ot whatever. Then attack one ol these ateu metbodi,.
cally-by rcading boob in the field. ln every field, from tho 5lm·
ptes:t to the most absu:use, there are severa.1 books written for the
average, uatraincd Jay re;ider that will give )'00 both a good grasp
of tho subject and at the s:,me time add immeasurably to your "°""
cabula,y. College studeDtS have largo voc-abularlet be<,,u,o they
525
 •

are required to Qp0.W lhemselvc:s c::onstantJy to new areas of

Leaming. You ml.l$l do the same.

ST£1' FIVE. You mun stl a ,oal.

If yob do n,:,ihing about your vocabulary, you will k3rn, at
most. t-wenty-ftvc to fifty new W01'ds in the aex.t twe.Jve mouths. By
ctmscious effort you can learn 1tveraJ thousand. Set yourself a APPENDIX
g~ of findinc: several new words evuy day. )'bis may sound em-
~1Lious-b11t you will discover as 5000 as you start activt-ly loot•
mg [or new words in your reading, and acti"tly doiag reading of a
~lo~e cba~enging type; that oe~ words a.re -.11 around you-thet SOME ESOTERIC PHOBIAS
t.S,. if you re ready ·!or them, And understand this: vocabulary
building SMH'balls. The ttsults ot eacl:, new day's search will be
greater and greatcrr--<ioce you provide the necessary initial J)'Jsh
once you gain momentum, once you b«ome addieled to looking
tor, finding. and taking pt?Sseu:ion of new words..
And YIU ls qne addlcli<>n wtll wonh culllvo.tin,I You will rcoogob:e. many ot the Greek rootS on which the~ word1
n.te c;oe$U'UCtcd)

alr: ac.rophohia ne-ryt.blnjr1 pantophohi~

anim;1bi1 zoophobiA
beauty: c:allopbobiA
t,,irtlu geoopbobi~
bk>od: htmatophObla
bre~: mWopb~.i:i
cy~: Qpbthtllmophobia
te:m phobophobin
{ecw COf)rophobin.
reet: podophobiil
(c·malt Qt-.alfals: curotopbobil

- bargti.B scclcrophObla
bntlal ell..-e: ttpbcphobfa
cab: nilurop!:lobia
c:h1u,;e1 a.eophobia
dU1cJbltth: m:ticusiophobia.
c-luldren: pcdophobln
eoklrr. cbtom0pbobia
c-rowd!.--: ochlopbob:.l
dnlrueu: nyctophobta
dea1b, W.nn;uophobi;i
d,pth,;, b,t.b<>phobi•
di5ellst: patbophObia
dot'fom iauopbobi11.
dorc eynopbobia
dyb1gt th:tnatopbobb
U11J1iU!tl$! iccoopbobia
526
!illb1 Ol)'SOphobia
tire-: pyropbobia
fish; ichthy()pbobi-:-i
roa: bomicblophobia
r, och c:ibophobia
lcir"ti.gutn:xe.nophobla
trews cerai.opbobi:i
frogr. bn.tnc.hophobia
&h0.$ts: phasmopb.ob•i
hbds: chiropbobi•
hair-: rrichopbobia
be21en or bullD,g~ illttopbobia
heat: thermophobia
beU: ¥t)'8iophobia
bOrK;1.! biL)popfM)bia
illsl'4:U: e.,uom.opbobi.a
527

w,"1: 11.lchmophobia.
kMw1edgtt inosiopbobia
~ lblagA megalophobia
lii:,hU pbotophobi.a
Uitlinililr, astrophobia
mal.Qt andropbobia
mu, lblop: polyphobia
I rnarriqt: ga.mcpbobia
1 medklnt: phannacophobta
I mkc: mt,l$0phobEll
n mlnon: i(*trophobia
I! u,obs: «blopbobia
b mothtthood: rnetropbobi:.
g, atotiau: ltincsopbobia
OJ 011bd.utss: gymnophobia
lo 11«:dlc#: be.lonopbobia
.afl'Dest! neopbobi-a
ala;ht: oyctophobla
oc:naa: th•llt$$0()bobia
odou: csmophobia
old ac,: gen.phobia
old •ea: gerootophobia
pAbai a.liopll.obia; odynophobia
people: dcmophobia
pl&IIW baw>OPbObi>
plcNvrt ~oopbobia
potsoa1 toxicophobi.a
ponrty: pen.iopbobi.a
prol'd1tult$i p~pbobia
pullkl1m""h polnopbobla
rain: ombropbobla
ttd: nytbropb.obia
riN:rs: potamopbobJa
robbers: harpaJiiOphobia
.s.:meoe,s: homophobta
se-a.: ,:eoophobta
sexual ilattrt0urst:: eoitopbobia
shmlo1; ptec&tophobi.A
sltla: derinatophobia
deiep: hypaophobja
..... ...
am» thlop: m:icrophobi.a.
ODo<hfflJ!ll pnlit<OPbob(;,
526
528
•
lltak.m O(lhidiopbobta
MOW: ~Juooopbobia
soUludt::. autopbobia: mono-
phobia
iCl.unds: l(:OO$ticopbobia
..,..Jdac, luJOP¥!"•
spt:tldn& aloud: phonoph<lbia
spt:e<h: logophObia
t.-pld."n: :uac.hn«1phobia
Main:- clima,cophob1a
illltSt siderOphobia
stnllug: klep1ophobi~
slillacss: eremk>pbobi.a
Anngcq.1 xenophobia
scnntttu stbenophobia
""dJ'' lo,op!,ob;•
Prillcht: beJlopbobia
upe-,,onm iacnjophot>.a
tuft: gcumophobia
rc-e.tb: odootophobia
thicvest klcptopbobla
lhluinc: phroocmopbobta
thh1.Ha (the number): uisbidt:k.·
4phobia
1hint: dipsopbobi.a
fhundeM bfontopbobia
tlnlt: d1.rOl'>Ol)hobia
IOffctberotJS~ synophobia.
tranl: bodop~bia
ug.lir.eu: caoopbobia
vCHees: pbcmopbobia
vomiti.111: cmcto~ia
...wna, bo.,;pb<ll>"'
Wllkblut: $COptophobia
'W1lttr. hydropbobi;i
wct1bt$'i1 asthi!nophobia
wtalth; pl\itOphobia
lf'illd.: uemopbQbia
WODK!O: JYqt:phobia
words: Jogophobi.4
wodu erxopbobia
""'1tlng: grapbopbobia
S8701/20
BG000570