TG3221 GEOLISTRIK & Elektromagnet - ITERA Sem I 2020/2021

Teknik Pengukuran: Sounding, Profiling (Mapping)

Kuliah online, Senin, 28 September 2020

Two modes of Operation • VES (Vertical electrical Sounding) → 1 dimensi
• Profiling → 2 dimensi
• (mapping)

VES

ρ1, h1

ρ2, h2 ρa
=

ρN

VES → resistivitas hanya berubah sebagai fungsi kedalaman

Profiling → resistivitas sebagai fungsi kedalaman dan jarak lateral
Two modes of Operation • VES (Vertical electrical Sounding) → 1 dimensi
• Profiling → 2 dimensi

Pergerakan elektroda tegak lurus profil

VES

ρ1, h1

ρ2, h2 ρa
=

ρN

VES → resistivitas hanya berubah sebagai fungsi kedalaman

Profiling → resistivitas sebagai fungsi kedalaman dan jarak lateral
Profiling

Pergerakan elektroda sejajar profil

v
 VES Profiling

Pergerakan elektroda tegak lurus profil Pergerakan elektroda sejajar profil

 Voltage and Flow in Layers
Tangent Law: The electrical current lines are bent at
a boundary
I1 Relations:
dV1
dl1 Current: I1=I2
r1 q1 a Voltage: dV1=dV2
b Resistivity: r1>r2
q2 c
r2 i2
r 2 tan q1
dl2 =
r1 tan q2
dV2
If r2<r1 then the current lines will be refracted away from the normal
If r2>r1 then the current lines will be refracted closer
 to the normal
 Theoretical Background
Resistivity pattern in one-layer system

(Burger et al. 2005)

 Theoretical Background
Method of electrical image
S r1 Voltages at points P and Q:
P
Ir1  1 k 
r3 r1 VP =  + 
4  r1 r2 
r2 Ir 2  1 − k 
VQ =  
r2 Q 4  r3 
S’
Where k is the reflection coefficient:
Note: S’ is the mirror image of S
r 2 − r1
k=
r 2 + r1
Voltage and flow in layers
Theoretical Background

Governing Equation C1 a P1
 2 V 1 V  2 V
+ +
r 2 r r z 2
=0 r1 h

Boundary Conditions r2
1. i z = 0 z =0 No current at surface
2. V1 = V2 at h Voltage is continuous
1 V1 1 V2
3. = at h Normal current density is continous
r1 z r 2 z
ir1
4. V = at r = 0, z = 0 Particular solution
( )
1
2 r 2 + z 2 2

Solving the differential equation for two layers

 Theoretical Background

r 2 − r1
• For a two-layer case: k=
r 2 + r1
Ir1  1 2 k 2 k 2 2k n 
Vp =  + + + ..... + + .... 
2   r r1 r2 rn 
Ir1  1 
kn 
=  + 2 
2  r n =1 rn 

rn = r 2 + (2 nh )
2
where
• It obviously gets much more difficult
(Sharma 1997)
with more layers.

Layer calculation
 Theoretical Background
Layered medium
Current fraction:
2 r1
(1 + k ) k n   − tan −1  2(2n + 1)z 

IF =
 r2 n =0 2  3a 

r 2 − r1
where: k=
r 2 + r1

(Burger et al. 2005)

Current distribution
 Theoretical Background

(Reynolds 1997)

• Pseudosection can sometimes be used

to qualitatively assess geology
• Warning: It can also prove to be very
difficult to interpret directly, with
different arrays yielding very different
results.
Pseudosection
 Sumber: dari internet
Contoh hasil pengukuran profiling:

Locating water-bearing fracture zones in bedrock

Introduction

Locating a cave and fractures beneath a sinkhole

Mapping the limits of a municipal landfill
 introduction

Preinfiltration
Resistivity
Depth (m)

m )
Dista nce c e Nort h (
n
East (m) Dista

Hydrologic/Contaminant Studies
Source: Alumbaugh and co-workers
Introduction
Hydrologic/Contaminant Studies
N N

3-20-99 4-13-99

Depth (m)
Depth (m)
(9 days of (33 days of
Infiltration) Infiltration)

(m) (m)
Distanc e o rth Distanc e o rth
East nc e N East (m ) nc e N
(m )
Dista Dista
N N
Depth (m)

Depth (m)
6-1-99 7-22-99
(82 days of (133 days of
Infiltration) Infiltration)

(m) (m)
Distance orth Distanc e o rth
East (m ) nc e N East (m ) nc e N
Dista Dista

Source: Alumbaugh and co-workers

 Dari Tugas 1:

3.0

2.8

2.6
X
2.4

2.2
log F

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0
-2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0

log 