NAME : MUHAMAD ARSAD

SEMESTER : 6Th (Sixth)

NPM : 181016179202003
MAJOR : LRM
LECTURER :Mr.Dedi Efendi,S.S.,M.Hum ENGLISH FACULTY OF MUARA
BUNGO UNIVERSITY

1. - according to Lisa M. Given, 2004, in the book The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research
Methods says that,
“A paradigm is a set of assumptions and perceptual orientations shared by members of a research
community. Paradigms determine how members of research communities view both the phenomena
their particular community studies and the research methods that should be employed to study those
phenomena. The paradigm construct was initially developed to make sense of phenomena in the
physical sciences. “\
-According to Barker, 2004 says that:
“A paradigm can be understood as a field or domain of knowledge that embraces a specific
vocabulary and set of practices. In the philosophy of science the concept of a paradigm is associated
with the writing of Thomas Kuhn, for whom a paradigm is a widely recognized field of
understanding or achievement in science that provides model problems and solutions to the
community of practitioners.”
In general, a paradigm is defined as a set of fundamental beliefs, a worldview that functions
to guide human actions that are mutually agreed upon, both in everyday life and in scientific
research. As a researcher or scientist, the paradigm is the most basic thing in determining the type
and form of the experiment to be carried out. Without a paradigm, researchers cannot collect data.
In other words, without a paradigm the data becomes relevant.
2. There are two paradigms in literary research
• Positivism paradigm
The positivism paradigm is the earliest paradigm to emerge in the world of science. This
paradigm emerged in the 19th century which was pioneered by the founding father of
sociologists, namely Auguste Comte. Auguste Comte through his work entitled The Course
of Positive Philosophy formulated an outline of the principles of positivism.
• Post-positivism paradigm
 The post-positivism paradigm arises because scientists see that positivism has weaknesses.
In other words, the spirit of post-positivism arises because it wants to improve the
weaknesses of that positivism.
According to post-positivism adherents, it is not enough for researchers to rely solely
on direct observation of the object to be studied, but must be accompanied by an
understanding of the triangulation method, namely using various methods, data sources,
researchers, and theories, Agus Salim, (2006: 70), does not mean negate direct observation.
In the understanding of post-positivism, the relationship between researchers and the object
to be studied is the most important thing to do, but in a neutral corridor. In other words, the
researcher's relationship with the object to be studied will not affect the conclusions to be
studied.
3. Approaches in literary research are defined as ways to approach objects, while methods are ways of
collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on the consideration that a research is a scientific
activity that is structured systematically and methodically, it is necessary to distinguish between
method and approach.
The approach basically has a higher level of abstraction both by method and theory. In one
approach it is possible to operate a number of theories and methods. In this connection, the
approach is aligned with certain fields of science, such as the sociology of literature, mythoic,
intrinsic and extrinsic approaches, objective, expressive, mimetic, pragmatic, and so on.
4. - Qualitative Method

Qualitative methods pay attention to natural data that is in the context of its existence. Foundation
thinking method Qualitative research is the positivism paradigm of Max Weber, Immanuel Kant, and
Wilhlem Dilthey. Social objects are not social phenomena as substantive forms but the meanings
contained behind actions that actually encourage the emergence of these social phenomena. It is in this
connection that the qualitative method is considered exactly the same as the understanding or verstehen
method. Qualitative research maintains values.

- Descriptive method
Descriptive method is a method in researching status a group of people, an object, a set of
conditions, a system of thought or a class of events in the present. The purpose of this descriptive
research is to make a systematic, factual and accurate description, description or painting of the
facts, characteristics and relationships between the investigated phenomena.
5. The research approach is a way of thinking adopted by researchers about how research designs are
made and how research will be carried out. In social research, research approaches include three
types, namely qualitative, quantitative, and mixed or combined which is also known as the mix
method. The data analysis process with an approach of one of the three can be inductive, deductive
or a combination of both.