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Invisible broken wire detector
INVISIBLE BROKEN WIRE DETECTOR PROJECT REPORT A few thoughts on work
life-balance
Wim Vanderbauwhede
PRESENTED BY,
RITESH PATIL
APURVA NEMADE
DARSHAN PATIL

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Invisible broken wire detector

1. 1 ABSTRACT A circuit to detect the exact location of breakage inside the PVC cover we
employ our circuit with a hex inverter CMOS which uses its actions to control an oscillator
which in return detects the presence of an ac current and shows the location till which the
current is passing. Portable loads such as video cameras, halogen flood lights, electrical irons,
hand drillers, grinders, and cutters are powered by connecting long 2- or 3-core cables to the
mains plug. Due to prolonged usage, the power cord wires are subjected to mechanical strain
and stress, which can lead to internal snapping of wires at any point. In such a case most
people go for replacing the core/cable, as finding the exact location of a broken wire is difficult.
In 3-core cables, it appears almost impossible to detect a broken wire and the point of break
without physically disturbing all the three wires that are concealed in a PVC jacket. The circuit
presented here can easily and quickly detect a broken/faulty wire and its breakage point in 1-
core, 2-core, and 3-core cables without physically disturbing wires. It is built using hex inverter
CMOS CD4069. Gates N3 and N4 are used as a pulse generator that oscillates at around 1000
Hz in audio range. The frequency is determined by timing components comprising resistors R3
and R4, and capacitor C1. Gates N1 and N2 are used to sense the presence of 230V AC field
around the live wire and buffer weak AC voltage picked from the test probe. The voltage at
output pin 10 of gate N2 can enable or inhibit the oscillator circuit. KE WORDS: LED, LCD,
CMOS, PVC.
2. 2 CHAPTER NO.1 INTRODUCTION In today’s life we use various electronic appliances
employing various complex components in there circuitry and in the present era (previous)
everyone is over dependent on electronic gadgets. Due to prolonged usage, the power cord
wires are subjected to mechanical strain and stress, which can lead to internal snapping of
wires at any point So we have built a circuit which can easily detect the exact location of the
broken wire and thus reduces unnecessary expenses of the user. Invisible Broken wire
detector is an instrument, very useful under these circumstances since it can easily detect the
location of internal snapping without contact and physical disturbance. When it senses the
breakage in the faulty wire the LED in the instrument turns off, the user knows the location of
the fault and the broken section of wire can be replaced easily. The circuit presented in this
report can easily and quickly detect a broken/faulty wire and its breakage point in 1-core, 2-
core, and 3-core cables without physically disturbing wires. Finding out the exact location of
breakage can be a problem to the user as the wires are usually insulated by PVC or plastic
jacket making the conducting wires inside them invisible.
3. 3 CHAPTER NO.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION REQUIRED COMPONENTS 1. CMOS
hex inverter CD4069UB:- The CD4069UB consists of six inverter circuits and is manufactured
using complementary MOS (CMOS) to achieve wide power supply operating range, low power
consumption, high noise immunity, and symmetric controlled rise and fall times. The
CD4069UB device consist of six CMOS inverter circuits. These devices are intended for all
general- purpose inverter applications where the medium- power TTL-drive and logic-level-
conversion capabilities of circuits such as the CD4009 and CD4049 hex inverter and buffers
are not required. PINOUT The main applications of CMOS hex inverter CD4069UB are as
follows:- Logic Inversion Pulse Shaping Oscillators High-Input-Impedance Amplifiers
4. 4 2. 1N4148 High speed switching diodes Basically Switching diodes are a single p-n diode
in a discrete package. A switching diode provides the same functionality as a switch. It has high
resistance below the specified applied voltage similar to an open switch, whereas above that
voltage it changes in a sudden way to the low resistance of a closed switch. Switching diodes
are used in devices such as ring modulation. The 1N4148 is standard silicon switching signal
diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable
specifications and low cost. ... The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100
MHz with a reverse- recovery time of no more than 4 ns. These have high switching speed up
to 4ns and have continuous reverse voltage up to 100 volts, repetitive peak reverse voltage,
max: 100V and repetitive peak forward current, max: 450mA. 3. BC547 transistor BC547 is an
NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly
used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector &
emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a
maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. The transistor
terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves.
This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it
is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the
emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is
the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it
remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely
off.
5. 5 PIN DIAGRAM OF BC 547:- 4. Resistors 47 ohm 1M ohm 560 ohm 220 ohm 5. 9V
BATTERY 6. LEDs A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used
as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-
emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. . LEDs are often small in area (less than 1
mm2 ), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs
present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
6. 6 LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise
current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
LED materials technology grew more advanced, light output rose, while maintaining efficiency
and reliability at acceptable levels. 7. Capacitor Fig. Capacitor A capacitor (formerly known as
condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction
consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as
parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential
difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric,
causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy
is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to
the potential difference between them. 8. Connecting wires and probe (ANTENA) 9. Switch
7. 7 CHAPTER NO.4 CICRUIT DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INVISINBLE BROKEN
WIRE DETECTOR
8. 8 CHAPTER NO.5 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION CONSTRUCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The
circuit presented here can easily and quickly detect a broken/faulty wire and its breakage point
in 1-core, 2-core, and 3-core cables without physically disturbing wires. It is built using hex
inverter CMOS CD4069. Gates N3 and N4 are used as a pulse generator that oscillates at
around 1000 Hz in audio range. The frequency is determined by timing components comprising
resistors R3 and R4, and capacitor C1. Gates N1 and N2 are used to sense the presence of
230V AC field around the live wire and buffer weak AC voltage picked from the test probe. The
voltage at output pin 10 of gate N2 can enable or inhibit the oscillator circuit. When the test
probe is away from any high-voltage AC field, output pin 10 of gate N2 remains low. As a result,
diode D3 conducts and inhibits the oscillator circuit from oscillating. Simultaneously, the output
of gate N3 at pin 6 goes ‘low’ to cut off transistor T1. As a result, LED1 goes off. When the test
probe is moved closer to 230V AC, 50Hz mains live wire, during every positive half cycle,
output pin 10 of gate N2 goes high. Thus during every positive half-cycle of the mains
frequency, the oscillator circuit is allowed to oscillate at around 1 kHz, making red LED (LED1)
to blink. (Due to the persistence of vision, the LED appears to be glowing continuously.) This
type of blinking reduces consumption of the current from button cells used for power supply.
The 9v dc power supply is sufficient to the whole circuit. Which are also used inside laser
pointers or in LED-based continuity testers can be used for the circuit. The circuit consumes 3
mA during the sensing of AC mains voltage. The whole circuit can be mounted in small white
box and used as a handy broken wire detector Before detecting broken faulty wires, take out
any connected load and find out the faulty wire first by continuity method using any millimeter
or continuity tester. Then connect 230V AC mains live wire at one end of the faulty wire, leaving
the other end free. Connect neutral terminal of the mains AC to the remaining wires at one end.
However, if any of the remaining wires is also found to be faulty, then both ends of these wires
are connected to neutral. For single-wire testing, connecting neutral only to the live wire at one
end is sufficient to detect the breakage point.
9. 9 In this circuit, a antenna is used as the test probe. To detect the breakage point, turn on
switch S1 and slowly move the test probe closer to the faulty wire, beginning with the input
point of the live wire and proceeding towards its other end. LED1 starts blowing during the
presence of AC voltage in faulty wire. When the breakage point is reached, LED1 immediately
extinguishes due to the non-availability of mains AC voltage. The point where LED1 is turned
off is the exact broken-wire point. During testing avoid any strong electric field close to the
circuit to avoid false detection. When there is no electro-magnetic field, then pin 4 of the IC
4096 remains high and if the electro-magnetic field is present near the detector circuit, then pin
4 becomes low and pin 12 becomes high which triggers the NPN transistor BC547 to light up
the RED LED. WORKING:- Working of this Broken Wire Detector is very easy and the main
part of this circuit, as mentioned preciously, is a hex inverter IC CD4069. This IC consists of 6
inverters which are basically ‘NOT’ gate. The gates N3 and N4 out of those six inverters act as
a pulse generator that oscillates within the audio range of around 1 KHz.
10. 10 The resistors R4 (470k) and R5 (220k) and the capacitor C1 (100nF) in this circuit are
the timing components which decide the frequency. The gates N1 and the N2 detect the
presence of the AC voltage around the live wire and weak AC voltage picked from test probe.
The oscillator circuit is enabled or disabled by the output pin of the gate N2 which is output pin
10. When there will be no AC voltage present near the live wire then the output pin 10 will
remain low and as a result, the diode D3 conducts in the forward biased mode and holds back
the oscillator part from oscillating. Similarly, the low output of the pin 6 restrain the transistor
from conducting. As a result, the LED will remain low. When the circuit detects the presence of
AC voltage near it, then the output pin 10 goes high. This will allow the oscillator to oscillate at
around frequency of 1 KHz. When the oscillator will oscillate, then it will make the LED blow.
11. 11 CHAPTER NO.6 BASIC FEATURES • We can use an inverter in between the LED and
the oscillator which will then turn on the LED only when the broken point is detected and
keeping it off when the wire is not broken. • By making this change we can make our detector
more user friendly which now directly shows the broken point. The basic features are as
follows:- 1. Wide supply voltage range: 3V to 15V. 2. High noise immunity. 3. Operating
temperature range: -55 C to +125 C. 4. Portable. 5. No physical disturbance. 6. Contactless
detection. 7. Low power requirements. 8. Accurate. 9. Easy to use. 10. Useful and handy
instrument.
12. 12 CHAPTER NO.7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES: Reduce the
wastage of wire Circuit cost is low This circuit indicate exact location of the broken wire
It is easy to fabricate the circuit Circuit operates only on DC 3V DISADVANTAGES: Circuit
is not able to detect the fiber optics cable This circuit is not indicate which wire is faulty
13. 13 CHAPTER NO.8 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Thus the circuit was made successfully
which can easily detect broken point in the wire inside PVC jacket without physically disturbing
it. The whole circuit can be accommodated in a small white box and used as a handy broken-
wire detector with connecting probe. This will make the circuit more compact and east to
handle. The handy broken-wire is portable and less prone to damage.
14. 14 CHAPTER NO.9 CONCLUSION Thus by using this project we can able to know the
exact location of the broken wires. This project can also be used in other components which
may be harmed due to access. It would not only able in reducing wastage of time but resources
also. Thus using just a hex inverter and few resistors we are able to construct a device which
can easily detect a faulty broken wire and thus save the extra cost of a user which is incurred
on replacing the faulty wire and not repairing it which is otherwise too difficult. This project is
useful in industry which makes the different wires. The fabrication of this circuit is very easy
and peoples are able to prepare its own circuit easily.
15. 15 CHAPTER NO.10 REFERANCES www.google.com www.learningelectronics.net
http://www.muengineers.in www.faadooengineers.com

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