Introduction to Applied Criminology

Definition of Applied Criminology

Concept of Criminology
Applied Aspects of Crime
Role of Criminologist in Crime Prevention

Areas and institutions

Role of Detective Agencies
Role of Forensic Laboratories
Restorative Justice and Victim-Offender Meditation
Strategies and Approaches
Problem and Solving Policy
Criminal Investigation Analysis
Crime Mapping and Geographical Crime Analysis
Role of Citizen Police
Forensic Evidence and Justice System

Implications
Individual Protection
Community Protection
Society Protection Not Found
Professional Justice for Innate Not Found
Criminology as Crime Solving Scene Science
Professional Research
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Introduction to Applied Criminology

Definition of Applied Criminology

Criminology can be thought of as a form of social behavior. It is
the study of nature of crime and criminal behavior. It includes
breaking laws, making laws and reacting to the breaking of laws.
Concept of Criminology
Concept of applied criminology Applied criminology is a teen
now in widespread use in program titles, conference programs,
and names of research centers, and the terminology sits
alongside the applied iteration of other disciplines such as
applied sociology or applied forensic science.
The use of the term applied criminology, however, has neither
been accompanied by concerted attempts to dente the term, nor
is there leading, scholars who prominently declare themselves as
applied criminologists.
It is perhaps due to the nature of the criminological discipline
that the boundaries around applied criminology are so unclear;
in is sense all criminology is practical and applied, just is all
criminology is reflective and theoretical.

Criminology in its applied form. It is argued that Criminology

should be applied to three principal questions:

What is to be done about offenders?

What is to be done about crime?
What is to be done on behalf of the victims of crime?
It considers the historical development of Criminology as a
discipline. Some of the major movements and theories within
Criminology are set out and the implications of applying these
theories arc explored. Factors which shape the construction of
criminological knowledge are critically considered.
It is argued that all these factors have an important bearing on
how Criminology is (or might be) applied and therefore how
Applied Criminology should be understood.

Applied Aspects of crime

Crimes Against Persons

Crimes against persons also called personal crimes include.
Murder,
Aggravated assault.
Rape
Robbery
Personal crimes are unevenly distributed in the United States.
with young, urban, poor. mines both more often affected by
these crimes and arrested for them than white, middle- and
upper-class people are.
Crimes Against Property
Property crimes involve the theft of property without bodily
harm, such as burglary. larceny, auto then, and arson. Like
personal crimes, young, urban. poor, and racial minorities are
arrested for these crimes more than others.
Hate Crimes
Hate crimes are crimes against persons or property that are
committed while invoking prejudices of race. gender or gender
identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. The
rate of hate crimes in the U.S. remains fairly constant from year
to year, but there have been a few events that have caused surges
in hate crimes.
In 2016, the election of Donald Trump was followed by an
uptick in hate crimes.

Crimes Against Morality

Crimes against morality are also called victimless crimes
because there is no complainant or victim. Prostitution, illegal
gambling, and illegal drug use are all examples of victimless
crimes.

White-Collar Crime
White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high
social status who commit their crimes in the context of their
occupation. This includes embezzling (stealing money from
one's employer), insider trading, tax evasion, and other
violations of income tax laws.
There are some other aspects of crime
I. Harm should have been caused, mere intention is not enough.
2. The harm must be legally forbidden. Anti-social behavior is
not crime unless prohibited by law.
3. There must be conduct which brings harmful results.
4. Men's tea or criminal intent must be present.
5. There must be a fusion or concurrence of men's rea and
conduct.
6. The harm caused must be natural consequences of the
voluntary act.
7. There must be legally prescribed punishment

Role of Criminologist in Crime Prevention

Different criminologists view their role from different
perspectives. As a sociologist, a criminologist may be most
interested in the way particular cultures and subcultures define
crime, how they produce criminals, and how they deal with
them.
As a psychologist, a criminologist may be interested in what
leads a particular individual to choose to commit a certain crime,
or to choose crime as a life path. A criminologist of this kind
wonders what it is in the criminal's background that led to crime,
or how the influence of a peer group or a malign environment
fostered a criminal.
In either case, a criminologist studies the causes of crime. He or
she is interested in the ways people break the law and the
reasons that they do so.
Finding approaches to stopping criminals is a large part of the
field, and so is lessening the effects of crime on society and its
citizens.
Some criminologists measure crime with studies or surveys, to
try to quantify its effect on a neighborhood, a group, or society
as a whole. Statistical studies help law enforcement and social
service recognize the scope and location of crime, in order to
battle it more effectively.
Others who study crime are most interested in its victims,
studying the ways they came to be victimized or the effect that
their experience has had on their lives.
Helping the and even gold. Although we all know that the
world, richest man is the king of the details. In connection with
the need for information, suppliers arc spur to the left and right
to high oil prices.
Even governments tried to get into action. trying to privatize the
Internet. Today there are many private agencies formed research
and claiming that they can provide you with information.
When in the past you had to do lots of research and interviews
with large numbers of people to find a great private investigation
agency. today, call staring at the phone book.
Many investigators work for insurance companies to investigate
suspicious insurance claims for the company. Some private
investigators are also hired to search for evidence of treason or
any other illegal conduct within marriage to establish grounds
for a divorce or child custody.
As well as using the latest technology, detectives use their
knowledge and experience as a key tool in that trade. They still
go through refresher training courses especially those working
for a detective agency.
A good detective will read widely in order to stay updated on the
changes in society, especially law and technology, which are
always very important in their work.
Depending on what you want to be discovered. they should be
careful to choose a detective who has experience in this line.
The private detectives are specialized in various fields. There are
those who have significant working experience for companies
and large corporations. and will be employed to operate the
company as tine of the employees.
It can help a lot if management is to discover all offer of fish
before they explode.
Others specialize in electronic surveillance, tracking, protection
of trade secrets or intellectual property rights trod the whole
world of other technical skills.
 Areas and Institutions

Role of detective agencies

An investigator agency is also referred to as a detective agency.
These are professionals who are hired by a person or group to
undertake detection of the legal situation. Some describe it as a
private eye, as most of their activity is carried out unnoticed by
the people involved in the cases they are investigating.
Private Investigator may act as an individual or a private
detective agency. It is important to note that private investigators
are licensed by the government.
It is obvious that the government will not go licensing
unskilled. In addition, most private investigators are people who
had worked in the police, army, armed forces, as well as private
security guards, or as security personnel.
Training and experience of these people have not to be missed.
People need information to make key decisions about their lives,
business and even relationships.
People need information and are often willing to pay close
to nothing to have it. It is that why the Internet exists, so why
detective agency exists, that is the reason that why this fact is a
big commodity in the world today.
Of course, some might say that oil is a major commodity, was a
male or female. Sometimes forensic scientists can determine
cause of death and if foul play may have been involved.
Two of the most common mimes that are determined in the
forensic science lab tire drug-related crimes and sex crimes. It is
in the crime lab that the chemical makeup of an unidentified
substance recovered from a suspect is determined to be cocaine,
marijuana or a controlled substance.
This is used as evidence in court to prove that a person was In
possession of illegal drugs.
Forensic toxicology can determine if a person was drunk or
high behind the wheel of u car after a fatal accident, or if
someone was poisoned to death, DNA evidence recovered from
a victim’s body can help determine who was responsible for a
physical or sexual assault.
This evidence is commonly used in court to put sex offenders
and child molesters behind bars, and to set innocent people free.

Weapons testing, or ballistics, is another Important part of

forensic science. Forensic scientists use their knowledge of
ammunition and study the impact of a bullet to determine how
many shots were fired, where a shooter was standing when he or
she fired, and even if a victim was shot at point blank.
Forensics is also important in identifying the culprits of various
cybercrimes. Databases are searched, IP addresses are traced and
documents are recovered by computer forensic specialists to
determine who was responsible for stealing funds electronically.
This evidence is used to prove a suspect's guilt for major white-
collar crime, such as Ponzi scheme, Emblement and fraud.
Role of Forensic Laboratories
One of the most important aspects of criminal justice is forensic
science, or the practice of scientifically examining physical
evidence collected from the scene of a crime or a person of
interest in a crime.
Many people consider forensic science the application of science
to law enforcement. If there are no known witnesses to a crime,
sometimes forensic evidence is all prosecutors have to work
with.
For instance
If human remains are found dumped in a ravine and have
decayed to the point where they cannot be recognized, forensic
scientists use DNA from the body, examine dental work and
even study the skeletal structure to determine who the person
was.
They use the evidence they have to narrow down possibilities
and determine if the person victims of crime often doesn't get
much public notice, but it is an important facet of the
criminologist's work.
• All criminologists fight crime. Their role in the fight is to
gather and share knowledge about the factors that increase or
decrease crime.
They try to formulate strategies to make misbehavior less
attractive as a life-style.
They seek tactics to rehabilitate people already involved in a life
of crime.
Criminologists try to protect their society. They work to lessen
the impact of crime on non-criminals.
They seek to reduce crime as well as reducing its effect. Since
crime is apparently always with us, they may also try to institute
mechanisms of control to weaken the power and scope of crime,
so that it does not overwhelm the larger society.
Crime prevention is a constant concern. Criminologists try to
discover and promote factors that discourage crime. Studies may
consider improved education, income levels, or changing social
norms when they think about discouraging crime.

Restorative Justice and Victim-Offender Meditation

In essence VOMs involve a meeting between the victim and

offender facilitated by a trained mediator.
With the assistance of the mediator, the victim and offender
begin to resolve the conflict and to construct their own approach
to achieving Justice in the face of their particular crime.
Both are given the opportunity to express their feelings and
perceptions of the offence (which often dispels misconceptions
they may have had of one another before entering mediation).
The meetings conclude with an attempt to reach agreement on
steps the offender will take to repair the harm suffered by the
victim and in other ways to make things right.
 Strategies and Approaches

Problem and Solving Policy

Gladstone's framework catalyzed the development of tools for a
problem-oriented approach to crime reduction and was later
supplanted by a four-stage model called the Scanning-Analysis-
Response-Assessment model
Scanning. Identifying recurring problems of concern to the
public and the police. Identifying the consequences of the
problem for the community and the police.
Prioritizing those problems. Developing broad goals.
Confirming that the problems exist. Determining how frequently
the problem occurs and how long it has been taking place.
Selecting problems for closer examination.
Analysis. Identifying and understanding the events and
conditions that precede and accompany the problem. identifying
relevant data to be collected.
Researching what is known about the problem type. Taking
inventory of how the problem is currently addressed and the
strengths and limitations of the current response. Narrowing the
scope of the problem as specifically as possible.
Identifying a variety of resources that may be of assistance in
developing a deeper understanding of the problem. Developing a
working hypothesis about why the problem is occurring.
Response: Brainstorming for new interventions. Searching for
what other communities with similar problems have done.
Choosing among the alternative interventions. Outlining a
response plan and identifying responsible parties. Stating the
specific objectives for the response plan. Carrying out the
planned activities.

Criminal Investigation Analysis

When the various types of analytic services that ware available
to law enforcement agencies Increased, so did the need for
assistance.
Therefore, to better reflect the roles of those within the FBI
providing the assistance, profiling was renamed criminal
investigative analysis.
Creating an unknown offender profile has become and continues
to be just one of the many services within this analytical
framework provided to law enforcement to assist with the
investigation of violent crimes.
As such, criminal investigative analysis has become an umbrella
term encapsulating a variety of services, including myriad
behavioral advice provided by the FBI to law enforcement
agencies.
While criminal investigative analysis, now practiced around the
world, is most well-known for the production of offender
profiles, the practice has expanded into a more comprehensive
investigative aid providing a variety of services to law
enforcement agencies.
Indirect personality assessments
Equivocal death analysis
Investigative suggestions
Interview strategies
Linkage analysis
Media strategies
Threat Assessments
Search Warrant affidavit Assistance
Trail Strategies

Crime Mapping and Geographical Crime Analysis

Crime mapping identifies not only where the actual crime took
place but also looks at where the perpetrator lives works and
plays as well as where the victim lives, works and plays.
Crime analysis has identified that the majority of criminals tend
to commit crimes within their comfort zones and crime mapping
is what allows police and investigators to see where that comfort
zone might be.
Predictive Policing Through Crime Mapping
The use or predictive policing is a much more cost-effective
approach to policing than, pest policies. This is because
predictive policing not only looks at where a crime is likely to
occur but also when the crime is likely to occur.
These patterns can help police identify what time of day it is
necessary to flood an area with officers, rather than flooding the
area twenty-four hours a day.

Role of Citizen Police

The primary responsibility of the police is to protect citizens
from harm and danger, advocate for victims of crimes and
promote the accountability of criminals by enforcing laws set
forth by the city, state and country.
.
The responsibilities of: police also extend to enforcing laws that
exist by ensuring drivers arc obeying traffic laws, patrolling
high-traffic areas and communities within the department's
jurisdiction to protect the safety of community members and
questioning suspicious activity while on patrol

Liaison committee CPLC in Crime Prevention

1.Resolve a general dispute
2. Clear recovered vehicle
3.Verify, while buying a car/motorcycle
4.Report vehicle lost/snatched/stolen
5.Report mobile phone lost/snatched/stolen
6. Search for lost/runway person or child
7.Report extortion complaint
8.Report extortion complaint
9.Report kidnapping for ransom complaint
10.Recovered mobile phone

Forensic Evidence and Justice System

The collection of forensic evidence and the application of
forensic sciences have become essential to criminal
Investigations and prosecutions.
Forensic evidence fulfills several roles in criminal
investigations: Prove a crime has been committed or establish
key elements of a crime.

1.Place the suspect in contact with the victim or with the crime
scene identity of persons associated with a crime.
2.Exonerate the innocent.
3.Corroborate a victim's testimony.
4.Assist in establishing the facts of what occurred.
5.Police personnel devote many hours to the collection and
analysis of forensic evidence.

Starting with the crime scene and continuing through the entire
Investigation. Prosecutors prefer cases where forensic evidence
provides the smoking guilt that proves guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Many jurors expect forensic evidence to be presented and failure
to present forensic analysis plants doubt in their minds.
Courts have made physical evidence more important. through
decisions that limit the authority of police reliance on statements
and confessions by defendants.
One of the main reasons for the focus of forensic evidence in
solving crimes is the emergence of local, state, and national
database systems with forensic information.

Implications
Individual Protection
Protection actions taken by individuals to survive and continue
the mission under nuclear, biological, and chemical conditions.

Community protection
The Community Protection Division is responsible for ensuring
compliance with city codes and ordinances relating to the use of
property, zoning, sanitation and housing. Other duties include
conducting searches of deed records to locate property owners
as necessary, testifying in municipal court proceedings, and
verifying that businesses within the city limits have proper
occupational as certificates.
Criminology as crime solving scene science
Weapons Evidence
Weapons evidence consist of firearms handguns, rifles, assault
weapons etc.

For Example
Spent casings, fired projectiles, bullet fragments and unfired
bullets gunshot residue GSR tests and knives.
The purpose of GSR kit is to determine whether an individual
was close to a firearm at time of discharge.

Fingerprint Evidence
Fingerprint evidence will be divided into complete 10-. prints
(fingerprints are available for both hands and palms as in the
case of fingerprinting a victim or suspect) and latent prints (only
partial prints of one or more fingers are available, usually
through a powdering technique on physical evidence such as a
weapon or vehicle).

Drug evidence
Drug evidence includes drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine,
methamphetamine, and others), and drug paraphernalia (pipes,
spoons, etc.) found at a scene.

Impressions evidence
Impressions evidence includes shoeprint impressions, tire.
tracks, and tool marks.

Trace Evidence:
Trace evidence is a generic term for small, sometimes.
microscopic, material. It covers a wide variety of evidence,
including fibers, hair, building materials (asbestos, paint,
cigarettes. Tobacco, glass and others.

Natural/Synthetic Materials:
Natural and Synthetic materials include clothing, bad and bath
material, carpet cuttings, metal objects, plastic, and paper.

Generic Objective
Generic objects include vehicles, bicycles, containers, doors,
wood, and concrete. Electronic/Printed Data; Electronic and
printed data include documents and. electronics (computers, cell
phones, etc.),

Other items
Other items are a catchall category for evidence that does not fit
in any of the above categories.
This typology for classifying forensic evidence proved
beneficial. In ILJ's study. For the most part, forensic evidence
collected at crime scenes was easy to classify into the correct
categories.
Problem- solving courts also called specialty courts or
therapeutic courts are an alternative to traditional criminal court
processing.
This code divert offender out of the criminal justice system and
link them with treatment services, or other community
alternatives designed to alter the underlying social or
psychological problems associated with their criminal behavior.

Professional Research
Those interested in the study of criminology and criminal justice
have at their disposal a wide range of research method. Which of
the particular research methods to use is entirely contingent
upon the question being studied.
Research questions typically fall into four categories of research:
(1) descriptive,
(2) exploratory,
(3) explanatory,
(4) evaluative (Schutt).
Descriptive research attempts to define and describe the social
phenomena under investigation. Exploratory research seeks to
identify the underlying meaning behind actions and individual
behavior.
Explanatory research seeks to identify the causes and effects of
social phenomena. Evaluation research seeks to determine the
effects of an intervention on individual behavior.
These four areas of research are not mutually exclusive; rather,
they are deigned to be used interactively in order to gain a
deeper understanding of the question under investigation.
With this background, the purpose of this entry will be to
introduce the reader to the two major research paradigms and
issues that organize the field of criminology and criminal
justice: quantitative and qualitative research strategies.
After describing the different research methodologies several
issues related to internal and external validity are identified that
are important to bear when assessing the adequacies of distinct
research methodologies.
The entry closes by highlighting what appears to be the most
promising research strategy for criminology and criminal justice.
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