CHAPTER #3 OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Shahbaz Alee
  Chapter #3 is very important because STATES normally considered
fundamental building block of INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL
SYSTEM or INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.
 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER:
 What is state?
 Where do states come from?
 what does this tell us about their character and likely future?
 What do states do?
 How do they differ from one another, and why are some strong and
others weak or even failed states?

Shahbaz Alee
  The most important kind of political organization in modern
politics, which in its ideal form, is characterized by centralized
control of the use of force, bureaucratic organizations, and the
provision of a number of public goods.
 State is characterized by centralized authority in its ideal form.
 Provision ( the action of providing or supplying something for use)
 State has authority to use force.
 Only state can use power.
 States are centralized bureaucratic organizations.
1. Political organization.
2. Centralized authority. State allows who can use power only state
institutions can use power ( Police, Army, Rangers etc.)
Shahbaz Alee
 Chief Executive of bureaucratic organizations
Prime Minister orders
his

Cabinet order

Secretaries order

Chief Secretaries order

Commissioners order

DCs order

ACs implement order on tehsil level.

Shahbaz Alee
 States provide numbers of public goods.
Roads

Airport

Stations

Publics Hospital

Public Schools

Public Universities

Shahbaz Alee
 KINDS OF STATES
There are two kinds of states.
Weak State, Failed State, Fragile State, Peripheral State, Quasi State,
Banana State (Banana Republic)
These are all in one category.

Banana Republic
A state where there is no centralized authority, no organized bureaucracy,
in this state many groups can use force including state.

STRONG STATE
A state where all provisions especially rule of law, justice, public goods,
provided by state, state institutions in a efficient way.
there is centralized bureaucracy, organized institutions, rule of law and
orders are smoothly implemented by state institutions, and public goods
are provided fluently.
Shahbaz Alee
  A system that imposes regularized rules in a polity, with key
criteria including equal rights, the regular enforcement of laws,
and the relative independence of the judiciary.
 There must be equality in justice.
 Independence of judiciary is important, everyone must be equally
treated.

Shahbaz Alee
  A State which has constitution, defined boundaries, which is
sovereign, well functioning bureaucracy, where state institutions
deliver justice without any discrimination, this is called MODERN
STATE.
 MODERN STATES are not recognized by their infrastructure. (Saudi
Arabia)
 MODERN STATES are recognized by the way they provide
services, the way they implement their policies, functionalism is
institutions, by their thought.

Shahbaz Alee
  Measurement of a state`s ability to accomplish its goals.
 State`s control over their people control will either be negative or
positive.
 For instance Saudi Arabia is controlled state, Russia is state
controlled state, China is controlled state.
 It tells that how much state freely exercise its autonomy.
 State capacity is most important because, if state has a capacity it can
implement its decision.
 State is a part of society.

Shahbaz Alee
  There must be healthy relationship between state and society.
 States have need to understand the needs of society.
 Society has to follow the laws and rules of states.
 State-Society Relationship tells us that how state`s institutions treat
you, they providing rights to the people, institutions giving you
rights from the economy.

Shahbaz Alee
  BUREAUCRACY:
 Highly centralized institution in any state.
 Fundamentally responsible for the leader`s decisions, implementation of policies,
and responsible for planning policy and coordination.
 Well functioning institution.
 It is a combination of different institutions.
 In the case of Pakistan, there are three layers of bureaucracy.
 The one is federal bureaucracy, that comes under the umbrella of central superior
services of Pakistan.
 And there are 12 different civil departments in federal bureaucracy which are very
important.
Shahbaz Alee
  Other is Provincial bureaucracy, and there are 49 provincial departments in Sindh especially after
the 18th amendment the powers came under provinces.
 And these departments come under the umbrella of PCS (Provincial Civil Services).
 So there are two types of bureaucracy federal.
 Pakistan Administrative Service
 Police
 Foreign service of Pakistan
 Income tax
 Railway
 Inland Revenue Department
 Information service of Pakistan
 Postal Group
 Trade

Shahbaz Alee
  Military Lands & Cantonment Group
 Office Management and Secretariat Group
 Pakistan Audit and Accounts Services
 And the third bureaucratic institutions is very important especially in case of
Pakistan.
 That institution is highly centralized especially in developing countries.
 That is Military institution.
 highly centralized
 Chain in command structure
 Coordination
 Planning
 Execution
 Monitory

Shahbaz Alee
  The work of these bureaucracies is to implement, conceive and plan policies.
 To conceive plan is very important in bureaucracy, plan conceived, its layout made,
it presents in front of cabinet, then cabinet discuss it, prime minister approve it,

Prime Minister

Cabinet

Chief Federal Departments Provincial

Bureaucracy:
Commissioners
A form of organization that, in its ideal form
has individuals operating and working under
DCs established, specified and complex rules.

ACs Shahbaz Alee

  Promotion must be on merit not on favoritism.
 There must be impersonality in state.

SOVEREIGNTY:
 There are two important things in sovereignty
 First thing is sovereignty as the control over some territory.
 Second thing is sovereignty as the source of legitimate authority.
 If state is sovereign then there should state`s control over all its territory.
 SOMALIA, CHAD, SUDAN, AFGHANISTAN

Shahbaz Alee
  What are the traditional functions of states?

 DEFENCE:
 State is responsible for your defense.
 State is responsible for defense of your boundaries.
 State must provide proper policing to any area.
 Defense is most important for any state.
 There must be well organized functioning institute of military in state.

Shahbaz Alee
  Internal threat of any society / institutions.
 There are two important thing in policing
 First is rule of law
 Transparent judicial process (Fair evidence)

TAXATION:
 To perform the basic function (Defense and Policing) among other responsibilities,
states need money.
 The state`s very existence is dependent on taxation.

Shahbaz Alee
  State must have proper order to run the society.
 State must have administration to run the institutions.
 Any state`s resources (populations, industries, youth)
 How state place their resources, in which order state count them, and how and in
which order state utilized them to use for its different functions is known as
legibility.
 For instance there is a population but does know the number of people then how
state would be able to make policies for that population.
 State must know the number of population living in state.

Shahbaz Alee