Perpindahan Panas

Endah Sulistiawati, S.T., M.T.

Pertemuan ke-9
Perpindahan panas pada alat
pengembun
• The construction of a condenser will be similar to other
shell and tube exchangers, but with a wider baffle
spacing, typically lB=Ds.
Four condenser configurations are possible:
1. Horizontal, with condensation in the shell, and the
cooling medium in the tubes;
2. Horizontal, with condensation in the tubes;
3. Vertical, with condensation in the shell;
4. Vertical, with condensation in the tubes;
• Horizontal shell-side and vertical tube-side are the most
commonly used types of condensers. A horizontal
exchanger with condensation in the tubes is rarely used
as a process condenser, but is the usual arrangement
for heaters and vaporizers using condensing steam as
the heating medium.
Heat Transfer Fundamentals
• The normal mechanism for heat transfer in
commercial condensers is filmwise condensation.
• Dropwise condensation will give higher heat
transfer coefficients but is unpredictable; also, it is
not yet considered a practical proposition for the
design of condensers for general purposes.
• The basic equations for filmwise condensation were
derived by Nusselt (1916), and his equations form
the basis for practical condenser design.
• In the Nusselt model of condensation, laminar flow
is assumed in the film, and heat transfer is assumed
to take place entirely by conduction through the
film.
Heat Transfer Fundamentals
• In practical condensers, the Nusselt model will
strictly apply only at low liquid and vapor rates
and where the flowing condensate film is
undisturbed.
• Turbulence can be induced in the liquid film at
high liquid rates and by shear at high vapor
rates.
• This will generally increase the rate of heat
transfer over that predicted using the Nusselt
model.
Physical Properties
• The physical properties of the condensate for
use in the following equations are evaluated at
the average condensate film temperature:
• the mean of the condensing temperature and
the tube-wall temperature.
Pengembunan di luar pipa horisontal
• For low-viscosity condensates, the correction for
the number of tube rows is generally ignored.
Pengembunan di dalam pipa horisontal
• Where condensation occurs in a horizontal tube,
the heat transfer coefficient at any point along
the tube will depend on the flow pattern at that
point.
• The various patterns that can exist in two-phase
flow are shown in Figure 12.46.
• In condensation, the flow will vary from a single-
phase vapor at the inlet to a single-phase liquid
at the outlet, with all the possible patterns of
flow occurring between these points.
• Two flow models are used to estimate the mean
condensation coefficient in horizontal tubes:
stratified flow, as in Figure 12.47a, and annular flow,
as in Figure 12.47b.
• The stratified flow model represents the limiting
condition at low condensate and vapor rates; and
the annular model, the condition at high vapor and
low condensate rates.
• For the stratified flow model, the condensate film
coefficient can be estimated from the Nusselt
equation, applying a suitable correction for the
reduction in the coefficient caused by the
accumulation of condensate in the bottom of the
tube.
• The correction factor will typically be around
0.8, so the coefficient for stratified flow can be
estimated from
Condenser
Contoh perhitungan pada condenser
horizontal (Kern)
Solution