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PRINCE

ADEKUNLE
ODERINWALE
PKA SHOLLY KAY

200L FIRST SEMESTER MEAL

• EDU2 1 1 - EDUCA T I ON A L FOUN DA T I ON OF EDUCA T I ON


• G N S 2 1 2 - U S E O F E N G L I S H
• GNS213- NIGERIAN CULTURE AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

NOT FOR SALE


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

EDU211
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
1. Psychology can best be defined as the scientific study of (a) How to over come
emotional problems (b)Observable action and internal thought (c)Manipulating people’s
thoughts (d)Changing people for the better.

2. Psychology can be considered a science because psychologists (a) Study topics like
reading skills and task performance (b) Sometimes wear lab coats and to do research (c)
Use the scientific method.(d) Try to studyscientific things.

3. which of the following psychologists took the strongest view that a learner needs to play
active role in the learning process? (a) B.F Skinner (b) Willian wundt (c)Willian James (d)
John B.Watson.

4. Which of the following people does not fit the same theoretical perspective as the
other three? (a) Ivan Pavlov (b) B.F skinner (c) JohnB.Watson (d)Abraham Maslow.

5. Which of the following type of psychologists is not most likely to work directly in the
school system, advising students and teachers and applying knowledge about teaching
and learning? (a) Educational psychologists (b) Experimental psychologists (c)School
psychologists (d) Developmental psychologists.

6. Thefield of psychology that tries to explain different among individuals is (a)


Developmental psychology (b) Personality psychology(c)Industrial
psychologyis(d)Psychopharmacology

7. The most likely advantage for a student who takes this course in psychology is (a) An
ability to analyze people (b) Greater self-understanding (c) A better chance in a career (d)
An ability to manipulate others.

8. A relatively permanent change in observable behavior potential resulting from


experience with the environment is the definition of (a) Performance (b)Behaviorism
(c)Classical conditioning (d)Learning.

9. Learning in which a previously neutralstimulus elicits an involuntary response describes


(a) Learning (b) Classical conditioning (c) Associate Learning (d) Behaviour modification.

10. The primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that:
(a) Operant conditioning involves volountary response (b) Classical conditions involves
volountary responses (c) Classical conditioning is a precursor to operant conditioning.
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

(d) classical conditioning has a stronger relationship with the environment.

11. In Pavlov’s example, the unconditional stimulus (US) was (a) Salvation (b)Hunger (c)
Meat powder (d)A tone or bell.

12. Responding after a neutral stimulus is presented alone best describes the (a) CS (b)
CR (c) US (d)UR

13. Extinction occurs when (a) A response is conditioned gradually (b) No involountary
response is involved (c) A response reappears after a delay (d) A response decreases in
intensity or eventually became erase.

14. In most cases of classical conditioning the (a) CS occurs before the US (b) CR occurs
after the UR (c) CR occurs before the CS (d) CS and US occurrandomly.

15. Reinforcement is toas punishment is to (a) Increasing the likehood of a behavior,


decreasing the likehood of a behavior(b) Decreasing the like hood of the behavior;
increasing the like hood of a behavior(c) Positive, Negative (d) Good,Bad

16. Reinforcing a pigeon for a simple behavior, then requiring it to perform a more complex
behaviours before receiving reinforcement is knownas (a) A conditioned operant
response (b)The skinner box (c) Shaping (d) Stimulus control

17. Which of the following schedules exists when a reward is delivered after every ten
responses? (a) Fixed-ratio schedule (b) Variable-ratio schedule (c)Fixed-
intervalschedule (d)Variable– intervalschedule

18. Which of the following reinforcement schedules provides a reward at the of a particular
period, regardless of the number of response made during that term? (a) Fixed-ratio
schedule (b) Fixed-interval schedule (c)variable-ratio-schedule(d)Variable-
internalschedule

19. What form of learning is based on our observation ofthe world around us? (a)
Conditioned taste aversions learning (b) Operant conditioning learning (c) Classical
conditioning learning (d) Social learning.

20. This is helping profession in which psychological principles, theories and techniques are
applied to help individuals resolve their personal concerns, understand themselves and
the world around them in order to maximize their potentialities (a) Personnel psychology
(b) Organizational psychology (c) Counselling psychology (d) Developmental
psychology

21. You are taking a shower when you hear the pipes creak. Two seconds later, your
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

shower water turns freezing cold and you start to shiver. The next time you shower, the
pipes creak again and you shiver immediately (a)CS (b)US (c)CR (d)UR

22. You teach your dog to sit by giving him a piece of meat every time he sits on command.
This technique is an exampleof (a) command conditioning (b) Observational learning (c)
Classical conditioning (d) Operant conditioning.

23. The principles of operant conditioning are similar to the ideas expressedin:(a) The law of
effect (b) Discrimination training (c)Latent learning (d) Vicariouslearning.

24. An English teacher promises that if Kemilola does well on the spelling test, she will not
have to stay in and study break time. The teacheris using the technique known as; (a)
Positive reinforcement (b) Negative reinforcement (c) Positive punishment (d) Negative
punishment.

25. Denying a child access to television viewing until he complete his school assignr classic
example of (a) positive reinforcement (b) Negativereinforcement (c) position
punishment (d) Negative punishment.

26. Personality is believed to be a product of (a) nature and attitude (b) nature and light (c)
nature and nurture (d) nature and nature.

27. Information is retained in sensory for about (a) Five seconds (b) one seconds (c) twenty
seconds (d) An unlimitedtime.

28. In order materials to move from sensory memory to short – term memory, a person
must (a) rehearse the materials (b) Encode the materials visually (c) use a memory
device, such as chunking (d) selectivelyattend to the materials.

29. Which of the following factors is not important for information in short-term memory? (a)
Encoding (b) Decoding (c) Mnemonics (d) Chunking.

30. Which of the following is not a type of long-term memory? (a) Procedural memory (b)
Acoustic memory (c) Episodic memory (c) Semanticmemory.

31. Which of the following is not a good way to enhance normal memory? (a) Practice
materials in a rote memorization fashion (b) Memorize in an environment that is
different from the one in which you will have to remember the material (c)Keep your
emotional arousalas low as possible (d) None of these methods is a good way
toenhance memory.

32. If memory was compared to a computer, what part would be like long-termmemory?
(a)Hard drive (b)Computer monitor(c)Key on the keyboard (d)Software.

33. One of the three stages of prenatal development is (a) Infancy (b) Zygote (c) Germinal
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

(d)Oral.

34. The social learning approach to social and personality stresses (a) The first five years of
life (b) The challenges a person faces throughout life (c)The series of life crises people
encounter (d) What people learn from their inter action with others.

35. Which developmental perspective focuses onheredity? (a) Biological perspective (b)
Psychological theory (c) psychosocial theory (d) Social learningperspective.

36. The social smile is a majorelement in the child’s development of(a) Emotions (b)Social
competence (c) Facial recognition (d)Attachment.

37. According to Piaget, individuals arecapable of hypothetical reasoning at stage of


cognitive development. (a)Sensory-motor (b) Pre-operational (c) Concrete operational (d)
Formal operational.

38. Which of the following is not a characteristics of motivation? (a) Arouse us (b) Directs
behavior (c) Sustains behavior (d) None of the above.

39. Maslow’s Theory proposed a hierarchy of need; According to Maslow, which need is the
highest level need? (a) Safety (b) Love and belonging (c)Self-esteem (d)Self-
actualization.

40. The more intense the practice, the greater the bond between stimulus and response.
This is what Thorndike calls law of (a) Effect (b)Exercise (c)Readiness (d)Set of
Attitude.

41. The first two weeks following conception during which the zygote begins the process of
continuous division and multiplication if cells is called stage of development. (a)
Embryonic (b) Germinal (c)Foetus (d) Infancy.

42. The prenatal period of human development is sub divided into (a) 5 Stages (b) 6
Stages (c) 2 Stages (d) 3 Stages.

43. Which of the following is a primary reinforcement? (a) Money (b) Food and Water
(c)Termination of pain (d) Both b and c.

44. Which of the following statement is not true about punishment? (a) Punishment can be
used to teach new, desired behavior such as putting toys away (b) Punishment
suppresses learned behavior (c) Punishment can set up the condition for escape and
avoidance behavior, such as running away (d) Punishment can result in learned
helplessnessinwhichapersonfeelspowerlessandstoptrying.

45. During which stage of psychosocial development do children learn a sense of mastery in
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

relation to the world around them? (a)Industry and inferiority (b) Trust and mistrust (c)
Initiative and guilt (d) Autonomy and shame and doubt.
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

GNS212
USE OF ENGLISH

It is cold today, _________?


not so
is it
isn’t
does it
3

We should all rejoice that we have won ___ ?


isn’t it
shouldn’t we
should we
not so
2

He didn’t believe he has come, ___________?


did he
does he
has he
hasn’t he
1

Love is priceless. Mean love is ______


valuable
valueless
of little value
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

of no price
1

The cause and solution to the problem ….. this.


is
are
None of the above
All of the above
1
Slow and steady ……the race.
win
wins
None of the above
All of the above
2
Every man and woman …..to contribute to the church fund.
has
have
None of the above
All of the above
1

Corned beef and cabbage ….. Irish tradition.


is
are
None of the above
All of the above
1
The wages of sin …. death.
Is
Are
None of the above
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

All of the above


1
I don’t suppose you have met him, …………?
Haven’t you
Don’t I
Did you
Have you
4
Which of these is not a type of verb?
Lexical
regular
catenative
superlative
3

A verb that changes in structure is ________


Regular
transitive
subjunctive
finite
4
The verb form of the word “diagnosis” is:
diagnose
diagnonise
diagnosim
diagnosia
1
All their plans fell through, means……
Succeeded
materialized
passed through
failed 1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

I prefer bread ……………….. rice.


than
for
to
with
3
Shola was told to …………………back her car.
move
reverse
take
carry
1
I think the blue will ……….. you best.
fit
suit
sweet
none of the above.
1

“She is a woman of easy virtue” is an example of


Paradox
Metaphor
Euphemism
Simile
3
Our car is no longer ………
servisable
serviceable
None of the above
All of the above
2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Inter-city ……buses tend to go too fast on the roads.


Luxurious
Express
courier
luxury
4
The boys have not …….
Quarreled
quarrelled
None of the above
All of the above
2
Death lays his icy hand on kings.
Personification
simile
metaphor
paradox.
1
The camel is the ship of the desert.
Metonymy
metaphor
Euphemism
Oxymoron
2

Revenge is a kind of wild justice.


Hyperbole
personification
oxymoron
Metaphor
4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The righteous shall flourish as the palm tree.


Hyperbole
Simile
Metaphor
Synecdoche
2
He has fallen asleep.
Hyperbole
Simile
Metaphor
Euphemism
4

I congratulate you ____your victory_______ the polls.


for / at
on / at
for / in
on / in
2
It brought people from different ____of life together.
Work
Walks
works
walk
2
The dog broke one of ____leg in the fight.
It’s
its’
its
it
3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Box office, auditorium and crew are registers of…...


Education
Theatre
Transport
Advertising
2
Dock, cabin, and anchor are registers of….
Sports
Manufacturing
Transport
Entertainment
3
Locomotive, coach and car are registers of….
Sports
Entertainment
Telecommunication
Transport
4

The mower is in front of the shed. The underlined group of words is a…….
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
3
The concert will start by nine barring rain. The underlined word is …..
Noun
Preposition
Adverb
Noun
3
I know little about American. The underlined word is….
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Adverb
Preposition
Adjective
Interjection
1

I went there. The underlined word is…..


Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Noun
3

I like that. The underlined word is ….


Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Pronoun
4

He doesn’t like the food that much. The underlined word is ….


Adjective
Adverb
Verb
Noun
2

He said that the man would beg. The underlined word is…
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Noun
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

She was so pretty that I loved her at first sight. The underlined group of words is an example of
Subordinate clause of:
Place
Time
Noun
Result
4

She was happier than I imagined. – The underlined group of words is an example of Subordinate
clause of:
Manner
Time
Noun
Comparison
4

That she left the school is known to all. – The underlined group of words is an example of
Subordinate clause of:
Manner
Time
Noun
Purpose
3

I know when to apply for bank loan. – The underlined group of words is an example of Subordinate
clause of:
Result
Time
Noun
Reason
3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

We believe that love is blind. -- The underlined group of words is an example of Subordinate clause:
Manner
Condition
Noun
Concession
3
It is high time we ___uncertainty for certainty.
Leave
Leaved
Left
Leaves
3

I saw the presidential campaign ____on TV.


Life
Live
Living
Life
2

The problem is _____


Theirs
theirs’
their’s
theres
1
We must all ______our resources together.
pull
pole
pool
3
A range of options ……made available to the politicians.
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Is
Are
None of the above
All of the above
1

Truth and honesty ….. a nation.


Exalt
Exalts
None of the above
All of the above
2

The governor, as well as the driver, ……in the accident.


Die
Dies
None of the above
All of the above
2

Ten years ….. a decade.


Make
Makes
None of the above
All of the above
2

Bacon and eggs ……favourite food in English.


Is
Are
None of the above
All of the above
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

You need to ____the appetite of your audience.


Wet
Wett
Wept
Whet
1
The children have been beating……one another each other themselves theirselves
1

They ordered for two plates of rice and ………


Cow meat
Pig meat
Beef
None of the above
3

It is possible to predict the ……


Occurrence
Occurence
Ocurrence
Ocurence
1

We were ………….by his action.


embarrassed
embarassed
embarrased
embbarased
1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The President has refused to give his……


Ascent
Assent
Accent
Asset
1
The…………of our troops was high.
Morale
Moral
Morals
Morel
1

He has appointed a commission to ……the disaster.


Investigate
Examine
Inquire
Require
1

Our class………….of both boys and girls.


Comprises
Consists
Contains
Includes
2

He was……tired that he could no longer stand.


Very
so too
Extremely
3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Contingents, sprint and podium are items in……register.


Football
Aviation
Athletics
Legal
3

“The school was shut down last week” The underlined word is in its_________________________
Past form
Present form
Past participle form
Past continuous form
1

Are we________________________ here at this time of the day?


Save
Safe
Saved
Safed
2

The letter is ___________________________ forwarded to you.


Been
Being
Be
Has being
2

The computation of tariff rates_____________________based on AFEM rate.


Is
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Are
Have
Were
1

Students’ registration for courses _______________________ been suspended.


Was
Is
Have
Has
3

In what way_________________________ your school like ours?


Is
Are
Have
Were
1

The dog___________________ one of our guests yesterday.


Beat
Bate
Bit
Bite
3

The dog has_______________________ one of our guests.


Beaten
Bitten
Bite
Bit
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The accused person was __________________________ with a club.


Bitten
Beat
Beaten
Being bitten
3

What ____________________________it worth?


Did
Was
Had
Has
2

“Dreadful and ugly is the face of death”. The complement of this sentence is
___________________
Death
The face of death
Dreadful and ugly
None of these
2

The food is for you and ________________________


I
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Me
Mine
We
1

Cruel and sudden _____________________ the attack that followed.


Were
Was
Had
Have
2

My interest in music, literature and culture ____________________ necessitated that I spend hours in
the library.
Have
Has
Is
Was
1

Not ____________that he was in danger, the man walked into their net.
Realized
Being realized
Realizing
Been realizing
3

Having ______dismissed from the army, the man took to armed robbery
Being
Been
Be
Haven
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

I was _____________________________ in 1985


Born
Borne
Burn
Bone
1

I sing better than you______________________________


Do
Are
Does
Sung
1

“The spectators were cheerful” The word ‘cheerful’ is:


An adverb
A noun
The complement
A prepositional object
3

You _________________________ to say that


Did not suppose
Were not suppose
Do not supposed
Were not supposed
2

“Incessant outages in the neighbourhood have damaged the fridge”. The subject of this sentence is:
Outages
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Neighbourhood
Our fridge
None of the above
1

‘The census figures are usually controversial’ , the word usually in the sentence is:
A verb
An adverb
An adjective
A preposition
2

Redness of the eyes________________________ caused by yellow fever.


Is
are
were
have
1

‘That is not proper’ .The word proper is:


An adjective
An adverb
A noun
A preposition
3

The family’ income doubled within two years’. The word doubled is:
A noun
An adjective
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

An adverb
None of these
4

‘Spectacular things are happening here’. The verb in this sentence is:
Are
Happening
Are happening
Things
3

‘The argument is sound’. The word sound is _________________________


A verb
An adjective
An adverb
A clause
2

‘The letters have been written by Sola’. This sentence is derived


from_______________________
Sola wrote the letters
Sola could have written the letters
Sola was writing the letters
Sola has written the letters
4

‘The problems were being solved by the principal’. This sentence is derived from
___________________
The principal was solving the problems
The principal has been solving the problems
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The principal has solved the problems


The principal would solve the problems
1

An ambiguous statement is:


Confusing
Disappointing
Open to two or more interpretations
Meaningless
3

The Chairman will lead us to the site where there is a large deposit of lead The two forms of lead in
this sentence are known as:
Homophones
Homographs
Synonyms
Homonyms
2

I will go and deposit the money in the bank, after which I will go and relax at the bank of the River
Osun
The two forms of the word bank are examples of:
Homonyms
Homophones
Hyponyms
Synonyms
2

‘I am satisfied’. This sentence form is derived from_________________________


X satisfied me
X satisfies me
X is satisfying me
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

X has satisfied me
1

Careless and frivolous are the country’s delegates.


The underlined item is ____________________________
The subject
The object
The compliment
Adjunct
2

‘Swinging and swaying are the palm trees under the wind’
The subject of the above sentence is………
The wind Swaying
Swinging
The palm trees
4

We left... at the railway station


our luggages
some luggages
our luggage
several luggage
3

There are two pencils over there; please give me...


either pencils
. either pencil.
each pencils.
both pencil.
4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

All the children in Class III have been beating ... since you left.
one another
each other
themselves
theirselves
1

What are you doing here? You ... to be at school.


are suppose
are supposing
are supposed
suppose
3

She explained that she ... home early.


has to leave
had to leave
is leaving
has left 2

I can't help ... you how I feel.


to tell
telling
tell
to be telling
2

My father made us ... up late.


stayed
to stay
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

stay
to be staying
3

My parents ... a house near the lagoon.


are having
have
were having
have been having
2

I wish I... in a city!


am living
live can
live
could live
2

He …from Apapa to Victoria Island every morning


Is driving
Drives
Use to drive
Go drive
2

We are asked to …to the standards laid down.


Conform
Comply
Request
Depend
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

2
She had been entrusted ... the delicate assignment.
to
with
for
on
2

1 am sorry I lost my temper all of a sudden; I don't know what came ... me.
upon
round
across
over
1

The roof of the building ... as a result of the violent storm.


caved in
gave way
blew out
blew up
1

The accused pleaded not guilty and was ... without any punishment.
left off
given up
sent down
let off
4

I don't have ... to declare.


something
anything
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

nothing
some
goods
2

We are aware that he has resigned,... ?


aren't we
are we
not so
isn't it
1

"When will you clear the table?" The manager asked the waiter when ... clear the table. will
he would he
he will
he would
4

It appears ... he was there.


that
whether
if so
that
1

Drop your gun ... I'll shoot!


whereas
although
nevertheless
or else
4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

You are tired; so ....


are we
we are
she is
they are
1

The receptionist! called out, "Mr. Bello!" and I answered, "...!"


Here am I
Here I am
There I am
There am I
1

That episode ended in a war between the two countries.


accident
incident
confrontation
accusation
2

To ensure that the students remember the lecture, the lecturer reiterated the main points of the
lecture.
summarized
announced
developed
repeated
4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The offending soldier was subjected to a court-martial.


military drill
military trial
military discipline
legal disqualification
2

We are indebted to those who have contributed to this fund.


owe
praise
thanks
recognize
3

The damages are to be shared pro rata among the injured parties.
proportionally
fractionally
rationally
respectively
1

There is a telephone booth near the market.


stand
stall
rank
kiosk 1
She became unconscious when she learnt of her husband's death.
passed away
passed out
passed off
gave up
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

A gentleman does not go back on his word.


fail to give
fail to return
fail to keep
fail to mention
3

The company has decided to give in to the worker's demands.


sympathize with
yield to
refer to
consider to
2

The offender was given a severe punishment.


harsh
mild
dull
heavy
1

They were compensated for the loss of their car.


rewarded
paid
penalized
rebuked
1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The party leader is considered by many to be a patriot.


nationalist
stooge
patron
rebel
1

Many people objected to the demolition of the building.


obstruction
Destruction
renovation
foundation
2

A reckless driver is a menace to other road users.


warning nuisance hinderance threat
4
The expert was offered an inducement in form of an additional bonus.
an attraction an incentive a stimulation a reward
3

When the demand for his products fell, he was up to his ears in debt.
standing constantly deeply involved head above waters.
3

The visiting president was received with open arm. with arms open with a hug in an open manner in
a friendly manner
4

I had lost count of the number of times she came home weeping.
mustn't count wouldn't count couldn't count didn't count
3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The army has already occupied half of the disputed area.


filled captured claimed allotted
1

I hope I can count on you to help me out.


reckon
trust
ask
implore
2
Our proposal was rejected by the council.
turned back
put off
turned down
put aside
3

There has been a reduction in the funds allocated to departments this year.
cut-down
come-down
cut-back
kickback
1

You'd better hang on to the property until he pays.


suspend
keep
cover
stop
2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The workers were ... by their union for being rude to the managing director.
cursed
arrested
convicted
censured
4

The police say that …measures are required to curb armed robbery.
pungent
mild
stringent
fitful
3

There is an election ... pending against the minister.


application
appeal
request
petition
4

The man who ... the railway engine was George Stephenson.
discovered
found out
invented
investigated
3.
I am of the opinion that all disobedient pupils should be given…..punishment.
corporeal corporal capital corporate
1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

"Ladies and gentlemen, please serve ..."


yourself
each other
yourselves
ourselves 3

My parents ... a house near the lagoon.


are having
have
were having
have been having
2

I wish I... in a city!


am living
live
can live
could live
2
He …from Apapa to Victoria Island every morning
Is driving
Drives
Use to drive
Go drive
2

We are asked to …to the standards laid down.


Conform
Comply
Request
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Depend
2

She had been entrusted ... the delicate assignment.


to with for on 2

1 am sorry I lost my temper all of a sudden; I don't know what came ... me.
upon round across over 1

The roof of the building ... as a result of the violent storm.


caved in
gave way
blew out
blew up
1

The accused pleaded not guilty and was ... without any punishment.
left off
given up
sent down
let off
4

I don't have ... to declare.


something
anything
nothing
some goods
2
We are aware that he has resigned,... ?
aren't we
are we
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

not so
isn't it
1

"When will you clear the table?" The manager asked the waiter when ... clear the table.
will he
would he
he will
he would
4

Drop your gun ... I'll shoot!


whereas
although
nevertheless
or else
4

You are tired; so ....


are we
we are
she is
they are
1

The receptionist! called out, "Mr. Bello!" and I answered, "...!"


Here am I
Here I am
There I am
There am I
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The man is very active


The underlined in the sentence above is
Verb
Preposition
Adjective
Conjunction
3

You must not write on the wall


The underlined in the sentence above is
Interjection
Adverb
Verb
Noun
4

The driver drove the car recklessly


The underlined in the sentence above is Adverb
Verb
Noun
Pronoun
1

You are a cowardly person


The underlined in the sentence above is
Adverb
Verb
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Adjective
Conjunction
3

The fan is on the table


The underlined in the sentence above is
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Verb 1

The young man is very brilliant.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Verb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Adjectival Phrase
2

She is a very beautiful lady.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Noun Clause
Noun Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
2

You must see me as early as possible.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Verb Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Adjectival Phrase
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Prepositional Phrase
2

You must not travel late in the night.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Noun Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Verb Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
3

The man who visited us yesterday is my uncle.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Noun clause
Verb clause
Relative clause
Adverbial Clause
3

The woman that I greeted yesterday is my friend.


The underlined in the sentence above is
Relative phrase
Noun clause
Adverbial clause
Subordinate clause
4
What he told me about the student is untrue.
The underlined in the sentence above is
Relative clause
Adverbial clause
Subordinate clause
Defining clause
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

3
You must obtain permission before you travel.
The underlined in the sentence above is
Adverbial clause
Noun Clause
Verb Phrase Noun Phrase
4

The grammatical function of one of the following is that it modifies the verb phrase in the main
clause Verb Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Noun Phrase
Adverbial clause
2

Make hay while the sun shines.


The above sentence is
A proverb
An idiom
An incantation
An aphorism 1

The rumour spread like a wild fire is a


Metaphor
Personification
Simile
Hyperbole
3

The woman is a bitch


The above expression is a/ an
Simile
Metaphor
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Imagery
Alliteration
2
Choose the correct option from A-E to fill the bank spaces provided
The students have been ……………….. the instruction on the matter
Give
Gave
Given
Giving
3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

GNS 213
NIGERIA CULTURE AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Which of the following is not a symbol of national identity

National flag

coat of arms

national pledge

national prints

The Nigerian society is characterized by a heterogeneity of cultures and divers

ethnographers

etymology

geocenric

ethnic groups

_________ is the total way of life of a people, the collection of ideas and habits which they learn,
shared and transmit from geneartion to generation

ethnicity

culture

ingenuity

ethnocepal

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

social norms are rules that provides a standard by which conduct are

Judge

norms

beliefs

attitudes

Evidence from oral history, archeology and anthropology impressively confirm the beliefs that
the first species of man is found in__________

Asia

Africa

Russia

America

_______ is a belief, practice or opinion connected with the unknown or the imaginary

spiritual

myth

Taboo

Superstition

________ is the most common crops that could found in the North

Cocoa

Palm oil
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

groundnt

none of the above

One of the following is part of the functions of the Nigerian police

Collecting bribe

Jailing offenders

Arresting and prosecuting offenders

All of the above

The Yorubas has a sense of common history which revolves around the notion of ________as
the centre where the Yoruba first crystallized

Oyo

Osun

Ibadan

Ile-Ife

A situation whereby there are two houses or chambers of government is called

Senate

House of Representatives

Bi-cameral legislature

Uni-cameral legislature

3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Mass media are informal avenues for citizenship influences which promotes and enhance civic
affairs

No

Yes

Uncertain

All of the above

The constitution which cannot be changed or amended easily because they require special
process is called

Unitary Constitution

Unwritten constitution

Fexible constitution

Rigid constitution

The ________ myth is the story which seeks to answer the question of how human being came
into existence

Cosmogonist

Aetiology

Religious

Historical

Nigeria remains a _______ country because of its dependency on oil


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Complete

Dualistic

Mono-economic

Major

_______ is the union of husband and wife that leads to family institution.

union

bilateral

polygamous

Marriage

The Nigeria's motto "Unity and Faith" are written on ___________

code of election

code of conduct

coat of Arms

code of bereau

The organization that oversees the declaration of assets by public officials in Nigeria is
__________

code of public officials

code of conduct bereau

code of commission
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

code of Bereau

________ should live up to expectation while performing their roles as related to proper up
bringing of the young ones

agencies of earth

agencies of unity

agencies of socilization

agencies of family

Dissemination of information through formal education, non-formal education are all ________
for citizenship education

values

methodologies

issues

concepts

________ may be an agreement, an ordained instruction or an imposed set of rules

melody

constitution

chovel

Diskette

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The constitution whose fundamental laws can be changed or amended by ordinary law making
process is called __________

Unitary constitution

flexible constitution

Unwritten constitution

Rigid constitution

A condition whereby only persons or people of royal blood could become head of state or head
of government is called

Republicanism

Totalitarianism

monarch

anarchy

Who is the odd one out here among the Nigerian past head of government

Alhaji Shehu Shagari

Alhaji Musa Yar'adua

Gbadamosi Babangida

Goodluck Jonathan

The current electoral commission in Nigeria is called _________

FEDECO

INEC
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

NEC

NECO

What differentiate a nation from a state is that a state has _________ while a nation does not

agility

rulership

sovereignty

local government

Nigeria as an entity is a nation

Yes

No

Uncertain

All of the above

Nigeria as an entity is a state

No

Yes

All of the above

Uncertain

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

A nation is a community of people with the feelings of two significant features namely

common heritage and hardwork

common heritage and destiny

common culture and feelings

common culture and heritage

________is the major heroes associated the transformation of the Hausa / Fulanis

Daura

Saif

Bayajida

Usman Dan Fodio

The Yoruba regard _________ as an important social institution which confers a woman and man
respect in the society.

Family

Marriage

Union

Development

Historical linguists classified Igbo as belonging to the ________ group

Latang

'Kwa'
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Igbo-Ukwu

Kwan

A situation in which a woman marries more than one husband at once is called

Polygamy

Polygny

Polyandry

Matrilocal

The fundamental belief in all religions is the belief in the _______

greatness

ability

Supreme Being

Chukwu

_______ is the belief or opinion connected with the unknown imaginary

Taboo

Proverb

Superstition

Myth

3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The Igbo belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language group

Yes

No

Uncertain

All of the above

The marriage types in which the couple resides outside both parents homes is called __________

Matriolocal

Conjugal

Neolocal

Patriolocal

One of the objectives of citizenship education is to curb corruption and develop patriotic spirit in
the learners

Undecided

I don’t think so

Disagree

Agree

________ is concerned with the totality of ideas which individuals, groups of individuals and
societies accepts or believe as true or false

faith

belief
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

morality

unity

Nigeria comprises of 3 major ethnic groups and about ________sub-ethnic groups

350

250

400

750

Material culture refers to such materials things that are _________

Visible

Invisible

Spiritual

All of the above

The rules of behaviour and conduct in any society is called _______

Socilization

Social conduct

Social Studies

Social Norms

4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The central belief of a culture that provides a standard by which norms are judge is called
_________

Actions

Values

Attitudes

All of the above

A family consists of a man, his wife/ wives and their children is called

Extended

Polygamy

Nuclear

Monism

The image of the horse in the Nigeria coat of Arms symbolizes_______

valour

the country strength

Dignity and pride

courage

The image of the eagle in the Nigeria coat of Arms symbolizes_______

valour

the country strength


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Dignity and pride

courage

The black shield in the Nigeria coat of Arms represents_______

valour

the country strength

Dignity and pride

The good soil of Nigeria

The Nigeria's motto is ___________

"Unity and Progress"

"Unity and faith"

"Unity and Understanding"

"Progress and faith"

The white in the Nigeria's national flag symbolizes

colour

Peace and unity

faith

nationality

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The Nigeria national flag was designed by_______

Balogun Olagunju

Taiwo Akinkunmi

Olasunkanmi Taiwo

Taiwo Ilesanmi

People trace their lineage to their father's ancestors in a _________ system

Polygamous

Patriachal

Endogamous

Monogamous

A system where people traces their lineage and root of inheritance to their mother side is called

Polygamous

Patriachal

Endogamous

Matriachal

One major means of identifying people's national identity is their _________

Dressing

Building

Literature
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Sports

Ownership of cattle is a means for determining wealth in _________

Yorubaland

Igboland

Ebira land

Fulani land

One of the following is not recognized as a potential tourist booster in the cultural policy of
Nigeria

Monuments

Musuems

Festivals

landmass

_________ was the first prime minister of Nigeria

Obafemi Awolowo

Nnamdi Azikwe

Tafawa Balewa

Ahmadu Bello

3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

All the following are citizen fundamental rights except

Freedom of speech

Right to basic education

Right to choice of religion

Right to enter another country at will

Ethnocentrism is the belief that _________

culture is central to development

Ethnic groups influence one another

Ones own ethnic group is the best

The understanding of ethnic groups is vital in a heterogeneous society

Which of the following is not included in the national symbol

coat of Arms

National Pledge

National Anthem

National House

________ is the currency note that reflects the major ethnic groups in Nigeria

N500

N20

N10
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

N50

Culture is ___________

B and D

Learned

Caught

Dynamic

The Nigeria policy can be implemented through the following except________

Education

Tourism

Favourism

Festivals

________refers to the medium of expression or communication either as spoken words or


written words in any society

Crafts

Arts

Beliefs

Language

4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

________ are persons resident in a country but owning it no allegiance and remaining citizens of
a foreign state

aliens

outcast

indigenes

friends

The term ________ is used to denote citizens of a territory

indigenes

subjects

fellow

outcast

Nigeria became a republic in ________

1962

1960

1965

1963

________ refers to diversity of cultures across societies and places

cultural variability

cultural vulnerability
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

cultural viability

cultural visibility

_________ are the mostly nomadic people found around the country

Itshekiri

Jukum

Fulani

Kanuri

_______ type of food is common with the igbo people of the South Eastern Nigeria

Koko

Eba

Akpu

Tuwo

Sub-culture exists within what is known as a _______ culture

domineering

Dominant

divided

diverse

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The earliest agent of socialization is ___________

Peer group

Family

school

Mass Media

Behaviour that violates important norms of a group or society is called _______

deviance

deviant

deviation

misdemeanor

In modern Nigeria _________ is the most common form of marriage

Monogamy

Polygamy

Polyandry

Exogamy

Rights are _______

Claims which the laws allows

claims against the laws

claims against other individuals


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

claims which are natural to men

The place in which an individual can approach when is rights are violated is _____

The executives branch of government

The local branch of government

the legislative branch of government

The Judicial branch of government

The constitution of any given country must provide for

the distribution of powers

the rule of law

the rights and duties of individuals

all of the above

Within a democracy, citizens

None of the above

have right and duty to be involved in the political process

Can use all means to overthrow an offensive government

have duty to eliminate their political opponents

Types of family include the following except


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Polygamy family

Nuclear Family

Compound Family

Extended family

Culture is restricted to human being alone

All of the above

None of the above

Yes

No

Culture is inborn and not learned

Yes

None of the above

No

All of the above

The name Nigeria was derived from the Niger which is the ______ largest river in Africa

first

second

third

fourth
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Nigeria has an area of ________ square kilometres of land

923,775

653,264

985,662

343,332

The people of Ebira are commonly found in _________

Ogun state

kogi State

Ekiti state

Ondo state

The Ebira people are originally from ________ empire

Tiv

Nupe

Kwararafa

Ijaw

The mythical founder and culture hero of the Nupe people is ________

Oduduwa
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Bayajida

Tsoede

Bumpai

The term Fulani Gida means_________

migrant fulani

dwelling fulani

motion fulani

immigrant fulani

Fulani Boroje means ______________

dewelling fulani

motion fulani

migrant fulani

immigrant fulani

The early inhabitants of Kanuri are the _________

Gwari

So

Adiabo

Duke

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The facial mark of women in Igboland is called

Ukwu

Nki

Ichi

Nzam

The facial mark of men in Igboland is called

Nki

Ukwu

Nzam

Ichi

The following are the names of God in Igbo except

Chukwu

Chineke

Chi

Chukwu okike

Institutions is also one of the components of culture

Yes

No
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Not sure

none of the above

Cultural pattern can be divided into

good and natural

ideal and behaviour

good amd ideal

ideal and natural

Culture is a factor of historical experiences

Yes

No

Uncertain

All of the above

Geographical proximity of groups influences the rate of cultural diffusions

No

Not sure

Yes

All of the above

3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

cultural has nothing to do with the geographical environment people lives in

Yes

No

Uncertain

All of the above

Values means ________________

Standard for judging conduct

rules of behaviour and conduct

medium of expression

asethestic sound for expressing emotions

The term music and dance means _____________________

Standard for judging conduct

rules of behaviour and conduct

medium of expression

asethestic sound for expressing emotions

__________________is a standard by which conduct are judged

values

social norms

language
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

music and dance

Brass and Bronze work are mostly reckoned with ______________

Ijebu-Ode

Benin

Ife

Oyo

Indigo dyed cloth are mostly reckoned with ______________

Abeokuta

Ife

Kano

Opobo

Caneo building are mostly reckoned with ______________

Abeokuta

Ife

Kano

Opobo

Carving are mostly reckoned with ______________


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Oyo

Ife

Kano

Opobo

Wood work are mostly reckoned with ______________

Ijebu-Ode

Benin

Ife

Oyo

The following are the ways cultural policy of Nigeria can be promoted through except

formal/ informal education

institutions and monuments

Festivals

none of the above

Patricentric in family and marriage law of residence means __________

Couples lives in the brides parent residence

power rest in the hands of the males in the family

couples resides outside both parent house

children descents traced to both parents


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Matrilocal in family and marriage law of residence means _____________

children descents traced to both parents

power rest in the hands of the males in the family

couples resides outside both parent house

Couples lives in the brides parent residence

Neolocal in family and marriage law of residence means_____________

power rest in the hands of the males in the family

Couples lives in the brides parent residence

couples resides outside both parent house

children descents traced to both parents

Bilateral refers to __________

couples resides outside both parent house

power rest in the hands of the males in the family

Couples lives in the brides parent residence

children descents traced to both parents

Matrilineal means __________________

power rest in the hands of the males in the family


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

child's descent is traced to the mother side

couples resides outside both parent house

power rests in the hands of the father

A place in Africa where matrilineal is practice is __________

Togo

Ghana

China

Cameroun

Patriarchal means __________________

power rest in the hands of the males in the family

child's descent is traced to the mother side

couples resides outside both parent house

power rests in the hands of the father

The common modern residential arrangement among the family in Nigeria is _________

Matriolocal

Patriolocal

Neolocal

none of the above

3
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Belief relates to __________

strong feeling of an idea

attractions that one has for a thing

standard judgement of people behaviour

what people cherish

Morality means _____________

what people cherish

strong feeling of an idea

attractions that one has for a thing

standard judgement of people behaviour

Attitudes refers to ______________

standard judgement of people behaviour

what people cherish

strong feeling of an idea

attractions that one has for a thing

The following are the major components of religious beliefs in Africa except __________

spirit

Ancestors
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Supreme Being

Nature

The Itsekiri refers to Supreme being as ___________________

Ohe

Oritse

Anodo

Egbesu

The Igede refers to Supreme being as ___________________

Oritse

Anodo

Egbesu

Ohe

The Tiv refers to Supreme being as ___________________

Egbesu

Anodo

Ohe

Oritse

2
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The Ijaw refers to Supreme being as ___________________

Egbesu

Ohe

Anodo

Oritse

The following are among the divisions of divinities in Africa except_________

Primodial

Deified

Persnifications or natural phenomena

Mystreries

Ancestors are known as ____________ in Yoruba

Olorun

Olodunmare

Alajobi

Enikan

The story of the founders of the Yoruba, Igbo, Edo and Fulani are examples of ________

cosmogonic myth

aetiological myth

historical myth
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

aesthetic myth

Another name foe aetiological myth is __________

superstition

mystreries

dreams

taboo

The story which seeks to answer the question of how the world came into existence is
_____________myth

cosmogonic myth

aetiological myth

historical myth

aesthetic myth

The story which seeks to explain sacred rites and customary practices of a people is
_________________

aetiological myth

cosmogonic myth

aesthetic myth

historical myth

1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The story of heroes and heroines is ______________

historical myth

aesthetic myth

cosmogonic myth

aetiological myth

Zangbeto is a common traditional masquerade among the _________

Igbiras

Eguns

Igedes

Aworis

________ cultural group are known for Egungun festival in Yoruba land

Egbas

Ijebus

Aworis

Ikales

Production of arts and crafts such as leather work, weaving, carving are categorized among
_________traditional economic activities

primary

secondary
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

tertiary

university

The basic economic problems which man aim at solving through his economic activities include
________

which good to produce

how much of these goods should be produced

for whom to produced

all of the above

One of the means of traditional capital formation is _________

Saving in Oju-Oto

Loan from bank

Share from the stock

none of the above

The following are among the condition for sitting traditional settlement _________

adequate water supply

fertile soil

land for building

A and B only

4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Citizenship education can be learn through socializing agents

No

Yes

Not sure

All of the above

National Orientation Agency is an example of agent of ________

formal/ informal education

formal education

Informal education

Non-formal education

A consttitution means ______________________

an agreed set of rules prescribing the organization of the government of a country

the philosophy and fundamentals laws of a state

the bodies of rules which directly or indirectly affect the distributions or the exercise of the
sovereign power in the state

all of the above

A Nigerian civilian president that died in the office is ________

Alhaji Shehu Shagari


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Olusegun Obasanjo

Musa Yardua

Moshood Abiola

source of the Nigeria constitution include all except

customs

taboos

norms

biographies

Nigeria constitution is an examples of ___________ constitution

written

Unwritten constitution

flexible

All of the above

one major advantages of written constitution is that ___________

it can degenerate into a dictatorship

process of ammedment can be financially tasking

it has a cumbersome process

the document serves as an easy reference book for the law courts

4
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Nationalism in Nigeria were greatly influenced by ________

political insticnts

religious nationalism

cultural nationalism

custorm nationalism

The first major political party in Nigeria was ______________

NYM

NNDP

NCNC

AG

NNDP was formed by______________________

Herbert Macauley

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

The firs prime minister of Nigeria is _____________________

Tafawa Balewa

Nnamdi Azikiwe
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

The first ceremonial president of Nigeria is ________________

Tafawa Balewa

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

The first premier of the western region in Nigeria is _________

Tafawa Balewa

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

The first executive president of Nigeria is _____________

Shehu Shagari

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

1
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

The Action Group was formed from ____________ socio-cultural organization.

Egbe omo Yoruba

Egbe Omo Egbesu

Egbe omo Oduduwa

Egbe omo Alafin

Northern People's Congress (NPC) was formed from __________ cultural organization

Fulani group

Jamia mutani arewa

arewa organzation

jamia arewa

The action group was formed in the year ________________________

1941

1951

1956

1922

The NCNC was formed in the year _____________________

1944

1951

1960
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

1963

NCNC was headed by ________________________

Tafawa Balewa

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

Northern People's Congress (NPC) was formed from in the year___________

1941

1951

1956

1922

The major prominent figure in NPC was __________________________

Tafawa Balewa

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Obafemi Awolowo

Ahmadu Bello

The major problem of Nigeria today is ___________


P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

indiscipline

corruption

Non payment of tax

tribalism

The historic june 12 election was unofficially won by _______________

Bashiru Toffa

Moshood Abiola

Shehu Shagari

Babagana Kingibe

June 12 election was contested by two major political party namely _______and ______

AG & NPC

PDP &NPC

SDP & NRC

SDP & PDP

The current senate president in Nigeria is ____________

Bukola Mongoro

Galadima Saraki

Olusola Saraki

Bukola Saraki
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

____________is the current speaker of the ogun state house of assembly

Hon Remi Hassan

Hon Sola Adekunbi

Hon Suraju Adekunbi

Hon Kunle Oluomo

President babangida handed over power to who__________

Moshood Abiola

Ernest Shonekan

Sanni Abacha

Abubakar Abdul Salam

Who is the current deputy vice chancellor of TASUED

Prof Sanni

Prof Ijaduola

Prof Arigbabu

Prof Ogundare

Former national security adviser is facing _____________ dollars arms deal fraud

2.1 trillion
P R I N C E A D E K U N L E O D E R I N W A L E

2.1billion

2.6billion

2.8trillion

______________is the current vice chancellor of TASUED

Prof Bimpe Obilade

Prof. Oluyemisi Obilade

Prof Arigbabu

Prof. Oyesiku

Nigeria celebrated her centinary of existing as a country in the year

2014

2015

2004

2006

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