Effects of Mental Health on Student

Learning

5HQ9DQGHU/LQG7H[DV6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\

$EVWUDFW
/HDUQLQJFDQEHKLQGHUHGE\VWXGHQWV·PHQWDOKHDOWK*LYHQ
WKHLQFUHDVHGUHSRUWVRI PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVDPRQJFROOHJH
VWXGHQWVLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDWZHXQGHUVWDQGKRZEHVWWRSURYLGH
VXSSRUWVWRWKLVSRSXODWLRQWRKHOSWKHPOHDUQDQGVXFFHHG7KLVLV
SDUWLFXODUO\VLJQLÀFDQWJLYHQWKHERG\RI UHVHDUFKWKDWGHPRQVWUDWHV
KRZPHQWDOLOOQHVVPD\QHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWVWXGHQWVXFFHVVDQGGHJUHH
SHUVLVWHQFH,QRUGHUWREHVWVHUYHWKLVJURZLQJSRSXODWLRQWKHUHDUH
SRVVLEOHVXSSRUWVWKDWFDQEHSURYLGHGLQWKHFODVVURRPHPEHGGHG
LQWRFXUUHQWSUDFWLFHVDQGOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUDOOVWXGHQWV
DFURVVWKHERDUG7KLVDUWLFOHDGGUHVVHVWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQ
OHDUQLQJDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKSUDFWLFDOWDNHDZD\VIRUSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQG
GLUHFWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK

(IIHFWVRI 0HQWDO+HDOWKRQ6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ
0HQWDOKHDOWKDOWKRXJKQRWDQHZFRQFHUQKDVEHFRPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\DFFHSWDEOHWRGLVFXVVLQUHFHQW\HDUV$JURZLQJERG\RI 
UHVHDUFKDERXWFROOHJHVWXGHQWV·PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVXQGHUOLQHV
WKHQHHGIRUHGXFDWRUVWRFRQVLGHUKRZPHQWDOKHDOWKPLJKWDIIHFW
VWXGHQWVDQGZKDWFRXUVHVRI DFWLRQDUHDYDLODEOH7KLVLVLPSHUDWLYH
JLYHQKRZPHQWDOLOOQHVVPD\KLQGHUVWXGHQWVXFFHVV%UHVODX/DQH
6DPSVRQ .HVVOHU&UDQIRUG(LVHQEHUJ 6HUUDV
(OLRQ:DQJ6ODQH\ )UHQFK.H\HV(LVHQEHUJ3HUU\'XEH
.URHQNH 'KLQJUD7KRPSVRQ&RQQHO\7KRPDV-RQHV 
(JJHUW(YHQWKRXJKPHQWDOKHDOWKVXSSRUWVH[LVWRQPDQ\
FDPSXVHVUHVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWWKHVHDUHRIWHQLQVXIÀFLHQWWRPHHWWKH
GHPDQGVRI WKHVWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQ5HHW]%DUU .U\ORZLF]
1RYRWQH\
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

1RUHVHDUFKH[LVWVRQWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVLQ
GHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKWKLVLVSUREOHPDWLF
JLYHQWKHULVLQJQXPEHUVRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHSRUWLQJPHQWDOKHDOWK
FRQFHUQVVRPHWKLQJWKDWPD\KLQGHUWKHVXFFHVVRI VWXGHQWVSODFHG
LQWRGHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQ1RQHWKHOHVVWKHUHH[LVWOLQNVEHWZHHQ
OHDUQLQJDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKWKDWVKRXOGEHH[SORUHGLQGHWDLOWREHWWHU
XQGHUVWDQGKRZLQVWUXFWLRQFDQEHQHÀWVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOLOOQHVV
7KHUHDUHOHDUQLQJUHODWHGVXSSRUWVVXFKDVPHWDFRJQLWLRQ
WKDWFDQEHWDXJKWLQFODVVURRPV7KLVODUJHFRQVWUXFWHQFRPSDVVHV
VNLOOVSURFHVVHVDQGDZDUHQHVVUHODWHGWRKRZRQHWKLQNV'LQVPRUH
$OH[DQGHU /RXJKOLQ(FFOHV :LJÀHOG3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ%\OHDUQLQJKRZWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZ
RQH·VPLQGZRUNVLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJLVVXHVRI 
PHQWDOKHDOWKFRXOGEHQHÀWIURPOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGWKHRULHVWKDW
LQWHJUDWHPHWDFRJQLWLRQ0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUN(GPRQGVRQ
/HH6LURQLF 5HHYH9DQ1JX\HQ/DRKDVLULZRQJ
6DHQJVXZDQ7KLQNKDPURS :ULJKW:DONHU:LQJDWH2EDVL
-RLQHU)RULQVWDQFHEXLOGLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVFRXOG
EHSDUWRI OHDUQLQJDERXWRQH·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRQH·VOHDUQLQJ
RULHQWDWLRQDQGVHOIUHJXODWLRQ(FFOHV :LJÀHOG'LQVPRUH
HWDO1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ(DFKRI WKHVHSUHVHQWVD
SRVVLEOHZD\IRUVWXGHQWVZKRVWUXJJOHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKWREXLOG
EHWWHUFRSLQJVWUDWHJLHV
%HIRUHH[DPLQLQJKRZOHDUQLQJWKHRU\FDQEHLPSOHPHQWHG
WREHQHÀWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVLWLV
LPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLPSHWXVEHKLQGWKLVDUHDRI UHVHDUFK
7REXLOGVXFKDIRXQGDWLRQWKHSUHVHQWFRQGLWLRQRI PHQWDOKHDOWK
LQSRVWVHFRQGDU\LQVWLWXWLRQVZLOOEHH[SOLFDWHG7KHQSKHQRPHQD
UHODWHGWRWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHGHPDQGV
ZLOOEHH[SORUHGSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVIRUHGXFDWRUVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
DQGVXJJHVWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG
7KH6WDWHRI 0HQWDO+HDOWKLQ&ROOHJHV
3RVWVHFRQGDU\VWXGHQWVDUHUHSRUWLQJDYDULHW\RI PHQWDOKHDOWK
FRQFHUQV$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ&HQWHUIRU
&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK1RYRWQH\$VVKRZQLQ7DEOH
DQ\ZKHUHIURPWRRI DUDQGRPVDPSOHRI FROOHJH
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

VWXGHQWVUHSRUWHGVRPHNLQGRI PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQGXULQJWKH
VSULQJVHPHVWHURI $PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
2I PRVWFRQFHUQPLJKWEHWKHSHUFHQWDJHRI VWXGHQWVZKR
UHSRUWIHHOLQJKRSHOHVVRYHUZKHOPHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWDQ[LHW\DQG
VRGHSUHVVHGWKH\VWUXJJOHWRIXQFWLRQWKHVHQXPEHUVUHSUHVHQW
WKHPRVWFRPPRQO\VWXGLHGPHQWDOLOOQHVVHVLQFROOHJHVWXGHQWV
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\%UHVODXHWDO&DVWUR 5LFH
&UDQIRUG(LVHQEHUJ6HUUD(OLRQHWDO*QLONDHWDO
+DPGL ,DFRQR6FKULFNHWDO6HUUDVHWDO

Table 1
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Symptoms
9DULDEOHa Male (%) )HPDOH
+RSHOHVVQHVV  
)HHOLQJRYHUZKHOPHG  
9HU\ORQHO\  
9HU\VDG  
'LIÀFXOW\IXQFWLRQLQJGXHWRGHSUHVVLRQ  
2YHUZKHOPLQJDQ[LHW\  
&RQVLGHUHGVXLFLGH  
$WWHPSWHGVXLFLGH  
(QJDJHGLQ6,% E
 
Note.'DWDUHSUHVHQWDUDQGRPVDPSOHRI XQGHUJUDGXDWHVIURPVFKRROV
N $GDSWHGIURP´8QGHUJUDGXDWH5HIHUHQFH*URXS([HFXWLYH
6XPPDU\6SULQJµE\$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
a
6HOIUHSRUWHGDVSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSDVWPRQWKVE6HOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRU

$FFRUGLQJWRUHSRUWVE\WKH$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK
$VVRFLDWLRQ$&+$&HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK&&0+
DQGWKH$VVRFLDWLRQIRU8QLYHUVLW\DQG&ROOHJH&RXQVHOLQJ&HQWHU
'LUHFWRUV$8&&&'VWDWLVWLFVVXFKDVWKHVHKDYHEHHQVWHDGLO\
LQFUHDVLQJ1RYRWQH\$VPRUHSRVWVHFRQGDU\VWXGHQWV
JUDSSOHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVJUHDWHUGHPDQGVDUHSODFHGRQ
FDPSXVVHUYLFHVSDUWLFXODUO\FRXQVHOLQJVHUYLFHVLQ$8&&&'
UHSRUWHGWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHWKLUGRI VXUYH\HGFRXQVHOLQJFHQWHUV
QHHGHGZDLWLQJOLVWVGXHWRWKHYROXPHRI VWXGHQWVVHHNLQJVHUYLFHV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

5HHW]%DU .U\ORZLF]$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&&0+

UHSRUWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHFHLYLQJRQFDPSXVFRXQVHOLQJDWWHQGHGDQ
DYHUDJHRI ÀYHDSSRLQWPHQWV$FURVVWKHLQVWLWXWLRQVRI KLJKHU
HGXFDWLRQVXUYH\HGWKLVDGGHGXSWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRWDO
LQGLYLGXDOFRXQVHOLQJDSSRLQWPHQWV&&0+VRPHWKLQJWKDW
GRHVQ·WLQGLFDWHDQHFHVVDULO\RYHUZKHOPLQJQXPEHURI DSSRLQWPHQWV
SHUFRXQVHOLQJFHQWHUEXWWKHLPSHWXVEHKLQGWKHQHHGIRUZDLWOLVWV
VWLOOUHPDLQV'DWDIURP$8&&&'DQG&&0+HPSKDVL]HWKHQHHG
IRUFDPSXVPHQWDOKHDOWKVHUYLFHVWRDGGUHVVWKHLQFUHDVLQJQHHGVRI 
VWXGHQWV

Table 2
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Diagnoses
9DULDEOH a
Male (%) )HPDOH
$Q[LHW\  
%LSRODU'LVRUGHU  
'HSUHVVLRQ  
,QVRPQLD  
3DQLF$WWDFNV  
6FKL]RSKUHQLD  
'HSUHVVLRQDQG$Q[LHW\  
Note.'DWDUHSUHVHQWDUDQGRPVDPSOHRI XQGHUJUDGXDWHVIURPVFKRROV
N $GDSWHGIURP´8QGHUJUDGXDWH5HIHUHQFH*URXS([HFXWLYH
6XPPDU\6SULQJµE\$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
a
6HOIUHSRUWHGDVSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSDVWPRQWKV

$VVHHQLQ7DEOH$&+$·VVSULQJUHSRUWRI VWXGHQWV·
VHOIUHSRUWHGPHQWDOKHDOWKGLDJQRVHVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHSUHYDOHQFH
RI DQ[LHW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQRI PDOHVDQGRI IHPDOHV
UHSRUWHGDGLDJQRVLVRI ERWKDQ[LHW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQ$&+$
7KLVHTXDWHVDOPRVWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVGLDJQRVHGZLWKLQWKH
FDOHQGDU\HDUSULRUWRVSULQJVHPHVWHU$&+$DQXPEHU
WKDWLVVWDJJHULQJZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKH1RI VWXGHQWVGRHV
QRWHYHQEHJLQWRUHSUHVHQWKRZPDQ\FROOHJHVWXGHQWVPLJKWEH
GLDJQRVHGLQDJLYHQ\HDUDFURVVWKHQDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH&&0+
UHSRUWVKRZHGLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHSRUWLQJ
KDYLQJDWWHQGHGFRXQVHOLQJWDNHQPHGLFDWLRQRUEHHQKRVSLWDOL]HG
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

IRUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVEHWZHHQWKHDQG
DFDGHPLF\HDUV7KH\DOVRIRXQGDQLQFUHDVHDFURVVUHSRUWHGVHOI
LQMXULRXVEHKDYLRUVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQDQGVXLFLGHDWWHPSWV&&0+
0RVWQRWDEO\WKHUHZDVDQLQFUHDVHLQVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQ
&&0+'DWDIURP&&0+DOVRLQGLFDWHVDVPDOOHU
LQFUHDVHLQVXLFLGHDWWHPSWIURPWRDQGVHOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRUWR$OWKRXJKWKHVHLQFUHDVHVDUHPDUJLQDO
WKH\VWLOOGHPRQVWUDWHDVWHDG\ULVHLQVXLFLGHDWWHPSWVDQGVHOI
LQMXULRXVEHKDYLRULQFROOHJHVWXGHQWVVRPHWKLQJWKDWVKRXOGEH
PHGLDWHGDVWKHVHDUHVHULRXVLVVXHV7KHIXOOFRPSOHPHQWRI GDWDLV
SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

Table 3
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Concerns
2010-2011 (%) 2012-2013 (%) % increase
$WWHQGHGFRXQVHOLQJ 
a
 
7DNHQPHGLFDWLRQ a
  
+RVSLWDOL]HG a
  
6,% ZLWKRXWVXLFLGDO 
E
 
intent
6XLFLGHLGHDWLRQ   
6XLFLGHDWWHPSW   
Note.'DWDIRUWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUUHSUHVHQWDVDPSOHRI LQVWL-
WXWLRQVZLWKFRXQVHOLQJFOLHQWVGDWDUHSUHVHQWDVDPSOH
RI LQVWLWXWLRQVZLWKFRXQVHOLQJFOLHQWV$GDSWHGIURP´&HQWHU
IRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK$QQXDO5HSRUWµE\&HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH
0HQWDO+HDOWK
a
7KHVHLWHPVDUHVSHFLÀFDOO\IRUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVE6HOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRU

0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG$FDGHPLF6XFFHVV
0HQWDOLOOQHVVKDVEHHQIRXQGWRUHODWHWRGHFUHDVHGDFDGHPLF
VXFFHVVDQGGHJUHHFRPSOHWLRQ%UHVODXHWDO&UDQIRUGHWDO
(OLRQHWDO.H\HVHWDO7KRPSVRQHWDO
7KHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\VWXGLHGPHQWDOLOOQHVVHVVWXGLHGLQFRQQHFWLRQ
WRDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVDUHGHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\RIWHQDVPHGLDWHG
E\SHUIHFWLRQLVPPHDQLQJWKHUHLVDQLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQW\SHVRI 
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

SHUIHFWLRQLVPGHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\7KHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQZLOO
DGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHVLQIHPDOHVLWLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKHH[WDQW
OLWHUDWXUHKDVQRWH[SORUHGWKLVLVVXHLQPDOHV
'HSUHVVLRQDQ[LHW\DQGSHUIHFWLRQLVPLQZRPHQ
3HUIHFWLRQLVPGHÀQHGLQDPXOWLWXGHRI ZD\VPD\OHDGWRERWK
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\LQZRPHQRI DOOHWKQLFUDFLDOJURXSVZKR
DWWHQGFROOHJH&DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHWDO*QLOND$VKE\
1REOH6FKULFN6KDUS=YRQNRYLF 5HLIPDQ:DONHU
:LQJDWH2EDVL -RLQHU$OWKRXJKZRPHQDFURVVHWKQLFLWLHV
DQGUDFHVPD\IHHOSUHVVXUH³HLWKHULQWHUQDORUH[WHUQDO³WRSUHVHQW
SHUIHFWLRQLVPWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHRI SHUIHFWLRQLVPDQGGHSUHVVLRQ
RUDQ[LHW\YDULHVDPRQJWKHVHJURXSV&DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHW
DO*QLONDHWDO6FKULFNHWDO6WRHEHUHWDO
:DONHUHWDO,QSDUWLFXODU$IULFDQ$PHULFDQDQG$VLDQ
$PHULFDQZRPHQWHQGWRZDUGVPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPDWJUHDWHU
UDWHVWKDQ(XURSHDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQ&DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHW
DO:DONHUHWDO
0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPWKHUHOXFWDQFHRULQDELOLW\WRDFFHSW
WKDWRQHFDQQRWDOZD\VDFKLHYHSHUIHFWLRQUHODWHVWRGHSUHVVLRQDQG
VXLFLGHLGHDWLRQLQ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWK
DFFXOWXUDWLYHVWUHVVVRPHWKLQJIDFLQJUDFLDOHWKQLFPLQRULWLHVZKR
KDYHWREDODQFHKRPHFXOWXUHZLWKDFDGHPLFLHPRUH:KLWHFXOWXUH
(OLRQHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD:DONHUHWDO
)RUERWK$IULFDQ$PHULFDQDQG$VLDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQ
PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPUHODWHVWRGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQ
LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKGHVLUHWRSOHDVHRWKHUVVXFKDVIDPLO\PHPEHUV
&DVWUR 5LFH7KHVHÀQGLQJVKDYHDGGLWLRQDOO\EHHQOLQNHGWR
ORZHUHQJDJHPHQWDQGDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFHDVPHDVXUHGE\*3$
&DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHWDO*QLONDHWDO5HQVKDZ
&RKHQ6FKULFNHWDO6WRHEHUHWDO
$OWKRXJKWKHVHPHDVXUHVGRQRWFDSWXUHWKHQXDQFHRI WKH
SDUWLFLSDQWV·HGXFDWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHVWKH\DUHLQGLFDWLYHRI WKH
SRWHQWLDOLVVXHVDVXESRSXODWLRQRI IHPDOHVWXGHQWVFRXOGHQFRXQWHU
&RQFHUQLQJPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPLQSDUWLFXODUOLQNVFDQEH
GUDZQWROHDUQLQJWKHRU\YLDOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDWWULEXWLRQ
WKHRU\KHUHUHIHUULQJWRZKDWYDULDEOHVVWXGHQWVDWWULEXWHWKHLU
VXFFHVVRUODFNWKHUHRI WR$VWXGHQW·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGH
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

YDULDEOHVVXFKDVLQWHOOLJHQFHOHDUQLQJDELOLW\LQWHUHVWDQGVWUHVV
DQGWLPHPDQDJHPHQW%UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW
2OHMQLN +ROVFKXKLWFDQEHSRVLWHGWKDWPDODGDSWLYH
SHUIHFWLRQLVWVPD\H[KLELWORZLQWHUHVWLQWKHIDFHRI DFDGHPLF
DGYHUVLW\DVWKLVLVDFRPPRQV\PSWRPRI PHQWDOLOOQHVVHVOLNH
GHSUHVVLRQDVZHOODVSRRUVWUHVVDQGWLPHPDQDJHPHQWVNLOOV0LOOHU
0DUNKDP3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
$QRWKHUFRPSRQHQWWKDWFRXOGIXQFWLRQWREHQHÀWRU
EHGHWULPHQWDOWRVWXGHQWOHDUQLQJDQGVXFFHVVLVDWWULEXWLRQ
WKHRU\ZKLFKLQFOXGHVSDUWRI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV(FFOHV 
:LJÀHOG+ROVFKXK1LVW 2OHMQLN=LPPHUPDQ
$WWULEXWLRQWKHRU\H[SODLQVWKHVWHSVLQYROYHGLQVWXGHQWV·
DWWULEXWLRQVIRUWKHLUUHODWLYHDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVWKRVHZKRDWWULEXWH
WKHLUVXFFHVVRUIDLOXUHWRH[WHUQDOXQFRQWUROODEOHIRUFHVVXFKDV
WHDFKHUVRUOXFNLQVWHDGRI LQGLYLGXDOHIIRUWDQGDELOLW\DUHOHVVOLNHO\
WRVWULYHHLWKHUWRPDVWHUPDWHULDORUSHUIRUPZHOO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG
+ROVFKXKHWDO0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVWKURXJKWKHLU
SXUVXLWRI DQDSSHDUDQFHRI FRPSOHWHFRQWURODQGVXFFHVV&DVWUR
5LFH&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO*QLOND$VKE\
1REOH6FKULFNHWDO6LURQLF 5HHYH6WRHEHU
HWDO:DONHUHWDOVHHPXQOLNHO\WRKDYHDPDVWHU\
OHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQDVWKLVUHTXLUHVDVWXGHQWWRZLVKWRLPSURYH
UHJDUGOHVVRI JUDGH(FFOHV :LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ
7KHOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQSHUKDSVVHHQPRVWSUHGRPLQDQWO\LQWKHVH
VWXGHQWVLVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKLHOHDUQLQJWRSHUIRUPZHOO
RQDVVLJQPHQWVQRWOHDUQLQJWRPDVWHUDVXEMHFWDOWKRXJKWKLVKDV
QRWEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKFRXOGDSSO\EHFDXVH
VWXGHQWVZLWKWKLVRULHQWDWLRQVWULYHWRSURYHWKHPVHOYHVDFDGHPLFDOO\
WRRWKHUVLHLQRUGHUWRLPSUHVVDGGLQJWRWKHRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFH
RI SHUIHFWLRQFRXOGH[SODLQWKLVDSSURDFKWROHDUQLQJ(FFOHV 
:LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ
6HOIUHJXODWLRQDVSDUWRI WKHFROOHJHWUDQVLWLRQ
6HOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVSURFHVVHVRQHFDQXVHWRZRUNWRZDUGVD
JRDOHJEHKDYLRUDOFRJQLWLYHPHWDFRJQLWLYHFDQEHDSSOLHGLQVLGH
DQGRXWVLGHRI WKHFODVVURRPPXFKOLNHPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV
RI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV'LQVPRUHHWDO
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ,QWKHRU\LI VWXGHQWV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

EXLOGVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVDQGXVHWKHPVWUDWHJLFDOO\WKH\ZLOOOHDUQ
PRUHRSWLPDOO\DQGH[SHULHQFHJUHDWHUVXFFHVVWKDQLI WKH\GLGQRW
VHOIUHJXODWHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHLQYHVWLJDWHGKRZVHOIUHJXODWLRQUHODWHV
WRFROOHJHVWXGHQWPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHDGMXVWPHQW%HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO9DQ
1JX\HQHWDO=LPPHUPDQ$OWKRXJKUHVXOWVKDYHQ·W
EHHQLGHQWLFDODFURVVVWXGLHVJLYHQWKHYDU\LQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQG
GHVLJQVWKHUHLVDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWWKHXVHRI VHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOV
DVVLVWVLQERWKDUHDV%HOFK3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO

)RUH[DPSOH9DQ1JX\HQ/DRKDVLULZRQJ6DHQJVXZDQ
7KLQNKDPURSDQG:ULJKWIRXQGDVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLÀFDQW
QHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGHSUHVVLRQDQGVWXGHQWVHOIHIÀFDF\
KHOSVHHNLQJDQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVUHJDUGLQJRSWLPDOVWXG\
WLPHVDQGDUHDV,WLVSRVVLEOHWKRXJKQRWGHÀQLWLYHWRGUDZWKH
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVDUHEHQHÀFLDOWRVWXGHQWPHQWDO
KHDOWKZKHQLPSOHPHQWHG&URFNHUHWDO0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ
3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO$VLPLODUFRQFOXVLRQ
UHJDUGLQJVXFFHVVIXOWUDQVLWLRQWRFROOHJHFDQEHGUDZQIURP3DUN
(GPRQGVRQDQG/HH·VVWXG\DVWKH\IRXQGDVWDWLVWLFDOO\
VLJQLÀFDQWFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQXVHRI VHOIUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVDQG
DGMXVWPHQWWRFROOHJHKHUHGHÀQHGDVSRVLWLYHPHQWDOKHDOWKHJORZ
OHYHOVRI VWUHVVRUDQ[LHW\KLJKVHOIHVWHHPQRLVVXHVZLWKDFDGHPLF
SHUIRUPDQFHPDLQWDLQHGRYHUWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJH
*LYHQWKDWVHOIUHJXODWLRQFRPSULVHVXVLQJIRUHWKRXJKWHJ
VHWWLQJJRDOVVHOIREVHUYDWLRQDQGVHOIUHÁHFWLRQ'LQVPRUHHWDO
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQLWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJ
WKDWWKHVHVNLOOVDUHLPSRUWDQWWRDVXFFHVVIXOWUDQVLWLRQWRFROOHJH
$OOVWXGHQWVQRWOLPLWHGWRWKRVHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVFDQ
EHQHÀWIURPDSSOLFDWLRQRI WKHVHVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVSDUWLFXODUO\DV
LWUHODWHVWRWKHLUVWUHVVWLPHPDQDJHPHQWDQGDELOLW\WREHÁH[LEOH
WRPHHWWKHGHPDQGVRI YDU\LQJVLWXDWLRQV%UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\
+ROVFKXKQG1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3DUNHWDO3LQWULFK9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
=LPPHUPDQ7KHVHVNLOOVFDQEHXVHGWRVXFFHHGLQ
DFDGHPLFVDVDZD\RI PDNLQJWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDFWLYHHIIHFWLYH
DQGFRQWLQXDO%UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW 
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

+ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ,I DSSOLHGRXWVLGHRI WKHFODVVURRP³WR
VLWXDWLRQVOLNHWKRVHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOLOOQHVVPLJKWIDFHVXFK
DVEXLOGLQJDSRVLWLYHVHOILPDJH³VHOIUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVFRXOG
SURYHIUXLWIXOLQPDQDJLQJHYHU\GD\FRQFHUQVWKDWFRXOGLQWHUIHUH
ZLWKOHDUQLQJ%HOFK&URFNHUHWDO3DUNHWDO9DQ
1JX\HQHWDO

8QLWLQJ/HDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQG0HQWDO+HDOWK
6XJJHVWLRQVIRU3UDFWLFH
,QDQGRI LWVHOIPHQWDOKHDOWKLVVXHVFDQQRWEHHUDGLFDWHG
FROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLOOOLNHO\FRQWLQXHWRHQFRXQWHUVRPHNLQGRI 
PHQWDOLOOQHVVGLDJQRVHGXQGLDJQRVHGORQJWHUPRUWHPSRUDU\
$&+$%HOFK%UHVODXHWDO&&0+
1RYRWQH\5HHW]HWDO*LYHQLWVSUHYDOHQFHLQFROOHJH
VWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQVVWXGHQWPHQWDOLOOQHVVLVDSUREOHPHGXFDWRUV
PD\QHHGWREHSUHSDUHGWRIDFHDQGVWUDWHJLFDOO\LQWHJUDWLQJOHDUQLQJ
VWUDWHJLHVDQGWKHRULHVLQWRWKHFODVVURRPPD\SURYLGHVWXGHQWVZLWK
VRPHWRROVWKH\FDQXVH&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO0LOOHU
0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD
9DQ1JX\HQ:DONHUHWDO7KLVOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
ZLOOUHTXLUHZLOODQGHIIRUWRQWKHSDUWRI WKHVWXGHQWDVZHOODVWKH
HGXFDWRU1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK,I VWXGHQWVFDQ
OHDUQWKHVHVWUDWHJLHVWUDQVIHUWKHPIURPDFDGHPLFWRQRQDFDGHPLF
LHPHQWDOLOOQHVVUHODWHGVHWWLQJVDQGDGDSWWKHPWRVSHFLÀF
VLWXDWLRQVWKH\KDYHWKHDELOLW\WRDSSO\OHDUQLQJWKHRU\WROHDUQLQJ
DERXWDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVZHOODVÁH[LEOHWRROVIRU
VWXGHQWVWRXVHLQWKHFODVVURRP&RPPLWWHHRQ'HYHORSPHQWVLQWKH
6FLHQFHRI /HDUQLQJ3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ
7KHRYHUDUFKLQJWKHPHZLWKLQWKHP\ULDGWKHRULHVDQG
VWUDWHJLHVVWXGHQWVFDQXVHWRDPHOLRUDWHWKHHIIHFWVRI PHQWDOLOOQHVV
RQDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFHLVPHWDFRJQLWLRQ&URFNHUHWDO
(OLRQHWDO5HQVKDZ &RKHQ6LURQLF 5HHYH
3DUNHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD9DQ1JX\HQHW
DO:DONHUHWDO&RPLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGRQH·VOHDUQHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRULHQWDWLRQDORQJVLGHKRZWRVHOIUHJXODWHOHDUQLQJ
DOOLQYROYHDUHTXLVLWHDPRXQWRI VHOIDZDUHQHVVDOOWKUHHQHFHVVLWDWH
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

DWWHQWLRQWRWKHVHOISDUWLFXODUO\KRZRQHIXQFWLRQVDQGWKLQNV
'LQVPRUHHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG0XLV )UDQFR
DE1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ7KLVIRUPVDVWDUWLQJ
SRLQWIRUWHDFKLQJWUDQVIHUUDEOHLHDFDGHPLFWRWKHDFDGHPLF
PHQWDOKHDOWKLQWHUDFWLRQÁH[LEOHVNLOOVWRVWXGHQWV0HWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVVKRZHYHUVHHPVPRVWSURPLVLQJDVDZD\WRLPSURYH
KRZVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHPHQWDOLOOQHVVDFURVVYDULRXVVHWWLQJVZKHQ
PHWDFRJQLWLRQEHFRPHVRQHSDUWRI DODUJHUSLFWXUHRI OHDUQLQJDQG
VHOIPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHV&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO
6LURQLF 5HHYH3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
:DONHUHWDO5HJDUGOHVVRI WKHDSSURDFKLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDW
LQVWUXFWRUVDUHH[SOLFLWLQWKHLUH[SODQDWLRQVRI KRZVHOIUHJXODWRU\
DQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVFDQWUDQVIHUIURPDFDGHPLFWRQRQDFDGHPLF
FRQWH[WV
7KH5ROHRI 0HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVLQ/HDUQLQJDQG0HQWDO
+HDOWK
0HWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVWKLQNLQJDERXWRQH·VWKLQNLQJ
XQGHUJLUGVDOORI WKHVHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV&RPPLWWHH
'LQVPRUHHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG)ODYHOODVFLWHG
E\'LQVPRUHHWDO1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN 
+ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ%HFDXVHLW
HQFRPSDVVHVDZDUHQHVVRI RQHVHOIKRZRQH·VPLQGZRUNVDQGZKDW
VWUDWHJLHVZRUNEHVWIRUWKDWLQGLYLGXDO0XLV )UDQFRDE
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQPHWDFRJQLWLRQLVDSULPH
H[DPSOHRI DSRWHQWLDOVWUDWHJ\DSSOLFDEOHWRWKHLVVXHRI FROOHJH
VWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVVDQGWKHLUOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV
,I WKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVGHOLYHUHGLQDQRWKHDYLO\FRQWH[WXDOL]HG
PDQQHUVWXGHQWVFDQEHVKRZQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI KRZLWFDQDSSO\
WRWKHLUHYHU\GD\OLYHVDQGSRWHQWLDOO\PDNHWKDWFRJQLWLYHWUDQVIHU
&RPPLWWHH=LPPHUPDQ
,I VWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVDUHDEOHWRWUDQVIHU
PHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVWRWKHLUHYHU\GD\OLYHVWKH\KDYHWRROVWRERWK
DVVLVWWKHPLQDFDGHPLFVDQGWKHLUSHUVRQDOOLYHV&URFNHUHWDO
(OLRQHWDO6LURQLF 5HHYH3DUNHWDO3RODQFR
5RPDQHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO:DONHUHWDO
7KLVGHSHQGVXSRQWZRFRQGLWLRQVDHIIHFWLYHLQVWUXFWLRQDERXW
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

PHWDFRJQLWLRQDQGEVWXGHQWV·OLNHOLKRRGRI DSSO\LQJLWRXWVLGH

RI DFDGHPLFFRQWH[WV&RPPLWWHH1LVW +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ
(IIHFWLYHLQVWUXFWLRQLQOHDUQLQJWKHRULHVRUVWUDWHJLHVVXFKDV
PHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVUHTXLUHVWKDWERWKWKHLQVWUXFWRUDQGVWXGHQW
WDNHDQDFWLYHDSSURDFKWRZDUGVWKHPDWHULDO3LQWULFK6XFK
LQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEHH[SOLFLW³H[SOLFDWLQJZKDWPHWDFRJQLWLRQLV
DQGKRZVWXGHQWVFDQXVHLWLQGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV&RPPLWWHH
1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ,WVKRXOG
DOVREHFRQGXFLYHWRVWXGHQWV·GHYHORSPHQWRI WUDQVIHUDELOLW\RI 
NQRZOHGJHWRRWKHUFRQWH[WVOLNHWKHHYHU\GD\&RPPLWWHH,Q
RUGHUWRDFFRPSOLVKWKLVLQVWUXFWRUVOLNHO\QHHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHKRZ
PHWDFRJQLWLRQDSSOLHVDFURVVVLWXDWLRQVEHFDXVHVWXGHQWVPLJKWQRW
PDNHWKHFRJQLWLYHOHDSWKHPVHOYHVDVQRYLFHOHDUQHUV&RPPLWWHH
0XLV )UDQFRDE1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ7KLVSUDFWLFHVKRXOGIXUWKHUDVVLVWVWXGHQWV
LQWKHWUDQVIHUSURFHVVEHFDXVHRI LWVODFNRI SUHFLVHFRQWH[WZKHQ
LQIRUPDWLRQLVWRRKLJKO\FRQWH[WXDOL]HGVWXGHQWVDUHOHVVOLNHO\WREH
DEOHWRWUDQVIHULWWRRUPRGLI\LWIRUGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV&RPPLWWHH
0XLV )UDQFRDE1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ
3DUWRI WKLVH[SOLFLWLQVWUXFWLRQLQWUDQVIHUULQJWKHVWUDWHJ\
FRXOGEHKRZLWDSSOLHVWRFRPPRQLVVXHVOLNHVWUHVV*LYHQWKH
VWLJPDDWWDFKHGWRDQGWKHVHQVLWLYHQDWXUHRI PHQWDOLOOQHVVLW
ZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRFRXFKLWVDSSOLFDELOLW\LQWHUPVRI DV\PSWRP
DOOVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHVWUHVV$JDLQWRNHHSWKHLGHDRI ÁH[LELOLW\
RSHQWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQZRXOGQHHGWREHSUHVHQWHGDVRQHXVHQRWWKH
GHÀQLWLYHXVH&RPPLWWHH
,I DSSOLHGLQPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQWH[WVVWXGHQWV·PHWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVVFRXOGDVVLVWWKHPLQVHHLQJWKHLUOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVDQGWKHLUVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOV%HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO3DUNHWDO
3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD6LURQLF 5HHYH:DONHUHW
DO9DQ1JX\HQ7KLVFRXOGEHWKHÀUVWVWHSWRZDUGV
HIIHFWLQJFKDQJHLQRQH·VDSSURDFKWROHDUQLQJDQGIXQFWLRQLQJ
RSWLPDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRI H[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVV6WXGHQWV
FRXOGFRPHWRGHÀQHWKHLUOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKURXJKFDUHIXO
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

REVHUYDWLRQDQGUHÁHFWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\WLPHDQGVWUHVVPDQDJHPHQW
SHUKDSVOHDGLQJWKHPWRFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUH
FKDQJHDEOHDVZHOODVKRZWKH\FRXOGEHFKDQJHG%HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG+ROVFKXK1LVW
2OHMQLN0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ0RRUH1LVW 
+ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ,I VWXGHQWVDUHDEOHWRDSSO\WKHVHWKHRULHV
WRWKHLUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVLWVHHPVSRVVLEOHWKH\FRXOGGLVFRYHU
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRI KHOSVHHNLQJLQWKLVVLWXDWLRQSHUKDSVOHDGLQJ
WKHPWRXWLOL]HFDPSXVUHVRXUFHV%HOFK&URFNHUHWDO
0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
=LPPHUPDQ8VHRI PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVFRXOGDOVR
SURYRNHVWXGHQWWKRXJKWDERXWKRZFROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDO
LOOQHVVYLHZWKHPVHOYHV%\FRQVLGHULQJRQH·VSHUVRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
DQGDXWRQRP\RUDJHQF\LQFUHDWLQJFKDQJHLQWKHPSHUKDSVDEHOLHI 
LQDJHQF\FRXOGEHVSDUNHG(FFOHV :LJÀHOG0RRUH
1LVW +ROVFKXK=LPPHUPDQ
)XUWKHUPRUHZKHQYLHZHGLQERWKDFDGHPLFDQGQRQDFDGHPLF
FRQWH[WVH[DPLQLQJRQH·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFRXOGIRUPDEULGJH
WRGLVFXVVLQJDQGHYDOXDWLQJRQH·VOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQ,QWKHFDVHRI 
SHUFHLYHGQHHGIRUSHUIHFWLRQLVPDPRQJZRPHQ(OLRQHWDO
3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD6LURQLF 5HHYH:DONHUHW
DOWKHOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVSUHVHQWDUHOLNHO\SHUIRUPDQFH
DSSURDFKLQPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDQGPDVWHU\DSSURDFKLQ
DGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWV(FFOHV :LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ
0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVVHHPOHVVDSWWRPRGLI\WKHLUEHKDYLRUVLQ
UHVSRQVHWRDGYHUVLW\WKXVWKH\PD\VWULYHWRVXFFHHGEHFDXVHWKH\
ZDQWYDOLGDWLRQ&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO3RODQFR
5RPDQ 0LUDQGD:DONHUHWDO=LPPHUPDQ
7KLVPHDQVVWXGHQWVZKRDUHPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUHPRUH
OLNHO\WRWDNHDSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKLQWKHFODVVURRPVHHNLQJRQO\
WRLPSUHVVDQGSHUIRUPZHOOZKHUHDVDGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUH
PRUHDSWWRDGDSWWKHLUOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVZLWKDJRDORI PDVWHU\
OHDUQLQJ7KHNH\KHUHLVWKDWDGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDVRSSRVHG
WRPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRHQJDJHLQGHHSHU
OHDUQLQJ
$VZLWKOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVVKRXOGEH
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

GLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLOWRIRVWHULQWHUQDOL]LQJWKHFRQFHSW&RPPLWWHH
1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ
,QGLYLGXDORULHQWDWLRQVFRXOGEHGHÀQHGDQGDFFRPSDQLHGE\JHQHUDO
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRUDVFHQDULRWRSURYLGHDJHQHUDOEDVLVIRUWDONLQJ
DERXWOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV,WZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRDVNVWXGHQWV
WRVSHQGWLPHUHÁHFWLQJSHUKDSVZLWKJXLGHGTXHVWLRQVRQWKHLU
OHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV&RPPLWWHH1LVW +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ$SRWHQWLDOO\HIIHFWLYHWRRO
WRGHHSHQVWXGHQWV·UHTXLUHGWKLQNLQJDQGDSSOLFDWLRQFRXOGEHDVNLQJ
VWXGHQWVWRFRQVLGHULIZKHUHWKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVGLIIHU7KLV
FRXOGGHPRQVWUDWHKRZFRQWH[WLQIRUPVOHDUQLQJDSSURDFKHV,I 
LQWHUQDOL]HGDQGWUDQVIHUUHGIURPDFODVVURRPWRHYHU\GD\VLWXDWLRQ
EHLQJDZDUHRI KRZRQHDSSURDFKHVOHDUQLQJFRXOGLQÁXHQFH
PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVWRFRQVLGHUWKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVDQG
SHUKDSVKRZDQGZKHQWKH\DUHEHQHÀFLDORUGHWULPHQWDO&RPPLWWHH
&URFNHUHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG(OLRQHWDO
+ROVFKXKHWDO0RRUH1LVW +ROVFKXK6LURQLF
5HHYH:DONHUHWDO=LPPHUPDQ
$ODUJHUV\VWHPHQFRPSDVVLQJWKHWZRSUHYLRXVFRQVWUXFWVLV
VHOIUHJXODWLRQ(FFOHV :LJÀHOG3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ
%RWKOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVIDOO
XQGHUWKHIRUHWKRXJKWSKDVHRI VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJDVGHÀQHG
E\=LPPHUPDQ=LPPHUPDQ·VIRUHWKRXJKWSKDVHLQFOXGHV
WKHFRQVWUXFW´OHDUQLQJJRDORULHQWDWLRQµSDQRWKHUZD\RI 
SKUDVLQJKRZRQHDSSURDFKHVOHDUQLQJHJDVDSHUIRUPDQFH
DSSURDFKRUPDVWHU\DSSURDFKVWXGHQW,WDOVRLQFOXGHVVWXGHQWV·
EHOLHIVDERXWWKHLUVHOIHIÀFDF\ZKDWWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHRXWFRPHZLOO
EHDQGWKHLULQWHUHVWOHYHOIRUWKHWDVNDWKDQGZKLFKDUHFRPSRQHQWV
RI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV%UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW
+ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU5HVHDUFK
 $OWKRXJKOLWHUDWXUHH[LVWVZKHUHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHH[SORUHG
WKHOLQNEHWZHHQPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHSHUIRUPDQFHPRUH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQLVQHHGHGEHFDXVHWKLVLVQRWDFXUDEOHLVVXHWKDWZLOO
GLVDSSHDU&ROOHJHVWXGHQWPHQWDOKHDOWKZLOOOLNHO\UHPDLQSDUWRI 
WKHFRQYHUVDWLRQDERXWWKHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWVWXGHQWVIDFH6RPH
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

UHVHDUFKHUVDFWLYHO\VHHNDSSURDFKHVWRDPHOLRUDWHWKHSUREOHPV
SRVHGE\PHQWDOLOOQHVVIURPDQLQVWLWXWLRQDORUFXOWXUDODSSURDFKEXW
QRWIURPDOHDUQLQJFHQWHUHGDSSURDFK(GXFDWRUVDQGVWXGHQWVDOLNH
FRXOGEHQHÀWIURPDGGLWLRQDOUHVHDUFKLQWHUPVRI KRZWRSUHVHQW
VROXWLRQVLQVLGHWKHFODVVURRP
 %HFDXVHRI WKHFKDQFHWKDWPHQWDOLOOQHVVZLOOH[WHQGEH\RQG
RQHVHPHVWHUDVVXPLQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOKDVVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWHUQDOL]HG
DQGLQWHJUDWHGZKDWWKH\OHDUQHGDERXWOHDUQLQJRXWVLGHRI WKH
FODVVURRPLWZRXOGEHQHÀWDOOSDUWLHVLI ORQJLWXGLQDOUHVHDUFKZDV
FRQGXFWHG7KLVFRXOGH[SORUHKRZZHOOWKHVWUDWHJLHVWDXJKWDUH
UHWDLQHGDQGXVHGE\VWXGHQWVLQQRQDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJV&RQGXFWLQJ
VXFKUHVHDUFKZRXOGVHUYHWZRSXUSRVHVWRHYDOXDWHWKHHIÀFDF\RI 
WHDFKLQJKRZWKHVHPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVDSSO\RXWVLGHRI FODVVDQGWR
LQYHVWLJDWHKRZORQJWKHVWUDWHJLHVDUHUHWDLQHGDQGZKHWKHUWKH\·UH
VXFFHVVIXOO\DSSOLHG
 %HIRUHUHFRPPHQGLQJWKDWLQVWUXFWRUVDFURVVWKHERDUG
LPSOHPHQWOHDUQLQJWKHRU\LQVWUXFWLRQDLPHGDWWUDQVIHUULQJ
NQRZOHGJHWRRXWVLGHRIVFKRROVLWXDWLRQVLWZRXOGEHQHFHVVDU\
WRWHVWWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDWVXFKNQRZOHGJHLVEHLQJWUDQVIHUUHGDQG
DSSOLHG,I WKHWRROVSUHVHQWHGWRVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVV
DUHQRWEHLQJXVHGWKHQLQVWUXFWLRQZRXOGQHHGWREHUHFDOLEUDWHG
DQGLWVHIIHFWVUHVHDUFKHGDJDLQ
 7KHQLI WKHUHOLDELOLW\DQGYDOLGLW\RI WKHLQVWUXFWLRQZDV
HVWDEOLVKHGLWZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRH[DPLQHLWVHIIHFWVRYHUPXOWLSOH
VHPHVWHUVSHUKDSVVWDUWLQJZLWKWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJH'XULQJ
WKHÀUVW\HDUVWXGHQWVPD\QHHGWRPDNHVXEVWDQWLDODGMXVWPHQWVWR
VXFFHHG%HOFK3DUNHWDO7HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQJWKH
HIÀFDF\RI PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDVDSSOLHGWRPHQWDOKHDOWKFRXOG
SURYLGHLQVLJKWLQWRKRZOHDUQLQJWKHRU\FDQEHXVHGWRKHOSVWXGHQWV
IXQFWLRQDQGGHYHORSLQWKHQRQDFDGHPLFUHDOPDVZHOODVLQWKH
FODVVURRP

References
$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQAmerican College
Health Association National College Health Assessment II spring 2014
reference group executive summary5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZ
DFKDQFKDRUJGRFV$&+$1&+$,,B5HIHUHQFH*URXSB
([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\B6SULQJSGI
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

%HOFK+$8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI VWXGHQWVZLWK

SV\FKLDWULFGLVDELOLWLHV$IRXQGDWLRQIRUFUHDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRI 
VXSSRUWDQGVXFFHVVNew Directions for Student Services, 134

%UDQVIRUG-'Human cognition: Learning, understanding, and

remembering%HOPRQW&$:DGVZRUWK

%UHVODX1/DQH06DPSVRQ1 .HVVOHU5&0HQWDO

KHDOWKGLVRUGHUVDQGVXEVHTXHQWHGXFDWLRQDODWWDLQPHQWLQD86
QDWLRQDOVDPSOHJournal of Psychiatric Research, 42

&DVWUR-5 5LFH.*3HUIHFWLRQLVPDQGHWKQLFLW\

,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHSUHVVLYHV\PSWRPVDQGVHOIUHSRUWHG
DFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority
Psychology, 9GRL

&HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWKCenter for Collegiate Mental

Health 2013 annual report5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVLWHVSVX
HGXFFPKZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVVLWHVB
&&0+B5HSRUWSGI

&RPPLWWHHRQ'HYHORSPHQWVLQWKH6FLHQFHRI /HDUQLQJ

/HDUQLQJDQGWUDQVIHUHow people learnSS

&UDQIRUG-$(LVHQEHUJ' 6HUUDV$06XEVWDQFHXVH

EHKDYLRUVPHQWDOKHDOWKSUREOHPVDQGXVHRI PHQWDOKHDOWK
VHUYLFHVLQDSUREDELOLW\VDPSOHRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVAddictive
Behaviors, 34GRLMDGGEHK

&URFNHU-2OLYLHU0$ 1XHU16HOILPDJHJRDOVDQG

FRPSDVVLRQDWHJRDOV&RVWVDQGEHQHÀWVSelf and Identity, 8


'LQVPRUH'/$OH[DQGHU3$ /RXJKOLQ60)RFXVLQJ

RQWKHFRQFHSWXDOOHQVLQPHWDFRJQLWLRQVHOIUHJXODWLRQDQG
VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJEducational Psychology Review, 20
GRLV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

(FFOHV-6 :LJÀHOG$0RWLYDWLRQDOEHOLHIVYDOXHVDQG

JRDOVAnnual Review of Psychology, 53

(OLRQ$$:DQJ.76ODQH\5% )UHQFK%+

3HUIHFWLRQLVPLQ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQVWXGHQWV5HODWLRQVKLS
WRUDFLDOLGHQWLW\*3$VHOIHVWHHPDQGGHSUHVVLRQCultural
Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18GRL
D

)ODYHOO-+0HWDFRJQLWLRQDQGFRJQLWLYHPRQLWRULQJ$QHZ

DUHDRI FRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDOLQTXLU\American Psychologist, 34


*QLOND3%$VKE\-6 1REOH&0$GDSWLYHDQG

PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPDVPHGLDWRUVRI DGXOWDWWDFKPHQW
VW\OHVDQGGHSUHVVLRQKRSHOHVVQHVVDQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQJournal
of Counseling & Development, 91GRLM
[

+DPGL15 ,DFRQR:*/LIHWLPHSUHYDOHQFHDQG

FRPRUELGLW\RI H[WHUQDOL]LQJGLVRUGHUVDQGGHSUHVVLRQLQ
SURVSHFWLYHDVVHVVPHQWPsychological Medicine, 44GRL
6

+ROVFKXK-31LVW6/ 2OHMQLN6$WWULEXWLRQVWR

IDLOXUH7KHHIIHFWVRI HIIRUWDELOLW\DQGOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJ\XVH
RQSHUFHSWLRQVRI IXWXUHJRDOVDQGHPRWLRQDOUHVSRQVHVReading
Psychology, 22

.H\HV&/0(LVHQEHUJ'3HUU\*6'XEH65.URHQNH
. 'KLQJUD667KHUHODWLRQVKLSRI OHYHORI 
SRVLWLYHPHQWDOKHDOWKZLWKFXUUHQWPHQWDOGLVRUGHUVLQ
SUHGLFWLQJVXLFLGDOEHKDYLRUDQGDFDGHPLFLPSDLUPHQWLQFROOHJH
VWXGHQWVJournal of American College Health, 60GRL

 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

0LOOHU$. 0DUNPDQ.''HSUHVVLRQUHJXODWRU\

IRFXVDQGPRWLYDWLRQPersonality and Individual Differences, 43


0RRUH5&RXUVHSHUIRUPDQFHORFXVRI FRQWURODQG

DFDGHPLFPRWLYDWLRQDPRQJGHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQVWXGHQWV
Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, 24

0XLV.5 )UDQFR*0D(SLVWHPLFEHOLHIV6HWWLQJWKH

VWDQGDUGVIRUVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJContemporary Educational
Psychology, 34GRLMFHGVSV\FK

0XLV.5 )UDQFR*0E(SLVWHPLFSURÀOHVDQG

PHWDFRJQLWLRQ6XSSRUWIRUWKHFRQVLVWHQF\K\SRWKHVLV
Metacognition Learning, 5GRLV

1LVW6/ +ROVFKXK-33UDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVRI WKH

UHVHDUFKRQHSLVWHPRORJLFDOEHOLHIV,Q5+RGJHV0/
6LPSVRQ 16WDKO(GVTeaching study strategies in developmental
education: Readings on theory, research, and best practiceSS

1LVW2OHMQLN6 +ROVFKXK-3$FWLYHOHDUQLQJ:KDW·VLQLW

IRU\RX",QCollege success strategiesWKHGSS

1RYRWQH\$6WXGHQWVXQGHUSUHVVXUHMonitor on Psychology,

45

3DUN&/(GPRQGVRQ' /HH-'HYHORSPHQWRI VHOI

UHJXODWLRQDELOLWLHVDVSUHGLFWRUVRI SV\FKRORJLFDODGMXVWPHQW
DFURVVWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJHJournal of Adult Development, 19
GRLV]

3LQWULFK35$FRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNIRUDVVHVVLQJ

PRWLYDWLRQDQGVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJLQFROOHJHVWXGHQWV
Educational Psychology Review, 16
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU

3LQWULFK357KHUROHRI PHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHLQ

OHDUQLQJWHDFKLQJDQGDVVHVVLQJ,Q5+RGJHV0/6LPSVRQ
16WDKO(GVTeaching study strategies in developmental education:
Readings on theory, research, and best practiceSS

3RODQFR5RPDQ/ 0LUDQGD5&XOWXUDOO\UHODWHGVWUHVV

KRSHOHVVQHVVDQGYXOQHUDELOLW\WRGHSUHVVLYHV\PSWRPVDQG
VXLFLGDOLGHDWLRQLQHPHUJLQJDGXOWKRRGBehavior Therapy, 44
GRLMEHWK

5HHW]'5%DUU9 .U\ORZLF]%The Association for

University and College Counseling Center Directors annual survey
5HWULHYHGIURP$8&&&'ZHEVLWHKWWSÀOHVFPFJOREDOFRP
$8&&&'B0RQRJUDSKB3XEOLFBSGI

5HQVKDZ7 &RKHQ$/LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDVDGLVWLQJXLVKLQJ

LQGLFDWRURI FROOHJHVWXGHQWIXQFWLRQLQJ)XUWKHUYDOLGDWLRQ
RI WKHWZRFRQWLQXDPRGHORI PHQWDOKHDOWKSocial Indicators
Research, 117GRLV

6FKULFN%+6KDUS($=YRQNRYLF$ 5HLIPDQ$

1HYHUOHWWKHPVHH\RXVZHDW6LOHQFLQJDQGVWULYLQJWRDSSHDU
SHUIHFWDPRQJ86FROOHJHZRPHQSex Roles, 67
GRLV

6HUUDV$6DXOHV..&UDQIRUG-$ (LVHQEHUJ'

6HOILQMXU\VXEVWDQFHXVHDQGDVVRFLDWHGULVNIDFWRUVLQDPXOWL
FDPSXVSUREDELOLW\VDPSOHRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVPsychology of
Addictive Behaviors, 24GRLD

6LURQLF$ 5HHYH5$0RUHHYLGHQFHIRUIRXU

SHUIHFWLRQLVPVXEJURXSVPersonality and Individual Differences,
53

6WRHEHU-6FKQHLGHU1+XVVDLQ5 0DWWKHZV.

3HUIHFWLRQLVPDQGQHJDWLYHDIIHFWDIWHUUHSHDWHGIDLOXUH$Q[LHW\
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQJHUJournal of Individual Differences, 3
GRLD
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_

7KRPSVRQ($&RQQHOO\&'7KRPDV-RQHV' (JJHUW//
6FKRROGLIÀFXOWLHVDQGFRRFFXUULQJKHDOWKULVNIDFWRUV
6XEVWDQFHXVHDJJUHVVLRQGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGDOEHKDYLRUV
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 26GRL
MFDS

9DQ1JX\HQ+/DRKDVLULZRQJ:6DHQJVXZDQ-7KLQNKDPURS
% :ULJKW37KHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHXVHRI 
VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGGHSUHVVLRQDPRQJPHGLFDO
VWXGHQWV$QDFFHOHUDWHGSURVSHFWLYHFRKRUWVWXG\Psychology,
Health, & Medicine, 20

:DONHU5/:LQJDWH/52EDVL(0 -RLQHU7(-U

$QHPSLULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRI DFFXOWXUDWLYHVWUHVVDQGHWKQLF
LGHQWLW\DVPRGHUDWRUVIRUGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGDOLGHDWLRQLQ
FROOHJHVWXGHQWVCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,
14GRL

=LPPHUPDQ%-%HFRPLQJDVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQHU$Q

RYHUYLHZ,Q5+RGJHV0/6LPSVRQ 16WDKO(GV
Teaching study strategies in developmental education: Readings on theory,
research, and best practiceSS
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU