Reading IN Philippine History: Prepared By: Aiza S. Rosalita, LPT Bsba Instructor

Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.
Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte

Tel.No(063)-388-7199/(063)-496-0757
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Operation Management
READING
IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
PREPARED BY:
AIZA S. ROSALITA, LPT

BSBA INSTRUCTOR
APPROVED BY:
EMMIELY ANNE B. VILLAMOR, MBA

BSBA CORDINATOR
Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.
Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte
Tel.No(063)-388-7199/(063)-496-0757
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Operation Management
MISSION, VISION AND OBJECTIVES
VISION:
THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION ENVISIONS ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE AND GOOD
BUSINESS LEADERS AND GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE, INNOVATIVE GRADUATE IN LSSTI.
MISSION:
PROVIDE AND EQUIP THE STUDENTS WITH QUALITY EDUCATION, GOOD LEADERS AND
COLLABORATIVE STUDENT- CENTERED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS PROFESSIONAL VALUES
ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETHICAL PRACTICES.
OBJECTIVES:
TO PROVIDE AND EQUIP THE STUDENTS WITH QUALITY EDUCATION, GOOD LEADERS AND COLLABORATIVE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS PROFESSIONAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ETHICAL PRACTICES.
TO SHOW RESPECT AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURE IN THE BUSINESS WORL.
TO GAIN EXPERIENCE TO INSTIL IN THEM THE REALITY OF THE BUSINESS AND FILIPINO VALUES.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
A study of the economic, social, political, and cultural development of the Philippines. Emphasizes the
relevant and recurring issues in Philippine history and studies the serious problems that confront the country..
MODULE 1
MODULE 1
THE PHILIPPINE AND ITS PEOPLE
Geography, Natural Resources, Seasons and Climate

The Philippines is one of the largest archipelagos in the world. Its coastline is
irregular and longer than the coastline of the United States. This unique
geographic characteristic exerted a strong influence on the socio-economic
life of primitive and early settlements as well as later communities in the
Philippines. Trading posts were established along the coastal areas. Today,
some of these trading posts like Manila and Cebu have become major urban
areas in the Philippines. The coastal areas and freshwater lakes and rivers
are rich sources of fishes. Approximately 2,000 species of fish have been identified and some of these are used
for commercial purposes. These marine products include bangus (milkfish), barile (tuna), banak (mullet), dalag
(mudfish) and dilis (anchovy). Other marine products include suso (snails), alimango (crabs), hipon (shrimps),
lobsters and clams as well as edible seaweeds, shells, corals and pearls.
The landscape of the Philippines is shaped by its mountains and volcanoes. In Luzon, there are five major
mountain ranges, namely: Caraballo, Cordillera, Sierra Madre, Zambales and Tagaytay. The Caraballo and
Cordillera mountain ranges are found in the northern portion of Luzon while the Sierra Madre mountain range
is located in the west-north portion of Luzon (Quezon, Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, Cagayan provinces). The
Zambales range is situated in the provinces of Zambales and Bataan while the Tagaytay range is situated in the
southern Tagalog provinces of Cavite and Batangas. In the island of Mindanao, there are four major mountain
ranges, namely: Surigao, Butuan, Central-Western and Western. The highest mountain, Mt Apo (9,692 feet), is
located in the central-western range.
Active volcanoes can be found in the various regions of

the country. Among these volcanoes, Mt. Pinatubo, Taal
volcano and Mt. Mayon have produced the most
destructive eruptions. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in
1990 buried towns, killed dozens of people and
rendered tens of thousands of people homeless. The
eruption of Taal volcano in 1911 killed more than 1,300
persons and its eruption in 1966 buried six barrios and
killed hundreds of people. On the other hand, these
volcanoes have made the land very fertile, and the
produce of the land, however inadequate during certain periods of time, has sustained the Filipino people throughout its
history.

The Philippines is rich in natural resources. Its fertile land produces a variety of crops such as coconut, copra, banana,
pineapples, sugar, gum, resins and rubber. Some of these agricultural crops are raised for export. Rice, which is the staple food
of Filipinos, is produced, largely, in the Central Plains of Luzon. Rice production often falls short of consumption requirement,
and quite ironically, the Philippines is a rice importer. Plant and animal life is extremely diverse, and many plants and animals
are endemic to the Philippines, which means they can be found only in this country. The Philippines holds the distinction
as one of the seventeen countries whose combined plant and animal species account for 70-80% of the world's biological
diversity. It has approximately 52,177 species of flora and fauna. From among these living things, an estimated 14,000 plant
species and 1,130 animals with backbones (terrestrial vertebrates) are found in forest areas. However, the wildlife
environment faces a number of problems and challenges. Some Philippine animals and plants are now listed in the CITES
Appendix I as critically endangered species. The endangered Philippine species found in the list include, among others, the
Calamian deer, giant scops owl, Koch's pitta, Mindoro imperial pigeon, Palawan peacock pheasant, Panay flying-fox, Philippine
crocodile, Philippine eagle, Philippine tamaraw, Visayan warty pig and various types of orchids. Forest management is at a
critical stage. Only remnants of the total forest area during the early 1900 remain and they are found in the mountain ranges.
The survival of these plants and animals depends on the conservation of forest and wildlife environment.
ECONOMY
The country's major agricultural crops are rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, banana, cassava,
pineapple, and vegetables. The major livestock products are hog, cattle, carabao, goat, and dairy products.
Rice is the staple food in the Philippines, more important to the economy and to the people at a
lower income levels, hence an important intervention point for promotion of agricultural development and
alleviation of poverty. Rice is what many farmers grow, but it is also what nearly all consumers eat. In many
cases, farmers have more flexibility to switch crops than consumers (especially poor ones) do to switch their
staple food. Rice is considered a socially- and politically-sensitive commodity, and securing supply at whatever
cost is paramount. Rice is such an integral part of history and culture in the Philippines for many Filipinos.
What is the population in the Philippines 2019?
Population of the Philippines (2020 and historical)
Year Population Urban Pop %
2019 108,116,615 47.1 %
2018 106,651,394 46.8 %
2017 105,172,925 46.6 %
2016 103,663,816 46.3
Government
Historians believe the Philippines dates back to the Paleolithic age. Based on the archeological artifacts
recovered, Filipino society and culture were fairly developed prior to contacts with other countries. Filipinos
had commercial relations early on with China, Indo-China, Malaysia, India, and the Arab countries. Chinese
silk, porcelain, jars, gold, ivory, and beads were traded for wax, bird's nest, teakwood, rattan, pearls, precious
stones, and other marine and forest products.
Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines on March 16, 1521 and claimed the country for the Spanish
Crown. A colonial government was established in Manila in 1571. Spain introduced changes in the political,
social, and cultural life of the people. One of these is Christianity. In 1896, the Filipinos staged the first
nationalistic revolution in Asia against the Spaniards. The 1896 Revolution was the culmination of a
succession of revolts against Spanish oppression. The death by musketry of Dr. Jose Rizal, who led the reform
movement, fueled the fires of revolution.
On June 12, 1898, leaders of the revolution declared the country's sovereign state and proclaimed the first
Republic of the Philippines, the first constitutional democracy in Asia. Meanwhile, Spain declared war against
the United States over Cuba and was defeated. As an offshoot, the Philippines was ceded to America by Spain
through the Treaty of Paris.
Under American rule, agriculture, commerce, and trade developed. Among the changes they introduced were:
the modernization of transportation and communication, the improvement of banking and currency, and a
system of public education.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Japan occupied the country. In 1945, the Americans under
MacArthur liberated the country and granted it independence in 1946.
The Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed on July 4, 1946, with Manuel Roxas as President. Massive
rehabilitation and rebuilding out of the devastation brought about by the war was started. In 1972, Martial
Law was declared by then President Ferdinand Marcos. Political repression and economic deterioration during
the Martial Law Years resulted in the historic "People Power" Revolution of February 25, 1986. This led to the
proclamation of Corazon C. Aquino as President of the Philippines.
President Aquino restored the democratic institutions in the country. A Constitution, ratified on February 2,
1987, provided for a tripartite system: the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judiciary. This was the type of
government before Marcos declared Martial Law and adopted a modified parliamentary government. Aquino
also restored the freedoms of speech, press, and of assembly.
On June 30, 1992, Fidel V. Ramos became the 12th President of the Philippine Republic. President Ramos, a
hero of the 1986 EDSA uprising, anchored his government on twin themes of "people empowerment" and
"global excellence" as the engines of economic growth and social equity.
On the 100th anniversary year of the Proclamation of Philippine Independence, Joseph Ejercito Estrada
became the 13th President of the Philippines.
On 20 January 2001, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, through another popular uprising called "People Power 2",
unseated then President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. The daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal,
President Arroyo's vision of a "Strong Republic" is governed on four pillars: poverty alleviation, good
governance, new politics of party programs and leadership by example.
Origins of Democracy in the Philippines
When the United States colonised the Philippines in 1898 it planned to gradually grant self-determination to
the country as the principles of democracy were imbibed by the population. As education was not widespread,
the elite and the educated benefitted most from the system instituted by the US, which was largely executed
by officers of the US army. Filipinos worked in the American administration and quickly came to value the
concept of self-government. By 1917, when the US decided to institute its policy of ‘Filipinisation’ , the elite
was ready to assume positions vacated by departing US military officers. Between 1917 and 1935, when the
Commonwealth came into existence, political parties were formed and most of the population was educated
into accepting the principles of democracy, which meant having a ruling party and an opposition. In this
respect, the Philippines was significantly different from many Asian countries which gained independence a
few years later. As Apter (1962:154) points out: these countries did not generally accept an opposition as a
normal feature of a democracy. The small elite who controlled the political process realised that each party
would have its turn in government..
The Philippine Commonwealth was inaugurated in 1935 under a democratic constitution patterned after the
United States bicameral system. ‘The ideology of American ‘democracy’ which emphasised the limitation of
state power was very different from the philosophy of the French in Indo-China, the Dutch in the Indies and
the British in Malaya. It played into the hands of the elite to whom the Americans, always ambivalent colonial
rulers, proceeded to hand over political power as soon as possible’ (Overholt 1986:1136).
For most Filipinos, American-style democracy meant little more than elections every few years. Beyond this,
the colonial authorities made sure that only the candidates who represented colonial interests first and last
won. This practice did not die with colonialism
The first duty of the Commonwealth government was national security. President Manuel Quezon procured
the services of General Douglas MacArthur, who was about to retire as US Army Chief of Staff, to establish the
Philippine military. MacArthur and his US military advisory team used the Swiss army as a model for the
Philippine army. A military academy, patterned after the US military academy at West Point, was designed in
which officers were to be instructed in the techniques and skills of the military and taught that the proper role
of the military in a democracy was one of subservience to civilian government.
Filipino Traits
 Hospitality. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. ...

 Respect. This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also by people of all ages. ...
 Strong Family Ties and Religions. Yes. ...
 Generosity and Helpfulness. Filipinos are generous people. ...
 Strong Work Ethic. ...
 Love and Caring.
Filipino values
 Human activities.
 Family orientation.
 Joy and humour.
 Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity.
 Faith and religiosity.
 Ability to survive.
 Hard work and industriousness.
Hospitality.
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 1
Draw a blank map of the Philippines on a sheet of bond paper. Identify the name of the major
islands in the country. On the same map, indicate the location of the major mountain ranges in
the Philippines
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 2
MODULE 2
THE PHILIPPINES IN ANCIENT TIMES

(200,000 B.C. – 1300 A.D)
Fishing
Due to the country’s long coastline and bodies of water, the early settlers always had
an abundant catch of fishes, crustaceans, shrimps and shells. They used three-pointed
spears, cages and fishnets in fishing. They used only large mesh nets in fishing which
protected the young. The Tausugs, Samals, and Badjaos were pearl divers and they hunted
for the eggs of sea turtles.
Shipbuilding and Seafaring
When the Spaniards arrived, they found the early Filipinos’ ship to be of excellent
quality. They also learned that the Filipinos, specifically the Visayans, used a compass similar
to that found among the Chinese and the people of Borneo.
Maharlika
They are the nobles, rich and powerful people in every community. Maharlikas are the
rulers and their relatives. Among them were the datu, sultan and hadji.
Men who belonged in this class were called Lakan or Gat. The wife of the Datu was
called dayang or dayang-dayang.
Culture of ancient Filipinos

Relationships between barangays are developed through commerce and treaties. The
Sandugo is performed as a sign of agreement, alliance and unity. Representatives of the
barangay draw blood by wounding their arms and mixing it into a cup of tuba (coconut wine)
that both then drink. From thereon they are blood brothers.
The men wore a lain clothes (akin to shorts) and short sleeved collarless shirts in
different colors that state their social status, red for the Datu, blue for Nobles and black for
the maharlikas. The Putong was a piece of cloth rolled over the head like turban. A red
putong means that the wearer has already killed a man and with knitting means that he has
killed many men. The woman wore “baro” (shirt) and “saya”(skirts) commonly known as
“patadyong”. Both were barefooted. Jewelry in the form of bracelets, rings and earrings was
usually made out of gold. They even used gold to adorn the teeth. Tattooing the body on the
arms (women), chest and even the face was considered beautiful and proudly displayed.
Tattoos on the Filipinos were so common that the Spaniards upon seeing them dubbed the
islands “ La Isla de los Pintados” (island of the painted ones). Houses were raised above
ground and are made out of bamboo and rattan ideal for the warm tropical climate. Inside
the “silid” (sleeping areas) is the “banig” (weaved sleeping mats) and pillows. The “batalan”
serves as a sink to clean and wash plates and pots. Beneath the house is an enclosed space
to raise chickens and often used as a place for beating grain. The “Kalinga” and “Illongo” of
Northern Luzon build houses on top of trees as do the “Bagobo” and “ Mandaya” of
Mindanao. The “ Badjaos” live entirely on their boats.
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 2
Essay:
What are similarities of the economic lives of the ancient Filipinos and the modern Filipinos?
Describe the Filipino houses and clothing
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 3
MODULE 3
EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

(900- 1400 A.D)
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 3
With the aid of a map of the Philippines and Asia, trace the trade routes used by the Arabs
and the Chinese in the Southeast Asian Region during the Early times.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 4
MODULE 4
ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST

(1400 – 1600)
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPIDITION
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 2
Essay:
What are similarities of the economic lives of the ancient Filipinos and the modern Filipinos?
Describe the Filipino houses and clothing

NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 3
With the aid of a map of the Philippines and Asia, trace the trade routes used by the Arabs
and the Chinese in the Southeast Asian Region during the Early times.
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 4
Essay:
What was the importance of the Magellan Expedition?
Explain why and how the Spaniards and Portuguese came to the East
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 5
MODULE 5
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE

(1600s –1800s)
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 5
What was the effect of the galleon trade on the Philippines? Why did it decline despite its
prosperous start?
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 6
MODULE 6
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY
(1560 – 1820S)
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 6
What factors would you give to explain the relative success of Dagohoy’s revolt which lasted
for eighty five years?
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 7
MODULE 7
CULTURAL CHANGES AND IDENTITY
(1600—1800)
Spanish
Spain introduced Christianity to the Philippines in 1565 with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. ... By the
time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Islam was firmly established on Mindanao and Sulu and had
outposts on Cebu and Luzon
How did the Spanish influence the Philippines?
Spain colonized
the Philippines from 1565 to
1898. The Spanish landholding
system based on private
ownership of land replaced the
Filipino system of communal
landownership. Thus, when
the Spanish rule ended, the
Filipinos found many aspects of
their way of life bearing the
indelible imprint of Hispanization.
Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the 1500s, during the Spanish colonial period of the
islands. The majority of the Filipinos of Spanish descent are of Spaniard origin, while a very small minority are
Latin American descents. Another term for them is Spanish Filipino.
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 7
Explain how the Spaniards influenced the Filipino way of life as identifiable that a Spanish
that a Spanish subject.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 8
MODULE 8
THE CAAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS

(1882 – 1892)
GREAT FILIPINO REFORMIST
NAME:
DATE:
YEAR & SECTION:
SCORE:
ACTIVITY 8
Compare the system of the education during the Spanish period and the educational system
today.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
relevant and recurring issues in Philippine history and studies the serious problems that confront the country.
MODULE 9
MODULE 9
THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS (1882-1896)
The violent events of 1872 leads to significant developments in colonial Philippines. A campaign for reforms
evolved. The wealthy and educated Filipinos started to air their complaints through peaceful means such as writings,
speeches, organized societies, artworks, etc. when censored, they went to Spain to campaign for reforms that would
grant them civil liberties and more economic opportunities equal to those of Spanish citizens.
The Reform Movement
Ten peaceful years after the elapsed of the execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. It was a peaceful period on
the surface because of the Filipinos were cowed into silence by the Spanish authorities. There were threats of
persecution for those who would oppose or criticize Spanish rule
The Propaganda Movement was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting
approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895.
Prominent members included José Rizal, author of Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena,
publisher of La Solidaridad, the movement's principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary and Marcelo H.
del Pilar.X
Abolition of polo y servicios (labor service) and the bandala (forced sale of local products to the government)X
Guarantee of basic freedoms
Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service
Dr. Domingo Abella, the learned Director of the National Archives, has made the suggestion that the so-called
Propaganda Movement was misnamed. It should have been called the Counterpropaganda Movement because its
essential task was to counteract the campaign of misinformation that certain Spanish groups were disseminating in
Spain and later in Rome. It was a campaign of information, as well as a bid for sympathy.X
It is notable in contrast to the Katipunan or the "K.K.K.", whose aim is for the total independence of the Philippines from
Spain, the Propaganda Movement's aim is for the total assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain, and not a
mere colony. The word "propaganda" in English has acquired a pejorative connotation that is absent from the original
Latin word. One can see its true meaning in the Roman institution called "Congregatio de propaganda fide" - the
Secretariate for the Spread of the Faith (or, as the modern translation has it, For the Evangelization of Peoples). It was in
the latter sense that the word was used by the Filipino group that sent Marcelo H. del Pilar to Spain to continue the
"propaganda" on behalf of the Philippines.X
What was the main goal of propaganda movement?
Their established goal was to bring happiness to their homeland and encourage social security. The campaign, called
“Propaganda Movement”, which they had created, fought aggressively, but peacefully at the same time, with the
Spanish system, by the use of words in form of speeches as well as pieces of writing.
What are the aims of reform movement?

A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of
society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical
social movements such as revolutionary movements.
By the 1880s a new breed of reform-seeking Filipinos began to emerge. These were Gregorio Sanciangco, Marcelo H. del
Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Jose Rizal, and others. They were joined by some survivors of the first wave
of reformists.
Why the reform movement failed in the Philippines?
FAILURE OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT The Reform Movement failed in its campaign for reforms due to the following:
1. Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a moment's thought to the colonial problem;
2. The reform movements in the Philippines lacked sufficient means to carry out their aims.
Graciano López Jaena X
Graciano López y Jaena (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896), commonly known as Graciano López Jaena, was a
Filipino journalist, orator, reformist and national hero who is well known for his newspaper, La Solidaridad. Philippine
historians regard López Jaena, along with Marcelo H.
What is the contribution of Graciano Lopez Jaena?
In addition he is remembered for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. López Jaena founded the
fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was
succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar.
What is the pen name of Graciano Lopez Jaena?
Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena (demonetized P5) – One of the great propagandists, del Pilar used the pen
name Plaridel and wrote great satires against the Spanish friars. Jaena was the founder and editor of La Solidaridad,
which became the vehicle of the propaganda movement.
X
La Solidaridad
La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888. ... The social, cultural, and
economic conditions of the colonial Philippines were published in La Solidaridad. Speeches of the Spanish liberals about
the Philippines were also featured in the newspaper.
What is the content of La Solidaridad?
La Solidaridad was a political propaganda paper with a liberal, reformist orientation dedicated to the task of fighting
reaction in all its forms. Certainly an important factor limiting the influence of the propagandists was the fact that they
wrote in Spanish, a language virtually unknown to the masses.
José Rizal
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish
colonial period of the Philippines.
Other names: Pepe, Jose (nicknames)
What is the life of Jose Rizal?
On June 19, 1861, José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born in Calamba in the Philippines' Laguna
Province. A brilliant student who became proficient in multiple languages, José Rizal studied medicine in Manila. In
1882, he traveled to Spain to complete his medical degree.
What was Jose Rizal famous for?
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and made sculptures and woodcarving.
He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli Me Tángere and its
sequel, El filibusterismo.
What made Jose Rizal the greatest Filipino hero?
José Rizal (1861-1896) is one of the most revered figures in Philippine history. He was a multifaceted intellectual and a
political activist, best known for his political writings that inspired the Philippine revolution and ultimately led to his
execution by the Spanish colonizers.
Why kill Jose Rizal?
Jose Protacio Rizal, the greatest man of the Malayan race, was shot to death at Bagumbayan (present day Luneta
or Rizal park), Manila, by a firing squad of native soldiers, on the accusation of political conspiracy and sedition, and
rebellion against the Spanish government in the Philippines.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), commonly known as Marcelo H. del Pilar and
also known by his pen name Plaridel, was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason. Del Pilar, along with José
Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, became known as the leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain. X
Del Pilar was born and brought up in Bulakan, Bulacan. At an early age, he became a critic of the monastic rule in the
country (the Spanish friars). He was suspended at the University of Santo Tomas and jailed in 1869 after he and the
parish priest quarrelled over exorbitant baptismal fees. In the 1880s, he expanded his anti-friar movement from Malolos
to Manila. He went to Spain in 1888 after an order of banishment was issued against him. Twelve months after his arrival
in Barcelona, he succeeded López Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad (Solidarity). Publication of the newspaper
stopped in 1895 due to lack of funds. Losing hope in reforms, he grew favorable of a revolution against Spain. He was on
his way home in 1896 when he contracted tuberculosis in Barcelona. He later died in a public hospital and was buried in
a pauper's grave. X
Del Pilar's defense of Rizal's Noli Me Tángere (1888)

José Rodríguez, an Augustinian priest, authored a pamphlet entitled ¡Caiñgat Cayó!: Sa mañga masasamang libro,t,
casulatan (Beware!: of bad books and writings, 1888). The friar warned the Filipinos that in reading Rizal's Noli Me
Tángere (Touch Me Not) they commit "mortal sin". On August 3 of the same year, del Pilar wrote Caiigat Cayó (Be as
Slippery as an Eel) under the pen name Dolores Manapat. It was a reply to Rodríguez's ¡Caiñgat Cayó!X
La Liga Filipina
La Liga Filipina (lit. 'The Philippine League') was a secret organization. It was founded by José Rizal in the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892. X
The organization derived from La Solidaridad and the Propaganda movement. The purpose of La Liga Filipina is to build a
new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. X
The league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital
and setting up cooperatives, the league became a threat to Spanish authorities that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892
on Dapitan.
During the exile of Rizal, The organization became inactive, though through the efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres
Bonifacio, it was reorganized. The organization decided to declare its support for La Solidaridad and the reforms it
advocated, raise funds for the paper, and defray the expenses of deputies advocating reforms for the country before the
Spanish Cortes. Eventually after some disarray in the leadership of the group, the Supreme Council of the League
dissolved the society.
The Liga membership split into two groups when it is about to be revealed: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted
themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan.X
Aims of La Liga Filipina
The cover page of the constitution of La Liga Filipina
To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous organization;X
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; andX
Study the application of reforms.
Members of La Liga Filipina
Directors
José Rizal, FounderX
Ambrosio Salvador, President of the LeagueX
Agustin de la Rosa, FiscalX
Bonifacio Arevalo, TreasurerX
Deodato Arellano, Secretary and first Supreme leader of KatipunanX
Other members
Andrés Bonifacio, Supreme leader of Katipunan and led the Cry of Pugad Lawin.X
Mamerto Natividad, One of the leaders of the revolution in Nueva Ecija.X
Moises Salvador, Master of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.X
Numeriano Adriano, Chief guard of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.X
José A. Dizon, Master of lodge of the mason in Taliba.X
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War adviser during First Philippine Republic, Author of Philippine Declaration of
Independence.X
Timoteo Lanuza, Stated the depose to dispel the Spanish frail in the Philippine in 1889.X
Marcelino de Santos, Bidder and assistant of La Solidaridad.X
Paulino Zamora, Master of lodge of the mason in Lusong.X
Procopio BonifacioX
Juan Zulueta, Member of lodge of the mason in Lusong, Member of Supreme Council.X
Doroteo Ongjunco, Member of lodge of the mason in LusongX
Arcadio del Rosario,Publicist of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.X
Timoteo Paez, Member of Supreme CouncilX
Mariano Limjap, Financier of La Liga Filipina [9]X
Name: Score:
Year & Section: Date:
ACTIVITY 9
 Research on Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo. Who were they and what works
did they contribute to help the Propaganda Movement.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 10
MODULE 10
BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN (1892- 1896)
The failure of the movement led even a reformist like Marcelo H. del Pilar to think of
revolution. “Insurrection”, Del Pilar wrote in LA SOLIDARIDAD, is the last remedy, especially
when the people have acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils
futile.
Upon Rizal’s arrest and exile to Dapitan, an unknown member of the Liga, Andres Bonifacio,
saw the futility of continuing the peaceful campaign for reforms. Whether moderate or radical, he knew Spain would
listen to the demands of men like Rizal, Del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, and others, who did not believe in armed revolution as a
remedy to the evils existing in the Philippines. Bonifacio had a differenr idea; he would teach the people to depend on
themselves for their salvation. He established a society whose aims were opposed to the aims of the reformist societies,
and one that was ready for revolution. Thus was organized the Katipunan—the revolutionary society responsible for the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.
The Founding of the Katipunan
On July 7, 1892, the newspaper published a news about the arrest of Rizal the previous nights and the Governor-
general’s order to banish him to Dapitan. That night, a small group of patriotic Filipinos met at a house on Azcarraga
Street, Manila (now Claro M. Recto Avenue), and decided to create a secret society. These men were Andres Bonifacio,
Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and one or two others. All of them belonged to the lower
class of society. Arellano was the most educated among them. They organized a society called Kataastaasan
Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK or Katipunan) or Sumpreme and Vulnerable Association of the
Sons of the People. The founders of the Katipunan performed the blood compact ritual to show their patriotism and love
of things that were Filipino. The blood compacat was an ancient Filipino custom of sealing friendship or brotherhood
(kapatiran).
The Aims and Structure of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio, who conceived the idea of organizing the society, laid down three primary objectives of the Katipunan:
civic, political and moral.
Civic Objectives was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor.
Political Objective was the separation of the Philippines from Spain, that is, to secure the good independence of the
colony.
Moral Objective focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral character.
The Katipunan members, or Katipuneros, were urged to help sick comrades and their families. In case of death,
the Society paid the funeral expenses. Hence, there was damayan among members.
Katipunan Government
The Katipunan had three governing bodies: the kataastaasang Sangunian or Supreme Council, the Sanguniang
Bayan or Provincial Council, and the Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council. The Supreme council was the hiegest of
these governing bodies, followed by the provincial Provincial government, and the Municipal government.
There was a Judiacial Council called Sanguniang Hukuman, which passed judgement on members who violated
the rules of the Society. The Katipunan Assemmbly, on the other hand, was composed of the members of the Supreme
Council and the presidents of the Provincial and Popular council. There was also a Secret Chamber, composed of
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Pio Valenzuela. The chamber sentenced members who exposed the secrets of Katipunan.
What are the three grades of membership in Katipunan?
There were three grades of membership within the katipunan (society): the first grade, the second grade, and
the third grade. A member of the first grade was called a "katipon" ("associate") and wore a black hood with a triangle of
white ribbons during the meetings of the society. The letters Z. Ll. B. were inscribed inside the white ribbons and they
were the Katipunan letter codes which stood for "anak ng bayan" ("sons of the people"), the password of the katipon. A
member of the second grade was called a "kawal" ("soldier") and wore a green hood with a triangle of white lines during
the meetings of the society. The password for a "kawal" was Gom-Bur-Za, the first syllables of the names of three
Filipino martyrs: Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. A member of the third grade was called a "bayani" ("patriot") and wore a
red mask and sash with green borders. The password for a "bayani" was Rizal, who was the most influential person of
the "Propaganda Movement" during this period in Philippine history.
The main objective of the Katipunan was to establish an independent and democratic Philippine state. To achieve this
objective, members had to be indoctrinated with the rules and ideals of the society which were laid down by Andres
Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, who was the "brains of the Katipunan." Bonifacio wrote "The Duties of the Sons of the
People," a Decalogue of the Katipunan while Jacinto wrote the "Kartilla," or the primer of the Katipunan. Members were
expected to follow, strictly, the rules and to take into their hearts the ideals of the society .
Who betrayed the Katipunan?
One of the most tragic events to have happened during the Revolution concerns the untimely demise
of Katipunan leader Pantaleon Villegas, better known as “Leon Kilat.” A native of Negros Oriental, Villegas was
commissioned by Emilio Aguinaldo to lead the planned revolt in Cebu on Good Friday on April 8, 1898
Who is the leader of Katipunan?
Deodato Arellano Roman Basa Andres BonifacioX
1892–1893 1893-1895 1895-1897
How did the Katipunan ended?
The History of The Philippine Revolution. ... The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities
discovered the “Katipunan,” a Filipino revolutionary society plotting against their colonisers. It ended in 1902, where
Spain lost and ceded sovereignty of the Philippines to the United States
The teachings of the katipunan(kartilya)

1. Spanish word: “cartilla” Emilio Jacinto
I--›Life which I not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed. X
II--›A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a desire to do well is not kindness. X
III--›True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and in adjusting every movement, deed and word to true
reason (Honesty)X
IV--›All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty,
but cannot be superior in being. (Equality) X
V--›He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers personal profit to honor.
VI--›To a man with sense of shame, his word is inviolate. (True to his words)
VII--›Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.
VIII--›Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor. (Doing what is right)
IX--›An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded.
X--›In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves toward evil, they who are guided
likewise move toward evil.
XI--›Think not of a woman as a thing merely to while away time with, but as a helper and partner in the hardships of life. Respect her
in her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.
XII--›What you don’t want done to your wife, daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter, and sister of another. X
XIII--›The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin nor in
being a priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on this earth, X
but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods, is possessed of an upright character, who is true to his words; who
has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land
of his birth.
The Women in Katipunan
The first woman to become member of the Katipunan was Gregoria de Jesús, wife of Bonifacio. She was called
the Lakambini ng Katipunan (Princess of the Katipunan). Initially, there were 29 women were admitted to the Katipunan:
Gregoria de Jesús, Marina Dizon, president of the women's section; Josefa and Trinidad Rizal, sisters of Dr. José
Rizal; Angelica Lopez and Delfina Herbosa Natividad, close relatives of Dr. Rizal; Carmén de Rodriguez; Marina Hizon;
Benita Rodriguez; Semiona de Rémigio; Gregoria Montoya; Agueda Kahabagan, Teresa Magbanua, Trinidad Tecson,
rendered as "Mother of Biak-na-Bato"; Nazaria Lagos; Patronica Gamboa; Marcela Agoncillo; Melchora Aquino, the
"Grand Old Woman of Balintawak"; Marta Saldaña and Macaria Pañgilinan.X
The women rendered valuable services to the Katipunan. They guarded the secret papers and documents of the society.
Whenever the Katipunan held sessions in a certain house, they usually made merry, singing and dancing with some of
the men in the living room so that the civil guard were led that there was nothing but a harmless social party within.X
Though women are considered to be members of the Katipunan, information regarding the women's section were
scarce and sometimes conflicting. Teodoro Agoncillo, for example, disregarded Marina Dizon and concluded that Josefa
Rizal was the only president of the said section.Gregorio Zaide, on the other hand, mentioned Dizon's presidency in his
1939 publication History of the Katipunan but changed his mind when he adopted Dr. Pío Valenzuela's notion that
women-members did not elect officers, hence there is no room for president.X
Twin Souls of the Katipunan:
ANDRES BONIFACIO
•Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863 in Azcarraga Street in Manila Railroad Station
•His father, Santiago was a tailor, boatman, and a former Municipal Official in Tondo Manila
• His mother, Catalina was a Spanish-Chinese of the Filipino origin from Zambales, and worked at a cigarette farm
•Andres Bonifacio worked hard by selling canes and paper fans in his early years because of poverty, so he was not
able to finish the level grade four
EMILIO JACINTO:
• Emilio Jacinto was born in Tondo, Manila on December 15, 1875, Jacinto also lived a hard life when he was young
like Bonifacio
• He studied at San Juan de Letran and later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas, wherein he studied law
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 10
 Research the different types of flags of the Katipunan. Draw and color them on a bond
paper. If possible, make flags out of small pieces of cloth materials
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 11
MODULE 11
The Revolution of 1896
The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial
secret organization. ... A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with command
shifting to Aguinaldo, who led the newly formed revolutionary government
What happened in 1896 in the Philippines?

The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial
secret organization. ... A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with command
shifting to Aguinaldo, who led the newly formed revolutionary government.
What is the significance of the 1896 Revolution?
THE PHILIPPINE Revolution began in 1896 and really ended only in 1901.At first, it was a war of independence against
the Spain. Later, it turned into a war of independence against the United State. The first part of revolution was a success.
Many of our best heroes were killed during the revolution
Who were the inspirations of the revolution of 1896?
Three key leaders inspired or led the Filipino Independence movement. The first two - Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio -
would give their young lives for the cause. The third, Emilio Aguinaldo, not only survived to become the first president of
the Philippines but also lived on into his mid-90s
Was Rizal very much against the idea of revolution?
He repudiated the revolution because he thought that reforms to be successful should come from above. It could be
understandable that the hero thought of such because it was the belief of the prevailing class to which Rizal belonged. ...
This hesitation of Rizal against the revolution was supported by Dr.
Was Rizal against the revolution for Philippines independence?
According to Valenzuela, Rizal was against the revolution for the fact that the country was not ready for such a thing.
However, Rizal also said that he will only consider an uprising against the Spaniards if the country has the resources to
launch the uprising.
How the Katipunan was discovered?
The Katipunan was discovered when Teodoro Patiño, who was a member of the society, told his sister about it. His sister
was upset about this news and confessed to the Mother Superior of the orphanage where she lived. ... The Katipunan
served as an awakening call for the Filipinos to fight for their freedom.
What is the significance of the Katipunan in Philippine history?
In a period of heavy struggle and conflict, Filipinos of different backgrounds united with a common goal: to resist
colonialism. The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities discovered the “Katipunan,” a
Filipino revolutionary society plotting against their colonisers
Cry of Pugad Lawin
The Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Balíntawak, Spanish: Grito de Balíntawak), was the beginning of the Philippine
Revolution against the Spanish Empire. ... In 1963 the Philippine government declared a shift to August 23 in Pugad
Lawin, Quezon City.
On 23 August 1896, the Supremo and his troops formally launched an armed revolution against Spain. They tore their
resident certificates or cedulas which symbolized their defiance against from the colonizers. This became known in
history as “The Cry of Pugadlawin.”
Rizal's Execution
Execution and Legacy
In 1895, Rizal asked for permission to travel to Cuba as an army doctor. His request was approved, but in August 1896,
Katipunan, a nationalist Filipino society founded by Andres Bonifacio, revolted. Though he had no ties to the group and
disapproved of its violent methods, Rizal was arrested shortly thereafter.
After a show trial, Rizal was convicted of sedition and sentenced to death by firing squad. Rizal's public execution was
carried out in Manila on December 30, 1896, when he was 35 years old. His execution created more opposition to
Spanish rule.
Spain's control of the Philippines ended in 1898, though the country did not gain lasting independence until after World
War II. Rizal remains a nationalist icon in the Philippines for helping the country take its first steps toward independence.
Tejeros Convention
On March 22, 1897, a convention was held in Tejeros in order to settle the dispute between the two councils and to
decide on what type of government should be installed. ... Because of humiliation
On March 22, 1897, a convention was held in Tejeros in order to settle the dispute between the two councils and to
decide on what type of government should be installed. During the early phase of the convention the crowd became
unruly, causing a recess. When the convention resumed, Bonifacio was assigned to preside in the election of the officers
of the new government that was to be set up. Before this, however, Bonifacio laid down the rule that the assembly
should respect whatever would be the outcome of the election.
When Bonifacio was elected Secretary of Interior, Daniel Tirona contested and argued that a lawyer should handle
the position. Bonifacio felt insulted and demanded an apology from Tirona. Because of humiliation and anger, Bonifacio
declared that all matters convened in the Tejeros Convention were null and void. Together with his supporters, he left
the estate house.
The Execution of Bonifacio
Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite, where he and Procopio stood trial on
May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.
The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of Maragondon.
Why did they kill Bonifacio?
An 1897 power struggle in Cavite led to command of the revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo at the Tejeros
Convention, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new
government.
The Biak -na -Bato Republic
The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Republika ng Biak-na-Bato, Spanish: República de Biac-na-Bató), officially referred
to in its constitution as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas, Spanish: República de Filipinas),
was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first ever constitution, the republic
lasted just over a month. It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General,
Fernando Primo de Rivera which included provision for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong.
Truce of Biak-na-Bato and the Betrayal of the Revolution
The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo
and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and,
thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s
commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that
his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. These
reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos;
Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and
payment for both peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by
Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and
the ilustrado interests were met.
The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that
Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the
voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other
revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most
of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides
resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive.
.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 11
 Surf the internet and read the biography of Andres Bonifacio and study why he
succeeded in uniting the masses, which the intellectuals like Rizal, Jaena, and others
failed to do. What traits would you ascribe to Bonifacio who successfully founded the
Katipunan and expanded its membership? Write an essay on this.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 12
MODULE 12
The Struggle Continues (1897-1898)

Governor General Primo de Rivera's success in the battlefield of Cavite over Aguinaldo's forces could have ended
the Revolution. Instead a truce was agreed upon, apparently an attempt on both sides to recover from their losses and
resume fighting later. Some Filipinos, in fact, continued to engage the Spanish forces and established a temporary
government like the Makabulos "Republic" in Tarlac. However, the entry of a third party, the United State of America,
complicates the struggle for independence. Even before the Filipinos could recover from the battles of 1896, General
Emilio Aguinaldo, as the recognized leader of the Filipinos in exile in Hongkong and at home, negotiated the
situation with the Americans to delay confrontation with an obviously more powerful country.
THE RELIEF OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
Governor General Primo de Rivera’s success in stopping the bloodshed was highly praised in Spain. The Queen of Spain,
who was reigning for her son, rewarded him with the Grand Cross of San Fernando and a pension of about P10, 000.00.
When armed hostilities occurred in mid- February 1898, many Spaniards blamed the Filipinos for violati ng the Truce
of Biak-na Bato. Meanwhile in Spain, the electi ons resulted in the triumph of the Conservative Party. It
sent General Basilio Agustin as governor General to succeed Primo de Rivera. This event was unfortunate because
Primo de Rivera was performing well in the Philippines. He had good intentions which, he thought, would make the
Filipino rebels return to Spain as faithful subjects, just like before the revolution.
Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War had its origins in the rebellion against Spanish rule that began in Cuba in 1895. The
repressive measures that Spain took to suppress the guerrilla war, such as herding Cuba’s rural population into disease-
ridden garrison towns, were graphically portrayed in American newspapers and inflamed public opinion.
Did you know? In 1903, George Dewey became the only U.S. naval officer ever promoted to the rank of admiral of the
Navy.
In January 1898, violence in Havana led U.S. authorities to order the battleship USS Maine to the city’s port to protect
American citizens. On February 15, a massive explosion of unknown origin sank the Maine in the Havana harbor, killing
260 of the approximately 400 American crewmembers aboard. An official U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry ruled in March,
without much evidence, that the ship was blown up by a mine, but did not directly place the blame on Spain. However,
much of Congress and a majority of the American public expressed little doubt that Spain was responsible and called for
a declaration of war.X
In April, the U.S. Congress prepared for war, adopting joint congressional resolutions demanding a Spanish withdrawal
from Cuba and authorizing President William McKinley (1843-1901) to use force. On April 23, McKinley asked for
125,000 volunteers to fight against Spain. The next day, Spain issued a declaration of war. The United States declared
war on April 25.X
Battle of Manila Bay: May 1, 1898
On April 30, Dewey’s lookouts caught sight of Luzon, the main Philippine island. That night, under cover of darkness and
with the lights aboard the U.S. warships extinguished, the squadron slipped by the defensive guns of Corregidor Island
and into Manila Bay.
After dawn, the Americans located the Spanish fleet, a group of out-of-date warships anchored off the Cavite naval
station. The U.S. fleet, in comparison, was well-armed and well-staffed, largely due to the efforts of the energetic
assistant secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), who had also selected Dewey for the command of
the Asiatic squadron.X
At around 5:40 a.m., Dewey turned to the captain of his flagship, the Olympia, and said, “You may fire when ready,
Gridley.” Two hours later, the Spanish fleet was decimated, and Dewey ordered a pause in the fighting. He met with his
captains and ordered the crews a second breakfast. The surviving Spanish vessels, trapped in the little harbor at Cavite,
refused to surrender, and late that morning fighting resumed. Early that afternoon, a signal was sent from the gunboat
USS Petrel to Dewey’s flagship announcing that the enemy has surrendered.
Spanish losses were estimated at more than 370 troops, while American casualties were fewer than 10.
In December, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the brief Spanish-American War. The once-proud Spanish empire was
virtually dissolved, and the United States gained its first overseas empire. X
Aguinaldo Goes to Singapore
Aguinaldo and his companions arrived in Singapore on April 23, 1898. An Englishman, Howard Bray, who had lived in the
Philippines for a long time, came to visit Aguinaldo. ... On April 26, 1898, Aguinaldo and his companions sailed for
Hongkong. Dewey had already left for Manila when Aguinaldo arrived in the Brirish colony.
Why did Aguinaldo go to Singapore?
Aguinaldo wanted to buy arms and ammunition with which to fight the Spaniards. Felipe Agoncillo advised Aguinaldo to
leave for Singapore. April 23, 1898. ... Spencer Pratt, with Howard Bray as interpreter, persuaded Aguinaldo to side with
the Americans against the Spaniards
What was the agreement between Aguinaldo and Spencer Pratt in Singapore?
Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore: "That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the
Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy.
Hong Kong Junta
What did Emilio Aguinaldo do after being sent to Hong Kong?
By December 1897, Aguinaldo had managed to reach the Truce of Biak-na-Bato with Spain. He and his rebels agreed
to a surrendering of arms and accepted exile to Hong Kong in exchange for amnesty, indemnity and liberal reform
General Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the Philippines, in 1897 agreed to exile in Hong Kong in exchange for
400,000 pesos from the Spanish government. Rather than ease into an early retirement, the general organized his fellow
expatriates into a revolutionary government in exile known as the Hong Kong Junta.
The Hong Kong Junta was an organization formed as a revolutionary government in exile by Filipino revolutionaries after
the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 15, 1897.
Aguinaldo Returns
After the U.S. declared war on Spain, Aguinaldo saw a possibility that the Philippines might achieve its independence;
the U.S. hoped instead that Aguinaldo would lend his troops to its effort against Spain. He returned to Manila on May
19, 1898 and declared Philippine independence on June 12.
What are the contributions of Emilio Aguinaldo?

In 1898, he achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic
under the Malolos Congress. He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine
independence.
What kind of government was established by Emilio Aguinaldo?
On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued

another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government (and naming himself as
President).
The Mock Battle of Manila
The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Manila), sometimes called the Mock Battle of

Manila was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American
War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay.
The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces
led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey. American
forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.X
The battle is sometimes referred to as the "Mock Battle of Manila" [1] because the local Spanish and American generals,
who were legally still at war, secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the city center from the
Spanish to the Americans while keeping the Philippine Revolutionary Army, out of the city center. The battle left
American forces in control of Intramuros, the center of Manila, surrounded by Philippine revolutionary forces, creating
the conditions for the Battle of Manila of 1899 and the start of the Philippine–American War.X
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 12
 Explain why Primo de Rivera was relieved as governor-general of the Philippines. Do

you think that this move was wise? Explain your answer.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 13
MODULE 13
Freedom and Independence (1898-1899)
The Dictatorial Government of 1898
In the wake of his military victories, Aguinaldo decided that it was time to establish a Filipino government. He
had with him when he arrived from Hongkong a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano Ponce for the
establishment of a revolutionary government: Consul Wildman, however, had advised Aguinaldo earlier to
establish a dictatorial government which later on could be the nucleus of a republican government similar to
that of the United States. Probably because the critical times demanded a government with a strong
executive, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo's adviser, told him to form a dictatorial government.
Consequently, Aguinaldo made known his intention of establishing such a form of government when he
announced, in the morning of May 24, 1898, that he was assuming "command of all the troops in the struggle
for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, inaugurating a dictatorial government to be administered by
decrees promulgated under my sole responsibility..."
Mabini Enters the Scene
He was according to the informant, a bright young man who could be relied upon.
Mabini was brought before Aguinaldo in his office. He was thin and obviously sick (paralyzed from the waist
down to his lower limbs)
When Aguinaldo heard Mabini’s voice, he smiled
Mabini’s voice was firm, had a deep conviction and it had a courage.
Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments
Independence Day at the Aguinaldo Shrine on the back of a 5 peso billX
On 12 June 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence, and read this document in
Spanish that day at Aguinaldo's house.On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his
dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial
government with a revolutionary government (and naming himself as President). X
Writing retrospectively in 1899, Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to
the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said: "The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no
colonies." Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph, U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had
assured him in Singapore: "That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the
Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy. The consul added that there was no necessity for
entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul
were, in fact, equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be
fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man’s word of
honour." Aguinaldo received nothing in writing.X
On April 28 Pratt wrote to United States Secretary of State William R. Day, explaining the details of his meeting
with Aguinaldo:X
"At this interview, after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the
present insurrectionary movement, which, though absent from the Philippines, he was still directing, I took it
upon myself, whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak for the Government, to point out the danger of
continuing independent action at this stage; and, having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with
our fleet, then at Hongkong, and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with
Commodore Dewey to that end, should the latter so desire, I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as
follows, through our consul-general at Hongkong:
There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any
conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate, these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey.
Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines, and also to prevent a
possible conflict of action. In a communication written on July 28, Pratt made the following statement :
"I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with
regard to the Philippines, that I held out no hopes to him of any kind, committed the government in no way
whatever, and, in the course of our confidences, never acted upon the assumption that the Government
would cooperate with him--General Aguinaldo--for the furtherance of any plans of his own, nor that, in
accepting his said cooperation, it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he
might put forward.”
On June 16, Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt: "Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine
insurgents," and later on the same day:
The Department observes that you informed General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the
United States; and, in the absence of the fuller report which you promise, it is assumed that you did not
attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents. To obtain the unconditional
personal assistance of General Aguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper if in so doing he was not
induced to form hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify. This Government has known the Philippine
insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain and is not acquainted with their purposes.
While their contest with that power has been a matter of public notoriety, they have neither asked nor
received from this Government any recognition. The United States, in entering upon the occupation of the
islands, as the result of its military operations in that quarter, will do so in the exercise of the rights which the
state of war confers, and will expect from the inhabitants, without regard to their former attitude toward the
Spanish Government, that obedience which will be lawfully due from them
The Revolutionary Government
The Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (Filipino: Pamahalaang Panghimagsikan ng Pilipinas) was an

insurgent government established in the Spanish East Indies on June 23, 1898, during the Spanish–American
War, by Emilio Aguinaldo, its initial and only President.
Revolutionary form of government
A revolutionary republic is a form of government whose main tenets are popular sovereignty, rule of law, and
representative democracy. A revolutionary republic tends to arise from the formation of a
provisional government after the overthrow of an existing state and political regime.
Why was the dictatorial government changed to revolutionary government?
Aguinaldo's title was changed from Dictator to the President of the Revolutionary Government and Captain-

General of its army. According to Mabini, this was done in order to prevent other provinces from viewing
Aguinaldo's dictatorial authority with suspicion.
Malolos Congress
The Political Constitution of 1899 (Spanish: Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos
Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of
1898, it was promulgated on 21 January 1899.
Why is Malolos Constitution Important?
The Malolos constitution is the first important Filipino document ever produced by the people's

representatives. It created a Filipino state whose government was "popular, representative and responsible"
with three distinct branches -- the executive, the legislative and the judicial.
Former constitutions of the Philippines:
The 1986 Freedom Constitution: promulgated by Presidential Proclamation, March 25, 1986. X
The 1973 Constitution: as Amended in October 16-17, 1976, on January 30, 1980, and April 7, 1981. X
The 1973 Constitution: draft presented to President Marcos by the 1971 Constitutional Convention on
December 1, 1972; deemed ratified by Citizens’ Assemblies held from January 10 to 15, 1973, proclaimed in
force by Proclamation by President Marcos, January 17, 1973.X
The 1943 Constitution: as approved by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence, September 4,

1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI Convention, September 7, 1943. X
The 1935 Constitution: as amended on June 18, 1940, and on March 11, 1947.X
The 1935 Constitution: as approved by the 1934 Constitutional Convention on February 8, 1935, certified by
the President of the United States on March 25, 1935, and ratified by plebiscite on May 14, 1935. X
The Jones Law of 1916: enacted into law by the United States Congress on August 29, 1916.X
The Philippine Organic Act of 1902: enacted into law by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902X
The 1899 Malolos Constitution: approved by the Malolos Congress on November 29, 1898, draft returned by
President Aguinaldo on December 1, 1898 for amendments, which the Congress refused; approved by
President Aguinaldo on December 23, 1898; formally adopted by the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899,
promulgated by President Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899. X
TREATY OF PARIS
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Filipino: Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898; Spanish: Tratado de París de 1898) was

a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War.
Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba and also ceded Puerto Rico, Guam,
and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million
from the United States to Spain.X
The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. It was the
first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty.X
The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from some small holdings in Northern
Africa and several islands and territories around the Gulf of Guinea, also in Africa. It marked the beginning of
the United States as a world power. Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of the
major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed
imperialism.Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was easily reelected.X
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 13
 Make a chart of the Town and provincial governments under the Revolutionary
Government in 1898 and another chart of the same governments under the present
form of government. Compare the two.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 14
MODULE 14
The Philippine – American War (1899-1902)
The Philippine–American War, also referred to as the Filipino–American War, the Philippine War, the Philippine
Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United
States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902.
The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

The term benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a
proclamation by U.S. President William McKinley issued on December 21, 1898. It succinctly stated that "future control,
disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States" and that "the military
government is to be to the whole of the ceded territory." The proclamation was issued after Spain was defeated in
the Spanish–American War but before fighting began in the Philippine–American War. Prior to the proclamation, the
United States had defeated Spain during the naval Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Subsequently, on June 12,
1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines independent and established a revolutionary government who’s the
Filipino revolutionary armed forces surrounded Manila and the occupying American Army. This created a stand-off
between opposing armies that would erupt in fighting in early 1899.X
THE BATTLE OF BAGBAG
The Battle of Calumpit (Filipino: Labanan sa Quingua), alternately known as the Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga

Rivers, was fought from April 25–27, 1899, in Calumpit, Bulacan, during the Philippine-American War. Taking place after
the Battle of Quingua, the fighting around Calumpit saw US forces under General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. once again face
General Antonio Luna's main force, with whom they had clashed during the fall of Malolos on March 31, 1899.X
Bagbag River
Calumpit, only 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) north of Malolos, was the next American objective after they had taken Quingua.
Luna, however, was nowhere near Calumpit for he had embarked on a journey to Guagua to punish General Tomás
Mascardo, the military commander of Pampanga, for leaving his post to inspect troops in Arayat, Pampanga. He had
been supposed to strengthen the defense of the Calumpit–Apalit Line by providing reinforcements in the area when
needed. Mascardo had around 21,000 men under his command at the time. Luna took most of the defending cavalry
and the artillery with him and General Del Pilar was left to counter the advancing American troops lacking their
support.X
Emilio Aguinaldo had ordered Luna to burn the railway bridge spanning the Bagbag River, but the latter ignored it. Thus,
Del Pilar had cut the iron girders of the railway bridge with the plan to make the bridge collapse once the enemy train
passed over it. However, the section of the bridge collapsed before the train bearing a machine gun had reached it.X
The Assassination of LUNA
Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine–
American War. Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Chief of Staff of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines
General Luna, lieutenant commander of the Filipino army, has been assassinated by order of Aguinaldo. He was stabbed
to death by a guard selected by Aguinaldo to kill him. Luna instantly drew his revolver and fired at the captain, who was
only a second behind the general in drawing his weapon
Why did Aguinaldo ordered to kill Luna?
While investigations were supposedly made concerning Luna's death, not one person was convicted. Later, General
Pantaleon García said that it was he who was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo to conduct the assassination of Luna at
Cabanatuan. His sickness at the time prevented his participation in the assassination .
AGUINALDO RETREATS TO PALANAN
With the death of General Luna, many Filipino fi eld commanders were demoralized. A number of
Aguinaldo’s generals surrendered to the enemy. This development led Otis to make plans to entrap Aguinaldo, the
recognized leader of the Filipino people of his army. Aguinaldo on the other hand, seeing the collapse of his regular
army, ordered his troops and the people to conduct guerilla warfare against the enemy, which was expected to be
more effective than conventional warfare during that time. The Americans who were not familiar with the local
terrain and not used to the tropical climate would be put to a great disadvantage with this tactic.
Meanwhile, Aguinaldo, together with some selected men, his son, wife, mother, sister, fled to Pangasinan.
The Americans followed him and tried to catch him. But they failed, because the people warned him
about the approaching Americans. People were cooperative. They contributed money, food, and other supplies to
the Revolutionary Army. Determined not to be captured, Aguinaldo walked from town to town with very little rest.
Later, he left his family behind in order to spare them from the hardships of traveling on foot over rivers, valleys,
mountains, and streams. Aguinaldo and a handful of faithful followers walked to Tierra Virgen, Cagayan. On
September 6, 1900, He and his men reached Palanan, Isabela where He established headquarters. The Battle of Pasong
Tirad Fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo reached the Mountain Province. He ordered his trusted general, Gregorio Del
Pilar, to remain behind as they conti nued to advance. Del Pilar was to intersect the Americans who were
tracking them. To widen the distant between him and the pursuing Americans.
Del Pilar, after the departure of Aguinaldo, chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, a narrow past of
4500 ft. high where he had a good view of the surrounding country. There was only one trail leading to it. So narrow
was the trail that only one man at a time could climb it. It was in this place that Del Pilar and sixty loyal soldiers
positioned themselves. The American troops under Major Peyton Match pursued Aguinaldo. In the morning of
December 2, 1899, Marched and his well-armed men proceeded toward Del Pilar’s position. The Filipino troops
guarding the narrow pass fired at the Americans who had no recourse but to retreat. Unfortunately, An Igorot
guided the Americans to a secret trail leading to Del Pilar’s men. The Americans slowly and quietly went up the trail
and surprised the Filipino troops. A fierce batt le ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed
through his neck. The American soldiers rushed to the dead body of the young general and looted his
personal belongings for souvenirs. The Americans left the body there and for two days it remained
unburied. On the third day, the Igorots buried his remains in a shallow grave.
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO
On March 23, 1901, General Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the American forces led by General Frederick
Funston with the help of Macabebe Scouts, in Palanan, Isabela.
Earlier on February 8, 1901, 6 tired guerillas led by Cecilio Segismundo, an Ilocano and Aguinaldo's trusted
messenger who carried important dispatches, surrendered to the Americans. Some of the dispatches
Segismundo was carrying were coded and signed with "Pastor" and "Colon de Magdalo", pseudonyms often
used by General Aguinaldo. In addition, Segismundo revealed that Aguinaldo had no more than fifty guards in
the village and pinpointed Aguinaldo's headquarters as the vilage of Palanan in the mountainous Isabela
province in northeastern Luzon, near the Pacific Coast.
The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (Photo credit: The American Occupation of the Philippines 1898-
1912 by James Blunt).
Funston aides with the help of Lazaro Segovia deciphered the messages. Most important of the messages was
an order to General Baldomero Aguinaldo instructing him to send some troops to Palanan. Segovia was a
former Spanish army officer who had defected to the Philippine army and then switched allegiance to the
American side. Segovia understood English, Spanish, and the Tagalog dialect.
With this information in hand, Funston and his staff began to formulate a plan for Aguinaldo's capture.
Aguinaldo was brought in Manila where, on April 1, 1901, he took the oath of allegiance to the government of
the United States. In proclamation of April 19, he appealed to the Filipino people to accept the “sovereignty of
the United States.”The End of the Guerilla Warfare Upon Aguinaldo’s capture many Filipino field commanders
surrendered, while the wealthy Filipinos collaborated with the Americans. However, there were still a few
Filipino general who refused to give up the fight like SimoenOla in Bicol, Roman Manalanin Pangasinan and
Zambales, Manuel Tominesin Isabela, and many more. General Miguel Malvarof Batangas took over the
leadership of the Filipino Government and fought the enemy in running battles. He was so successful that the
Americans tried to frighten the civilian population by concentrating them in place where food supply was
supposedly assured. To live outside these zonesor sona meant of protection and sure hunger. At this time, too,
rinderpest killed over 90% of carabaos, thus rice planting was greatly affected causing severe shortage of food.
The Americans continued their relentless campaign against the guerillas. On February 27, 1902, they captured
General Vicente Lukban in Samar. This was the end of the guerilla warfare in that province. Two months later,
on April 16, General Malvar surrendered in order to save his people from the brutality of the enemy and from
hunger. With the surrender of General Malvar, systematic opposition to American sovereignty ceased. It is
true that here and there, as in the case of Macario Sakay, patriots refused to surrender, but at this point, their
effect on the Americans was negligible. The guerilla warfare was crushed. Pacifying the Ladrones, Non-
Christian and Moro People
Despite the official declaration of the war by President Theodore Roosevelt on July 4, 1902, recent studies
point to the continuation of the fight against the colonizers by politico-religious groups called Ladrones by the
Americans, which means thieves and bandits. Composed of poor and uneducated peasants, these groups
continued to harass the newly-organized Philippines Scouts or the Filipinos now
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 14
 Why was General Luna murdered? Was his murder justified? Explain your point of
view.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 15
MODULE 15
Results of the Philippine- American War
The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over
4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence,
famine, and disease. The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic
controversy.
Causes and effects of the Philippine American War
CAUSES OF CONFLICT:
The basic causes of the Philippine-American War can be found in the U.S. government's quest for an overseas
empire and the desire of the Filipino people for freedom. In other words, this war was a clash between the
forces of imperialism and nationalism.
United States fight a war against the Philippines

The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which
the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War
The period of American colonization of the Philippines lasted 48 years, from cession of the Philippines to the
U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946.
How many Filipinos were killed in the Philippine American War?

The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and
over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and
disease.
Filipinization of the Church
Filipinizati on of the Catholic Church and the preventi on of anarchy in religious matters. A
“Provisional Constitution of the Filipino Church” was framed which provided that recogniti on of foreign
bishop was forbidden, expect under extraordinary circumstances. The Constitution in effect declared the
independence of the Filipino clergy from Spanish control and supervision a n d t h e a s s u m p ti o n o f
a u t h o r i t y t o n e g o ti a t e w i t h R o m e . T h e w a r conditions of the period, however, gave the Church no
opportunity to develop fully. The Filipino Government was on the verge of collapse and Aglipay
himself was in the field fighting side by side with the Filipino guerrillas.
The Philippine Independent Church (Spanish: Iglesia Filipina Independiente; Tagalog: Malayang Simbahan ng
Pilipinas; Latin: Libera Ecclesia Philippina; colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, IFI and PIC) is an
independent Christian denomination in the form of a national church in the Philippines. Its schism from
the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina,
due to the mistreatment of the Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of José Rizal during Spanish
colonial rule.X
Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former Catholic
priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the church. It is also known as the "Aglipayan Church", after its
first Supreme Bishop, Gregorio Aglipay, who like José Rizal, later became a Freemason, in May 1918.X
Members commonly believe in the rejection of the exclusivity right to apostolic succession by the Petrine
papacy, the allowing of priestly ordination of women, optional clerical celibacy, tolerance of Freemasonry, and
support for contraception and same-sex civil rights, however the members of the Church still believe
in transubstantiation and the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.X
As of 2017 the Supreme Bishop was Rhee Timbang, whose central office is located at the National Cathedral of
the Holy Child in Ermita, Manila.X
Philippine Revolution and Gregorio Aglipay

Gregorio Aglipay was an activist and a Roman Catholic priest from Ilocos Norte who would later
be excommunicated by then Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa for fomenting schism with the Pope.
During the Philippine Revolution, Isabelo de los Reyes (also known as Don Belong) and Aglipay acted to reform the
Filipino Catholic clergy. Aglipay was the convener of the Filipino Ecclesiastical Council (Paniqui Assembly), in response to
Mabini's manifesto urging the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino national Church. He was a member of the Malolos
Congress, the lone member coming from the religious sector, although he also represented Ilocos Norte. Following the
Philippine–American War, Aglipay and De los Reyes founded the Philippine Independent Church in 1902. The new
church rejected the spiritual authority of the Pope (then Pope Leo XIII) and abolished the celibacy requirement for
priests, allowing them to marry. At that time, all of its clergy were former Catholic priests.
The new Iglesia Filipina Independiente reformed the Latin Tridentine liturgy, adopting the vernacular in worship, and
modeling its liturgy on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Mass in the IFI has been said in Spanish since the earliest
days of its independence, but it is also said in Tagalog.
Mabini and the Nati onal Church
In 1899, Apolinario Mabini, by that time former foreign minister of the Philippines, issued a manifesto to the
Filipino clergy calling for our own Filipino Independent Church.X
Mabini saw a need for a Filipino Church, though still under the Vatican, that would work with the
Revolutionary government. During the Spanish Era, the clergy in the Philippines were mostly Spanish Friars.
Mabini wanted a clergy with Filipino officials from the top position down to the rank and file, A clergy with
Spanish Friars would not benefit the ongoing revolution.
Gregorio Aglipay, by that time an excommunicated priest, was the first to respond to Mabini’s call by calling on
the Filipino clergy to an assembly in Paniqui, Tarlac. Their mission was the Filipinization of the Clergy and to
draft a constitution for the Filipino Church.X
Thus the Philippine Independent Church was founded with Aglipay as Supreme Bishop. He celebrated his first
mass on October 26, 1902. It was one of the tangible results of the 1896 Revolution.
Opposition to Filipinization
Consecration of Aglipay as Bishop
Aglipay was chosen supreme bishop and had himself "consecrated" bishop by 12 priests. About

36 Filipino secular priests joined him, some of them being similarly "consecrated." Consecration by
priests was defended on the ground that the priesthood was the essential order, while the episcopacy
was merely a title of rank.
Highly successful at first, the IFI could claim the loyalty of some one-quarter to one-third of the total Christian
population of Philippines at the peak of its influence in 1904. The Aglipayans seized Catholic churches,
rectories, and cemeteries. These were ordered restored to the Catholic Church by a Philippine Supreme Court
decision (Nov. 24, 1906). Because no bishops joined the movement, the church lost the apostolic succession. It
maintained a presbyteral transmission of the threefold ordained ministry until 1948, when the U.S. Episcopal
Church consecrated three bishops with valid apostolic succession, who in turned transmitted the historic
episcopate to other IFI bishops.X
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 15
 Who suffered the most losses in the Philippine –American war? Explain your answer
 Discuss the importance of the Philippine Independent Church. Why was it a child of
the Revolution?
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Course Description:
MODULE 16
MODULE 16
American Colonization Rule: Policy and Governance (1899-1807)

Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 16
 Explain the American policy in the Philippines. Why do you think McKinley instructed
the Schurman Commission to respect the customs of the Filipinos?
 Compare the position of women during the Spanish period and the American period.
Which do you prefer? Why?

Reading IN Philippine History: Prepared By: Aiza S. Rosalita, LPT Bsba Instructor

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Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.

Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

AIZA S. ROSALITA, LPT

EMMIELY ANNE B. VILLAMOR, MBA

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

MISSION, VISION AND OBJECTIVES

THE PHILIPPINE AND ITS PEOPLE

Geography, Natural Resources, Seasons and Climate

Active volcanoes can be found in the various regions of

Population of the Philippines (2020 and historical)

Year Population Urban Pop %

2019 108,116,615 47.1 %

2018 106,651,394 46.8 %

2017 105,172,925 46.6 %

2016 103,663,816 46.3

Origins of Democracy in the Philippines

 Hospitality. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. ...

THE PHILIPPINES IN ANCIENT TIMES

Shipbuilding and Seafaring

Culture of ancient Filipinos

EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST

Describe the Filipino houses and clothing

What was the importance of the Magellan Expedition?

THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE

How did the Spanish influence the Philippines?

THE CAAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS

THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS (1882-1896)

The Reform Movement

Guarantee of basic freedoms

Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service

What was the main goal of propaganda movement?

What are the aims of reform movement?

Why the reform movement failed in the Philippines?

2. The reform movements in the Philippines lacked sufficient means to carry out their aims.

Graciano López Jaena X

What is the contribution of Graciano Lopez Jaena?

What is the pen name of Graciano Lopez Jaena?

What is the content of La Solidaridad?

Other names: Pepe, Jose (nicknames)

What is the life of Jose Rizal?

What was Jose Rizal famous for?

What made Jose Rizal the greatest Filipino hero?

Why kill Jose Rizal?

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Del Pilar's defense of Rizal's Noli Me Tángere (1888)

Aims of La Liga Filipina

The cover page of the constitution of La Liga Filipina

To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous organization;X

Mutual protection in every want and necessity;

Defense against all violence and injustice

Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; andX

Study the application of reforms.

Members of La Liga Filipina

José Rizal, FounderX

Ambrosio Salvador, President of the LeagueX

Agustin de la Rosa, FiscalX

Bonifacio Arevalo, TreasurerX

Deodato Arellano, Secretary and first Supreme leader of KatipunanX

Moises Salvador, Master of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.X

Numeriano Adriano, Chief guard of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.X