Rahul

 Different Types of Sensors used in Automobiles (FOR

MODRETAOR)
At present, the modern automobile designing can be done using different
types of sensors. These are arranged into the car engine to recognize &
solve possible problems like repairs, servicing, etc. The sensors used in
automobiles will check the function of the vehicle. An owner of a
vehicle doesn’t know the status of how many sensors are used in their
vehicles. There are several largest sensor organizations available
worldwide, which can offer an innovative solution to the customers. In
recent automobiles, sensors are used for detecting as well as responding
to change the conditions inside & outside of the car. So that travelers in
the vehicle can move efficiently and safely. By using these sensors data
we can increase comfort, efficiency, and safety

Ashutosh
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Automobile sensors are intelligent sensors which can be used to control
and process the pressure of oil, temperature, level of emission, coolant
levels, etc. There are different types of sensors used in automobiles, but
knowing the working of these sensors is essential. In order to the
function of these sensors, here we have listed some popular sensors used
in automobiles which include the following.
 Mass airflow sensor
 Engine Speed Sensor
 Oxygen Sensor
 Spark Knock Sensor
 Coolant Sensor
 Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor
 Fuel Temperature Sensor
 Voltage sensor
 Camshaft Position Sensor
 Throttle Position Sensor
 Vehicle Speed Sensor

Priya
Mass airflow sensor (FOR MEMBER)

The MAF or Mass airflow sensor is one of the essential sensor used in
automobiles. This sensor is used in an engine of the car. This sensor can
be controlled by a computer and can calculate the air density in the
engine. If the working of this sensor halts, then the running of the
vehicle will be stopped. In addition, the usage of petroleum will be high.
These sensors are classified into two types namely vane meter & hot
wire.

How does a MAF sensor work?

Installed in the intake pipe between the air filter housing and the intake
manifold, most MAF sensors work on the hot wire principle. Put simply,
a MAF has two sensing wires. One is heated by an electrical current, the
other is not. As air flows across the heated wire, it cools down. When the
temperature difference between the two sensing wires changes, the MAF
sensor automatically increases or decreases the current to the heated
wire to compensate. The current is then changed to a frequency or a
voltage that is sent to the ECU and interpreted as air flow. The quantity
of air entering the engine is adjusted accordingly.
 Aditya
Engine Speed Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The engine speed sensor in the automobile can be connected to the
crankshaft. The main purpose of this sensor is to monitor the
crankshaft’s rotating speed. So that fuel injection & the engine timing
can be controlled. There are different ways for the vehicle engine to stop
unexpectedly. So this sensor will stop that for car drivers.

Common Bad Speed Sensor Symptoms

 Transmission problems. ...
 Erratic speedometer readings. ...
 Inability to engage cruise control. ...
 Lack of torque converter clutch application. ...
 Check Engine Light is triggered. ...
 An internal electrical fault in the speed sensor. ...
 Damage on the sensor itself. ...
 Poor vehicle maintenance.

Kshitija
Oxygen Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
Located in the exhaust stream, usually near the exhaust manifold and
after the catalytic converter, the oxygen sensor (or O2 sensor) monitors
the content of exhaust gases for the proportion of oxygen. The
information is compared to the oxygen content of ambient air and is
used to detect whether the engine is running a rich fuel ratio or a lean
one. The engine computer uses this information to determine fuel
metering strategy and emission controls.

Nikita
Spark Knock Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The spark knock sensor is used to ensure whether the fuel is burning
smoothly, otherwise, it will cause an unexpected ignition. This ignition
is very dangerous which will cause damage in the engine of the car like
damage of rings, head gasket, and rod bearings. Fitting these parts can
be costly. So this sensor is used to save all the troubles occurred in an
engine of the car.

Kazma
Coolant Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The coolant sensor is the most significant sensor used in automobiles.
Because the computer depends on the sensor inputs to control all the
functions. For instance, turn ON/OFF the EFE system (Early Fuel
Evaporation), retard, spark advance, the flow of EGR, and canister
purge. Generally, this sensor can be connected on the board. If the
sensor is failed, then there will be some indications stalling, like poor
fuel mileage, etc. So, the status of the sensor should be checked whether
it is defective or not. If it is damaged, then it will be a problem.

Dipak
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The short term of the manifold absolute pressure is MAP. The main
function of this sensor in an automobile is to monitor the load of an
engine. Mostly, it measures the dissimilarity among manifold pressure.
This can be received from the outside pressure by the car to make sure
that the car engine is capable to receive petroleum depending on the
changes within the pressure.

Harshjeet
Fuel Temperature Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The fuel sensor is used to check the temperature of the fuel continually
whether the fuel utilization is optimum or not. If the fuel of the engine is
cold, then it will take much time to burn due to its high density.
Similarly, if the fuel is warm then it will take less time to burn. Here, the
main problem is the inflow varying levels. So this can injure other parts
of an automobile. This sensor will monitor the petroleum is injected at
the right speed and temperature. So that engine of the automobile works
properly.

Swati
Voltage Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
Voltage Sensor is one type of sensor used in automobiles. The main
function of this sensor is to manage the car speed and to make sure the
speed of is increased (or) decreased as required. So it is essential to have
in your car.

Rahul
Throttle Position Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
The throttle position sensor in automobile mainly uses feedback
carburetion & electronic fuel injection (EFI). It informs the computer
regarding the throttle opening rate as well as the position of the relative
throttle. This sensor is a variable resistor, which is used to change the
resistance as the throttle opens. It is not complex to identify the faulty
 throttle position sensor symptoms. As there is a fall while speeding up,
then you can identify the faulty of the sensor. It is the major sign of a
faulty throttle position sensor. Whenever you change this sensor, you
cannot adjust it properly.

Ashutosh
Vehicle Speed Sensor (FOR MEMBER)
As the name suggests, this VSS sensor has the capability to verify the
speed of the car wheels. It is a type of tachometer. This sensor is
arranged within the anti braking system which is known as ABS.
Additionally, the output of this sensor is also utilized for the odometer to
read the speed of the vehicle to control gears depending on the vehicle
speed

Priya

Types of Automotive Sensors (FOR MODRETAOR)

l vehicles manufactured today come with a variety types of vehicles

sensors installed.
Automotive sensors keep track of almost everything happening in and
outside a vehicle, allowing the onboard computers to make decisions.
The decisions help to:
 Improve engine performance
 Reduce emissions
 Bring about convenience
 Enhance driving comfort
 Improve safety, and a lot more benefits.
The technologies in car sensor applications keep changing.
With the development of nano electromechanical systems, NEMS, for
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), adaptive cruise control
(ACC), and other systems, vehicles are becoming safer and more
convenient to drive.
We compiled a list of 15 most common and
essential automotive sensor types used in modern automobiles.

Aditya
Automotive Radar Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
The ability to improve drivability and safety in today’s cars is amazing.

Automotive radar applications include warning or mitigating collisions,

as parking aids, and lane change assist, among other uses.

Compared to visual sensors, radar technology offers a lot more

information, which means higher resolutions.
Radar sensors are also not affected by weather, making them more
reliable than other options.

Automotive radar sensors are part of Advanced Driver Assistance

Systems, ADAs or Adaptive Cruise Control Systems, ACCs, of today’s
automobiles. In autonomous vehicles, these sensors detect objects to
avoid collisions.\

Kshitija
2. Automotive Lidar Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
LiDAR is an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging.

It’s a sensing technology that’s increasingly being used in automobiles,

especially autonomous cars.

Automotive Lidar sensors use a rotating beam of laser light. Using the
light that’s reflected by objects and barriers, a vehicle is able to detect
things within the area around it.
Lidar sensors are used by conventional vehicles to enhance safety
through systems such as Anti-lock Brake System (ABS).

Most Automated MEMS sensors used in Adaptive Cruise Control

(ACC), and Emergency Brake Assist, and lane change use this
technology.

information obtained from Lidar sensors can be combined with the radar
sensor signals to produce a better representation of the vehicle’s
surroundings. 

Nikita
3. Automotive Oxygen Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
Among the different types of sensors used in cars is the oxygen sensor.

These measure the levels of oxygen gas in a vehicle’s exhaust system.

Using the proportion values transmitted by the sensor, the car computer
calculates the amount of fuel and air needed to achieve the “perfect
ratio” for efficient combustion.

Apart from ensuring proper engine performance, the oxygen sensor also
ensures the catalytic converter is working optimally, thereby controlling
emissions.
The oxygen sensor outputs a voltage that depends on the difference in
the amount if oxygen in the exhaust gases and the atmosphere.

A low voltage of about 200 millivolts indicates a lean mixture, while a

voltage spike to about 800 millivolts shows the fuel is burning rich.

A voltage midway between the high and low values means optimal fuel-
air ratios.
Kazma
4. Automotive Pressure Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
These sensors measure pressure and convert it into a voltage signal.

The electrical voltage then changes according to pressure variations.

Using the electric signals, the computer works actuators and other
systems.

Car pressure sensor applications range from braking, window and door
closing systems, exhaust to engine and steering systems.

Other applications of the pressure sensors used in cars include detecting

pedal pressure to amplify braking force, at the exhaust to ensure clean
exhaust filter and optimally performing catalytic converter, and in
electric doors to detect obstruction such as a hand caught in a closing
door.

The sensors are also used to detect impacts in airbag deployment

systems.

Pressure sensors check the pressures of critical liquids and gases. These
include engine oil, transmission and hydraulic oil, coolant, and fuel line
pressures.

Dipak
5. Automotive Ultrasonic Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
These are mostly used as parking assists, helping to park a vehicle safely
and conveniently.

Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting high-frequency sound pulses.

These are reflected by the objects near the car. The computer uses the
time it takes for the pulses to bounce back to compute the distance
between the car and the object.

This helps to determine the safest parking distance.

The frequency levels of the sound produced by ultrasonic automotive
sensors is way above the hearing range of the human ear.

That means the sound remains inaudible, and can only be picked by the
sensor and its computer. The history of these sensors is a long one.

Initially used to help the driver park safely, the ultrasonic sensor in the
modern vehicle has advanced to help cars park automatically.

Harshjeet
6. Automotive Temperature Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
Motor vehicles come with different types of temperature sensors.

These can be contact or non-contact depending on the application.

Although temperature sensors in automobiles are many and varied, two

types stand out from the rest for being essential to engine performance.
They are the fuel and air temperature sensors.
A car fuel temperature sensor monitors how hot or cold the fuel going to
the engine is.

Warm fuel burns faster, which means a more efficient engine.

Cold fuel is denser and doesn’t combust as efficiently.

The intake air temperature sensor, IAT, measures the temperature of the
air entering the engine.

The engine ECU uses the information to determine the density of the air
and computes the right air-fuel mixture required.
Swati
7. Automotive Proximity Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
Vehicle proximity sensors are among the sensors used in cars for safety.

They warn the driver when the car is about to hit a wall, curb, or an
object.

Unlike the sonic sensors described here that send sound waves, the
proximity sensors we are referring to here emit electromagnetic waves.

The sensors relay the signals produced by the waves to the computer,
which then maps out the area close to the vehicle.
You will find proximity sensors on the front bumper of a car as well as
the rear.

They help to avoid collisions with barriers and objects when the car is in
forward motion. When reversing, the sensors help the driver to avoid
hitting things that cannot be seen from the side mirrors.

Kazma
8. Automotive Rain Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
As the name suggests, rain sensors are just that- devices that detect rain.

These sensors send signals to the ECU when raindrops fall on the
windscreen.

The computer then activates the windscreen wipers automatically.

Because everything happens without the driver’s input, rain sensors are
safety devices that ensure the driver can see ahead even when the
weather changes abruptly.
Most automotive rain sensors use total internal reflection to work.

A beam of infrared light continually hits the windscreen at 45°.

The sensor monitors the intensity of the reflected light. When the
windscreen gets wet, the amount of reflected light diminishes. This
sends a signal to the computer.

Kshitija
9. Automotive Current Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
Vehicles use electric power systems for almost every operation, from
starting the engine, running various accessories, to working different
actuators.

To optimize the systems, electric sensors are used.

These measure the current flowing through the electric pathways and
devices, sending the signals to the computer which then prevents power
wastage or failure.
Automotive current sensors use different technologies to work.

They can be direct or indirect sensors, with each having its advantages
and disadvantages when used for different applications.

They’re the devices that monitor the output and condition of the battery,
and known as car battery sensors.

Hall effect sensors are one of the most common current sensing devices
used in automobiles.

Nikita
10. Automotive Speed Sensors (FOR MEMBER)
Car speed sensors help relevant ECUs to compute various functions to
ensure proper performance of the car.

These include determining transmission shifts, the right air-fuel mixture

ratios, and to time different operations in the engine.
Speed sensors in automobiles can be found in drive shafts, where they
detect the speed of rotation as well as position.

In vehicles with anti-lock brake assistance capabilities, speed sensors are

placed at every wheel to measure the rotational speed.

The computer uses these signals to operate the braking system that
prevents skidding and other safety issues. Examples of sensors in this
category include crankshaft and wheel speed sensing devices.

Conclusion (Rahul )