Chapter 11

Immunity In
Humans
11.1 Body Defence

Hazim, Faris Aiman, Adam Zahin, Izzryan

INTRODUCTION TO BODY DEFENCE
● Pathogen is a microorganism that causes diseases.
● Antigen are foreign proteins on the surface of Pathogens
produced by bacteria:
-it will stimulates immunity responses
-will stimulates lymphocytes to produce specific type of protein
Called antibody to react with antigen
● Antibodies are protein produced by lymphocytes
in response to the presence of an antigen
● Antibodies react with antigens and destroy them
 IMMUNITY
Is the ability of the body to resists an infection
of a pathogen by producing a specific antibody
to react against the pathogen
 01
First Line of Defence
to prevent the entry of microorganisms into the body
 1.Physical Barrier

A)SKIN B)HAIR IN NOSE

-Acts as a barrier that stops -Filter out bacteria in the
Pathogen from getting into the body Inhaled air
-The epidermis is waxy and
Impermeable to water and pathogen
 2.Chemical Barrier
A) HYDROCHLORIC ACID B)MUCUS
-produced by goblet cells on the epithilium
-Destroy bacteria in the Stomach that may
of the trachea and bronchi of the lungs.
be taken in with food
-Muces trap pathogen
-The cilia on the ciliated cells sweep the
The trapped pathogens away.

C)LYSOSOME IN TEARS D)WAX IN EAR

-destroy bacteria and protects eye from -destroys bacteria in ears
infections
 2.Chemical Barrier
E)SEBUM F)SWEAT
-secretes by sebaceous glands -secreted by the sweat glands on the skin
-to prevent the growth of microorganisms -contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria
on the skin

G)THROMBOKINASE ENZYMES
-produced by platelets
-cause the blood to clot and prevent the entry of any pathogen
into the body through wounds during the blood clotting
mechanism
 02
Second Line of Defence
to destroy the pathogens in the body
 Table of contents

01 02 03
Fever Phagocytosis Inflammation
i) Fever
● Fever is the second line of defence that fights infections

● Fever increases phagocytic activity and fights against

microorganisms

● Phagocytic activity or phagocytosis is the process of engulfing other

cells or particles
ii) Phagocytosis
● Phagocytosis is a the process by which microorganisms or other
foreign particles such dead cells are trapped and digested by
phagocytes
● Phagocytes are leucocytes such monocytes and neutrophils
● When an infection occurs,the phagocytes move to the infected area
and enter the tissue fluid the pores of the capillary wall
● When the phagocyte encounters a pathogen, it will engulf the
pathogen and the lysozome in the phagocyte will digest the
pathogen
Phagocytosis proses
iii) Inflamation
- immediate response that destroys and neutralises harmful
actions of microorganisms and toxins at the early stages of
infection.

- the inflamed area will swell, turn red and feel painful
 The damaged tissue releases
histamine. Histamine will
stimulate an immediate
inflammatory response.

- Histamine will cause the blood

capillaries to expand for more
blood flow to the infected area.

- Histamine also increases the

permeability of blood capillaries
to phagocytes.

- The phagocytes and clotting The blood clotting The phagocytes

factors will accumulate in the mechanism is carry out
triggered phagocytosis
infected area.
 03
Third Line of Defence
Producing specific antibodies to react with antigens
What is the Third Line of Defence?

● The third line of defence is the last defence mechanism of our body
to fight against infections

● If the pathogens overcome the first and second line of defence.THe

third line of defence is the immune response of the lymphocytes
● The lymphocytes formed in the lymph nodes will produce antibodies
● The actions of antibodies are specific. Each type of antibody can only
combine with a certain type of antigen. (diagram)
● When a person in infected with pathogens, a large number of
lymphocytes will accumulate in the lymph nodes to destroy the
antigens and foreign particles .This will cause the lymph nodes to
swell
● The lymph nodes also contain macrophages that destroy bacteria,
dead tissues, and foreign particles through phagocytosis.
● Lymphocytes are divided into two types, T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes
● The T lymphocytes attacks cells infected pathogens. T lymphocytes
stimulate B lymphocytes to produce memory cells.
● If the same pathogen attacks, the memory cells will be stimulated to
produce antibodies immediatley
Summary