CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Different kinds of natural and artificial materials such as stone,
lime, sand, bricks, tiles, timber, steel, etc., are being used in the
construction of civil engineering structure like buildings bridges, dams,
towers, etc. Concrete is one of the artificially made material widely used
in the construction industry, all over the world.
1.2 CONCRETE:
Concrete is an artificially material obtaining by cementing
together fine and coarse aggregates using a binding material.
Cement is used as the binding material in cement concrete.
Cement and water react chemically and bind the fine and coarse
aggregates together.
The strength of concrete depends on many factors like proportion
of the component materials, amount of water used during mixing, size
and grading of aggregates, temperature and humidity at the time of
mixing, molding and curing etc.
1.3 DIFFERENT GRADES OF CONCRETE MIX:
Concrete mixes are designated by grades based on their
characteristic compressive strength as Ml5, M20 and M25 etc.
Grade Ml 5 concrete means the characteristic strength of 150mm
size cubes out of this concrete is 15N/mm2s at 28days.
1.4 STRENGTH REQUIREMENT:
The proportions of cement, aggregates and water are determined
either by designing the mix or by adopting nominal concrete mix to yet
the required strength of the concrete nominal mix concrete may be used

1
only up to M20 grade of concrete. Lower Ml5 shall not be used in
reinforced concrete permissible stress in concrete.
1.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
While designing the different elements of a structure and the
structural as a whole the factors such as strength, stability, durability and
fire resistance are to be careful]}.
1.6 STRENGTH:

A Structure or a structural elements is to be designed mainly to

with stand the worst loading (dead, imposed, wind snow load, forces due
to earth quakes, temperature, shrinkage, creep, etc.,) to which it may be
subject in the period of its service.

1.7 SERVICEABILITY:

Excessive deflection or vibration of supporting members affect the

functioning of supported elements and sometimes causes their failure.

Similarly the cracks in concrete due to excessive stresses change

the temperature etc. Facilities access of moisture to the reinforcement
which causes corrosion, cracks further reduces the stiffness of a flexural
member.

1.8 DUARABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE:

For long life of an R.C. structure the characteristic influencing

such as the quality of material, cover to reinforcements, proportion of
materials, water, cement ratio etc, should be carefully complied with,
Adequate protection against fire is to be provided in accordance with IS
1642.

2
1.9 LOADS:-

The loads acting on a structure are classified as dead loads,

imposed loads, wind loads, snow loads, erection loads, earth quake loads
and other special loads. Apart from these loads, the effects due to
temperature, creep, shrinkage etc., are to be also considered while
designing a structure. The Indian standard code of practices Is: 875
specifies the minimum loads to be considered in the design of building.
Earth quake loads are specified in IS: 1893. Strict conformity to these
recommended values of loads will not only ensure the structural safety of
the building but also eliminate the wastage caused by assuming
unnecessarily heavy loading.

1.10 IMPOSED LOADS:-

Imposed load is the load produced by the intended use or

occupancy of a building, including the weight of the movable partitions,
distributed, concentrated loads, load due to impact and vibration and dust
load but excluding with seismic, snow and other loads due to
temperature changer creep, shrinkage and differentia] settlement.
According to occupancy, the buildings are classified as

 Residential buildings
 Educational buildings
 Institutional buildings
 Assembly buildings
 Business and office buildings
 Mercantile buildings
 Industrial buildings and
 Storage buildings

3
 The imposed loads to be assumed in the design of buildings shall be
the greatest loads that probably will be produced by the intended use or
occupancy, but shall not be less than the equivalent minimum loads
specified in IS: 875(part 2).

1.11 OTHER LOADS:-

Mountainous regions in northern parts of India are subjected to

snow fall. In such regions the roofs of the structures are to be designed
for the snow loads specified in IS: 875(part 4) or of the imposed loads
specified in IS: 875(2) whichever is more severe. In addition to the
above mentioned loads, the special loads specified in IS:875 (part 5) and
the earth quake loads specified in IS: 1893 are to be also considered in
the design of building

1.12 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1.12.1 GENERAL:

This project has been designed as per Indian standard code

specification special requirements of structures such as blast resistant
structures, liquid-retaining structures and earth quake protections are not
included in this projects since the site selected was free from all side
problems.

1.12.2 CEMENT:

Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties which

enable it to bind the fine and coarse aggregates into a solid mass. The
cement used in R.C.C shall be any of the following,

 33 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS:269

 43 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS:8112

4
 53 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 12269
 Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS:8041

Low heat Portland cement conforming to IS: 12600 shall be used

with adequate precautions with regard to removal of farm work etc.

Under specified circumstances sulphate resisting Portland cement

conforming to IS: 12330 Hish alumina cement conforming to IS: 6909
may be used.

1.12.3 AGGREGATES:

Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS: 383 other

type of aggregates such as slag and crushed over burnt brick or tile
which may be found suitable with regard to strength, durability of
concrete and freedom from harmful effects may be used for plain
concrete members, but such aggregates should not contain more than 0.5
percentage of sulphate and should not absorb more 10 percentage of its
own mass of water.

1.12.4 SIZE OF AGGREGATE:

The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large

as possible with in the limits specified but in no case greater than one-
fourth of the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the
concrete can be placed with out difficulty so as to surround all
reinforcement thoroughly and fill the corners of the form. For the most
works, 20mm aggregate is suitable. Where there is no restriction to the
flow of concrete in to sections, 40mm or longer size may be permitted.

1.12.5 WATER:

Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from

5
injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar organic materials or
other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Portable
water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of
concrete. As a guide the following concentration represent the maximum
permissible values.

 The naturalize 200ml sample of water. Using phenolphthalein as

an indicator, it should not require more than 10ml of 0.02 normal
NaOH. The details of test are given in 8.1 of IS: 3025-1986.

 The naturalize 50ml sample of water using mixed indicator, it

should not require more than 12.5ml of 0.2 normal H2S04, the
details of are given in8toIS:3025-1986.

 Permissible limits for solids shall be as given table of IS: 456-

2000.

1.12.6 REINFORCEMENT:

The reinforcement shall be any of the following:

 Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS 432

 High strength deformed steel bars conforming to IS 1786
 Hard drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566
 Structural steel conforming to grade 'A' of IS 2062

1.13 GENERAL SPECIFICATION

1.13.1 FOUNDATION AND BASEMENT:

Foundation is proposed to a depth 1.5m. It ground level. The

width of foundation is lm. If sand depth of 0.5m. Over the sand tilling of
foundation concrete is provided with as of 1:5:10 using 20mm size hard
blue granite broken jelly of a thickness of 20mm, 80mm footing of
foundation and basement with & masonry with cm 1:6 is mode. The
6
height of and second footing is 0.6mm and 0.6mm respectively. The
broaden of first and second footing is 0.7mm and 1.1mm respectively. If
basement has a breadth and height of 1.5mm and 0.3mm respectively.

1.13.1 PLASTERING:

Plastering with cm 1:5, 12mm thick is proposed for all the brick
and concrete in work superstructure. In basement flush pointing with is
provided in ceiling, plastering with in 1:3, 10mm thick in provided.

1.13.2 PAINTING AND FINISHING WORKS:

White washing is done in two coats with best shell lime for all
plastered walls. The painting is done in two coats for all doors, windows
etc. Necessary provision has been made in the estimate. The details
corresponding to all the became, lintels, etc., all shown clearly in
separate sketches.

1.13.3 ROOFING:

The roofing with be of R.C.C 1:2:4 mix, 120mm thick that slab
over all the rooms weathering were in brick jelly concrete plastered with
combination mantas 1:5:10mm, 75 thick with be provided over the slab.

7
METHODOLOGY

The purpose of methodology is to allow for the entire management

process through effective decision making and problem solving. The
methodology provides a skeleton for describing every step in depth.

Depending upon the following methodology we are completing

our proposed mini project.

PLANNING

ANALYSIS

DESIGN

ESTIMATION

COST ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

8
i) Planning

Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the

activities required to achieve a desired goal.

ii) Analysis

Analysis is the determination of the effects of load on physical

structures and their components. Structures subjected to this type of
analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges,
furniture, vehicles, soil strata, process and biological tissue.

iii) Design

The selection of materials and member type, size and

configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion.

In general, structural design implies the engineering of stationary

objects such as buildings and bridges. Various methods are available to
design of structure. They are:

1) Limit state method

2) Working stress method
3) Method based on experimental basis

Limit state method is adopted in this project

iv) Estimation

Estimation is the process of finding an estimate, to form an

approximate judgement or opinion regarding the worth, amount, size,
weight, etc., of calculate approximately to estimate the cost.

v) Cost Analysis

The process of developing and analysing cost data from separate

business elements and estimating incremental and total resources needed

9
to support current and future business strategies. A decision making tool
used to evaluate and prioritize resource needed at based on cost estimates
and their expected return on investment.

vi) Conclusion

In our project we are using for the design is Limit State Method.
Moment distribution method is used for the analysis of the building.
Detailed estimate, Cost Analysis, and Abstract Estimates are used for
this building.

10
CHAPTER -2
DRAWINGS

Figure 2.1

11
Figure 2.2

12
Figure 2.3

13
Figure 2.4

14
Figure 2.5

15
Figure 2.6

16
Figure 2.7

17
Figure 2.8

18
’
Figure 2.9

19
Figure 2.10

20
LOAD CALCULATION
Ground floor:
Self weight of beam = l ×b × d × γ =1× 0.3 ×0.45 ×25 = 3.375
KN/m
Self weight of slab ¿ 1× 1× 0.15 ×25 = 3.75 KN/m

Self weight of wall = 1 ×0.3 ×18 × 0.23 = 1.24KN/m

Live load = 3 KN/m

Floor finish = 1KN/m
Total load = 1+3+1.24+ 3.75+3.375

= 12.36 KN/m
Factored load = 12.36 x 1.5 = 18.54KN/m
First floor:
Self weight of beam = 1x0.3x0.45x25 = 3.375 KN/m
Self weight of slab = 1x1x0.15x25=3.75 KN/m
Self weight of wall = 1x0.3x0.23x18= 1.24 KN/m
Live load = 3KN/m²
Floor finish = 1KN/m²
Total load = 1+3+1.24+3.75+3.375 = 12.36 KN/m
Factored load = 12.36 x 1.5
= 18.54 KN/m
Second floor:
Self weight of beam = 1x0.3x0.45x25 = 3.375 KN/m
Self weight of slab = 1 x 1x 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m
Weight of parapet = 1x 0.23 x 18x 0.76 = 3.14 KN/m
Live load = 3KN/m²
Floor finish = 1 KN/m²
Total load = 1+ 3+ 3.14+ 3.75+ 3.375 = 14.26 KN/m
Factored load = 14.26 x 1.5= 21.39 KN/m

21
 CHAPTER - 3
ANALYSIS

Ground floor:
Frame a1a2

Fig 3.1

MFAB = MFBA = 0
MFCD = MFDC = 0
−wl ²
MFBC = 12
−12.3× 3.5²
= 12
= -12.55 KNm
wl ²
MFCB = 12
12.3× 3.5²
= 12
= 12.55 KNm

22
 Table 3.1

Joint Member Relative Total Distribution Factor

stiffness stiffness

B BA I 6.5 I I 10.5
× =0.538
3 10.5 3 6.5 I

BC I 6.5 I I 10.5
× =0.46
3.5 10.5 3.5 6.5 I

C CB I 6.5 I I 10.5
× =0.46
3.5 10.5 3.5 6.5 I

CD I 6.5 I I 10.5
× =0.538
3 10.5 3 6.5 I

Joint A B C D

Member AB BA BC CB CD D

D.F - 0.538 0.46 0.46 0.538 -

F.E.M - - -12.5 12.5 - -

Balancing - 6.72 5.75 - -6.72 -

5.75

Crossing 3.36 - -2.87 2.87 - -3.36

Balancing - 1.54 1.32 - -1.53 -

1.32

Final 3.36 8.3 -8.3 8.3 -8.3 -3.36

Bending Moment:
wl ² 12.3 ×3.5²
Span BC = = =18.83 K Nm
8 8

23
 Fig 3.2
Frame a2 a3

Fig 3.3
−w l 2 −12.3 × 4.52
MFBC = = =−20.75 KNm
12 12
wl ²
MFCB = 12 = 20.75 KNm

24
 Table 3.2

Relative Total
Joint Member Distribution factor
stiffness stiffness
B BA I 7.5 I I 13.5
× =0.6
3 13.5 3 7.5 I

BC I 7.5 I I 13.5
× =0.4
4.5 13.5 4.5 7.5 I

C CB I 7.5 I I 13.5
× =0.4
4.5 13.5 4.5 7.5 I

CD I 7.5 I I 10.5
× =0.538
3 13.5 3 6.5 I

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD D
D.F - 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 -
F.E.M - - -20.75 20.75 - -
Balancing - 12.45 8.3 -8.3 -12.45 -
Crossing 6.22 - -4.15 4.15 - -6.22
Balancing - 2.49 1.66 -1.66 -2.49 -
Final 6.22 14.9 -14.9 14.9 -14.9 -6.22

Bending Moment:
wl ² 12.3 × 4.5²
Span = 8 = =31.13 KN /m
8

25
Fig 3.4

26
 CHAPTER – 4
DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB
Step : 1
lx = 4
ly = 6
f ck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Step 2: span Ratio
ly 6
= = 1.5 < 2
lx 4

Hence it is two way slab

Step 3: Effective depth of slab
Span 4000
= = 142.85mm
35× 0.8 28

Adopt effective depth = 140 mm

Overall depth = 140+25 = 165mm
Step : 4
Effective span = Clear span + Effective depth
= 4 + 0.140
= 4.14m
Step 5: Load calculation
Self weight of slab = 0.165 x 25
= 4.125 KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Service live load = 4.125 +3 + 1
= 8.125 KN/m2

27
Step : 6 Ultimate load
Wu = 1.5 x 8.125
Wu = 12.18 KN/m2
Ultimate design moments and shear force:
From, IS 456 – 2000
Span Ratio = 1.5<2
αx = 0.089
αy = 0.056
Mx = α x wl 2x

My = α y wl2y
Mx = 0.089 ×12.18 × 42

= 17.34 KNm
My = 0.056 ×12.18 × 4 2

= 10.91 KNm
M ux = 0.138 ×20 ×1000 × d 2

17.34 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × d 2

d = 0.079 m
d = 79.29 mm < 140mm
wl 12.18× 4
VU = = = 24.36 KN
2 2
Step : 7 Reinforcement calculation
( A st f y )
Mu
[
= 0.87 f y A st d 1−
bdf ck ]
( A st × 41 ) 5
17.34 = 0.87 × 415 × A st × 140 1− [ ( 1000× 140× 20 ) ]
A st = 288 mm2
Adopt 10 mm dia bars
100 ast 1000× π × d 2
Spacing S p = A st
=
288
= 272.56mm

28
Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 260mm c/c
102
1000× π ×
A st provided = 4
260
= 300 mm
Effective depth, d = 140-10 = 130mm
A f
Mu = [ [ st y
0.87 × f y × A st × d 1− b × d × f
ck
]]
A st × 415
17.34 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × A st × 130 1− [ [ 1000 ×130 ×20 ]]
A st = 278mm2
1000 ast
A st provided =
Sv
d2
1000× π ×
= 4
282.5
= 278 mm2
1000 ast
Sv = Sv
d2
1000× π ×
= 4
278
Sv = 282.5 mm2
Step: 8 Shear stress,
vu
τv =
bd
24.36
= 1000× 130
= 0.18

Step: 9
100 A st
Pt =
bd
100× 278
= 1000× 130
= 0.225
( 0.36−0.28 )( 0.225−0.15 )
τc = 0.28 +
( 0.225−0.15 )
τc = 0.33

29
 ( 1.30−1.25 )
K = 1.25 + (165 – 175)
( 150−175 )
= 1.27
K τc = 1.27 × 0.33 = 0.42
τ c < K τc
Hence it is safe

Reinforcement Details

Fig 4.1

30
4.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
Step: 1 Stress
f ck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Step: 2 Cross sectional dimension
From IS 456-2000
Step : 3 Effective depth
Span
= 20
4000
= 20
= 200 mm
Adopt,
d = 160mm
D = 200mm
b = 450mm
Step : 3 Effective span
= clear span + Effective depth
= 4+0.16 = 4.16m
= 4+ 0.23
= 4.23m
Effective span = 4.23m
Step : 4 Load calculation
Self weight = 1 x 0.23 x 0.2 x 25
= 1KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m
Total load = 4KN/m
Step : 5 Ultimate load
Wu = 4 × 1.5 = 6 KN/m

31
Step : 5 Ultimate moment and shear force moment

Mu wl 2
=
8
4 × 4.232
=
8
= 8.95 KNm
wl
Vu = 2
4 × 4.23
= 2
= 8.46 KNm
Step : 6 Tension reinforcement
M ultimate = 0.138 × f ck bd 2
= 0.138 x 20 x 200 x 1602
= 14.13 KN/m
A f
Mu = [ [ st y
0.87 × f y × A st × d 1− b × d × f
ck
]]
A st × 415
14.13 = 0.87 × 415 × A st × 160 1− [ [ 200 ×160 ×20 ]]
A st = 275mm2
Step : 7 Minimum reinforcement
0.85 bd
Minrft = fy
0.85× 200 ×160
= 415
= 65.54 mm2
Provide 3 no:s of 12mm dia bar

A st provided = 122
π× ×3
4
= 339.12 mm2
Step : 8 Check for shear stress

32
 Vu 8.64 ×103
τv = = = 1.05
bd 200 ×160
100 A st 100× 339
Pt = = 200× 160 = 1.05
bd
Refer IS-456:2000
τc = 0.62 N/ mm2
τ c> τ v

Using 8mm dia stirrups

A su × 0.87 × f y
Sv =
0.4 × b
2× 50.26× 0.87 × 415
Sv = 0.4 × 2000
= 453 mm
Sv = 0.75 x 160 = 120 mm
Adopt spacing of stirrup 120mm
Check for deflection control
Pt = 1.05
A st ( req )
fs = 0.58 x 415 x
A st ( provided )
275
fs = 0.58 x 415 x 339

fs = 195
Deflection control:
L L
[]
d max
= []
d basic
× Kt × Kc × Kf

L
[]
d max
= 20 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 20

L 3.6
[]
d provided
=
0.160
= 19.75 < 20

Hence it is safe.

33
Reinforcement Details

Fig 4.2

34
4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Length = 3m
Depth = 0.23 m
Breadth = 0.23m
f ck = 20 N/ mm2
fy = 415 N/ mm2
Load P = 41.56 K/N
Pu = 41.56 x 1.5
= 62.34 K/N
Pu = (0.4 f ck Ag) + (0.67 f y - 0.4 f ck ) Asc
62.34 x 103 = (0.4 x 20 x 230 x 230) + (0.67 x 20 – 0.4 x 20)Asc
Asc = - 1336
Minimum rft = 0.8% bd
0.8
= ×230 × 230
100
= 423.2 mm2
No. of bars
A st 3608× 4
= ≃ 4 nos
ast π × 162

Provide 4 nos of 16mm dia bars lateral ties = ¼ x 16

= 4mm ≃ 8 mm
Spacing
1. 300 mm
2. 16 x dia of bar = 16 x 16 = 256mm
3. 48 x tie dia = 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8mm ties @ 260mm c/c

35
Reinforcement Details

Fig 4.3

36
4.4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Let, width of each flight = 1.2m
R = 150mm
T = 250mm
Height of each flight = 3/2 =1.5m
No. of risers = 1500/150 = 10
No. of treads in each flight = 10-1= 9
Spacing occupied by treads
in each flight = 250 x 9
= 2750mm
Width of landing = 1.2m
Eff. Span of slab = 2.75+1.2+0.5= 4.45m
D = 200mm
d = 200-20=180mm
= 0.48KN/m
Ws = 0.20 x 1 x 24

W1 = Ws √ R 2+ T 2 = 4.8 √ 0.152 +0.252

T 0.25
= 5.5 KN/m
24 RT 24 ×0.15 × 0.25
W2 = = = 1.8 KN/m
2T 2 ×0.25
W3 = 0.75 KN/m
Live load = 3KN/m²
Consider ‘1m’ wide strip
Live load = 3x1 = 3KN/m
Total load = 5.5+1.8+0.75+3= 13.05 KN/m
Factored load,
Wu = 19.57 KN/m

37
Design of waist slab
W u L2 19.57× 4.4 2
Mu = = = 38.85 KNm
8 8
W u L2 19.57× 4.4 2
Vu = = = 38.85 KNm
8 8
Mu = 0.138 f ck bd 2
38.85 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2
d = 118.6 mm < 180mm
Design details
Main reinforcement:
f A
Mu = [
0.87 x f y x A stx d x 1− f
y st

ckbd
]
415 A st
38.85 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x A stx d x 1−
2
[ 20× 1000× 180 ]
A st = 645.8 mm
Assume 12 mm φ bars
2
1000 ast 12
1000× π ×
S = A st = 4 = 175 mm
645.8
Say 200mm
Distribution reinforcement:
A st = 0.12% of b D = 0.0012 x 1000 x 200 = 240 mm2
Assume 8 mm φ bars
82
1000× π ×
S = 4 = 209 mm
240
Say 200mm
Check for stear stress
vu 38.85× 103
τv = = = 0.21 N/ mm2
bd 1000 ×180
100 A st 100× 645.8
Pt = = 1000× 180 = 0.35
bd

38
 ( 0.48−0.36 ) +(0.35−0.25)
τc = 0.36 + = 0.408 N/mm2
( 0.25−0.5 )
τv = τc

Hence it is safe

Reinforcement Details

Fig 4.4

39
4.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Size of column = 0.23 x 0.23m
Load = 388.35 KN
f ck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Bearing capacity of soil = 200 KN/m2
Self weight of footing = 10% of column load
10
= 100
x 388.35

= 38.83 KN
Total load = 388.35+ 38.83
= 427.18KN
Total load
Area = SBC
427.18
= 200
= 2.13 m2
Area = LxB
L = B
B2 = 2.13
= √ 2.13 = 1.4m
B = 1m
Size of footing = 1 x 1m
Upward pressure
Columnload ×1.5
W = Areaof footing
Columnload ×1.5
= 1 ×1
= 145.63 KN/m2
Determine the design bending

40
 B−a 2−0.3
Projection of footing = 2
= 2
= 0.85 m
0.85
BM = 145.63 x 2 x 0.85 x 2 28

= 105.21 KNm
Depth required for footing
BM
d =
√ Qub

105.21 ×106
=
√ 2.76 ×1000
= 138.05mm
For shear consideration
dreq = 1.5 x 138.05
= 207.07mm say 210mm
D = 210 + 50
= 260mm
Design of reinforcement
f A
Mx = [
0.87 x f y x A stx d x 1− f
y st

ckbd
]
105.21 x 106 = 97483.5 x A stx [ 1−3.99× 105 A st ]
A st = 1128.08 mm2
Spacing
ast
Sv = x 1000
A st
113.09
= 1128.08
x 1000

= 100.25mm
Check for spacing
1. s x d = 3 x 260 = 780mm
2. 300mm
3. Sv = 100mm

41
Sv = 100 mm c/c

Area of distribution reinforcement:

0.12bD
A st min = 100
0.15× 2000 ×260
= 100
= 780 mm2
Provided 10mm  bars
Area of one bar

a st π d 2 π ×10 2
= =
4 4
= 78.53 mm2
Spacing
ast
Sv = x 1000
A st
78.53
= 780
x 1000

= 100.67 mm
Check for spacing
1. 5 x d
2. 450mm
3. Sv = 100 mm
Check for stiffness
A st
1) % of steel = x 100
bd
1128.08
= 1000× 200
x 100

= 0.21%
A st
2) Actual ast = x 1000
spacing

42
 = 785.3 mm2

Reinforcement Details

Fig 4.5

43
4.6 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Detention period = 24 hours
Sludge removal = Every year
Rate of water supply = 140 litre per head/day
Sludge = 30 l / h/ year
Flow of sewage per day = 140 x 100= 14000L
Sludge in one year = 30x100= 3000 L
Total capacity of tank required = 14000 + 3000 = 17000 mm3
Volume required = 17m³
Area of tank = volume/2=17/2=8.5m²
Area of tank = 8.5m²
Assume length is taken as 4 times the breadth
Area of tank = 8.5m² =8.5
b=1.47m L=5.83m
Area provided = L×b = 8.75m²
Assume free board = 0.5m
Assume the depth of the liquid = 1.4
Total depth = 1.4+0.5=1.9m
Size of tank = 5.83×1.5×1.9m

44
Septic Tank

Fig 4.6

45
 CHAPTER -5
ESTIMATION

Table 5.1
Sl. Particulars of item No Length Breadth Depth Quantity
No m3
1 Earthwork excavation 22 1 1 1.35 29.7
2 PCC Concrete 22 1 1 0.15 3.3
3 Footing concrete
1 step 22 1 1 0.15 3.3
2 step 22 1 1 0.31 6.82
Total 10.12m3
4 Pedestral concrete 22 0.33 0.33 0.3 0.718
5 Short column 22 0.23 0.23 3.05 3.54
6 Plinth beam
Long wall
a) 2 12.48 0.5 0.15 1.872
b) 2 4.77 0.5 0.15 0.715
Short wall
a) 3 10.71 0.5 0.15 2.409
b) 2 13.73 0.5 0.15 2.059
Total 7.055
7 Damp proof course
Long wall
a) 2 12.48 0.5 - 12.48
b) 2 4.77 0.5 - 4.77
Short wall
a) 3 10.71 0.5 - 16.065
b) 2 13.73 0.5 - 13.73
Total 47.045
Deduct door sills 2 1.20 0.4 - 0.96
Total 47.045-
0.96=46.0
85
8 Brick work in super
structure
Long wall

46
 a) 2 12.48 0.23 3 17.22
b) 2 4.77 0.23 3 6.58
Short wall
a) 3 10.71 0.23 3 22.16
b) 2 13.73 0.23 3 18.94
Total 64.9
1 floor 64.9
2 floor 64.9
Grand 194.7
total
Deduction
Door D 1 1.10 0.23 2.10 0.53
D1 5 0.90 0.18 2.10 1.70
D2 3 0.76 0.18 2.10 0.86
Window
W1 1 1.80 0.18 1.50 0.486
W2 2 0.90 0.18 1.10 0.35
W3 4 1.50 0.18 1.50 1.62
W4 1 1.80 0.18 1.10 0.35
Ventilation 3 0.90 0.18 0.60 0.29
Total 6.18
Deduction 188.52
9 Lintel beam RCC
Ground floor
Long wall 2 13.40 0.23 0.08 0.49
Bed room & hall 2 5 0.23 0.08 0.18
Kitchen & dining hall 1 6 0.23 0.15 0.20
Short wall 3 11.40 0.23 0.15 1.17
Work area & kitchen 2 7 0.23 0.15 0.48
Sit out 1 4.50 0.23 0.15 0.15
Total 2.67
1 floor
Long wall 2 13.40 0.23 0.08 0.49
Bedroom & hall 2 5 0.23 0.08 0.18
Kitchen & dining hall 1 6 0.23 0.15 0.20
Short wall 3 11.40 0.23 0.15 1.1
Work area & kitchen 2 7 0.23 0.15 0.48

47
 Sit out 1 4.50 0.23 0.15 0.15
Total 2.67
2 floor
Long wall 2 13.40 0.23 0.08 0.49
Bed room & hall 2 5 0.23 0.08 0.18
Kitchen & dining hall 1 6 0.23 0.15 0.20
Short wall 3 11.40 0.23 0.15 1.17
Work area & kitchen 2 7 0.23 0.15 0.48
Sitout 1 4.50 0.23 0.15 0.15
Total 2.67
Grand 8.01
total
10 Roof
Ground floor
Slab-1
(W.A,Kitchen,bedroo 1 7.50 11.40 0.15 12.8
m,D.H
Stair case 1& ,toilet)
Slab-2 1 5 14.65 0.15 10.9
(B.R, hall,
carporch,sitout)
1 floor
Slab-1 1 7.50 11.40 0.15 12.8
Slab 2 1 5 14.65 0.15 10.9
2 floor
Slab 1 1 7.50 11.40 0.15 12.8
Slab2 1 7.50 14.65 0.15 10.9
Staircase1 1 1.2 0.15 0.3 0.054
Staircase2 1 1.5 0.15 0.3 0.067
Total 71.22
11 Plastering 1:3
G.F
Outer long wall 2 13.40 - 3 80.4
Inner wall
B.R 1 5.50 - 3 16.5
Hall 1 5 - 3 15
S.O & Toilet 4 1.5 - 3 18

48
 (kitchen, W.A,B.R) 3 3.50 - 3 31.5
(D.H & Staircase) 1 2.50 - 3 7.5
Stair case2
Short wallOuter
a) 2 11.40 - 3 68.4
b) 1 3 - 3 9
Parapet
Long wall
a) 1 3.40 - 0.76 10.18
b) 1 8.5 - 0.76 6.46
Short wall
A
a) 2 11.40 - 0.76 17.32
b) 2 5 - 0.76 7.6
Total 825.16
Deduction 818.98
12 Ceiling
Ground floor
Slab-1 1 7.50 11.40 - 85.5
Slab-2 1 5 14.65 - 73.25
Total 158.75
13 White washing
Ground floor
Long wall inner 2 13.40 - 3 80.4
Bed room 1 5.50 - 3 16.5
hall 1 5 - 3 15
Sitout& toilet 4 1.50 - 3 18
(kitchen, W.A,B.R) 3 3.50 - 3 31.5
(D.H & Stair case1) 1 2.50 - 3 7.5
Stair case 2 1 5 - 3 15
Short wall
Outer
a) 2 11.40 - 3 68.4
b) 1 3 - 3 9
Total 261.3
14 Glass work 1 40 - - 40m

49
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
Table 5.2

Sl. Quantity Description Rate per Amount

No

1 29.7 Earthwork 1500 m3 44550

excavation

2 3.3 PCC concrete 4000 m3 13200

3 10.12 Footing concrete 6500 m3 65780

4 0.718 Pedestral concrete 8000 m3 5744

5 3.54 Short column 13000 m3 46020

6 7.055 Plinth beam 4500 m3 31747.5

7 46.085 Damp proof course 1500 m3 69127.5

8 188.52 Brick work in 10400 m3 1960608

superstructure

9 8.01 Lintel beam 12000 m3 96120

10 40 Glass work 95308 m3 38152

11 71.221 Roof 51000 m3 3632271

12 818.98 Plastering 1:3 350 m3 286643

13 476.25 ceiling 1000 m3 476250

14 818.98 White washing 200 m3 163796

Total Rs. 690009

50
 CONCLUSION

In this project, we have included load calculation, plan, analysis,

and design of the building. Designs are done using relevant codes. We

have adopted limit state method for the design of slabs, beams, column,

staircase and footing. The analysis was done by Moment Distribution

Method. This building has a facility of car parking and all other

facilities. This building is constructed for the convenience of the people.

It is to be noted that as theory cannot be brought to practice completely,

a number of amendments have to make to design during execution of the

work. We have done this project with knowledge and guidance obtained

from the guide.

51
 REFERENCES

 Punmia, B.C., “Soil Mechanics and Foundations”, Laxmi

Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1995.
 Varghese, P.C., “Limit State Design of Reinforcement Concrete”,
Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
 Krishna Raju.N., “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, CBS
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2003.
 Vaidyanathan, R. and Perumal, P., “Comprehensive Structural
Analysis- Vol. I & Vol. II”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2003.
 Bhavikatti, S.S., “Structural Analysis – Vol I & Vol II”, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.
 Dutta, B.N., “Estimating And Costing in Civil Engineering”, USB
Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2003.
 Kohli, D.D and Kohli, R.C., “A Text Book of Estimating and Costing
(Civil)”, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2004.
 Indian Standard (IS 456-2000), “Plain and Reinforced Concrete –
Load of Practice (Fourth Revision)”.
 Wikipedia
 Encyclopedia

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