VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS ENDPOINT
➢ The point in titration at which reaction between
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
➢ Form of quantitative analysis involving
measuring the volumes of reacting solutions
➢ Involves the use of titration
➢ It doesn’t involve tedious operations like
precipitation, filtration, drying, ignition, and etc.
➢ Rapid and more accurate
TITRATION
➢ Measurement of volume of solution of one
reactant that is required to react completely
with measured amount of another reactant
o One of these solutions is taken in a
burette and other in flask. Then
solution of finding out the volume of
titrant required to react completely
with known volume of solution under
analysis is known as titration
TITRANT
➢ The solution of known concentration
➢ usually taken in a burette
ANALYTE
➢ The solution whose concentration is to be
determined
➢ usually taken in conical flask
INDICATOR
➢ A reagent is used to indicate the end point of a
titration by bringing out clear visual color
change on addition of little excess quantity of
either of the solution
CHARACTERTISTICS OF A GOOD INDICATOR
• The color change must be clear and sharp
• Indicate when the reaction is complete
two solution is just completed and at which
indicator can show sharp color change
EQUIVALENCE POINT
➢ The stage at which exactly equivalent amount
of titrant is added to analyte
STANDARD SOLUTION
➢ The solution whose concentration is accurately
known
TWO TYPES OF STANDARD SOLUTION
Primary - a solution which can be
standard prepared by direclty weighing the
solution solute and making it up to certain
volume
- it is stable longer time under
storage
- it is in pure form
- its concentration does not
change during the storage
-
Secondary - the solution whose
standard concentration is determined by
solution titrating it with the primary
standard solution and then can
be used directly in volumetric
analysis
- its concentration changes
during the storage
TITRATION ERROR
➢ The difference in endpoint value and
equivalence point value
THEORETICAL CONCEPT
➢ When equivalent amount of titrant is added to
the analyte, the indicator should change the
color and indicate the endpoint
ACTUAL PRACTICE
➢ The indicator doesn’t change its color at
equivalence pt. bec. The indicator changes its
color either ina cidic or basic medium.
➢ The small difference between equivalence point
and end point is the titration error
APPARATUS USED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS:
• Remember when reading all volumes of
apparatus
o Keep your eye level with the meniscus
o The volume reading is made with the
bottom of the meniscus
o Do not use hot solutions when making
readings
 • Pipette

o Used to delover a known volume of

liquid it takes into account any liquid
sticking to the walls
o Do not use your mouth to pull the liquid
into pipet

• Volumetric Flask
o Used in the preparation of standard
solutions

• Burette
o Designed to deliver known but variable
volumed of liquid

TITRATION
TITRATION SET-UP

GOALS OF TITRATION
• To determine how many moles of solute are in APPLICATIONS OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
the unknown solution • Analysis of drigs
• Determiing the acid content of alcoholic
beverages
• Determining the concentration of Vitamin C and
E in foods
• Use in the lab in dealing with blood and urine
samples

• For a 1:1 reaction like:

p.s.
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