Physical Properties of Solutions:

Acid-Base Titration
& Concentration of
Solutions
Today's Agenda
Definition of laboratory equipment

Common laboratory equipment

Purpose of different laboratory equipment

Objectives
Describe a standard solution

Define Titration

Explain the Concept of Molarity of Solution

Calculate Molarity with Sample Problems

What is a
Standard
Solution?
Standard
Solution
A standard solution is a solution of
accurately known concentration
prepared from a primary standard (a
compound which is stable, of high
purity, highly soluble in water and of a
high molar mass to allow for accurate
weighing) that is weighed accurately
and made up to a fixed volume.
Standard
Solution
A standard solution is one whose
concentration has been acurately
determined.

It is prepared by accurately weighing

a pure solute, called a primary
standard, and dissolving it to a
specific volume.
Standard
Solution
A standard solution is one whose
concentration has been acurately
determined.

It is prepared by accurately weighing

a pure solute, called a primary
standard, and dissolving it to a
specific volume.
What is a
Titration?
Titration
Is the process of determining the
volume of one solution required to
react quantitatively with a given
volume of another in which one
solution is added to the other, a small
amount at a time until just sufficient
has been added to complete the
reaction.
Titration
Titration is an analytical technique
used to determine the concentration
of a solution. It is a quantitative
technique since it involves numerical
measurement.

It is used to calculate the

concentration of unknown solutions
including acid and base solutions.
Two Types of Titration:
Indicator-based Conductometric
titration titration
uses colour of indicator uses electrical
to measure equivalence conductivity to measure
point equivalence point
 Titration &
Standard Solution

Titration requires a solution of

accurately known concentration
called a standard solution. If the
unknown solution is basic then
the standard solution will be
acidic and vice versa.
 Titration &
Standard Solution
Titration is considered to be a
volumetric analysis as it
measures the volume of standard
solution required to exactly
neutralise the unknown solution.
This required volume is called the
titre or titre volume.
 PURPOSE OF
TITRATION
The purpose of titration is
to determine an unknown
concentration in a sample
using an analytical
method.
 THREE BASIC COMPONENTS
OF TITRATION

Liquid of Sample or Calibrated

Known liquid in need Device for
Molarity of measuring Dispense
This is called the This is called the Calibrated device for
dispensing the titrant drop
titrant. titrand.
by drop into the titrand.
 PURPOSE OF
TITRATION
When the titration
reaches an endpoint, the
amount of titrant is
recorded and used to
calculate the unknown
concentration.
 What is equivalence
point (end point)?
The completion of an acid-base
reaction is indicated by a
distinct change in color of an
indicator. This is the
equivalence point (end point)
or the completion of an acid-
base reaction, when all the acid
has been neutralized by the
base.
 WHAT IS AN
INDICATOR?
An indicator is a substance that
changes color when a reaction is
completed.

Phenolpthalein is utilized as an
indicator, a substance that is
pink in basic solutions and clear
in acidic solutions.

EXAMPLES OF GOOD STANDARD SOLUTIONS

OXALIC BENZOIC
ACID ACID
 TITRANT VERSUS ANALYTE

TITRANT ANALYTE
The solution with The solution of
known unknown
concentration concentration
Florence Flask Retort Flask Erlenmeyer Flask
This flask is useful in This flask is used for the This flask is useful in
observing chemicals and purpose of distillation titration process and also
heating solutions. process. useful in mixing because
there is a low chance of spill.
MOLARITY
 MOLARITY
is one way to express to
express the concentration of a
solution in moles of solute
present in one (1) liter, L, of
solution. It can be used to
convert between moles of
solutes and volumes of their
solutions.
 MOLARITY
It is one of the most
widely used unit of
concentration and is
denoted by M. It is defined
as no. of moles of solute
present in 1 liter of
solution. Thus,
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!
Calculate the molarity of a
solution prepared by
dissolving 9.8 moles of
solid NaOH in enough
water to make 3.62 L of
solution.
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!

You dissolve 152.5 g of

Copper Chloride (CuCl2)
to make a solution with a
final volume of 2.25 L.
What is its molarity?
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!

A solution has a volume

of 375 mL and contains
42.5 g of NaCl. What is
its molarity?
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!

How many moles of

NaCL are in a 3.5 L of
a 1.5 M solution of
NaCl?
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!
If you have 4.1 moles of
glucose and want to
make a 0.25 M solution
with it. What will be the
final volume of the
solution?
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!
If a student has 35.0 g
of FeCl3 and needs to
make a 1.5 molar
solution with it, what will
the volume of the
solution be?
 MOLARITY
PROBLEMS!
How many grams of
NaOH do you have to
dissolve to make 725 mL
of a 2.5 M solution?
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