Ca 4

Current Affairs by
Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 1
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Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 2
Sequence
 Water Crisis in Pakistan

Indus River Basin

Meter cube per capita per annum
Drought in Pakistan
2017

Water Withdrawal by Source
2017
2014-15

DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF WATER
IN PAKISTAN
(Cubic Meters Per Capita Per Year)
13
Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Pakistan’s Water Crisis
i. Low agricultural productivity
ii. Increasing population pressure
iii. Dwindling land for agriculture
iv. Shrinking water resources
v. Limiting/diminishing energy resources
 Shortage of electricity
 High cost of diesel
vi. High water losses in irrigation system
vii. Over exploitation of groundwater

Pakistan’s Water Crisis
viii. Deprivation from water of eastern rivers (20 MAF) after
Indus Water Treaty 1961 (Beas, Sutlej, Ravi)
ix. Water logging, salinity & sodicity
x. Increase in domestic and industrial requirement
xi. Deterioration of groundwater quality
xii. Increase in demand of irrigation water
xiii. Persistent drought

2006
150
CANAL DIVERSION (MAF)

103
1,200 m3

SHRINKING
PAKISTAN WATER BUDGET - INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
WATER
RESOURCES
2017

WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN BY NATURE

International Statutes on Water Distribution
i. The Institute de Droit International stated in what has
become known as the Madrid Declaration of 1911 that
the regime of rivers and lakes, contiguous or successive,
could not be altered by one state to the detriment of a co-
riparian without the consent of the other. Interference
with the utilization of waters by other riparian was
banned outright.
ii. The Geneva Convention of 1923 specially provides in
Article 4 that if a state desires to develop hydraulic power,
which might cause serious prejudice to any other
contracting state, the states concerned shall enter into
negotiations with a view to the conclusion of agreements
which will allow such operations to be executed.
iii. The Declaration of Montevideo of 1933 states in Article 2
that no state may, without the consent of the other riparian
state, introduce into water courses of an international
character, for industrial or agricultural exploitation of their
waters, any alterations which may prove injurious to other
interested states. The same principle is made applicable to
successive rivers in Article 4.
iv. The Interim American Bar Association at its Buenos Aires
Conference in November 1957, adopted a statement of existing
international law in which it is stated in Article 3 that riparians
are under a duty to refrain from making changes which might
affect adversely the use of the waters by co-riparians, unless
the changes are made under an agreement or a decision of an
international court or tribunal.
v. The Treaty of Brazil-Uruguay 1933 provides that the
state concerned shall not carry out the work necessary
until it has come to an agreement with the other state.

Egypt Announced
to Declare War if
Nile was
Disturbed
Back Ground of IWT
i. June 1947, Kashmiris revolted against Maharaja of Kashmir.
ii. Maharaja signed accession with India on 26th October 1947.
iii. Standstill Agreement signed on 18 December 1947.
iv. India cutoff flow of canal water to West Punjab and stopped
the water of the rivers Ravi and Sutlej
v. India wanted to damage Pakistan economically
vi. On April 1, 1948, India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan
from every canal flowing from India to Pakistan.
vii. Pakistan protested and India finally agreed on an interim
agreement on May 4th, 1948. This agreement was not a
permanent solution; therefore, Pakistan approached the
World Bank in 1952.
viii. Finally in Ayub Khan's regime, an agreement was signed
between India and Pakistan in September 1960.
Effects
i. It was a grave blow to agriculture of Pakistan
ii. Pakistan’s agriculture vitally and entirely depend on

canals drawn from the Indus
iii. Rain fall was scanty and undependable
iv. Adversely affected agriculture
v. Pakistan also purchased water from India to avoid

economic disaster.

Role of World Bank
i. Critical disputes resolution was the intervention of the
World Bank
ii. Both countries had applied to W.B. for development
loans
iii. WB decided to refuse development loans to India and
Pakistan

World Bank Plan
WB would approve loans if three conditions were met:
i. Indus basin had enough water for both countries
ii. The basin was treated as a single unit implying all

the rivers were to be discussed
iii. Past grievances put aside and technical rather than a

political focus retained

World Bank Plan
 Divide Indus Basin into two parts:
i. India- 3 eastern rivers i.e. Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi
ii. Pakistan – 3 western rivers i.e. Chenab , Jhelum and

the Indus
iii. Pakistan – not fully convinced refused to sign until
1958
iv. Treaty formalized in 1960

Indus Waters Treaty
 The Indus Waters Treaty is a water sharing treaty
between the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
 The treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that since the
sources of rivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could
potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan,
especially at times of war.
 The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of
Pakistan Mohammad Ayub Khan

Clauses of Treaty
i. The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western
Rivers-the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab and three
Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi.
ii. The treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of
the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point
where the rivers enter Pakistan
iii. Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers- the
Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab
iv. The agreement set up a commission to adjudicate any
future disputes arising over the allocation of waters
v. The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss
potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for
the development of the basin

Rivers of Indus Basin

Clauses of Treaty
vi. Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to
inform the other party at least six months in advance and
supply necessary details to enable the other party to satisfy
itself that the proposed work does not adversely affect the
other party. In case of no objection from other side, the design
is presumed to be approved by the other side.
vii. In cases of timely communication of any disagreement, a
neutral expert is called in for mediation and arbitration
viii. Commission was created to resolve any minor issues, carryout
the annual inspections and exchange of data, unperturbed by
tensions on the subcontinent.
By signing Indus Water Treaty in
1960, Gen Ayub Khan sold three
Eastern Rivers to India

The Indus, the Jehlum, the Chenab Rivers

Dams

River Channels
Violations of Indus Waters Treaty 1960
 Pakistan obtained exclusive rights for the three western
rivers, namely Indus, Jehlum and Chenab. And India
retained rights to the three eastern rivers, namely Ravi,
Beas and Sutluj.
 Three multipurpose dams, Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela , a
system of eight link canals and five barrages were also
constructed under this treaty.
 However, India has embarked upon the violations of IWT
and has started constructing hydro-electric projects on the
Western rivers.
 Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river and Kishan Ganga Dam
on the Jehlum river are examples in this regard.

PAKISTAN ON THREAT
THE BAGLIHAR DAM WAS COMPLETED

IN 2008 WITH ONE BILLION $ AND IT
IS 450 MW PROJECT BUILT ON RIVER
Tuesday, February 20, 2018 CHANAB
Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 39
Baglihar Dam
 Pakistani objections to the Baglihar regarded primarily the
technical specifications of the run-of-the-river project—that is,
a river project without dams or storage.
 Although the project was initiated in 1992, the Pakistanis did
not object to it until 1999, when they complained about changes
in the design of the project on which they had not been
consulted.
 The neutral expert appointed by the World Bank to resolve the
dispute gave his binding decision on the Baglihar dispute in
2007, essentially accepting some of the Pakistani concerns by
asking India to respond to them but rejecting other concerns.
 This allowed the project to go forward with some design
changes. Both the countries claimed the neutral expert’s
decision as a victory.

PAKISTAN ON THREAT
A PROJECT OF 480 MW UNDER

CONSTURCTION WITH NAME OF
KISHAN GANGA ON JEHLUM RIVER.
Kishenganga Dam
 The project, on a tributary of the Jhelum River, proposes to
divert water from the Kishenganga River (also called the
Neelum River in downstream Pakistan) a few kilometers
upstream from where it enters Pakistan across the Line of
Control in Kashmir and channel it through a tunnel to a
tributary of the Jhelum River to generate electricity.
 The diverted water does theoretically reenter Pakistan via the
Jhelum River. The Pakistani water establishment is irked,
because it has a similar planned run-of-the-river project on the
Kishenganga River soon after it enters Pakistani-administered
Kashmir.

OUR PRESENT
KOTRI BARRAGE IN MARCH 2017

OUR PRESENT
RAWAL DAM ON DEAD

LEVEL MARCH 2017
Indian Stance on IWT Violations
 India timely submitted the proposed designs of both
Baglihar and Kishan Ganga Dams to Pakistan’s Indus
Water Commission
 No reservation raised by Pakistan’s Indus Water
Commission within the stipulated period of six months
 Construction over the sites started after the expiry of the
stipulated time of six months
 Syed Jamaat Ali Shah, Indus Water Commissioner, did not
timely raised concerns over the proposed Indian projects.
 Shah was also facing charges of cooperating with India on
Neemobaz power project.
 Shah is in Canada since November 2011.

Syed Jamaat Ali Shah, former commissioner of Pakistan
Commission of Indus Water, whose name was put on the Exit
Control List after it was established that he had helped and
facilitated India in building a hydropower project on Pakistan’s
Indus River, inflicting huge damage to the country’s water interests,
has escaped to Canada.
WATER ACCORD 1991
i. Existing uses of provinces remain untouched and protected.
ii. N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are

provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.
iii. Need for additional storages on the Indus and other rivers
admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural
development.
iv. Need for minimum escape (10 maf) to sea below Kotri to check
sea intrusion recognized. Further studies desired to establish
minimal escape needs below Kotri.
52
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
v. No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water resources
of Indus tributaries flowing through its area.
vi. Need for establishing Indus River System Authority (IRSA)
for implementation of the accord recognized and accepted.
vii. IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to have
representation from the four provinces.
viii. Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of the accord.
ix. Provinces are free to under take new projects within their
agreed shares.
x. Within their allocations, provinces may modify uses both
system wise and period wise.
53
APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
(MAF)
PROVINCES KHARIF RABI TOTAL

PUNJAB 37.07 18.87 55.94
SINDH* 33.94 14.82 48.76
N.W.F.P (a) 3.48 2.30 5.78
CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.80 1.20 3.00
BALUCHISTAN 2.85 1.02 3.87
TOTAL 77.34 37.01 114.35
CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.80 1.20 3.00
* INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR
METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.
BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES
AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:
PUNJAB SINDH N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN TOTAL:
37% 37% 14% 12% 100%
54
Kalabagh Dam
 Kalabagh dam (3600MW) site is located downstream of
Terbela dam.
 Preliminary feasibility report of Kalabagh dam project was
prepared by an American consultant M/s Tipton& Hill in
1956 and revised by M/s Chas T. Main in1966.
 This project remained part of the development portfolio of
WAPDA. Kalabagh dam has successfully crossed all stages
of research, investigation, economic viability, and
environment appraisal.
 International expert found it feasible, viable and
beneficial.

Kalabagh
Dam

Water Conservation Technologies
( For Desert and Arid Agriculture)

POTENTIAL DESERT AREAS
Desert Province Area (MA)
Cholistan Punjab 6.4

Thal Punjab 5.7
Pachad/Hill Torrent areas Punjab & NWFP 0.6
(D.I. Khan, DG Khan, Rajan
Pur etc.)
Thar Sindh 10.6

Chagi-Kharan Balochistan 1.5
Others 3.0
Total
Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 27.8 70
DEVELOPMENT OF DESERT AGRICULTURE
SUCCESS STORIES
Desert Crops Grown
Ghobi Desert, China Cotton & Tomato
Sanai Desert, Israel/Egypt Fruits & Vegetables
Alien Desert, UAE Fruits, Vegetables, Fodder
Rajistan Desert, India Fruits, Vegetables, Oil Seeds
Dasht-e-Kavir & Qir Qazim, Iran High Value Crops

Challenges and Issues
i. Scarcity of irrigation water
ii. High cost of development of irrigation schemes (construction
and maintenance)
iii. Colossal loss of land due water and wind erosion
iv. Undulated topography
v. Prevailing poverty
vi. Limited infrastructural facilities
vii. Frequent weather/climate changes
viii. Heavy farm machinery requirements for cultivation
ix. Scattered and small holdings
x. Shortage of skilled and unskilled labour
xi. Poor access to inputs

Development Options
i. Supply of canal water to the desert/semi-desert areas
ii. Establishment of mini dams, check dams, dug-wells, lift
irrigation schemes etc.
iii. Construction and renovation of water storage ponds,
underground tanks (Kunds), and Tobas by use of cost effective
lining/layering materials (e.g. HDPE/plastic sheets etc.)
iv. Adoption of Resource Conservation Technology
v. Use of alternative energy sources (solar and wind) powered
pumps for conveyance of water from water storage tanks to
fields by use of drip/sprinkler and Flexible Gated Pipes
vi. Management of groundwater by treated, cyclic and
conjunctive use
vii. Discouraging flood irrigation and promoting sprinkle
irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation could save
two-third irrigation water

Way Forward
i. National Water Policy on the recommendations of Rio de
Janerio Conference 1991 (i.e. to bill water usage)
ii. Provincial Water Visions in accordance with post IWT
Scenario 1961 – Indus Water Apportionment Accord 1991
(CBM’s)
iii. Creation of Think tank ( Planning Commission, HEC,
Universities, PEC, PSAE) for water resources development
and management
iv. Desert areas may be developed following the models of
Alien (UAE), Sanai (Israel/Egypt), Ghobi (China),
Rajasthan (India), and Dasht-e-Kavir (Iran)

Way Forward
vi. Feasibility study and preparation of development
projects for Conservation Agriculture may be carried-out
through involvement of private sector
(consultants/companies e.g. PSAE,SACAN etc.)
vii. A body on the pattern of Thal Development Authority
and Arid Land Development Authority, India may be
constituted under the Supervision of Prime Minister at
federal level and under CMs at provincial levels.
viii. A project for development of 50,000 acres at Head, Tail
and Middle of Thal desert, with main focus on GTC area,
may be launched.
ix. Outsource the project implementation to the private
sector following the example of Rajistan Development in
India with full support from public sector
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IMMEDIATELY
i. WATER TELEMETRY SYSTEM

ii. CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
iii. CONSTRUCTION OF DESALINATION PLANTs
iv. WATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING
v. MINIMIZE THE USAGE OF WATER
TO BUILD THE WATER
TELEMETRY SYSTEM (SCADA)

What is SCADA?
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• Supervisory
• Operator/s, engineer/s, supervisor/s, etc
• Control
• Monitoring
• Limited
• Telemetry
• Remote/Local
• Data Acquisition
• Access and acquire information or data from the
equipment
• Sends it to different sites through telemetry
• Analog / Digital
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW DAMS

CONSTRUCTION OF DESALINATION
PLANTS
DHA CO-GENERATION POWER PLANT 94 MW , MILLION 3

IMPERIAL GALLONS FRESH WATER SUPPLY
AERIAL VIEW OF KANUPP
A RABIAN SEA
EXISTING RO PLANT
NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANT
AN UNDERCONSTRUCTION DESALINATION PLANT IN KANUPP WITH

CAPACITY OF PRODUSING ONE LAC GALLON FRESH WATER PER DAY.
MINIMIZE THE USEAGE OF WATER

Class Discussion
How Pakistan could stop the violation of Indus

Water Treaty by India.
Peaceful Means Aggressive Means

Thank
You
Please contact for Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)
Assistant Inspector General of Police, Operations,
Islamabad
0331-7055550
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

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Current Affairs by

Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 4

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 7

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 9

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 11

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 14

Indus Water Treaty 1961 (Beas, Sutlej, Ravi)

ix. Water logging, salinity & sodicity

x. Increase in domestic and industrial requirement

xi. Deterioration of groundwater quality

xii. Increase in demand of irrigation water

xiii. Persistent drought

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 15

CANAL DIVERSION (MAF)

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 17

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 18

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 19

v. The Treaty of Brazil-Uruguay 1933 provides that the

state concerned shall not carry out the work necessary

until it has come to an agreement with the other state.

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 23

ii. Pakistan’s agriculture vitally and entirely depend on

iii. Rain fall was scanty and undependable

iv. Adversely affected agriculture

v. Pakistan also purchased water from India to avoid

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 26

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 27

ii. The basin was treated as a single unit implying all

iii. Past grievances put aside and technical rather than a

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 28

i. India- 3 eastern rivers i.e. Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi

ii. Pakistan – 3 western rivers i.e. Chenab , Jhelum and

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 29

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 30

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 31

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 32

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 34

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 35

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 36

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 38

THE BAGLIHAR DAM WAS COMPLETED

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 40

A PROJECT OF 480 MW UNDER

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 42

KOTRI BARRAGE IN MARCH 2017

RAWAL DAM ON DEAD

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 46

ii. N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are

PROVINCES KHARIF RABI TOTAL

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 56

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 57

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 69

Cholistan Punjab 6.4

Thar Sindh 10.6

Sanai Desert, Israel/Egypt Fruits & Vegetables

Alien Desert, UAE Fruits, Vegetables, Fodder

Rajistan Desert, India Fruits, Vegetables, Oil Seeds

Dasht-e-Kavir & Qir Qazim, Iran High Value Crops

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 71

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 72

Tuesday, February 20, 2018 Current Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 74