UNIT 3 Risk Management

MGMT 069 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
UNIT 3 – RISK MANAGEMENT
At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:

 Discuss Steps and types of risk assessment
 Identify Tools of risk assessment
 Conduct Risk Assessments
 Outline steps in task analysis
 Evaluating and Analysing Risks and Hazards
 Hierarchy of Risk Reduction
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you: Identify
hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification). ...
Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot
be eliminated (risk control)
The aim of Risk Management is to identify what could go wrong, i.e. finding what can cause
injury or harm to workers, and to decide on proper safety control measures to prevent work
accidents and occupational diseases and implement them (i.e. risk control)
British Standards Institute (1999) defines hazard as a: source or situation with a potential for harm
in terms of injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment or a
combination of these
British Standards Institute (1999) defines risk as the: combination of the likelihood and
consequence(s) of a specified hazardous event occurring
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Categories
Intolerable level
(risk cannot be
justified on any
grounds)
TOLERABLE only if risk reduction is
impracticable or if its cost is
grossly disproportionate to the
ALARP region (risk improvement gained
is undertaken only if a
benefit is desired) TOLERABLE if cost reduction
would exceed the improvement
gained
Broadly Acceptable
Region (no need for detailed Negligible Risk
working to demonstrate ALARP)
Risk assessment refers to the identification of the hazards present in an undertaking and estimating
the extent of the risk involved, taking into account whatever precautions are already being taken.
It is essentially a five stage process:
1. Identify all the hazards

2. Who may be harmed
3. Evaluate the risks
4. Recording the findings
5. Review the assessment
Identify the hazards
One of the most important aspects of your risk assessment is accurately identifying the potential
hazards in your workplace. A good starting point is to walk around your workplace and think about
any hazards. In other words, what is it about the activities, processes or substances used that could
injure your employees or harm their health?
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When you work in a place every day it is easy to overlook some hazards, so here are some tips to
help you identify the ones that matter:
 Check manufacturers’ instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can
be very helpful in explaining the hazards and putting them in their true perspective.
 Look back at your accident and ill-health records – these often help to identify the less
obvious hazards.
 Take account of non-routine operations (eg maintenance, cleaning operations or changes
in production cycles).
 Remember to think about long-term hazards to health (eg high levels of noise or exposure
to harmful substances).
˜
There are some hazards with a recognized risk of harm, for example working at
height, working with chemicals, machinery, and asbestos. Depending on the type of work you do,
there may be other risks that are relevant to your business.
TYPES OF HAZRDS
OSHA's 5 Workplace Hazards
1. Safety- Safety hazards encompass any type of substance, condition or object that can injure
workers.
2. Chemical - Workers can be exposed to chemicals in liquids, gases, vapors, fumes and
particulate materials.
3. Biological.
4. Physical.
5. Ergonomic.
There are a number of incidents and accidents that may occur in the workplace as a result of various
hazards that are present or may later present themselves within the work environment. To correctly
and constructively go about dealing with the issues of safety and health care within the workplace,
you need to be aware and knowledgeable about the various types of workplace hazards that may
affect you and your employees.
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The different types of workplace hazards can be put into the following four categories:
Physical Hazards
Physical hazards are the hazards that you are most likely to find within the workplace at one point
or another. Physical Hazards threaten your physical safety, and can include unsafe conditions that
can cause injury, illness or death. They may include a wide range of hazards such as:
 Working from ladders
 Exposed moving parts
 Frayed electrical cords
 Unguarded machinery
 Scaffolding
 Tripping hazards
 Indoor Air Quality
 Noise
It is essential that employees stay protected from the many physical hazards that can present
themselves. While some physical hazards are easy to stop such as dangerous machinery or height
hazards, other physical hazards are more difficult to spot, requiring constant due diligence and
awareness.
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Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic hazards are usually as a result of the strain that may be put on your body, because of
the type of work you are doing, your working conditions or your body position. Ergonomic hazards
are especially dangerous because they are often invisible of hard to spot. They also tend to cause
damage over time. They may include a wide range of things like:
 Frequent lifting
 Repetitive/awkward movements
 Poor lighting
 Improperly adjusted workstations, etc.
Repetitive stress injuries are some of the most common health issues to result from ergonomic
issues.
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Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards present themselves when you are in the workplace and you are exposed to any
sort of chemical preparation. While chemical hazards are most often associated with industrial or
construction workplaces, they are actually present in almost every workplace. Restaurants, retail
spaces, and even offices have chemical hazards which have the potential to cause serious harm to
the occupants. The most common chemical hazards are:
 Vapors and fumes
 Carbon monoxides or other gases
 Cleaning products or solvents
 Gasoline or other flammable materials, etc.
It is absolutely essential that all employees in a workplace understand exactly what chemical
hazards exist around them.
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Biological Hazards
Biological hazards come from working with animals, infectious plant material and even people.
They include a wide range of things such as:
 Bacteria and viruses
 Insect bites
 Animal droppings
 Blood/body fluids, etc.
Biological hazards are becoming increasingly common in the workplace due to the COVID-19
pandemic. Extra measures must be taken to protect yourself and your employees in order to prevent
their spread, as well as the spread of other biological hazards.
Who might be harmed?
For each hazard you need to be clear about who might be harmed – it will help you identify the
best way of controlling the risk. That doesn’t mean listing everyone by name, but rather identifying
groups of people (eg people working in the storeroom or passers-by). Remember:
 Some workers may have particular requirements, eg new and young workers, migrant
workers, new or expectant mothers, people with disabilities, temporary workers,
contractors, homeworkers and lone workers.
 Think about people who might not be in the workplace all the time, such as visitors,
contractors and maintenance workers.
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 Take members of the public into account if they could be harmed by your work activities.
 If you share a workplace with another business, consider how your work affects others and
how their work affects you and your workers. Talk to each other and make sure controls
are in place.
 Ask your workers if there is anyone you may have missed.
Evaluate the risks
Having identified the hazards, you then have to decide how likely it is that harm will occur, ie the
level of risk and what to do about it. Risk is a part of everyday life and you are not expected to
eliminate all risks. What you must do is make sure you know about the main risks and the things
you need to do to manage them responsibly.
Generally, you need to do everything ‘reasonably practicable’ to protect people from harm. This
means balancing the level of risk against the measures needed to control the real risk in terms of
money, time or trouble. However, you do not need to take action if it would be grossly
disproportionate to the level of risk.
Your risk assessment should only include what you could reasonably be expected to know – you
are not expected to anticipate unforeseeable risks.
Look at what you’re already doing and the control measures you already have in place. Ask
yourself:
 Can I get rid of the hazard altogether?

 If not, how can I control the risks so that harm is unlikely?
Some practical steps you could take include:
 Trying a less risky option;

 Preventing access to the hazards;
 Organizing your work to reduce exposure to the hazard;
 Issuing protective equipment;
 Providing welfare facilities such as first aid and washing facilities;
 Involving and consulting with workers.
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Improving health and safety need not cost a lot. For instance, placing a mirror on a blind corner to
help prevent vehicle accidents is a low-cost precaution, considering the risks. Failure to take simple
precautions can cost you a lot more if an accident does happen.
Involve your workers, so you can be sure that what you propose to do will work in practice and
won’t introduce any new hazards.
If you control a number of similar workplaces containing similar activities, you can produce a
model risk assessment reflecting the common hazards and risks associated with these activities.
You may also come across model assessments developed by trade associations, employers’ bodies
or other organisations concerned with a particular activity. You may decide to apply these model
assessments at each workplace, but you can only do so if you:
 Satisfy yourself that the model assessment is appropriate to your type of work;
 Adapt the model to the detail of your own work situations, including any extension
necessary to cover hazards and risks not referred to in the model.
Evaluating and Analysing Risks, Risk Analysis

Tool : Risk Matrix
A risk matrix is a tool that is normally used to assess the level of risk and assist the decision making
process. It takes into consideration the category of probability, or likelihood, against the category
of consequence severity. During the risk management process, organisations should set objectives,
define and assess risks, set risk tolerance levels and determine ways to mitigate risks.
A Risk Assessment Matrix, also known as a Probability and Severity risk matrix, is designed to
help you minimize the probability of potential risk to optimize project performance. Essentially, a
Risk Matrix is a visual depiction of the risks to enable companies to develop a mitigation strategy.
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Example of a risk matrix
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Record your significant findings
Make a record of your significant findings – the hazards, how people might be harmed by them
and what you have in place to control the risks. Any record produced should be simple and focused
on controls.
If you have fewer than five employees you don’t have to write anything down.
But it is useful to do this so you can review it at a later date, for example if something changes. If
you have five or more employees you are required by law to write it down.
Any paperwork you produce should help you to communicate and manage the risks in your
business. For most people this does not need to be a big exercise – just note the main points down
about the significant risks and what you concluded
When writing down your results keep it simple, for example ‘fume from welding – local exhaust
ventilation used and regularly checked’.
A risk assessment must be suitable and sufficient, i.e. it should show that:
 A proper check was made;

 You asked who might be affected;
 You dealt with all the obvious significant hazards, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved;
 The precautions are reasonable, and the remaining risk is low;
 You involved your employees or their representatives in the process.
Where the nature of your work changes fairly frequently or the workplace changes and develops
(eg a construction site), or where your workers move from site to site, your risk assessment may
have to concentrate more on a broad range of risks that can be anticipated.
If your risk assessment identifies a number of hazards, you need to put them in order of importance
and address the most serious risks first.
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Identify long-term solutions for the risks with the biggest consequences, as well as those risks most
likely to cause accidents or ill health. You should also establish whether there are improvements
that can be implemented quickly, even temporarily, until more reliable controls can be put in place.
Remember, the greater the hazard the more robust and reliable the measures to control the risk of
an injury occurring will need to be.
Regularly review your risk assessment
Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, you will bring in new equipment, substances and
procedures that could lead to new hazards. So it makes sense to review what you are doing on an
ongoing basis, look at your risk assessment again and ask yourself:
 Have there been any significant changes?

 Are there improvements you still need to make?
 Have your workers spotted a problem?
 Have you learnt anything from accidents or near misses?
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The risk assessment process involves:
(1) Hazard Identifying the foreseeable hazards which are either associated with a
Identification task, process, or facility, or to which exposure can result by virtue of the
physical location.
(2) Hazard Severity The potential severity they would cause if inappropriate contact were to
occur.
(3) Hazard Understanding the mechanism by which the hazard makes harmful
Analysis contact with people or the environment, along with their underlying
causes, with an estimation of the likelihood of occurrence.
(4) Risk Understanding the controls that have been provided to (a) prevent the
hazard from being realized, or (b) limit the consequences.
Control
(5) Risk Analysis Combining hazard severity and likelihood of occurrence.
(6) Risk Satisfying ourselves that the residual risk, after the effect of preventative
Assessment or mitigative controls has been accounted for and is tolerable to
management.
(7) Risk Using information on which hazards contribute significantly to the

Management residual risk, so that we can target our finite resources to those hazards
so that the overall risk can reduced in the most effective manner.
Knowledge of what hazards are important and associated control
measures can then be used to prioritise inspections and other monitoring
activities, so we can assure ourselves of the effectiveness of our defenses.
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Tools in Risk Analysis
"The assessment and management of risk is fundamental in the provision of a safe and healthy
working environment. In addition to being a legal requirement in many circumstances, risk
assessment is an essential tool in the determination and prioritization of control measures".
The simple methods that can be used include:
 Accident Investigation & Accident Statistics

 Workplace inspections
 Management / worker discussions
 Independent audits
 Job safety analysis
 Checklists
 Hazard indices
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HIERARCHY OF RISK REDUCTION

Any new equipment, processes or substance there are risks associated that should be reduced to an
acceptable level by the Risk Control Hierarchy.
a. Elimination
b. Substitution
c. Engineering
d. Administrative
e. PPE
Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect workers. However, when engineering,
work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection,
employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to workers and ensure its use.
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Elimination
Hazard elimination is a hazard control strategy based on completely removing a material or process
causing a hazard. Elimination is the most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard
controls in protecting workers, and where possible should be implemented before all other control
methods.
Removing the use of a hazardous chemical is an example of elimination. Elimination also applies
to equipment as well for example, noisy equipment can be removed from a room used for other
purposes, or an unnecessary blade can be removed from a machine. Prompt repair of damaged
equipment eliminates hazards stemming from their malfunction. Elimination also applies to
processes for example, the risk of falls can be eliminated by eliminating the process of working in
a high area, by using extending tools from the ground instead of climbing, or moving a piece to be
worked on to ground level. The need for workers to enter a hazardous area such as a grain elevator
can be eliminated by installing equipment that performs the task automatically. Eliminating an
inspection that requires opening a package containing a hazardous material reduces the inhalation
hazard to the inspector.
Substitution
Hazard substitution is a hazard control strategy in which a material or process is replaced with
another that is less hazardous. Substitution is the second most effective of the five members of the
hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, after elimination.
A common substitution is to replace a toxic chemical with a less toxic one. Some examples include
replacing the solvent benzene, a carcinogen, with toluene; switching from organic solvents to
water-based detergents; and replacing paints containing lead with those containing non-leaded
pigments. Chemical substitutions are an example of green chemistry. Chemicals can also be
substituted with a different form of the same chemical. In general, inhalation exposure to dusty
powders can be reduced by using a slurry or suspension of particles in a liquid solvent instead of
a dry powder.
Hazards to workers can be reduced by limiting or replacing procedures that may aerosolize toxic
materials contained in the item. Examples include limiting agitation procedures such as sonication,
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or by using a lower-temperature process in chemical reactors to minimize release of materials in

exhaust. Substituting a water-jet cutting process instead of mechanical sawing of a solid item also
creates less dust. Equipment can also be substituted, for example using a self-retracting lifeline
instead of a fixed rope for fall protection, or packaging materials in smaller containers to prevent
lifting injuries. Health effects from noise can be controlled by purchasing or renting less noisy
equipment
Engineering
‘Engineering Controls’ covers a broad spectrum of possible interventions that are intended to
reduce worker exposure, to chemical, physical and biological agents by the physical modification
to a process, or process equipment, or the installation of further equipment with the goal of
preventing the release of contaminants into the workplace
Engineering controls are preferred over administrative controls and personal protective equipment
(PPE) because they are designed to remove the hazard at the source, before it comes in contact
with the worker. The basic types of engineering controls are:
 Process control.
 Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source.
 Ventilation.
Process Control
Process control involves changing the way a job activity or process is done to reduce the risk.
Examples of process changes include to:
 Use wet methods rather than dry when drilling or grinding. "Wet method" means that water
is sprayed over a dusty surface to keep dust levels down or material is mixed with water to
prevent dust from being created.
 Use an appropriate vacuum or "wet method" instead of dry sweeping (e.g. with a broom)
to control dust and reduce the inhalation hazard.
o Note: Never use a regular "household" vacuum cleaner, especially when cleaning
toxic material such as lead, or asbestos. Use a vacuum specifically designed for
industrial workplaces and be sure to use appropriate filters, etc.
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 Use steam cleaning instead of solvent degreasing (but be sure to evaluate the potential high
temperature hazard being introduced such as heat stress).
 Use electric motors rather than diesel ones to eliminate diesel exhaust emissions.
 Float "balls" on open-surface tanks that contain solvents (e.g. degreasing operations) to
reduce solvent surface area and to lower solvent loss.
 Instead of conventional spray painting, try to dip, paint with a brush, or use "airless" spray
paint methods. These methods will reduce the amount of paint that is released into the air.
 Decrease the temperature of a process so that less vapour is released.
 Use automation - the less workers have to handle or use the materials, the less potential
there is for exposure.
 Use mechanical transportation rather than manual methods.
Enclosure and Isolation
These methods aim to keep the chemical "in" and the worker "out" (or vice versa). An enclosure
keeps a selected hazard "physically" away from the worker. Enclosed equipment, for example, is
tightly sealed and it is typically only opened for cleaning or maintenance. Other examples include
"glove boxes" (where a chemical is in a ventilated and enclosed space and the employee works
with the material by using gloves that are built in), abrasive blasting cabinets, or remote control
devices. Care must be taken when the enclosure is opened for maintenance as exposure could occur
if adequate precautions are not taken. The enclosure itself must be well maintained to prevent
leaks.
Isolation places the hazardous process "geographically" away from the majority of the workers.
Common isolation techniques are to create a contaminant-free or noise-free booth either around
the equipment or around the employee workstations.
Ventilation
Ventilation is a method of control that strategically "adds" and "removes" air in the work
environment. Ventilation can remove or dilute an air contaminant if designed properly. Local
exhaust ventilation is very adaptable to almost all chemicals and operations. It removes the
contaminant at the source so it cannot disperse into the work space and it generally uses lower
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exhaust rates than general ventilation (general ventilation usually exchanges air in the entire room).
Local exhaust ventilation is an effective means of controlling hazardous exposures but should be
used when other methods (such as elimination or substitution) are not possible.
A local exhaust ventilation system consists of these basic parts:
1. A hood that captures the contaminants generated in the air (at the source).
2. Ductwork (exhaust stack and/or recirculation duct) that carries the contaminated air to the
air cleaning device, if present or to the fan (away from the source).
3. A fan which draws the air from the hood into the ducts and removes the air from the
workspace. The fan must overcome all the losses due to friction, hood entry, and fittings
in the system while producing the intended flow rate.
4. Air cleaning devices may also be present that can remove contaminants such as dust
(particulates), gases and vapours from the air stream before it is discharged or exhausted
into the environment (outside air), depending on the material(s) being used in the hood.
Administrative
Administrative controls are training, procedure, policy, or shift designs that lessen the threat of a
hazard to an individual. Administrative controls typically change the behavior of people rather
than removing the actual hazard or providing personal protective equipment (PPE). Administrative
controls are second lowest because they require workers or employers to actively think or comply
with regulations and do not offer permanent solutions to problems.
Administrative controls are not generally favoured because they can be difficult to implement,
maintain and are not a reliable way to reduce exposure. When necessary, methods of administrative
control include:
 Restricting access to a work area.

 Restricting the task to only those competent or qualified to perform the work.
 Scheduling maintenance and other high exposure operations for times when few workers
are present (such as evenings, weekends).
 Using job-rotation schedules that limit the amount of time an individual worker is exposed
to a substance.
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 Using a work-rest schedule that limits the length of time a worker is exposure to a hazard.
Work Practices
Work practices are also a form of administrative controls. In most workplaces, even if there are
well designed and well maintained engineering controls present, safe work practices are very
important. Some elements of safe work practices include:
 Developing and implementing safe work procedures or standard operating procedures.

 Training and education of employees about the operating procedures as well as other
necessary workplace training (including WHMIS).
 Establishing and maintaining good housekeeping programs.
 Keeping equipment well maintained.
 Preparing and training for emergency response for incidents such as spills, fire or employee
injury.
Education and Training
Employee education and training on how to conduct their work safely helps to minimize the risk
of exposure and is a critical element of any complete workplace health and safety program.
Training must cover not only how to do the job safely but it must also ensure that workers
understand the hazards and risks of their job. It must also provide them with information on how
to protect themselves and co-workers.
Good Housekeeping
Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of hazardous or toxic materials (e.g.,
build-up of dust or contaminant on ledges, or beams), or hazardous conditions (e.g., poor
stockpiling).
Emergency Preparedness
Being prepare for emergencies means making sure that the necessary equipment and supplies are
readily available and that employees know what to do when something unplanned happens such
as a release, spill, fire or injury. These procedures should be written and employees should have
the opportunity to practice their emergency response skills regularly.
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Personal Hygiene Practices and Facilities
Personal hygiene practices are another effective way to reduce the amount of a hazardous material
absorbed, ingested or inhaled by a worker. They are particularly effective if the contaminant(s)
can accumulate on the skin, clothing or hair.
Examples of personal hygiene practices include:
 Washing hands after handling material and before eating, drinking or smoking.
 Avoiding touching lips, nose and eyes with contaminated hands.
 No smoking, drinking, chewing gum or eating in the work areas - these activities should
be permitted only in a "clean" area.
 Not storing hazardous materials in the same refrigerator as food items.
Generally, administrative controls are cheaper to begin, but they may become more expensive over
time as higher failure rates and the need for constant training or re-certification eclipse the initial
investments of the three more desirable hazard controls in the hierarchy.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, googles, or other
garment designed to protect the wearer's body or clothing from injury by electrical, mechanical,
radiation, chemical, physical and biological. For job-related occupational safety and health
purposes, and in sports, martial arts, combat, etc. personal armor is combat-specialized protective
gear and recreational activities. PPE can also be used to protect the working environment from
pesticide application, pollution or infection from the worker (for example in a microchip factory).
The use of PPE signifies that the hazard could not be controlled by the other methods and
the hazard exists. It also signifies that unprotected workers are at risk to the hazard.
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Employer Responsibility Workers Workers Responsibility

Performing a "hazard assessment" of the Properly wear PPE
workplace to identify and control physical

and health hazards
Identifying and providing appropriate PPE Attend training sessions on PPE

for employees.
Training employees in the use and care of Care for, clean and maintain PPE,
the PPE.
Maintaining PPE, including replacing Inform a supervisor of the need to repair

worn or damaged PPE. or replace PPE.
Periodically reviewing, updating and
evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE

program.
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Types of PPE
1. Head protection
2. Eye and Face protection
3. Hearing protection
4. Respiratory protection
5. Arm and Hand protection
6. Foot and Leg protection
7. Protective clothing
Protective Headgear
Purpose:
Head protection is required if you work where there is risk of injury from falling objects, from
bumping your head against fixed objects, from exposure to welding sparks and radiation, or if you
work near exposed electrical conductors that could contact your head.
Common Causes of Head Injury:
• Falling or flying objects.
• Bumping head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams.
• Contact with exposed electrical conductors.
• Splashes, spills or drips of hazardous liquids.
Types of Head Protection Equipment:
There are 3 types of head protection equipment.
• Hard Hats
• Bump Caps
• Beanies
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Eye and Face Protection
Purpose:
It is designed to provide protection from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or
caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapours, or potentially injurious light radiation.
Most Common Causes of Eye Injury:
• Being struck by swinging objects such as chains and ropes.
• Contact with chemicals and other hazardous materials.
• Melted metal, acids and other caustic liquid.
• Chemicals that splash.
• Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or sawdust.
• Toxic chemicals in the form of gases, vapours.
• Intense light such as that created by welding and lasers.
• Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter.
Selection of Eye Protection Equipment:
 Safety Glasses
 Goggles
 Shields
 Lenses
Hearing Protection
Purpose:
Hearing protection is a common workplace injury, all too often ignored because it usually happens
over a long period of time. If hearing protection is not worn at all or is worn incorrectly, a worker
may suffer permanent hearing loss.
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Conditions under which to wear hearing protection equipment:
• You are exposed to noise that is 85 decibels or greater for an 8-hour period of time.
• The sounds in your work area are irritating.
• There are short bursts of sound that can cause hearing damage.
• There are signs indicating hearing protection is required.
Types of Hearing Protection:
• Foam earplugs
• PVC earplugs
• Hearing bands
• Earmuffs
• Custom fitted hearing devices
Respiratory Protection
Purpose:
It is designed to be worn in non-hazardous environments when above normal breathing protection

is required and during operations in any potential or actual Immediate Dangerous to Life and
Health (IDLH) toxic atmosphere.
Most Common Causes of Respiratory Problems:
• Dusts - formed whenever solid material is broken down into tiny particles, usually through
sanding or grinding.
• Vapours - substances that are created when a solid or liquid material evaporates.
• Fog - vapour that has condensed into tiny airborne particles or droplets.
• Mists and Sprays - very small droplets of liquid material suspended in the air, often
produced by spraying and coating operations.
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• Gases - substances that become airborne at room temperature. Gases may or may not have
an odour. Some gases can be seen, others cannot. Gases may be heavier or lighter than air
but, in either case, can travel for great distances undetected.
• Fumes - occur whenever a metal, plastic or polymer is subjected to high heat, during
processes such as welding and soldering.
• Smoke - made up of small particles produced by the incomplete combustion of any

material that has carbon in it. Smoke is often produced during processes that require high
heat or burning as part of the manufacturing process.
Categories of respiratory equipment:
There are two categories of respiratory equipment.
• Air Purifying Respirators
• Atmosphere Supplying Respirators
Hand Protection
Purpose:
It provides you with protection when you are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption
of harmful substance, severe cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, punctures, chemical burns,
thermal burns and harmful temperature extremes.
Most common causes of hand injury:
• Burns - electrical sources or extremely cold or hot objects can burn your hands.
• Cuts - tools and machines with sharp edges can cut your hands.
• Punctures - staples, screwdrivers, nails, chisels, and stiff wire can puncture your hands.
• Fractures and Amputations - getting your hands caught in machinery can sprain, crush,
or remove your hands and fingers.
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• Chemical Exposures - coming into contact with caustic or toxic chemicals or biological
substances can irritate your hands. Chemicals usually are toxic substances that can be
absorbed through your skin and enter your body.
• Bruises
• Abrasions
Selecting appropriate type of glove:
• Select gloves that fit well.
• Not all gloves will give you the same level of protection. Some glove materials will last
longer against certain types of chemicals. They will be highly, moderately or slightly
chemical resistant.
• When working with chemicals, gloves should be taped at the top or folded with a cuff to
keep liquids from running inside your glove or onto your arm.
• Do not wear metal-reinforced gloves when working with electrical equipment.
• It is dangerous to wear gloves while working on moving machinery. Moving parts can
easily pull your glove, hand and arm into the machine.
• Select and use the right kind of glove for the job you are going to perform.
Body Protection
Purpose:
Certain situations require your body to be totally covered and protected. If you work around fire
hazards are present constantly or with toxic, flammable or corrosive chemicals, you will require
full body protection.
Most Common Causes of Body Injury:
• Intense heat
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• Fire
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impacts from tools and machinery
• Cuts
• Contact with hazardous chemicals
• Contact with potentially infectious materials, like blood
• Radiation
Types of Body Protection Equipment:
• Apron
• Coveralls
• Full body suit / chemical suit
• Reflective clothing for dusk or night operations or roadside activity
Foot Protection
Purpose:
Foot protection is designed to provide protection against falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
exposed energized electrical conductors or other hazards, which can create a potential foot injury.
Most Common Causes of Foot Injury:
• Impact and Compression Injuries - heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might roll
onto or fall on employees’ feet.
• Spills and Splash Injuries - acids, caustics or molten metal that might splash on feet.
30
• Slippery Injuries - oil, water, soaps, wax, and other chemicals can cause you to slip and
fall.
• Electrical Shock Injuries.
• Injuries due to hot, cold or wet surfaces - your feet can suffer from:
� Frostbite - if you work in an extremely cold environment.
� Blisters and Burns - if you work in an extremely hot environment.
� Fungal infections - if you work in an extremely moist environment and wet your
shoes or boots.
• Injuries due to sharp objects - nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of
ordinary shoes.
Selecting Appropriate Foot Protection Equipment:
• Select and wear the kind of footwear for the job you are going to perform.
• Avoid footwear made of leather or cloth if you work around acids or caustics. These
chemicals quickly eat through the leather or cloth, and can injure your feet.
• Select footwear that fits well.
31
IN CLASS ACTIVITY:
View the following images and follow the instructions labelled on each.
We will discuss each in session
TRUCKYARD
32
OFFICE
33
HOSPITAL
34
FACTORY
35
CONSTRUCTION
36

UNIT 3 Risk Management

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UNIT 3 Risk Management

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MGMT 069 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT 3 – RISK MANAGEMENT

At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:

It is essentially a five stage process:

1. Identify all the hazards

Identify the hazards

OSHA's 5 Workplace Hazards

 Working from ladders

 Exposed moving parts

 Frayed electrical cords

 Indoor Air Quality

 Improperly adjusted workstations, etc.

 Vapors and fumes

 Carbon monoxides or other gases

 Cleaning products or solvents

 Gasoline or other flammable materials, etc.

 Bacteria and viruses

 Blood/body fluids, etc.

Who might be harmed?

Evaluate the risks

 Can I get rid of the hazard altogether?

 Trying a less risky option;

Evaluating and Analysing Risks, Risk Analysis

Example of a risk matrix

Record your significant findings

 A proper check was made;

Regularly review your risk assessment

 Have there been any significant changes?

The risk assessment process involves:

(5) Risk Analysis Combining hazard severity and likelihood of occurrence.

(7) Risk Using information on which hazards contribute significantly to the

Tools in Risk Analysis

The simple methods that can be used include:

 Accident Investigation & Accident Statistics

HIERARCHY OF RISK REDUCTION

or by using a lower-temperature process in chemical reactors to minimize release of materials in

Enclosure and Isolation

A local exhaust ventilation system consists of these basic parts:

 Restricting access to a work area.

 Developing and implementing safe work procedures or standard operating procedures.

Education and Training

Personal Hygiene Practices and Facilities

Examples of personal hygiene practices include:

Personal Protective Equipment

Employer Responsibility Workers Workers Responsibility

workplace to identify and control physical

Identifying and providing appropriate PPE Attend training sessions on PPE

Maintaining PPE, including replacing Inform a supervisor of the need to repair

Periodically reviewing, updating and

evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE

Common Causes of Head Injury:

• Falling or flying objects.

• Bumping head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams.

• Contact with exposed electrical conductors.

• Splashes, spills or drips of hazardous liquids.

Types of Head Protection Equipment:

There are 3 types of head protection equipment.

Eye and Face Protection

Most Common Causes of Eye Injury:

• Being struck by swinging objects such as chains and ropes.

• Contact with chemicals and other hazardous materials.

• Melted metal, acids and other caustic liquid.

• Chemicals that splash.