UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA

INSTITUTO DE LETRAS – IL
DEPARTAMENTO DE LÍNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS E TRADUÇÃO-LET
Curso de Formação de Intérpretes Comunitários

Diferenças culturais que impactam o processo de interpretação

Diferenças culturais japonesas

1- Diferenças em estilos de conversação

a) Distinções em relação ao estilo ocidental

 A Japanese-style conversation, however, is not at all like tennis or volleyball. It’s like
bowling. You wait for your turn. And you always know your place in line. It depends on such things
as whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a relative stranger to the previous speaker, in
a senior or junior position, and so on. When your turn comes, you step up to the starting line with
your bowling ball, and carefully bowl it. Everyone else stands back and watches politely, murmuring
encouragement. Everyone waits until the ball has reached the end of the alley and watches to see if
it knocks down all the pins, or only some of them, or none of them. There is a pause, while everyone
registers your score.
 Japanese conversation does not take the form of dialectic development. The style of
conversation is almost always fixed from beginning to end depending on the human relationship. It
is one-way, like a lecture, or an inconclusive argument going along parallel lines or making a circle
round and round, and in the end still ending up mostly at the beginning. This style is very much
related t othe nature of Japanese society.
b) Ambiguidade
Ler a “atmosfera” do ambiente, considerar o sentimento dos demais participantes da interação.
 The Japanese think that it is impolite to speak openly on the assumption that their partner
knows nothing. They like and value aimai because they think that it is unnecessary to speak clearly
as long as their partner is knowledgeable. To express oneself distinctly carries the assumption that
one’s partner knows nothing, so clear expression can be considered impolite. (Morimoto, 1988, p.
22)

EXEMPLOS DE AMBIGUIDADE:
a) Ao rejeitar ofertas-uso de linguagem indireta como chotto, demo, kangaete-okune;
 b) “Não”- Negócios - 厳 ( き び ) し い – (Kibishii)- Hard (conditions)/ 難 ( む ず か ) し い –
(Muzukashii)- Difficult/ 大変(たいへん) – (Taihen)- Hard (task)

c) Não é esperado que as pessoas demonstrem seu desacordo de maneira direta;

d) Por conta dessa forma vaga de interação, japoneses são vistos como tímidos ou
inescrutáveis, mas na verdade, só agem de forma culturalmente determinada sobre o que
consideram ser polido e educado. Eles têm opiniões, mas conta dos diferentes estilos discursivos
adotados em língua japonesa, eles esperam sua vez para expressá-las.
e) Por exemplo, ao escutar algo com o qual eles discordam, demonstram um ar de aceitação e
discordam de forma vaga e indireta sore wa sou kamoshirenai.
2- Linguagem polida
a) Organização vertical da sociedade- hierarquias. Ex: Senpai-kouhai relationship
b) Um dos sistemas de honoríficos mais complicados do mundo segundo “The Japanese
Mind”;
c) Although keigo is used to address superiors or those whom one deeply respects, it is also
widely employed in talking to people one does not know well, or who are simply older than oneself.
Moreover, it is common for company employees to use keigo in addressing their bosses, whether or
not they feel any respect for the other on a personal level. As such, the use of keigo is a matter of
form, regardless of one’s actual feelings, and there is a strong tendency to speak on these levels as
a kind of social etiquette.
d) There are basically three types of keigo: teineigo (polite speech), sonkeigo (honorific
speech), and kenj≈go (humble speech). Teineigo is used in both polite and normal conversation and
is marked as such by the copula desu and -masu forms of other verbs. This is in contrast to the use
of da as the copula and dictionary forms (kihonkei) of other verbs chosen for speaking to those with
whom one is on more familiar terms (i.e., ordinary speech or futsugo):
 DICTIONARY FORM -MASU (POLITE) FORM kaku (to write) » kakimasu yomu (to read) » yomimasu
 Honorific forms of the language, known as sonkeigo, are used to describe the actions of a superior.
 The honorific or respectful forms of ordinary verbs are made by inserting the verb stem into the
pattern o ~ ni naru: kaku » okakininaru yomu » oyomininaru.
 A second way of transforming ordinary verbs into their honorific forms is to attach the suffix -reru
or -rareru. These forms may sometimes be mistaken by the listener (or reader) for passive or
 potential forms, so the correct meaning must be determined from the context: kaku » kakareru
yomu » yomareru.
 Humble forms of the language, called kenj≈go, are used to describe one’s own actions when talking
to a superior, particularly actions undertaken for the benefit of that person or requiring his or her
permission or cooperation. Some ordinary verbs have special humble forms, others are
transformed by inserting the verb stem into the pattern o ~ suru: iku (to go) » mairu iu (to say) »
m≈su kaku » okakisuru yomu » oyomisuru

ILUSTRAÇÃO DE COMO O ESTILO DISCURSIVO JAPONÊS AFETA A INTERPRETAÇÃO

3- Atuação de intérpretes de Trump
a) Japan's public and political sphere is no place for emotion. Honne and tatemae are king.
Regardless how much two parties disagree, expressing personal emotions and opinions in public
is immature, incompetent, and unprofessional.
b) Because of this, many Japanese interpreters paraphrase and tone down strong language for
Japanese national TV. A simultaneous interpreter, struggling to find a Japanese equivalent for
the word “nut-job” at a previous Trump speech, used 変人 (henjin – literally “strange person”).
However many argued that this TV-friendly translation failed to convey Trump's insult.

4- Gestos : https://youtu.be/Y950RBS2Oto?list=TLGGz_10P_sTiOwwNDA4MjAyMQ

Achei muito interessante sobre a “África como a mãe”! Isso se significa que em um nível mais amplo, o
conceito de família no Haiti se estende para todas as pessoas africanas ou da diáspora africana, de outros
países inclusive?