Southern Mindanao Colleges

Pagadian City
“The maker of today’s leaders in Western Mindanao”

GRADUATE SCHOOL

FINAL EXAM
ED 216

MIDYEAR 2020-2021

Name: FERMIN M. GULDE JR. OR NO.613978 DATE ISSUED: JULY 27, 2021
(Submit on or before August 14, 2021 with your permit)
Discussion:

1. Elucidate the significant in understanding the foundation

of education?
2. Why is the policy maker a momentous of the educational
system?
3. Describe fully the relationship between the school and the
community? And how may the school and the community be
evaluated? What factors are to be considered?
4. How important is to a teacher to have a philosophy of
teaching? Give an example of a teacher’s philosophy of
teaching.
5. What are the functions of edifying beliefs? Cite an
examples.
6. What are the different approaches of promoting nationalism
and patriotism?
7. How can an individual move from one social status to
another? Discuss the means.
8. How does social stratification affect society?
9. Pronounce how culture and society are allied? Elucidate the
rapport between culture and society?
10. Describe discipline, guidance, and counseling. Why do
we need guidance and counseling? What are its objectives?
ANSWERS:

1.Elucidate the significant in understanding the foundation

of education?
The importance of studying foundation of education is to promote
understanding of normative and ethical behavior in educational
development and recognition of the inevitable presence of
normative influences in educational thought and practice.
Foundational studies probe the nature of assumptions about
education and schooling. It is in the foundations courses that
teacher education candidates are taught to recognize social and
political injustices that should be questioned, and to
acknowledge that culture, policy, and tradition have a direct
impact on teachers, learners, families, and communities as a
whole.
The fundamentals of teaching are the basis of the curriculum:
math, science, history, foreign language, and english. These
instructors easily accept the No Child Left-Behind Act
because test scores are the main form of evaluation. It helps
people become better citizens, get a better-paid job, shows the
difference between good and bad. Education shows us
the importance of hard work and, at the same time, helps us grow
and develop. Thus, we are able to shape a better society to live
in by knowing and respecting rights, laws, and regulations.
Inclusive education provides opportunities to learn about and
accept individual differences, lessening the impact of
harassment and bullying. Develop friendships with a wide variety
of other children, each with their own individual needs and
abilities.

2. Why is the policy maker a momentous of the educational

system?

To bring change in education the leaders who make the

educational policies for a school, state or country for example
the education policymakers are responsible. Policy makers play a
very significant role in the education system as every component
in the system gets implemented on the basis of their decisions.
There are many actors in the development of education policy,
including students, parents, teachers, administrators, school
board members, and members of the Philippine Congress.
Besides, policies are also important because they help a school
establish model operating procedures and create standards of
quality for learning and safety, as well as expectations and
accountability. A dire need for modified Educational system was
felt. The policies and procedures are an essential part of any
organization. Together, policies and procedures provide a
roadmap for day-to-day operations. They ensure compliance with
laws and regulations, give guidance for decision-making, and
streamline internal processes.
3. Describe fully the relationship between the school and the
community? And how may the school and the community be
evaluated? What factors are to be considered?

The school principal must examine the community in which the

school lies in order to create good relationships with its
members. Communities are composed of different ethnic,
religious, and socio-economic groups that may have either mutual
or divergent interests. Nevertheless, a community is defined as
such because certain characteristics are shared by all its
members –such as geographical proximity– which differentiates
them from others. Recognizing the diversity within the community
and understanding its characteristics, power-balance components,
as well as its traditions, must be a primordial step for the
school principal before beginning to build the relationship.
The Community is a part of the society and education is the
counterpart of both. School is the social institute where
consciously designed learning experiences are provided with the
objectives of achieving social aim at large, over a period of
time. Community, religious, political, and ethnic leaders, as
well as representatives from disability groups and businesses,
among others, who have significant knowledge on the community
and the school, should be encouraged by the school principal and
the District or Local Education Office to get involved in the
school. Not only their skills, knowledge, and capacities should
be analyzed, but also their willingness to build a solid
relationship with the school. Assessing who participated, who
did not, and why is of key importance since understanding the
reasons why community members are not participating in school
will help overcome the barriers. For example, some community
members –such as PTA members or teachers– may not participate
because they do not feel legitimized, excluded, or poorly
informed to do so. It is also important to analyze any previous
form of participation of the community in their school.
Examining whether the initiatives were successful or not and why
is of key importance for future involvement.  Moreover, the risk
of monopolization of partnerships by political and intellectual
elites inside the community should be assessed, as well as their
relationships with other community members. For instance,
through a review of World Bank programs, the domination of the
partnerships between the school and the community by the local
elites was highlighted as a major concern.
Moreover, the school principal should support the school’s
personnel and most importantly, the teachers, to be open to the
community’s involvement in the school. Good relationships and
regular communication between the teachers and the community are
fundamental. The best way to evaluate a school is through
firsthand experience, which means to visit the school where you
can see the teaching and learning and experience the climate and
culture. If you can't visit, try to find a few students and
parents who can give you firsthand accounts of their experiences
with the school. In program evaluation, measurement methods are
best categorized into direct and indirect measures. There are
also four common types of data that are analyzed in educational
research and evaluation: observations, artifacts, historical or
institutional records, and self-report.
Key Factors of School Effectiveness
Strong and effective principal leadership puts children first by
placing a strong belief in capabilities of students and
teachers. Leaders are highly visible, actively supervising
instruction, protecting instructional time and supportive work
environment. They also monitor staff performance and promote
professional development in their schools. Sustained focus on
instruction and learning focus on academics, mainly literacy and
numeracy. Safe and positive school climate and culture shared
goals, safety, and positive school climate. High expectations
for all students and staff Student achievement first and
constant discussions with parents. Effective use of student
achievement data. Monitoring student progress and promoting
differentiated instruction. Teaching Practice differentiated
instruction and collaboration. Productive parent involvement.
Creating and maintaining open door policy among the possible
factors that are expected to promote community participation in
development on the community driven approach include material
benefits, development interest, development need, previous

development experience, wanting to belong, to serve the

community, project meets needs and peer pressure.

4. How important is a teacher to have a philosophy of

teaching? Give an example of a teacher’s philosophy of

teaching.

By learning philosophy, as a teacher we should be able to view

and analyze from the perspective of their students. Apart from
understanding why students are behaving in a particular way,
teachers would also be able to know how students perceive their
actions. Just as if it helps students, it helps them as
well. Philosophy of Education has an important role to play in
preparing for a career in teaching. Third it enables
teachers to understand the scope and limits of empirical
research in education and the relationships between that
research and conceptual issues in education. Our teaching
philosophy is a self-reflective statement of your beliefs about
teaching and learning. It develops these ideas with specific,
concrete examples of what the teacher and learners will do to
achieve those goals. Importantly, your teaching philosophy
statement also explains why you choose these options.
I believe a good teacher, first, has a powerful faith in the
future. The good teacher knows and understands students, how
they develop and learn. I know that students actively

construct and transform their own knowledge based on past

experiences and prior learning. As a secondary education
teacher, I strongly believe that fostering critical thinking
skills is at the heart of what we do in education. I am
committed to giving students the tools they need to see their
own value, analyze information and situations, and effectively
solve problems. As an educator, I value creative thinking almost
as much as content mastery. I want students to value their own
ability to think creatively, and I encourage them to use novel
ways to demonstrate their knowledge. I believe students should
apply what they learn in one subject to another subject they are
studying. I work to break down the barriers between individual
topics and encourage cross-functional application and
transference of knowledge. I strongly feel that the social and
emotional development of students is paramount and that good
content mastery can only happen when children feel safe in the
school environment. I work to ensure my classroom is a safe
space for sharing feelings and allowing students to be
themselves. Education is not a one-size-fits-all discipline, and
I believe it's essential that my approach is tailored to the
specific learning needs of each student. I get to know the
students as individuals so I can appropriately support and
challenge them academically.

5.What are the functions of edifying beliefs? Cite an

examples.
The structural-functional approach to religion has its roots in
work on religion. That religion is, in a sense, the celebration
and even worship of human society. The religion has three major
functions in society: it provides social cohesion to help
maintain social solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs,
social control to enforce religious-based morals and norms to
help maintain conformity and control in society, and it offers
meaning and purpose to answer any existential questions.
Further, Durkheim placed himself in the positivist tradition,
meaning that society as dispassionate and scientific. He was
deeply interested in the problem of what held complex modern
societies together. Religion, he argued, was an expression of
social cohesion. Religion is not imaginary, although he does
deprive it of what many believers find essential. Religion is
very real; it is an expression of society itself, and indeed,
there is no society that does not have religion. We perceive as
individuals a force greater than ourselves and give that
perception a supernatural face. We then express ourselves
religiously in groups, which for Durkheim makes the symbolic
power greater. Religion is an expression of our collective
consciousness, which is the fusion of all of our individual
consciousness, which then creates a reality of its own. At a
social level, it may function to affirm a shared sense of

ethics, maintain social order, and enforce cultural norms. These

are some manifest functions of religion, in that they are
intended and desirable results of religious practice. Manifest
functions are generally expected from the institutions to be
fulfilled. For example, hospitals are expected to provide better
healthcare to the people or treat the patients going through any
kinds of diseases, or those who met with an accident, etc.

6. What are the different approaches of promoting nationalism and

patriotism?

The act of patriotism and feeling patriotic are things

which will make for a stronger nation. Not only we will be able
to relate well to others in our shared love for this country
but the more individuals who express their patriotic feelings,
the stronger our country will be as a whole.
Ways to show our Patriotism:
Vote is one of the best ways to honor the principles upon which
our nation was built is to vote. Know that Lupang Hinirang is
the title of our national anthem and not Bayang Magiliw. Know
our history and our national symbols. Do not litter and do not
smoke in public places. Stay alive! Obey road rules so you won't
need to bribe MMDA traffic enforcers. Support a veteran. Do more
than thank them for their service. Veterans are
important because they fought for our country, protected other

countries and helped others. Veterans fought for our country as

well as others. Veterans think that every country should be a
safe lace for everyone and enjoy he freedom. The third reason
veterans are important is that they helped others. Fly the Stars
and Stripes correctly. With celebrating the American flag comes
a responsibility to treating it right and using proper flag
etiquette. There are certain ways to display the flag.
HANGING THE FLAG FROM A POLE

Make sure the flagpole you are using is long enough so, on calm
days, the flag doesn’t touch the ground. This includes days when
it’s flown at half staff. When displayed next to state and
municipal flags, the American flag should be at the center and
hung higher than the rest to symbolize the Union’s precedence
over the states. When displaying the American flag along with
other flags at the same height, it must be to the view’s left.
Support our national parks
National parks support local economies However, there is a
considerable difference between nationalism and patriotism.
While nationalism emphasizes a unity of cultural past with
inclusion of the language and heritage, patriotism is based on
love towards people with a greater emphasis on values and
belief. Belief systems are in part concerned with the existence
or nonexistence of certain conceptual entities. Nationalism
holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside
interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural

and ideal basis for a polity and that the nation is the only
rightful source of political power.
7. How can an individual move from one social status to another?
Discuss the means.
Social mobility typically refers to vertical mobility, which is
the movement of individuals or groups up or down from one
socioeconomic level to another, often by changing jobs or
through marriage. Social mobility refers to the shift in an
individual's social status from one status to another. The shift
can either be higher, lower, inter-generational, or intra-
generational, and it cannot necessarily be determined if the
change is for good or bad. To change your social status you
would need more education and a higher prestige job. Income,
which is not social class, is also used as a way to understand
class in the US. To change your economic status upward you would
need to get more money, or appear to get more money. Another big
factor in social mobility is inequality, the report finds. The
greater a nation's inequality, the harder it is for its children
to improve their lot.

8. How does social stratification affect society?

Social stratification causes social disparity and many
problems as it is an unjust system with monopoly of power
and wealth in a particular group. It affects life chances,

lifestyles and prestige. Stratification is necessary to induce

people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter
the most important occupations. For this reason, stratification
is necessary and inevitable. Sociologists use the term social
stratification to describe the system of social standing. The
distinct vertical layers found in rock, called stratification,
are a good way to visualize social structure. Society's layers
are made of people, and society's resources are distributed
unevenly throughout the layers.

9. Pronounce how culture and society are allied? Elucidate the

rapport between culture and society?
Different societies have different cultures; a culture
represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while society
represents the people who share those beliefs and practices.
Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas,
attitudes, and beliefs of a society. To clarify, a culture
represents the beliefs, practices and artifacts of a group,
while society represents the social structures and organization
of the people who share those beliefs and practices. Neither
society nor culture could exist without the other. Culture is
what differentiates one group or society from the next. A
culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while
society represents the people who share those beliefs and
practices. Neither society nor culture could exist without the

other. The overlap between culture and society occurs at the

level of the importance of values. A society and its culture are
rooted in the same values and beliefs. While conforming
behaviors help to maintain order and cohesion in society, they
also sometimes help to perpetuate undesirable or inequitable
practices.

10.Describe discipline, guidance, and counseling. Why do we need

guidance and counseling? What are its objectives?
Counselling helps in improving the relationship between the
teacher and children which can be beneficial to develop control
on the child. Every educational institution has its own goals
that can be achieved if we have control over the children. This
helps us to maintain discipline and keep our children in check.
The purposes of guidance and counselling provide emphasis and
strength to the educational program. The major goals of
counselling are to promote personal growth and to prepare
students to become motivated workers and responsible citizens.
As a result, guidance and counselling is of a paramount
importance to address the academic, vocational, personal and
social needs of the children. Through this, the kids are enabled
to develop positive self-image and actualize their adjustment
needs that leads them into the future. Counselling services are
among the school educational services. It is believed that
guidance and counselling services in school shall develop,

assess and improve educational programs; enhance teaching and

improve the competence of the teacher and reduce cost for the
children. The aims of guidance and counselling programs in
schools are to assist individuals to develop the ability to
understand them, to solve their own problems, and to make
appropriate adjustments to their environment. To help individual
to understand and accept the positive and negative aspects of
his personality, interests, aptitudes, attitudes etc. It enables
the individual/person to take right decision in each and every
stage of his life by overcoming the necessities and
incorporating the necessities.
Objectives of guidance: 1) To help individual to understand and
accept the positive and negative aspects of his personality,
interest, aptitudes etc. 2) Provide a wide choice and
opportunities. 3) Help make adjustment in the new life
situation.
Objectives of counselling: 1) To help the client to accept
actual or impending changes that are resulting from stress, it
involves psychological, emotional, and intellectual. 2) To
encourage the client to examine the available alternatives
decide choices are appropriate and useful for problem solving.