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Question 1
An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells.
Step 1: A mass of 0.620 g eggshells was crushed and added to 25.00 mL of 0.300 mol L 1 HCl
and allowed to react until there until no more bubbles were evolved. Some HCl did not
react and remained in the reaction mixture.
Step 2: The HCl which did not react was titrated with a standardised solution of NaOH of
concentration 0.200 mol L1.
(a) Name the glassware used to deliver the NaOH and state and explain two steps which must
be followed in order to ensure that the number of moles of NaOH delivered is accurate.
Name: Burette
Step 1: Must be rinsed with NaOH solution to avoid dilution of the solution.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralise the HCl in Step 2.
(d) Hence calculate the number of moles of HCl that remained unreacted at the end of Step 1.
nCaCO3 = ½ nHCl
Application
mCaCO3 = n.M Error in calculation of M.
Method and subsequent
= ½ x 0.00386 x 84.09 calculation are correct.
Systematic (1 mark)
(ii) Explain the effect that this contamination would have had on the titre value.
Titre would be lower because some of the HCl would already have reacted with
the KOH.
Application (2 marks)
Well- reasoned
solution to problem. TOTAL: 18 marks
Question 2
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) is used as a primary standard in acid-base titrations. The
formula of KHP is C8H5O4K.
COO-K+
Potassium hydrogen phthalate
COOH
(a) A standard solution of KHP of concentration 0.100 mol L1 was prepared.
n = C.V
= 0.100 x 0.0500
m=nxM
= 0.100 x 0.0500 x 204.22
= 1.02 g
(3 marks)
(i) Calculate the volume of original solution required to prepare 500.0 mL of diluted solution.
C1V1 = C2V2
0.100 x C1 = 0.00500 x 500.0
V1 = (0.00500 x 500.0) ÷ 0.100
= 25.0 mL (3 sf)
(2 marks)
(ii) Name the two pieces of volumetric glassware used to prepare 500.0 mL of diluted
solution.
pipette
volumetric flask (2 marks)
(iii) Identify the glassware that must be rinsed with distilled water only, and state the reason
why this glassware must not be rinsed with the original solution of KHP. Analysis and
Evaluation
Volumetric flask. If it were rinsed with the KHP then there would be some extraAnalysis of
moles of KHP present in the diluted solution. (2 marks) procedures is
accurate. The
reasoning behind
(c) In one investigation the KHP solution was delivered from a burette. The table below shows various
the results of several titrations: procedures (e.g.
use of volumetric
trial titre (mL) glassware) is
1 19.75 explained
2 18.45 logically.
3 18.50
4 18.50
5 18.45
(i) Explain one advantage of repeating the titration several times. Analysis and
Evaluation
It would identify the presence of any systematic errors and so give some Purpose of
repetition not
information on how close the result is to the true value. (2 marks) understood.
Data evaluated
(ii) Determine the average titre, showing your reasoning. and used
correctly.
Ignore 19.75 mL as the other four titre value are all concordant but the first one is
very different.
average titre = ¼ (18.45 + 18.50 + 18.50 + 18.45)
= 18.475
= 18.48 mL (4 sf) (3 marks)
(iii) State the effect (increase/decrease/ stays the same) on the average titre of rinsing the
burette with distilled water immediately prior to the titration.
Increase. (1 mark)
TOTAL: 15 marks
Question 3
In order to test for the presence of Pb in a soil, samples of the soil were treated with HNO 3 and the
solutions analysed using AAS.
(a) The solutions used in the calibration were all prepared by dilution of a standard solution.
Calculate the concentration, in ppm, of the solution formed when 0.0050 g Pb is dissolved in
50.0 mL of HNO3.
ppm = mg/L
= (0.0050 x 103 mg) ÷ (50.0 x 10-3 L)
= 100 ppm (3 sf)
(2 marks)
(b) (i) The results of the calibration are shown in the table below:
Investigation
Graph is
0.6 constructed with
absorbance
correctly
oriented and
labelled axes,
and appropriate
0.4 sample scale and line of
best fit.
0.2
0 4 8 (4 marks)
concentration of Pb (ppm)
(ii) In one analysis the test sample gave an absorbance reading of 0.30. Use the calibration
graph above to determine the concentration, in ppm, of lead in the sample tested.
4 ppm (1 mark)
(iii) In another analysis, the concentration of lead in the sample solution was found to be
6.6 ppm.
(2) The solution was prepared by treating 2.50 g of the soil with HNO 3 and making the
solution up to 250.0 mL.
(3 marks)
(b) The soil samples also contained other toxic metals such as Cd.
State and explain the effect, if any, of these other metals on the AAS analysis for Pb.
A lead lamp is used which emits a unique set of wavelengths that can only be
absorbed by lead. The other metals absorb a different set of wavelengths.
(3 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
(a) The diagram below represents a simple high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).
mobile phase
under pressure
column containing a
polar stationary phase
computer
detector display
waste
An analysis was carried out of a tablet that can be taken to reduce the symptoms of the common
cold. A solution was prepared of the tablet in a solvent and a sample of the solution was injected
into the column. The chromatogram below was obtained:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15
retention time (min)
The time taken for a substance to travel through the stationary phase.
(1 mark)
(ii) (1) On the chromatogram above, label with an X the peak that corresponds to the least
polar component of the tablet.
(1 mark)
solvent front
-6
amino acid Rf amino acid Rf
alanine 0.375 lysine 0.163
-
glycine 0.275 serine 0.213
Y histidine 0.125 threonine 0.300
-4 leucine 0.563 valine 0.500
-2
origin
-
-0
(i) Suggest why, although there were actually six amino acids present in the sample, there
are only five dots on the chromatogram.
Two of the amino acids most likely had very similar retention times. Therefore
they ended up so close to each other that it looks like one dot. One of the dots is
-
much bigger than the others so this is a likely one.
- Analysis and
(2Evaluation
marks)
Experimental
data from TLC
is analysed
(ii) Identify, with reasoning, the amino acid most likely to be Y. perceptively and
logically and
Y will be the acid with the same Rf value. connected with
concept to
formulate
Rf = distance travelled by Y/ distance travelled by the solvent appropriate
conclusions.
= (3.5-1.0)/(6.0-1.0)
= 2.5/ 5.0
= 0.50
TOTAL: 13 marks
General Comments
Application
Apart from one instance of incorrect use of significant figures, appropriate terminology and conventions, and correct formulae
and equations have been used throughout the task.
A Designs logical, coherent, and Critically and systematically Applies chemistry concepts and Consistently demonstrates a deep
detailed chemistry analyses data and their evidence from investigations to and broad knowledge and
investigations. connections with concepts, to suggest solutions to complex understanding of a range of
formulate logical and perceptive problems in new and familiar chemistry concepts.
Critically and logically selects conclusions and make relevant contexts.
and consistently and predictions. Uses knowledge of chemistry
appropriately acknowledges Uses appropriate chemical perceptively and logically to
information about chemistry and Critically and logically evaluates terms, conventions, formulae, understand and explain social or
issues in chemistry from a range procedures and suggests a and equations highly effectively. environmental issues.
of sources. range of appropriate
improvements. Demonstrates initiative in Uses a variety of formats to
Manipulates apparatus and applying constructive and communicate knowledge and
technological tools carefully and focused individual and understanding of chemistry
highly effectively to implement collaborative work skills. coherently and highly effectively.
well-organised safe and ethical
investigation procedures.
Obtains, records, and displays
findings of investigations using
appropriate conventions and
formats accurately and highly
effectively.
B Designs well-considered and Clearly and logically analyses Applies chemistry concepts and Demonstrates some depth and
clear chemistry investigations. data and their connections with evidence from investigations to breadth of knowledge and
concepts, to formulate suggest solutions to problems in understanding of a range of
Logically selects and consistent conclusions and new and familiar contexts. chemistry concepts.
appropriately acknowledges make mostly relevant
information about chemistry and predictions. Uses appropriate chemical Uses knowledge of chemistry
issues in chemistry from terms, conventions, formulae, logically to understand and explain
different sources. Logically evaluates procedures and equations effectively. social or environmental issues.
and suggests some appropriate
Manipulates apparatus and improvements. Applies mostly constructive and Uses a variety of formats to
technological tools carefully and focused individual and communicate knowledge and
mostly effectively to implement collaborative work skills. understanding of chemistry
organised safe and ethical coherently and effectively.
investigation procedures.
Obtains, records, and displays
findings of investigations using
appropriate conventions and
formats mostly accurately and
effectively.
C Designs considered and Analyses data and their Applies chemistry concepts and Demonstrates knowledge and
generally clear chemistry connections with concepts, to evidence from investigations to understanding of a general range of
investigations. formulate generally appropriate suggest some solutions to basic chemistry concepts.
conclusions and make simple problems in new or familiar
Selects with some focus, and predictions, with some contexts. Uses knowledge of chemistry with
mostly appropriately relevance. some logic to understand and explain
acknowledges, information Uses generally appropriate one or more social or environmental
about chemistry and issues in Evaluates some procedures in chemical terms, conventions, issues.
chemistry from different chemistry and suggests some formulae, and equations with
sources. improvements that are generally some general effectiveness. Uses different formats to
appropriate. communicate knowledge and
Manipulates apparatus and Applies generally constructive understanding of chemistry with
technological tools generally individual and collaborative work some general effectiveness.
carefully and effectively to skills.
implement safe and ethical
investigation procedures.
Obtains, records, and displays
findings of investigations using
generally appropriate
conventions and formats with
some errors but generally
accurately and effectively.
D Prepares the outline of one or Describes basic connections Applies some evidence to Demonstrates some basic knowledge
more chemistry investigations. between some data and describe some basic problems and partial understanding of
concepts, and attempts to and identify one or more simple chemistry concepts.
Selects and may partly formulate a conclusion and solutions, in familiar contexts.
acknowledge one or more make a simple prediction that Identifies and explains some
sources of information about may be relevant. Attempts to use some chemical chemistry information that is relevant
chemistry or an issue in terms, conventions, formulae, to one or more social or
chemistry. For some procedures, identifies and equations that may be environmental issues.
improvements that may be appropriate.
Uses apparatus and made. Communicates basic information to
technological tools with Attempts individual work others using one or more formats.
inconsistent care and inconsistently, and contributes
effectiveness and attempts to superficially to aspects of
implement safe and ethical collaborative work.
investigation procedures.
Obtains, records, and displays
findings of investigations using
conventions and formats
inconsistently, with occasional
accuracy and effectiveness.
E Identifies a simple procedure for Attempts to connect data with Identifies a basic problem and Demonstrates some limited
a chemistry investigation. concepts, formulate a attempts to identify a solution in recognition and awareness of
conclusion, and make a a familiar context. chemistry concepts.
Identifies a source of prediction.
information about chemistry or Identifies some chemical terms Shows an emerging understanding
an issue in chemistry. Acknowledges the need for or formulae. that some chemistry information is
improvements in one or more relevant to social or environmental
Attempts to use apparatus and procedures. Shows emerging skills in issues.
technological tools with limited individual and collaborative
effectiveness or attention to work. Attempts to communicate information
safe or ethical investigation about chemistry.
procedures.
Attempts to record and display
some descriptive information
about an investigation, with
limited accuracy or
effectiveness.