Digital method for power frequency measurement using

synchronous sampling
P.Petrovic, S.Marjanovic and M.Stevanovic

Abstract: An approach to the design of a digital algorithm for measuring AC values (current,
voltage, phase, power, energy, frequency), based on usage of slow, highly precise and low-cost
analogueidigital converters (dual-slope) is described. Measurements of voltage and current are
performed more than once in a period, so the measured value is reconstructed after n periods. The
algorithm presented is of an adaptive type in accordance with harmonic content of the input signal.
Measurements performed in a real system (electric power system or electrical utilities) in Yugoslavia
indicate that the voltage waveform remains unchanged while the required accuracy is maintained.

List of symbols and terms some requirements associated with the first two steps. First,
the sampling frequency must be higher than the Nyquist
DFT = discrete Fourier transform frequency, which is twice the hlghest frequency of interest.
Nyquist frequency = frequency which is twice the highest A practical problem arises when the sampling frequency is
frequency of interest in the spectrum of the input signal high enough to satisfy the Nyquist theorem but the sam-
E = systematic error in measurement using synchronous pling process is not synchronised with the signal to be proc-
sampling essed.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach
Pq = power of the harmonic q
whch is simple in terms of computational burden and can
t/ = for each be used for a wide range of applications.
inertial value = slowly inchanging value
qmx = maximal harmonic order of signal Table 1: Results obtained by measuring the RMS value of
network voltage
dual-slope AA3 converter = integrating AA3 converter
which uses an integrator connected to a reference voltage Measured RMS Measured RMS
to generate an analogue value which is compared with the Period value wRMs Period value vRMS
input analogue value by a comparator. The time taken for 1 208.137987 21 208.139998
the output ramp of the integrator to reach the input-signal 2 208.138487 22 208.140087
level than gives the binary solution.
3 208.142232 23 208.140004
1 Introduction 4 208.143454 24 208.142377
5 208.123884 25 208.144221
Many applications involve digital processing of periodic 6 208.134556 26 208.145987
signals. For example, both voltage and current in electrical
7 208.144621 27 208.149856
power systems (EPS) are periodic signals containing har-
monic components [6]. There are generally three steps asso- 8 208.150003 28 208.147632
ciated with the digital processing of a signal. First, the 9 208.149987 29 208.149003
signal is uniformly sampled and converted into a discrete 10 208.152134 30 208.152315
sequence. Then, a block of data is constructed by looking 11 208.158745 31 208.153t42
at the sequence for a period of time neglecting everything 208.158744 32 208.154432
12
that happens before and after this period. This period of
time is referred to as the data window or observation inter- 13 208.150076 33 208.150078
val. Finally, digital signal-processing techniques such as the 14 208.148988 34 208.152300
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) are applied to the sam- 15 208.148876 35 208.150234
ples within the data window to obtain the results. There are 16 208.147688 36 208.151288
17 208.148756 37 208.149888
0IEE, 1999 18 208.143326 38 208.151117
IEE Proceedings online no. 19990295
19 208.143124 39 208.152134
DOL 10.1049hpepa:19990295
20 208. I 47844 40 208.152366
Paper received 15th June 1998
P. Petrovic and M. Stevanovic are With the Technical Faculty Cacak, Svetog
Save 65,32000 caotk,Yugoslavia The measuring method suggested in thus paper is based
S. Marjanovic is With the Faculty of Electrid Engineering, P.O. Box 816, on selecting samples of input values in a large number of
11001 &grad Yugoslavia periods in whch the EPS is considered to be inertial, which
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999 383
has been proved by values obtained from measurements of spectrally limited, a systematic error occurs:
RMS values of system voltage (see Table 1). The current
makes t h s system nonlinear because one cannot predict in
advance the type of load in the system being investigated.
However, after a certain number of periods the current can when the mean power is calculated, i.e.
be considered as an inertial variable in a long enough inter-
val in which the observed variables are processed. This has
been proved by simulation. A =znt
- -=znt
The suggested measuring method is classified as a syn-
when effective values are calculated. The size of the error is
chronous-sampling method, which does not introduce any directly determined by the amplitude of the harmonic of
error when measuring sine and spectrally limited complex the signal Pq of instantaneous power, i.e. by amplitudes of
periodic voltage and current signals. It is also the simplest harmonies of the signal Vq (square of voltage) or by ampli-
method from the viewpoint of realising a microcomputer
tudes of harmonics of Iq (square of current), whose order q
block using the simplest algorithm, with a relatively small
is higher than N .
number of samples N in the measuring cycle compared
Synchronous sampling with N samples gives a theoreti-
with other methods. However, nonideal synchronisation of
cally accurate result if the spectrum of current and voltage,
sampling frequency with the frequency of the measuring
i.e. square-of-voltage $(t) or square-of-current i2(t)signals
signal introduces a significant error. Special attention has
are limited by a harmonic with an order lower than N . If
been paid to this problem.
one can assume that v(t) is an ideal sinusoidal and i(t) has
According to the theory of synchronous sampling, N
harmonics to the 20th order, (e.g. 1kHz), the product-of-
samples are taken (current and voltage) in equal time inter-
current and voltage has a maximal harmonic order of 21.
vals. The error made by calculating the measured variable
In t h s case N = 22 samples synchronously taken in a
in this way in the general case when a complex periodic
period are needed for an accurate calculation of Psr. The
measuring signal is used originates from the harmonic of
square-of-current signal i2(t) has harmonics up to the 4th
the instantaneous power signal p ( f )of the N, 2N, 3N etc.
order, so N = 41 samples are needed for accurate calcula-
order when the mean power is calculated, i.e. it originates
tion of the effective current. In these working conditions N
from the harmonic of the square of the voltage signal $(t)
= 50 samples need to be predicted for one period of the
and current i2(t)of the N, 2N, 3N etc. order when the effec-
measuring signal.
tive (RMS) value is calculated.
The system analysed is by its nature inert so it permits
If the spectrum of the instantaneous power p(t) is limited
sampling during several periods of the observed system var-
by the highest harmonic with an order lower than N , syn-
iables. This is why slow, very accurate A/D converters are
chronous sampling gives an accurate result when the mean
used in the proposed measuring system. A 'dual-slope' very
power is calculated from N samples of PAr(N),if the follow-
accurate A/Dconverter was used.
ing equations are used:
.1 N - 1 ~

1
N-I 2 Proposed algorithm
Psr(N) = E p(ti) =-
N
U(ti)i(ti)
i=O i=O A standard dual-slope A/D converter operates with a sam-
m pling frequency between 4 and 96Hz, depending on the
input amplitude. This type of converter with a resolution of
12 bits was used for the development of the digital measur-
ing system described here. Voltage and current from a real
where tiare discrete time instants and to is the starting sam- EPS were used as input variables. In the system described,
pling moment 0 < to < TIN. voltage and current samples were taken at arbitrarily
If the spectrum of signals of the square of the instantane- defined moments:
ous voltage is limited by the highest harmonic with an
order lower than N (which means that the spectrum of the
tdeiay =NT + At
voltage, i.e. the instantaneous signal itself, is limited by the where N is the number of periods between sampling, T is
highest harmonic with an order lower than N/2), synchro- the period of the input voltage and At is the arbitrary delay
nous sampling gives an accurate result when calculating the determined by the delay of elements in the processing cir-
square of the effective value with N samples Vg2(N)using cuit.
the equations
N-1 N-I

171 ' I
lI V V V V V V V
ti = t o +a-
. A
tdeloy
N Fig. 1 Proposed method of sumpling

The same can be applied when calculations are performed
using N samples taken during M periods with a sampling
interval of MTIN, if M and N do not have a common fac-
tor.
A systematic error does not exist when calculating inte-
grals for synchronous sampling with N samples if the sig-
nals p(t), $(t) and i2(t) are spectrally limited, so the
maximal harmonic order is smaller than the number of
samples in one measuring cycle (q,,, < N). If they are not
384
Based on the samples obtained, series U@), i(k) (k = 1, 2,
... n) of voltage and current samples are formed. They per-
mit the reconstruction of measured values in accordance
with Fig. 1. Time-average power is measured according to
the equation
1 *
P =-C*u(k)i(k) (5)
n k=l
where n is an arbitrary number determined by the number
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 146. No. 4, July 1999
of samples needed for a precise reconstruction of the meas-
ured value. The value obtained for time-average power is
compared during the simulation with the time-average
power determined using the definition for mean-time aver-
age power:
r

where Tis the period of the input voltage.

The problem of noise that can occur in a real system, as M
averaging is performed to determine the time-average + I RVI
2, cos(swt + 4s)
power, is not considered important as the average-noise s=l
value is zero. The possible nonlinear distortions in transi-
tion processes do not last very long, so they can be avoided
when the functioning of this wattmeter designed for meas-
uring periodic variables is considered.
After measuring a series of samples, the wattmeter
repeats the same procedure on the next series of the same - COS { (T + s)wt + + +s}]
$T dt
length until it is switched off. (10)
After some mathematical manipulation (see, eqns. 17-38) it
3 Analysis of the proposed algorithm
can be concluded that
When calculation of time-average power is carried out by P = P*
the proposed method, let us assume that the signals of 1
power-system voltage vapl(t) and current iinpu,(t) can be for X = w = 1 0 0 ~T = -
50
represented as a sum of their Fourier components as fol-
lows: A d s 9 w220 (11)
M For a system worlung at 60Hz, the described conditions
vinput = VI + d 5 v R C l ~ Tsin(rwt + $7) = uinput(t) can take the form
r=l 1
M
X= w = 1 2 0 ~T = -
60
1' M i 4 9 , W 2 50
s=l

where o = kfangular frequency, krVRis the RMS voltage

(7) i2" M 5 50,W 2 50
3" M 5 24,W 2 50
(12)
value of the rth harmonic, ZJR is the RMS current value of Derived conditions have been assuming that delay is A =
the sth harmonic, q,and GS are the phase angles of the rth lk3s, but apart from this they are of general type. They
and sth harmonic of voltage and current, and VIand IIare define the number of harmonics M needed for accurate
the average input voltage and current, respectively. processing of time-average power according to proposed
Time-average power is calculated using the following algorithm, as well as the number of samples W, both of
expression, whde the processed power is defined as p* in voltage and current, needed to satisfy eqn. 9.
accordance with the suggested measuring method:
To confirm that t h s mathematical proof is of general
T
type, if it is assumed that the input signal is of general har-
monic content, then it can be written as follows:
M M
a, sin(nwt + gn) + b, cos(nwt + +),
n= 1 n= 1

j=1
M
= 1c, sin(nwt + G, + 6,)
n=l
(13)
It should now be proved that
while e, = d(an2+ bn2)and cose, = an/d(an2+ bn3, sine, =
P* = P (9) b,/d(an2 + bn2),by whch same form of the input signal
Start with the following expressions: already considered is obtained.
For the case where the assumed input signal is described
in the following order:
M M

f M
a, sin(nwt + $,) + b, cos(nwt + &) (14)
n=l n=l
if the following abbreviations are introduced
(a, cos $, - b, sin &) = a,
(an sin 11% + b, cos &) =3
/,
(15)
ZEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Val 144, No. 4, July 1999 385
it follows that
( a , cos,$I - b, sin $), sin wt
+ +
(a, sin t,hn b, cos &) cos wt
= a, sin wt + pn cos w t
=& m s i n ( w t + 7,)
(16)
while cosy, = uJd(un2+ p?), siny,, = p,,ld(un2 + /32),
by
which eqn. 14 comes to known form.
Finally, it can be concluded that the suggested method
gives very accurate results when measuring time-average
power, so it can be accepted as reliable regardless of the
harmonic content of the input signal, and this method can
be defined in the form of an adaptive algorithm. The sug-
gested method of processing AC values in EPS theoretically
gives an absolutely accurate method of measurement, if the
observed system can be considered stationary over a long
enough period of time, as proved by later measurements
(Table 1).
4 Simulation results and results of measuring in
real environment
The proposed measurement concept has been tested using a
special simulation program, whch is written in C++, and
the results obtained are almost the same as those obtained
using the definitions.
The proposed concept for measuring RMS values of cur-
rent, voltage and power can be classified as a synchronous
method. The required synchronisation is obtained by soft-
ware measurement of the frequency of the measuring signal
allowing generation of a samphg signal by a microproces-
sor. A null detector is connected to one input of the micro-
controller and the frequency of the input signal is
measured. The mierocontroller generates sampling intervals
and, based on sampling values of the measured signal, cal-
culates the mean power or RMS value. Accuracy withn
0.01% of the output value has been reached in the range
from 0 to 1kHz.
Based on the sampling theorem (Heaviside’s angle), it
follows that obtaining a correct discrete spectrum requires
samples with the frequency
wsamplzng 2 2Whzgh
That is much higher than the operating frequency of a
dual-slope converter. However, as the results (Table 1)
prove, this measuring method based on a slow but very
precise converter gives quite good results. An explanation
must be sought in the fact that, although sampling with a
specific frequency (4-96Hz) does not render a correct
reconstruction of a complex periodic signal, a sufficient
number of samples over a relatively long time interval
(from the viewpoint of fast processing units) permits accu-
rate enough calculation of the required RMS voltage using
the equation defined above.
A measuring board was specially designed for measuring
voltage and current (and thus active power) in an electric
power system to test the proposed concept of measuring
active power based on the use of slow, but very precise
dual-slope A/D converters. The block scheme of the pro-
posed model is given in Fig. 2.
The basic board contains a 16-bit A D converter. It ena-
bles sampling, analogue-to-digital conversion and antialias-
ing, generating 16-bit values in a serial form for both right
and left input signals. Words can appear at the output with
a speed greater than 5OkHz per channel. This A/D con-
386
verter uses delta-sigma modulation with 64 x oversam-
pling, including digital fdtering and decimation, and thus
eliminating the need for external antialiasing filtering.
with tronsformer
microcontrolter
r
1,
dotof’ ’
1
I / R SCLKDCAL DPD
v h I v
-12v_j n
SDATA- A/D c o n v e r t e r
FSYNC
(16 bits1
Fig.2 Block schematic of proposed model
As ths converter is primanly used for measuring audio
signals in real conditions (such as the observed electric
power system), it certainly cannot provide the required 16-
bit accuracy. One can expect an accuracy of 14 bits (per-
haps only 12 bits) for reasons that will be described later.
The deviation of the effective voltage from period to
period was tested experimentally with the purpose of esti-
mating voltage variation and also the values of active
power whch were calculated for several different samples
(i.e. periods of input alternating voltage). Such measure-
ments can confirm inertia of the electric power system
which is by nature very slow (it is well known that in the
Yugoslav system the hydroelectric power stations at Djer-
dap and Bajina Basta have the fastest response and they
need at least 15 minutes to change their worlung regime, so
it is clear what type of system is analysed).
The results obtained by measuring the effective value of
system voltage from period to period are given in Table 1.
Note that data from two consecutive periods of input volt-
age are stored in the internal RAM of the experimental
board and then the collected data set is transferred using a
serial connection to a PC. Communication between the
experimental board and the PC is controlled by a micro-
controller (Motorola 68HC11). After ths, the following
input (measured) voltage signal can be processed, so the
group of four consecutive effective voltage values should be
considered as four consecutive periods of system voltage.
Thus, this experiment conEirms that the system is inertial,
as all presented values were obtained within 10 min, which
was the time needed to collect all samples given in Table 1.
A lowpass filter with band frequency of 450-500Hz was
added to the previously developed board for measuring
RMS system voltage to increase the measuring accuracy by
noise attenuation. The filter is active and was checked using
the SPICE programming package before installation.
Measurements were performed using 40 consecutive peri-
ods of system voltage.
Analysis of the results shows that the largest variation
during data collection is 0.01%, so the observed system can
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
justifiably be considered inertial. For this reason the sug-
gested measuring concept using slow A/Dconverters per-
mits the development of very precise instruments.
The input analogue voltage must be maintained at the
maximum permitted level of ir5V using precise laser-
trimmed resistors so that the A/D convertor retains the
required accuracy (of 16 bits).
The type of load was changed (and thus the current form
in the system) during simulation. Investigations were per-
formed to estimate the error made when calculating the
effective value of the sinusoidal signal (i.e. the signal
obtained through the acquisition board), depending on the
relative error made when determining the sampling inter-
val, with a fKed number of samples (896 samples in 86ms)
and the defined starting phase. It was determined that the
error is almost a linear function of the error made when
determining the sampling period, while the error made
when determining the sampling period is in the range of
-.OS%, required for this technique of digital processing of
system voltage. Outside t h s range the error is too high. In
addition, the phases for whch the error was a maximum
and its value were calculated (using the derivative of the
error function). In this case the error (for the defined
number of samples and including the error made when
determining the sampling period) is a simple periodic func-
tion of the starting phase, and for some values it is zero.
For example, for the starting phase of 91.8" and period
determination error of 0.001%, the error made when calcu-
lating the effective value is 19.01parts in lo6. However, cal-
culation of the sampling period in the present case will be
performed much more accurately (due to hardware
resources and software adaptions), so these errors become
practically unnoticeable (irrelevant). This guarantees high
accuracy of the proposed digital wattmeter and its use as a
standard measuring instrument in the electric power sys-
tem. The analysis described can be simulated for a complex
periodic input (voltage) signal.
The errors that must be taken into account for this
experimental model are the errors introduced into every
bond on the board, which are in the range IO-IOOpV when
standard soldering is used. T h s can be avoided if gold plat-
ing is used (evaporation), for which the error is equalised.
T h ~ sprocedure reduces the error by two orders. Another
problem is temperature swing, whch is of the same order
and reduces the measuring resolution by two bits. Thus, in
the standard measuring device the resolution of the AiD
converter cannot be hgher than 14 bits. Even this resolu-
tion is hgh enough for verification of the proposed
method, as all currently used digital wattmeters is based on
fast 'flash' AiD converters with much lower resolutions. A
possible solution to the temperature-swing problem is ther-
mostatic control of the measuring board, whch would
completely eliminate this error. The system transformer
also introduces a certain measuring error due to the
unknown (exact) measuring ratio, which needs to be veri-
fied by a special procedure (described in the following text)
and there is also the error that occurs due to scaling of fac-
tors of the resistor circuit which adapts the system voltage
to the measuring region of the A/D converter. All these fac-
tors reduce the resolution of the A/D converter to 'only' 12
bits.
The base of the IC circuit also introduces an error of
about lO-lOOpV, due to the imperfection of the connec-
tion. This can be corrected by direct soldering of compo-
nents to the board. In addition, it is necessary to adapt the
material used for the base of the integrated component to
the material of which the board to which the component is
ZEE Pioc -Elreti Power A&. Vol 144, No 4, July 1999
soldered is made, so that a parasitic thermoelement does
not appear and cause temperature swing. This means that
the base should be made of the same material as the board.
The cables used for transmission of the measured voltage
(and current) to the measuring board must have a cross-
section greater than that normally used for the specified
current and voltage, so that possible disturbances, introduc-
ing errors in further processing, can be eliminated.
All these problems with the experimental board were
solved by additional predesign of the board and determina-
tion of the scale of factors of the whole system (transmis-
sion ratio of the system transformer plus the transmission
ratio of resistors used for scaling the system voltage) using
test signals and measuring the response of the system on a
very accurate logical analyser.
In the existing electric power system, the system fre-
quency swings in the range of 49-51 Hz (allowed by existing
regulations). In the present case it is even a little higher
(48-52Hz). This can certainly influence the accuracy of the
proposed measuring concept to a certain degree, owing to
the error in determination of the sampling period. Because
of the approximation of the sine function with sinx &sime;
x close to zero it can even be 2%, which is why its detection
must be very reliable. When the period is read using an
internal counter in the microprocessor, a comparator for
sine-null detection is required. The cheapest comparators
have a detection rate of 5OVJp.s. As the system voltage is
scaled to about 5V on the board (ratio of 1:60), this com-
parator triggers at about 2.5mV, so the error it introduces
is about 20ns. This error can be ignored, as there is no
error accumulation. The accuracy of period reading then
depends only on the processing power of the microproces-
sor.
The processing demands described above can be satisfied
using a great range of low-cost microprocessors. They are
also capable of carrying out DFT to detect harmonic con-
tent of an input signal, automatically adjusting the algo-
rithm to the real conditions in EPS.
5 Conclusions
A new design of digital measuring system for measuring
basic parameters of EPS has been described. The proposed
algorithm is suitable for on-line measurements and is char-
acterised by a low computational burden, in comparison
with algorithms described in [7, I]. It is shown by computer
simulation and measurements on a real system that the
proposed algorithm is capable of offering a high level of
accuracy in processing AC values. Voltage measurement on
the system shows that it is inertial, so the error made when
sampling during several periods (rather than in one period)
is below the value required for class 01 instruments. High
accuracy of measurements at high harmonic content of
input signals (voltage and current) is obtained. The pro-
posed method of processing AC values in electric utilities
theoretically gives absolutely accurate results of measure-
ment, provided that the observed system can be considered
stationary over a long enough period of time, as proved by
measurements (Table 1). The necessary synchronisation is
reached by software measurements of the frequency of the
measured signal and generation of signals for microproces-
sor sampling. T h s gives an opportunity for development of
a measuring system with very simple and low-cost hard-
ware, as opposed to the hghly sophisticated and expensive
hardware described in [5].The algorithm is of an adaptable
type and depends on the harmonic content of the input sig-
nal and the network frequency (50 or 6OHz). An accuracy
withn 0.01% has been attained.
387
6 References
x [sin { ( r + s ) 2 r + + cpS} - sin(+r +
$T $s)]
1 KEzuNovIC, M., SOWANIN, E., PERUNICIC, B., and
LEVI, S.: ‘New approach to the design of digital algorithms for elec- =O
tric power measurements’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1991, 6, (2). pp.
516-523 + A43 = 0
2 HOPE, G.S., MALIK, O.P., and CHANG, J.: ‘Microprocessor-based M
active and reactive power measurement’, J. Electr. Pwr. Energy Syst.,
3
1981,3, (2), pp. 75-83
TURGEL, R.S.: ‘Digital wattmeter using a sampling method’, IEEE
*P IIVI + IRVR krlr cos(gr - + r )
r=l
Trans, 1974, IM-23,pp. 337-341
4 SRINNASAN, K.: ‘Errors in digital measqement of voltage, active (20)
and reactive powers and an on-line correchon for frequency drift’, The final expression (eqn. 20) defines .the power based on
IEEE Tram. Power Deliv., 1987, PWRD-2, (l), pp. 72-75
5 TOIVONEN, L., and MORSKY, J.: ‘Digital multirate algorithms for the definition including the harmonic voltage and current
measurement of voltage, current, power and flicker’, IEEE Trans. content. On the other hand,
Power Deliv., 1995, 10, (1)
.
6

7
XI, J., and CHICHARO, J.F.: ‘A new algorithm for improving the
accuracy of periodic signal analysis’, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..
1996,45, pp. 827-831
MARGANITZ, A.: ‘Power measurement of periodic current and volt-
P* = ’c
W
w r
/VI

age by digital signal processing’, Em. Trans. Electr. Pwr. Eng., 1992,2,
(2), pp. 117-123

7 Appendix
If the following abbreviations are introduced in eqn. 10:
A1 = IIVI L s=l J
M = IIVI
~ I I V R kr
=-
T
- {cos+r cos(2rn
rw
+ +r)]
r=l

AIRvI I
A3 = - {cos$, - cos(2s7r + r&)}
T s=l sw

W
x + A) +
[cos { ( r - s ) w j ( N T +r - (bS}
j=1

- cos { ( r+ s ) w j ( +~ A)~ + + +r +s}]

(211
Introducing the expression
W
131 = sin { S W ~ ( N T + A) + cbS}
j=1

-t- sin q~ cos { s w j ( ~ A)}]

~ +
M M
1 1 = cos rPsC2 + sin CpSC1 (22)
=~IRVR
A41
r=l s=l
r#skrzs-
(r + s>w while
W
c, = cos { s w j ( N T + A)}
j=1
W
~2 = C sin { s w j ( +~ A>>~
j=1

(23)
It follows that
W
A43 = --IRVR
T
1
C kTls-( r + s)w 1
cl + i ~ =z C exp { s ~ ~ ( +N ~T ) i }
r=l s=l j=1

388 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
 S7T
sin-W = 0 + W 2 20
20

Then

..
{swi(NT + A)W} - 1 s=l
= exp {swi(NT + A)} exp
exp {swi(NT + A)} - 1 vs
= exp {swi(NT + A))
22 exp { y ( N T + A)W} sin y ( N T + A)W r=l
X
2iexp{~(~~+A)}sin~(~T+A) vs
+
sin 7 ( N T A) W
+
sin y ( N T A)

c1 = cos -(NT
2
sw
+ A),(W + 1)sinsinyy( (NNTT++A)W
A)

C2
2
sw
= sin -(NT + X)(W + 1)sinsin7y ((NNTT++A)W
A)
(24)
i.e. M M
I

I RVR
B: = - 7 k,l,
c1 = cos { (W + 1) + %)}
W r=l
W
s=l

X
sin w ( S N T + +) x Ccos{(r-s)wj(NT+X)+$,-+,}
sin ( S N I T + +) j=1

= cos(W 3- 1)SNT cos

{ (W + 1 ) y
swA 1 B~ = c
W

3=1
[ +
cos { ( r - s ) w j ( ~A)~ + $r - +,I]

cos W S N I T
sin W
X
cos S N I Tsin = cos(& - &) cos {(?-- s)wj(NT + A)}
j=1
- (_1)(W+I)SN W
(-1)"N - sin(+, - +s) sin { ( r - S ) W ~ ( N T + A))
X
COS(W + 1)+sin J=1
sin SWX
2
- cos { (W + I)+} sin
-
9
sin Introducing the following short form,
W
(25) c
3 = C c o s { ( r- s ) w j ( N T + A)}
j=1
W
= cos@ - s)wjA
X
sin w (SNIT + y) j= 1
sin ( s ~ +n9 )

- sin { (W + I)+} sin

-
sin +
(26) it is found that
To be able to equate the definition and the processed sig- W
nal,it can be noticed that ~3 +i ~ =4 exp{(r - s ) w j ~ i }
SWA SWAW j=1
sin-
2
#0 sin-
2
=o (15VsSM) W

w =~OOT A=
SIT
sin - # o jM 5 19 = [exp{(r - s ) w ~ i } l j
20 j=1

IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999 389
 W
= cos { ( r + s ) w j A + +ds}
$T
3=1

exp{(r - s)wAiW} - 1 W
= exp{ ( r - s ) w X i }
exp{ ( r - s ) w A i } - 1 = cos($,, + 4,) +
cos(?- s ) w j A
2i exp{ ( r - s ) w X W z )sir ( r - s p X W 3=1
2 W
= exp{(r - s ) w X i }
2i exp{ k+EG Isin k.$t.?! - sin($,, + #s) sin(r +s ) w j ~
(w + l)i} sin
j=1
= exp
{ -z?wA sin (r-;)wX = COS(&- + 4s)Cs - sin($,, + &)C,
(35)
(33)
To obtain complete equality of the proposed method and and introducing the abbreviations
the definition, it is necessary that W
r-s CS = cos(r + s ) w j ~
A = 1 0 - ~ w = IOOT sin -7r # 0, (T # s )
20 3=1
( r - s)W W
M 5 20 sin T W 2 20 + B: = 0 = C sin(r + s ) w j ~
20 ~6
(34) 3=1
Taking into account that
(36)
M M
B 3* -- -- it follows that
W

To attain equality it is necessary that

r+s
A = 1 0 - ~ w = 100n sin-T#~ M 59
20
sin
(r + s)wAW
= sin
(7- s )w7r +
*w>20
2 20
(38)

390 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999