Exterior Coatings - A Paint Guide To Your Next Exterior Painting Project - Dunn Edwards

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Exterior Coatings: A Paint Guide to your Next Exterior Painting Project
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The American Institute of Architects

Course No. AEC1611
This program qualifies for 1.5 LU/Elective Hours
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose:
The durability of an exterior coating is influenced by many factors. A review of these factors is presented in this course,
along with discussions on paint composition, the proper preparation and maintenance of paint on various substrates,
and the factors that should be considered when planning a painting project, including regional influences, surroundings,
and architectural styles.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• list the factors that prevent weathering and influence the performance and durability an exterior coating
• state the preparation and maintenance considerations that increase the longevity of a painting project
• evaluate the composition of a paint and how it will affect quality in order to determine the best product for a given
application, and
• discuss trending color options for exterior applications as well as the regional, climatic, and architectural factors that
contribute to color selection.

Contents
Factors That Affect Paint Durability
Proper Preparation, Painting, and Maintenance
Paint Composition: Indicators of Quality
Technical Bulletins
Color Considerations
Case Studies
Summary

Factors That Affect Paint Durability

What Are Exterior Coatings?
Exterior coatings are formulated and recommended

for use in conditions exposed to the elements.
Exterior paints and finishes must be able to
withstand punishing weather and day-to-day
outdoor conditions to prevent weathering and
maintain their original appearance.
This course begins with a discussion of the factors

and conditions that affect the durability of exterior
coatings.

Reasons for Repainting Substrates
Typically, coatings are applied to protect

or beautify the substrate.
Listed below are a few examples of why

substrates are generally repainted.
• Color retention
• Gloss retention
• Mildew
• Corrosion
• Dirt pickup
• Alkali burnout
• Chalking/binder degradation
• Cracking/flaking/loss of adhesion
• Efflorescence

Factors That Influence Durability
The exterior durability or life of an exterior coating is

influenced by many factors:
• Formulation
• Exposure direction/angle
• Application
• Environmental conditions
The reality is not all exterior coatings are created equal. The
formulation of a coating plays a significant role in how
durable it is or how long it will last. Aside from formulation,
the other factors shown here can influence a coating’s
longevity just as much; this is why the same coating can
perform differently from one project to the next.
A discussion of these factors is presented in subsequent

slides, beginning with formulation.

Formulation
The formulation is critical in determining the

overall properties and potential durability of a
coating. Therefore, resin, volume solids,
colorants, and the pigment volume
concentration (PVC) of the system are all
factors that paint manufacturers evaluate to
optimize a coating.
PVC is the ratio of volume of pigment to the

total volume binder (nonvolatile) material in
the coating.
Coatings with a lower PVC ratio are typically

better performing than higher PVC ratio
coatings.
Note that most paint manufacturers do not

provide the PVC of their coatings on their
product data sheets.

Exposure Direction / Angle
Some exposure directions are more severe than others, meaning that certain directions may be exposed to more
moisture and UV from sunlight than others. For example, a south-facing wall will get more UV sunlight than a north-
facing wall. In this case, when the coating starts to weather from UV, it will happen on the south-facing wall prior to the
north-facing wall.
Also, there can be differences in durability on the same exposure direction but at different angles. For example, a south-
facing horizontal product may weather faster than a south-facing vertical product as the south-facing horizontal surface
can have greater exposure to moisture, dirt, and other debris. These conditions can accelerate the weathering of the
coating, assuming all other conditions are the same (e.g., substrate, surface preparation, primer used, film thickness).

Exposure Direction: Color Retention
These illustrations emphasize the differences in color retention for the same coating on southern yellow pine (SYP) due
to the different exposure angles in Phoenix, Arizona, and Los Angeles, California.

Angle: Gloss Retention
Shown here are the variances in

gloss retention for three different
systems on a southern 45-degree
angle exposure after 18 months.
The one on the left shows poor

gloss retention, while the middle
image shows both poor gloss and
poor chalking resistance. The
example on the right has very
good gloss retention and chalking
resistance.

Application
The application of a coating is also a key contributor in determining its overall performance. A premium coating that is
applied incorrectly will not perform to its potential. Factors that must be considered are the substrate and its condition;
whether a substrate-specific primer was used; the number of coats of primer and topcoat applied; and the thickness at
which both the primer coats and topcoats were applied. All these elements have a huge role in how long a coating can
last.

Application: Importance of Appropriate Primer
These images demonstrate the differences in the performance of the coating due to the use of a good-quality,
substrate-appropriate primer to extend the life of the topcoat. In the examples, the panels on the left were properly
primed, while the ones on the right did not use a primer. Note that the substrate was southern yellow pine (SYP).

Environmental Conditions
The environmental conditions that a coating is exposed to throughout its life will determine its life span. Factors such as
moisture, temperature, and total UV exposure can dictate the speed at which a coating will degrade.
This photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Importance of Alkali Resistance
Fresh masonry is likely to contain lime, which is very alkaline (pH

greater than 9). If the masonry is not allowed to cure properly, the
alkalinity of the surface can attack the integrity of the paint film,
causing color loss and overall deterioration of the film. These
masonry panels demonstrate the difference in the performance of a
coating due to the use of an appropriate primer to extend the life of
the topcoat.
The top image shows the masonry panel before UV exposure with
the wrong primer on the left, the correct primer on the right, and no
primer on the entire bottom section. After 72 hours of UV exposure,
you can see that the correct primer selection will help protect the
topcoat from premature color and resin burnout.
The image on the bottom shows excellent alkali resistance on the

right where the correct primer was used compared to the poor
performance of the left section (wrong primer used) and the lower
section (no primer used).

Importance of Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion-resistant coatings protect metal components

against degradation due to moisture, salt spray, oxidation,
or other chemical compounds. Anticorrosion coatings
allow for added protection of metal surfaces and act as a
barrier to inhibit the contact between chemical compounds
or corrosive materials. Coatings with anticorrosive
properties ensure metal components have the longest
possible life span.
These photos demonstrate the differences in the

performance of the coating due to the use of the correct
primer and the recommended dry film thickness (DFT,
upper and lower panels shown on the right).
The panels on the left show the panel without primer

where the coating was underapplied, resulting in incorrect
film thickness and poor performance.
DTM=direct to metal

Importance of Efflorescence Resistance
Efflorescence is caused by crystalline deposits of salts that form

when moisture is present in or on a cementitious substrate like
concrete, stone, stucco, and brick. It causes these soluble salts to
migrate to the surface by the leaching and evaporating action of
water.
This image demonstrates the disparities in the performance of a

coating due to the use of a lower-quality product on the right
compared to a higher-quality product on the left.
The top panel (1 coat) versus the bottom panel (2 coats) on each
picture illustrates the impact that the final dry film thickness can
have on the coating’s ability to resist efflorescence.

Importance of Mildew Resistance
Mildew is a fungus (mold) that grows on many exterior Mildew Resistance after 21 Months’ Exposure
painted surfaces, as well as on interior bathroom walls
and other humid or poorly ventilated interior areas. If not
corrected, mildew will continue eating away the existing
paint, causing eventual paint failure in the affected areas.
There is no way to absolutely prevent mildew growth;
however, it may be controlled if proper precautions and
recommendations are followed.
The panel shows the importance of using a good-quality

coating with the appropriate mildewcide to resist the
growth of mildew. Notice the sample on the left is clean
with no signs of mildew, while the sample on the right is
covered in mildew.
It is important to note that the exposure angle and

weather conditions play a large part in how long a coating
will last before showing signs of mildew on the paint film.

Review Question
What are the four factors that

influence the durability of an
exterior coating?

Answer
The four factors that affect

durability:
• Formulation
• Exposure direction/angle
• Application
• Environmental conditions

Proper Preparation, Painting, and Maintenance

Assessing Exterior Conditions
In this next section, we review other factors that

should be considered when selecting exterior
coatings, including site conditions and the
intended project use.
Following those topics, we look at the proper

preparation and maintenance factors that increase
the performance and longevity of a painting
project.

Site Conditions: Weather and Climate
Below are some weather and climate issues

related to site conditions to be aware of
when choosing exterior coatings.
• Southwest desert: sun, dirt, wind erosion

• Southern coastal: sun, sand, ocean salt
air, wind erosion
• Northern coastal: rain, fog, ice, ocean
salt air, wind erosion
• Mountain: snow, ice, fog, rain, dirt
• Prairie and farmland: sun, dirt, rain, wind
erosion

Intended Project Use
What home type or building is being painted? The typical life span of an exterior
painting project really depends on the project’s intended use and products used
on the jobsite.
• Residential
• Single family: premium product lines and personal color choices
• Multifamily: contractor and midlevel product lines—many of these
communities are governed by homeowner associations (HOA), which
will dictate color palettes
• Commercial
• Office/retail/malls/restaurants/hotels: development companies, city
planners, and architecture and/or design firms control many product
and color decisions
• Small business: depending on whether its individually owned or
controlled by lease, both business owners and building owners will
have control over product and color decisions

Proper Preparation
Proper preparation and maintenance

are keys to increasing the longevity of
a painting project. Otherwise, the paint
will deteriorate and compromise the
aesthetics of the exterior of the
building.
Next, we look at:

• what causes paint to deteriorate
• the necessity of priming, and
• the importance of proper
maintenance.

What Causes Paint to Deteriorate?
The main cause of paint film deterioration is the degradation of several components,
including the binder and certain pigments. This is caused by the formation of free
radicals, or molecules, that generate in the paint film from prolonged exposure to UV
light (sunlight), moisture, and freeze‒thaw cycles.
Free radicals are highly reactive and either form or break down chemical bonds in
substances.
In the case of paint durability, free radicals actually damage the film. As the exposure
persists, the free radicals continue to be produced and accelerate film deterioration.
This process is very similar to how skin ages. Skin contains free radicals that, when
exposed to years of sunlight, will show signs of aging, including wrinkling, peeling,
sunspots, and overall dryness.

How Do You Know When It Is Time to Repaint?
Change in appearance is the first indication that the paint film is deteriorating. The
early indicators are loss of gloss, loss of color, or increased chalkiness. There are
analytical ways to measure gloss and color change on smooth surfaces, but it is
much more challenging, if not impossible, on textured surfaces.
In most cases, if the color or sheen of a painted surface starts to look different, it
may be time to consider repainting. If ignored, substrate damage may result as the
protective properties of the paint erode.
A best practice is to inspect the exterior surfaces annually and maintenance-paint or

repair any problem areas in order to prolong the paint life span of the entire project.
When deciding on a paint, it is best to use the highest quality exterior paint in order
to achieve the longest life span. Paying $5 more per gallon for quality paint is
actually less costly to the building owner because of increased paint life.

Why Does One Paint Last Longer Than Another?
Not all paints are created equal. The binder type, pigment choice, and
other formulation variables determine the ultimate life span and
durability of paint. There are varying degrees of quality in the resin and
pigment choices, just as there are varying degrees of quality in paint
choices. The saying “you get what you pay for” applies to paints
probably more than to any other building material. Some paint
manufacturers choose to formulate using a 100% acrylic resin that
may not have all the performance qualities associated with those kinds
of resins.
There are low-cost acrylics available that may not have the important
monomers for adhesion, gloss retention, or alkali resistance. Using
these types of resins lowers manufacturing costs but increases the
cost to the building owner through inferior quality and more frequent
repainting.

The Importance of Priming
To get professional results, prime first. It is an industry best practice to

properly prime the surface before applying the paint. Priming helps
seal in stains, creates a smoother, more even finish, and ensures
superior adhesion between the topcoat and the surface you’re
painting.
Priming is also recommended when you want to cover a dark-colored

surface with a light-colored paint. Priming the surface to make it white
or tinted to the color of the new paint will ensure the dark color does
not show through.

Variety of Primers
There are many varieties of primers suited for a particular substrate

(e.g., drywall, metal, concrete) or to address a particular issue (e.g.,
cover stains, prevent tannin bleeding and mildew growth).
New drywall, for instance, is very porous and will soak up the paint if it
is not primed first. The primer works to fill in the pores, thereby
reducing the number of coats of paint needed.
If painting a metal fence, using a metal primer will protect against rust
and serve as a strong foundation for subsequent coatings.

Comparison of Topcoats with and without Primer
For exterior paints, failing to prime can

result in any number of problems,
including cracking, flaking, peeling,
blistering, mildew, stain bleed-through,
chalking, and fading.
Testing done at the Paint Quality Institute,

an independent industry research group,
shows that even one coat of topcoat over
a properly primed surface will outperform
two coats of topcoat applied directly to
wood.

Comparison of Topcoats with and without Primer
A quality paint job requires two coats for better durability and coverage. The test panels here demonstrate that a primer
with one topcoat will outperform two topcoats with no primer.
Priming is often a step that is overlooked; doing so results in increased costs from having to fix paint failures or repaint
earlier. Choosing and applying the right type of primer will ensure long-lasting, professional results.

The Importance of Proper Maintenance
Washing dirt from painted walls before it accumulates

not only improves their appearance, but it also reduces
the chance of the dirt becoming permanently embedded
in the paint film.
It is important to remove obstacles that may trap dirt,

debris, plant growth, and water against a home or
building that increase the probability of paint and
substrate damage.
Under ideal conditions, it is recommended that newly

painted surfaces be allowed to dry for a minimum of two
weeks prior to washing or cleaning. The dry times of
paints can vary based on temperature, humidity, and
thickness of the paint film applied. Allowing the coating to
dry thoroughly provides for maximum durability and
protection of the substrate.

Below are the recommended procedures when cleaning

or maintaining painted exterior surfaces.
Prior to using a cleaner:

• Read and understand all label instructions, as some
cleaners are designed for pressure washer
application.
• Ensure that you are using the appropriate cleaner.
• Do not mix cleaning solutions containing bleach or
ammonia.
• Using abrasive cleaners may damage the paint film,
so use them carefully.
• Cleaners containing bleach or bleach-type solutions
may damage or discolor paint film. The use of a
cleaner containing no bleach is recommended.

Instructions for concentrate, liquid, or dry cleaners:

• Read all label instructions thoroughly.
• Follow instructions for mixing or diluting cleaner (strength of solution
may be adjusted depending on type of soil).
• Test/spray the cleaner in a small and inconspicuous area prior to use
on entire surface.
• Use a damp cloth or sponge to remove surface dirt, marks, and
stains, and remove any excess cleaner (depending on what you are
attempting to remove, some scrubbing may be necessary).
• Never allow the cleaner to dry on the surface.
• Rinse the surface thoroughly.
• Repeat as needed to clean surface.

Review Question
How long should newly painted

surfaces be allowed to dry
before washing or cleaning?

Answer
Under ideal conditions, it is

recommended that newly
painted surfaces be allowed to
dry for a minimum of two weeks
prior to washing or cleaning.
The dry times of paints can vary
based on temperature,
humidity, and thickness of the
paint film applied. Allowing the
coating to dry thoroughly
provides for maximum durability
and protection of the substrate.

Surface Preparation and Painting Tips
Next, we review the

surface preparation and
painting tips for the
following substrates.
• Clear finish woods

• Painted wood and
plywood
• Hardboard masonite
• Ferrous metal
• Nonferrous metal
• Brick/concrete/poure
d-in-place stucco
• Concrete tilt-up

Clear Finish Woods / Applications: Entry Doors and Frames
Surface preparation:
• On previously varnished surfaces: Power wash, scrape, sand, patch, and prime exposed areas.
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface of “tooth” for better adhesion.
• Mask and protect areas not being painted.
• Surfaces must be dry and free of dirt, sanding dust, grease, oils, wax, mildew, and other contaminants.
• Sand in between coats of spar varnish with fine sandpaper.
Painting tips:
• Do not paint in direct sunlight.
• Apply finish to all sides of doors to prevent water intrusion.
• Always hand-stir clear finishes; do not shake.
• Avoid overbrushing clear finishes to prevent bubbles in the finish.
• Allow adequate dry time before closing doors.
• Use best-quality, pure china bristle brushes with varnish or polyurethane.
• Prewet brushes and rollers with the appropriate solvent to improve paint application.
• Keep oil-based paints away from heat, sparks, and open flame.

Plywood
Surface preparation: APPLICATIONS

• On previously painted surfaces: Power wash, scrape,
Balconies & Decks Fascia
sand, patch, and prime exposed areas.
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface Benches Garage Doors & Door Jambs
or “tooth” for better adhesion. Building & Address Numbers Gazebos & Patio Covers
• Mask and protect all areas not being painted.
Buildings & Houses Leasing Offices
• Surface must be dry and free of dirt, grease, and oil.
• Fill and caulk all voids, seams, and joints. Clubhouses & Pool Houses Overhangs & Soffits
Detached Garages Perimeter Walls
Entry Doors & Frames T1-11 Siding
Entry Kiosks & Mailbox Kiosks

Plywood
Painting tips:
• Apply one or two coats of stain-blocking primer over cedar, redwood, and other types of wood with high tannin
content.
• Siding: Use a roller cover to apply paint to siding. Roll the cover horizontally or vertically depending on how the
siding is installed. Paint a five- to six-foot section on three to four siding pieces. Next, lay-off the painted section with
a brush. Then, move to the next section and repeat the process. Be sure to maintain a wet edge so the finish looks
smooth and uniform.
• T1-11 siding: Use a long-nap roller to ensure paint is worked into the wood surface. If paint is sprayed onto the
surface, backrolling is recommended.
• Airless spraying is more effective for large areas, but be sure to protect surrounding surfaces from overspray in
windy conditions.
• Prewet brushes and rollers in the appropriate solvent to improve paint application.

Hardboard Masonite: Siding
Surface preparation:
• On previously painted surfaces: Power wash, scrape, sand, patch, and prime exposed areas.
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface or “tooth” for better adhesion.
• Mask and protect all areas not being painted.
• Fill and caulk all voids, seams, and joints.
Painting tips:
• Use a synthetic wood and composition board primer.
• Prewet brushes and rollers in the appropriate solvent to improve paint application.
• Use a roller cover to apply paint to siding. Roll the cover horizontally or vertically depending on how the siding is
installed.
• Paint a five- to six-foot section on three to four siding pieces. Next, lay-off the painted section with a brush. Then,
move to the next section and repeat the process. Be sure to maintain a wet edge so finish looks smooth and uniform.
windy conditions.

Ferrous Metal

• Inspect metal for corrosion or rust.
Benches Light Fixtures
• On previously painted surfaces: Power wash to
remove grease, oil, mildew, and other contaminants. Building & Address Numbers Mailboxes
• Scrape and sand smooth all rusted, peeled, or Entry Doors & Frames Monument Signs
blistered areas.
Entry Kiosks Perimeter Walls
• Remove heavy rust deposits with a wire brush or
power sander. Fire Hydrants Stairwell Supports & Frames
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface Handrails Window & Door Frames
or “tooth” for better adhesion.
• Remove all hardware if necessary.

Ferrous Metal
Painting tips:
• Avoid painting metal surfaces in direct sunlight to prevent lap or brush marks and heat blisters.
• Prime immediately after surface preparation.
• Keep moisture from contacting unpainted surfaces to prevent flash rusting.
• Use a corrosion-inhibiting primer on bare metal surfaces.
• Spot prime severely rusted areas with a rust neutralizer for added corrosion resistance.
• Use a nonblocking acrylic paint.
• Paint within the ideal temperatures of 50° to 90° F.
• Allow adequate dry time before closing doors.

Nonferrous Metal (Galvanized and Aluminum)

• Inspect metal for corrosion.
Benches Light Fixtures
• Previously painted surfaces: Power wash, scrape, sand,
patch, and prime exposed areas. Building & Address Numbers Mailbox Kiosks
• Unpainted surfaces: Power wash with degreaser and rinse Carport Supports & Frames Monument Signs
thoroughly with water.
Entry Doors & Frames Perimeter Fences & Walls
• Acid etch new galvanized metal surfaces to ensure
adhesion of primer/topcoat. Entry Kiosks Trash Enclosures
• Aluminum surfaces must be dry and free of corrosion Flashing Window & Door Frames
“white rust,” dirt, grease, and oil.
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface or Gazebos & Patio Covers
“tooth” for better adhesion.
• Mask and tape areas not being painted.

Nonferrous Metal (Galvanized and Aluminum)
Painting tips:
• Avoid painting warm metal surfaces in direct sunlight to prevent lap or brush marks and heat blisters.
• Paint within the ideal temperatures of 50° to 90° F.

Brick, Concrete, Poured-in-Place, and Stucco

• Allow surface to cure for at least 30 days.
Balconies & Decks Monument Signs
• On previously painted surfaces: Power wash, wire
brush, sand, patch, and prime exposed areas. Building Facades Overhangs & Soffits
• Fill and caulk voids, seams, and joints, especially Buildings & Houses Parapet Walls
around doors and windows, to prevent moisture
intrusion (if applicable). Clubhouses & Pool Houses Perimeter Fences & Walls
• Check concrete tilt-up for bond breakers or oils. Detached Garages Planter Walls & Pony Walls
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface Entry Kiosks & Mailbox Kiosks Trash Enclosures
• Add concrete bonding glue to dry mix stucco patch for Leasing Offices
better adhesion; use a rubber float to apply stucco
patch and match existing stucco textures.
• Check the moisture content of the surface.

Brick, Concrete, Poured-in-Place, and Stucco
Painting tips:
• Pressure washing is recommended to remove bond breakers from concrete tilt-up walls.
• Using a primer is strongly recommended on smooth-troweled concrete surfaces to minimize adhesion problems.
windy conditions.
• Use a long-nap roller to ensure paint is worked into stucco surface; a long-nap cover also speeds up paint
application.
• Stucco surfaces have a tendency to accumulate dirt, so using higher-sheen finishes on stucco walls will provide
better dirt pickup resistance.

Concrete Tilt-Up

• Allow surface to cure for at least 30 days.
Building Facades Detached Garages
• On previously painted surfaces: Power wash, wire
brush, sand, patch, and prime exposed areas. Buildings & Houses Leasing Offices
• Fill and caulk voids, seams, and joints, especially Clubhouses & Pool Houses Parapet Walls
around doors and windows, to prevent moisture
intrusion (if applicable).
• Check concrete tilt-up for bond breakers or oils.
• Sand glossy surfaces to provide a roughened surface
• Add concrete bonding glue to dry mix stucco patch for
better adhesion; use a rubber float to apply stucco
patch and match existing stucco textures.
• Check moisture content of the surface.

Concrete Tilt-Up
Painting tips:
• Pressure washing is recommended to remove bond breakers from concrete tilt-up walls.
• Concrete tilt-up walls are normally “sacked” (i.e., patched with highly alkaline patching compounds). Use an alkali-
resistant primer to minimize adhesion and color burnout problems. Use an alkali-resistant primer also if it is not
possible to allow the new surface to cure for at least 30 days.
• Using a primer is strongly recommended on smooth-troweled concrete surfaces to minimize adhesion problems.
windy conditions.
• Use a long-nap roller to ensure paint is worked into stucco surface; a long-nap cover also speeds up paint
application.
• Stucco surfaces have a tendency to accumulate dirt, so using higher-sheen finishes on stucco walls will provide
better dirt pickup resistance.

Paint Composition: Indicators of Quality

Product Information Sheet
Everything you need to know concerning the paint

composition is on the manufacturer’s product
information (PI) sheet, including special instructions
and recommendations for storage, cleanup, and
disposal.
1
1. Volume Solids
2
• Refers to what is left on the surface when 3
the liquid portion evaporates
2. Pigments
• Provides hide, color, or whiteness
3. Binder or Resin
• Refers to the “glue” that holds everything
together
In subsequent slides, we will delve deeper into the

topics of volume solids, pigments, and binders.

First Indicator of Quality: Volume Solids
Volume solids, expressed as a percentage, provide

the theoretical “spread rate” of the coating. This
percentage is a first indicator of quality.
Typically, when considering premium latex paints,

the volume solids should range from 36% to 40%,
depending on the sheen.
Midlevel paints range from 30% to 35%, and Volume Solids Indicator of Quality
economy paints are less than 30%. Premium: 36% to 40%
Midlevel: 30% to 35%
However, just because two paints in the same sheen Economy: < 30%
have the same volume solids does not mean that
they are truly equal in performance—you need to
delve deeper into the makeup of those solids.

Second Indicator of Quality: Ratio of Pigment to Binder
Volume solids are made up of binder, prime pigments,

and extender pigments. It is the ratio of the pigment to
binder that can give you a clearer picture as to the
quality, or durability, of the paint.
This ratio, or pigment volume concentration,

determines the porosity and durability of the film. This
is particularly important in interior and exterior flat
paints.
Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC)
Higher PVC, more porous film, less durable
Premium flat paints typically have a PVC range of
Lower PVC, less porous film, more durable
45% to 50%, midlevel paints have a 51% to 60%
range, and economy paints are 60% to 80%.
PVC is an important calculation because even though

the volume solids of paints may be equal, depending
on the PVC, they may not provide equal performance.

Porosity
This image is of a porosity test between two

brands.
The paint on the left with the higher PVC is

more porous and has the darker stain.
What is even more telling about this test is the

film integrity. When the staining agent is rinsed
off the card and wiped dry, the paint on the left
wipes off.
In comparison, the paint on the right has

greater durability because it is formulated with a
lower PVC. It has more binder that makes up
the solids.
Higher PVC Lower PVC

How Do Pigments Extend Performance?
Let’s take a closer look at the pigments

comprising the solids and how they affect
performance. To start, you need to understand
the types of pigments used in paints.
First, there are prime pigments. These pigments

add the highest degree of hide. The most
common is TiO2, or titanium dioxide. This
pigment contributes to wet and dry hide and
gives the paint its whiteness. It is the second
Prime Pigment: TiO2 Extender Pigments
most expensive ingredient by weight; the most
• Toning: • Flattening: control gloss
expensive ingredient by weight is the binder.
• Less expensive • Contribute to dry hide
alternative to TiO2 and solids
A practice that some manufacturers use is
toning. Toning helps to minimize the use of
TiO2, but it has some negative impacts as well.

How Do Pigments Affect Performance?
Toning gives the paint a grayish tone, so you do not start

with the whitest white. This means that toned paints are
limited as to how many off-whites can be tinted. Also, all
colors tinted in toned paints will have a muddied look to
them.

How Do Pigments Affect Performance?
Extender pigments are used to aid in

controlling gloss, add to dry hide, and Dry Hide
increase solids.
The key takeaway is that when

manufacturers use a higher percentage
of extenders versus prime pigments, you
may achieve good dry hide, but you will
sacrifice wet hide.
Two paints may be equal in volume

solids, but they may not achieve the
same level of hide due to the makeup of Poor Dry Hide OK Dry Hide Good Dry Hide
the pigments used.

Third Indicator of Quality Paint: Resin/Binder
The last component of paint we need to touch on is the

binder or resin. Recall, this is the “glue” that holds
everything together.
The resin/binder coats and protects the pigment particle

and gives the paint the ability to stick to the substrate. It
is also what develops the sheen in the paint.
Another important feature is that it is part of the solids in

the film. The amount of resin in a film contributes to the
durability of the paint, as illustrated in the porosity test.

Binder Performance Properties
Different binders have different The table on the next slide shows the
performance properties. various performance properties that different
binders offer. For example, vinyl acrylics
typically have poor wet adhesion but actually
may have excellent scrub resistance based
on the formulation. This table is a helpful
resource when comparing performance of
various paints.

Binder Performance Properties Chart
Property Binder/Resin Type

Vinyl Acetate Int X-Linking Ext X-Linking
Vinyl Acrylic Vinyl Versatate Standard Acrylic Alkyd Emulsion
Ethylene Acrylic Acrylic
Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wet Adhesion -- -- -- + ++ ++ +
Scrub Resistance ++ ++ ++ + + -- ++
Stain Resistance - - - + ++ ++ -
Alkali Resistance - + + + + + -
Efflorescence Resistance - + + ++ ++ ++ -
Stain Removal - - - + ++ ++ +
Block Resistance - - - + ++ ++ ++
Print Resistance - - - + ++ ++ ++
Flexibility + + + + + + +
Color Retention ++ + + + + ++ -
Gloss Retention - - - + + ++ -
Dirt Pickup Resistance - - - + N/A ++ +
Yellowing + + + + + + -
Ratings: Poor -- Fair - Good + Excellent ++

Review Question
What ingredient gives paint its

“whiteness”?

Answer
Prime pigments. These

pigments add the highest
degree of hide. The most
common is TiO2, or titanium
dioxide. This pigment
contributes to wet and dry hide
and gives the paint its
whiteness.

COLD-WEATHER PAINTING DARK COLORS HOT-WEATHER PAINTING
Technical Bulletins

Cold-Weather Painting
Over the past few years, a number of paint companies have

developed latex paints that will cure at temperatures below 50º F,
thereby allowing painters to extend their exterior painting
season.

Latex Paint Film Formation
Let’s look at the composition of latex paint and the effects of temperature on its performance.
Latex paint consists of dispersed pigment and resin, along with some additives and liquid (mainly water). When the
paint is in its liquid state, the particles of pigment and resin are evenly spaced and distributed. After application, the
water begins to evaporate, and the particles of pigment and resin gather closer together. As the remaining liquid
evaporates, the resin particles gradually become more densely packed, causing them to fuse and bind the pigment into
a continuous film. This process, called coalescence, is illustrated in the graphic below.
Source: DOW Paint Quality Institute

Latex Paint Film Formation
The mechanism of latex paint

film formation has some
limitations. Because the resin
particles are thermoplastic
(tending to get softer at higher
temperatures, and vice versa),
lower temperatures harden the
latex particles, preventing
proper coalescence.
In milder cases, the film may

exhibit poor touch-up, holdout,
or color uniformity, or uneven
sheen.
In severe cases, this may result

in the film cracking.

The Truth behind Low-Temperature Paints
Just because a paint will cure at low

temperatures does not mean the project will
be issue-free.
Stable conditions and temperatures are

needed early in the paint’s drying schedule.
Otherwise, as the water builds up on the
surface, it runs down the wet film, taking with
it part of the paint and leaving streaks.
The whole point is that it is impossible to

control atmospheric conditions when painting
in cold weather, and problems may occur
even though the paint performs exactly the
way it is designed to do.

Cold-Weather Painting: Precautionary Measures
• Check the weather forecast. Determine the weather pattern for the
days you are going to paint. Cold-weather paints may take up to two
days to dry, and the minimum temperature must be maintained during
this time period. If the temperature is going to dip below the minimum
mark during the drying phase, painting must be suspended until stable
temperatures can be guaranteed.
• Pay special attention to the substrate. Both air and substrate

temperatures should be above the specified minimums.
• Work midday. Focus on prep work in the early morning and late
afternoon and apply paint between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. to allow
surfaces to warm up and to allow time for curing before dew falls.
• Follow the sun. In the summer, the rule is to not paint in the sun and
to follow the shade around the house. But in cold weather, it’s the
opposite. Follow the sun around the house as you work. Stop work
around midafternoon or when the temperature starts dropping.

Dark Colors
Next, we review the factors that should

be considered when selecting dark
colors for exterior paint projects.
Painting the exterior of a home is a

major investment, and it is important to
carefully consider the color choice.
Color selection has a strong influence
on paint performance and the life of a
coating.
While dark colors can be appealing and

may provide a pleasant contrast and
draw attention to architectural details,
they may be affected by environmental
conditions more than light colors.

Dark Colors: Exterior Exposure
Darker colors will absorb more heat and energy than

lighter colors, which may lead to faster degradation of the
binder and paint film. The binder degradation may be
perceived as discoloration and/or loss of gloss.
Lighter colors will reflect more light and harmful UV rays

and do not absorb as much heat and energy. This could
potentially lead to an improvement in film durability but is
also dependent on the color selection and the type of
pigments used.
When choosing a color, a good indicator of how well a

color reflects light is to look at its light reflectance value or
LRV. Higher values (closer to 100) indicate colors that
reflect more light and will remain cooler when exposed to
sunlight. Premature degradation of dark-colored paint on horizontal surface

Dark Colors: Slower Cure Time
When using a dark paint color, the colorant

pigment/resin ratio changes because more
colorant is required to achieve the darker
colors. This results in a softer paint film
during the curing process that can continue
until the coating reaches its full cure. It is
typical for dark colors with a high loading of
colored pigments to take longer to cure than
light-colored paints.
Additives contained in store-mixed colorants,

such as surfactants, could further slow the
curing process in dark colors, causing them
to remain tacky and have a softer feeling for
a longer duration.
Also, note that lower sheens, such as flats,

will be more susceptible to moisture even
after they fully cure.

Dark Colors: Blistering
While blisters can appear on many types of

coatings in both light and dark colors, the rate
and extent of blistering may be more
prevalent in dark colors.
Dark colors will absorb more heat than lighter

colors and will therefore put more stress on
the existing paint system, due to greater
expansion and contraction of the paint film
and even the substrate. Painted surfaces that
receive direct sun will be placed under the
greatest stress.
Applying a dark-colored paint over an existing

paint system that is in poor condition could
also result in blistering down to the previous Blistering down to the substrate
coating or to the substrate.

Blisters can also occur due to solvent or moisture entrapment and

may be more prevalent in darker colors, as they absorb more heat
than lighter colors.
Blisters typically form because the heat from the sun causes the
surface of the newly applied coating to dry more rapidly than the body
of the coating film. This rapid surface drying process creates a rigid,
or “skinned over” surface layer that prevents the evaporation of the
solvent in the lower level of the coating.
As the solvent in the lower layers heats, it volatilizes and expands,

creating vapor pressure within the coating film. It is the vapor
pressure that causes blisters to form.
Blistering of dark-colored paint

It is important to determine if the blisters were caused by

heat or moisture. The paint film should be carefully cut
open, and the substrate, as well as the back side of the
blistered paint, should be examined.
If only the newest coat of paint has blistered, then the

blister was probably caused by heat.
If the blister contains several coats of paint and the bare

surface is exposed, then the blister was likely caused by
moisture.

Dark Colors: Blistering Caused by Heat
If the blisters were caused by heat,

they should be removed by scraping or
pressure-washing down to the
underlying coats of paint or primer to
provide a sound, paintable surface.
The surface can be repainted with a

high-quality paint, ensuring that the
surface temperature is below 90° F.
It is important that the surface to be

painted is shaded before, during, and
after a coating has been applied.

Dark Colors: Blisters Caused by Moisture
If the blisters were caused by moisture, it is

important to determine and repair any cause
of excess moisture before repainting. Any
loose caulking should be removed and
repaired, then primed and painted.
An effort should be made to improve

ventilation of the building to prevent a
recurring problem.
All blisters should be removed by scraping or

sanding down to a bare and sound surface.
Bare surfaces should be primed and then

repainted with a high-quality paint. It is
important that the moisture content of the
substrate be at an acceptable level before
painting.

Review Question
Why is blistering more prevalent

when painting with dark colors?

Answer
Dark colors will absorb more

heat than lighter colors and will
therefore put more stress on
the existing paint system, due
to greater expansion and
contraction of the paint film and
even the substrate. Painted
surfaces that receive direct sun
will be placed under the
greatest stress. Applying a
dark-colored paint over an
existing paint system that is in
poor condition could also result
in blistering, typically down to
the previous coating or to the
substrate.

Hot-Weather Painting
When starting an exterior painting project, mild

temperatures are not only preferred by the
painting contractor or applicator but are better
for the paint as well.
Just as cool, damp conditions adversely affect

the performance of paints, so can extreme hot
temperatures.
Ideally, most latex paints should not be applied

when air and/or surface temperatures are below
50° F or above 90° F.

Hot-Weather Painting
Paints that dry too fast can have film defects similar to
what is seen with mud cracking (where dried paint film
resembles the deep, irregular cracks that form in dried
mud).
Additionally, if paint is applied via an airless spray

applicator during periods of dry, warm weather, a
phenomenon called dry spray can occur. This will
result in a finish that is grainy and uneven in sheen
and texture.
Open time refers to the length of time (workability) that

a paint can be easily applied or spread onto the
substrate. If the substrate is too hot or the air
temperature is too high, the ability of the paint to flow
and level will be negatively impacted, leaving unsightly
brush and roller marks. There may also be excessive
lap marks and poor sheen uniformity in the dry film.

Hot-Weather Painting: Precautionary Measures
• Check the weather forecast. Determine the weather pattern for the days you are
going to paint. If the temperature is going to rise above the maximum mark during
the application and drying phases, it will be necessary to take the following steps
to ensure there are no application issues or damaging effects to film formation.
• Follow the shade. In the summer, the rule is to not paint in the sun and to follow
the shade around the house or building.
• When humidity or dew points are low, begin the painting project earlier in
the morning when possible. During midday when the sun is at its highest, avoid
painting. As long as conditions allow, begin painting again in the late afternoon
hours, making sure to follow the shady areas.
• Take special precautions to cover opened paint containers, as direct sun and
high temperatures will increase the tendency of the paint to skin in the roller tray
or in the container.
• Just as it is necessary for humans to hydrate during hot temperatures, it
may be necessary to add up to 4 to 6 oz (per gallon) of clean water to maintain
workability of latex paints.

Color Considerations

Color Considerations: Introduction
Moving on, we look at the

factors that should be
considered when planning a
painting project, including:
• regional influences
• surroundings, and
• architectural styles.

Regional Influences on Color
For purposes of color palette regional

influences, the map from the US Census will be
our guide, with further divisions for the Pacific
Northwest and Southwestern United States.
The locations, influences, and colors for each

division are presented in subsequent slides,
beginning with the Southwest.

Regional Influences on Color: Southwest
Location: The Southwest covers California, Arizona,

New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah.
Influences: The Southwest traditional color palettes

range from calming to vivid hues and are influenced
by Native American, Spanish, and American West
historical ties. Warm whites and off-whites are ever
present on a variety of exteriors as a cooling hue
against the constant sun exposure.
Typical Colors: Southwestern exterior colors tend

toward earthy hues that blend with the natural
surroundings and textures, including adobe, stucco,
clay, sand, and stone. Colors such as golden ochre,
clay, rust, sand, cactus green, and other desertscape
hues work well for this region.

Regional Influences on Color: Pacific Northwest
Location: The Pacific Northwest covers

Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana,
Wyoming, and Alaska.
Influences: The Pacific Northwest traditional

color palettes are influenced by the wild forest
and rough ocean landscapes where extreme
weather conditions help to dial up the color
intensity of traditional color palettes.
Typical Colors: Pacific Northwest exterior

colors lean toward midtones and neutrals to
play against the extreme weather, foggy gray
coastlines, and deep green forests. Colors
such as moody grays and blues, sage and
forest greens, and touches of vivid floral color
as accents play beautifully against the
mountains, lakes, forests, and ocean.

Regional Influences on Color: Southeast
Location: The Southeast covers Florida,

Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee,
Kentucky, North Carolina and South
Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware, and Washington DC.
Influences: Southeast exterior colors are

a play of coastal light hues and whites with
influences of the Atlantic and Gulf and
deeper colors paying homage to the
countryside and rolling hills.
Typical Colors: Colors such as sea glass,

ocean blue, coral, and yellow conjure
ideals of ocean lifestyles while deeper
grays, greens, and browns offer spots of
color against the countryside.

Regional Influences on Color: Northeast
Location: The Northeast covers Maine,

New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
Influences: US history comes alive in this

region with color palettes that are either
historically accurate or reminiscent of
times past. The Atlantic coastline also
offers inspiration with its seasonal
personalities.
Typical Colors: Whether the home or

building is New England Cape Cod,
Saltbox Colonial, Federal, or Greek
Revival, yellows, grays, barn red, white,
green, and tan are all colors that have
been used for generations.

Regional Influences on Color: Midwest
Location: The Midwest covers North and

South Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan,
Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa,
Missouri, and Ohio.
Influences: The Midwest is the heartland

of America, with a wide variety of
architectural styles dotting the landscape,
from lakefront cabins to farmhouses, to
historic Frank Lloyd Wright Craftsman
properties, to suburban estates.
Typical Colors: With such a wide variety

of architectural styles influencing the
heartland, colors run the full spectrum from
deep chocolates, greens, and blues for
lakeside cabins to earthy, natural tones in
alignment with historic Craftsman ideals.

Consider Your Surroundings
Where the project is situated and its

surroundings also play an important
role in the color selection.
Landscape:
• Is the surrounding landscape
verdant and lush or dotted with cacti
and stone?
Neighborhood:
• Is the neighborhood a colorful play
on personalities or do HOA rules
dictate the exterior color palettes?
Climate:
• Is the location sunny most days with
extreme heat conditions or foggy
and rainy?

Architectural Integrity
The architectural style of a home or

building is a key factor in color
selection.
A hunter green that would look just right

on a Craftsman bungalow or Mid-
century Ranch could be too
overbearing on a Spanish Colonial or
desert abode.
Bright, fun colors play well on beach

houses in sunny locations, while
Victorian homes lend themselves to
more muted variations of those tones.

Tried-and-True Color Options for Exteriors
Regional Influences:
• Revealed earlier, these regional
references are go-to options for
inspiring exterior color palettes.
Architecturally Influenced
Traditional Color Palettes:
• Presented in subsequent slides is a
range of historic and traditional
architectural styles that provide the
basis for a variety of tried-and-true
color options.

Colonial
Many early Colonial houses were left unpainted

to weather the elements.
If exterior color was used at all, it was often

yellow ochre and iron oxide (barn red) mixed with
white lead and linseed oil.
Window sashes and trim were painted in lighter,

contrasting colors.
Traditional colors: Neutral, drab hues like dove

and oyster, as well as Prussian blues.

Federal / Greek Revival
After the American independence, colors went lighter, with

the most common shades being white and creamy white.
The colors were quite different from today’s bright whites;
the linseed oil used as a binder in early oil paints added a
yellowish tint to the palest colors.
Today, paint manufacturers use titanium dioxide to create

pure-white shades. That technique came into commercial
use in the 1920s.
Trim was often lighter in color, usually the same or almost

the same color as the siding. Dark colors, like black or dark
green, were used for window sashes, doors, and shutters.
Traditional colors: Soft colors including peaches and

brighter pastels in shades of green, yellow, and blue.

Victorian
After the Civil War, synthetics were introduced to

the paint industry, opening up a wider range of
pigments and greater saturation.
Color was used to play up exterior architectural

elements, such as columns, dentils, and
cornices. Often, three to five colors would be
used on a single house.
Traditional colors: Rich claret red and deep,

woodsy greens along with strong neutrals, such
as dark gold and warm browns.

Craftsman
The Decorative Arts movement in England

was a reaction to industrialization and the
perception that quality craftsmanship was
being lost. Followers of this movement felt
that factory work was depriving people of the
pleasures of artistry. These ideals melded
into architectural practice that eschewed the
heavy ornate designs of the Victorian period
and promoted simplicity and harmony with
nature.
From the beginning of the Craftsman

movement, nature has been the guide in
Craftsman color palettes.
Traditional colors: Browns and greens have

dominated color schemes, along with
touches of yellows, reds, blues, and violets.

Spanish
With Spanish-influenced architecture, the focus is on

early California and its missions and adobes. During
the era between 1650 and the 1840s, the pioneering
landscape and religion had a great influence on the
American West. Franciscan friars who had arrived
from Spain were influenced by the adobe buildings of
the natives, Moorish architecture brought to Spain
from Africa, and Aztec carvings. Many of the towns in
the Southwest today still showcase the influence of
Spanish Mission, Spanish Colonial, and Mission
Revival architecture.
Locally sourced materials such as clay, plants, and

berries provided historic influences on the Spanish
color palettes, along with Native American influences.
Typical colors: Desert warm neutrals, cactus and

sage greens, terra-cotta, rust, and yellow ochre.

Mid-century Modern
The period leading up to World War II saw

a large immigration of architects into the
United States. As the war ended, young
men left the military, and some of these
men attended architecture school and
opened new practices. They took their
encounters with the modern buildings
designed by the international architects
living in California in the ’20s and ’30s,
merged them with their experiences in the
military, and took architectural style in a
new direction.
Colors became muted earth tones with

occasional accents of bright colors such as
turquoise, orange, and yellow, usually
found on plywood or masonite panels.

Mountain Hideaway
Mountain retreats have been a

mainstay of the American dream, with
long-held familial traditions and local
history as inspirations for a variety of
designs within the mountain retreat
umbrella.
With mountain views and open spaces

as inspiration, colors lean toward warm
neutrals blending with the surrounding
stone, wood, and rugged landscapes.
Typical colors: Neutrals with one color

on both body and trim or a subtle hint
of color on trim and doors. Colors are
used that do not compete with the
natural landscape.

Trending Color Directions for Exteriors
Based on regional influences and architectural styles, along with general

trends in color direction, shown here are the exterior colors that continue
to trend through 2021 and 2022:
1. Warm whites and off-whites
2. Pale, warm grays
3. Warm beige and tan
4. Deep browns
5. Deep grays
6. Pale greens and blues (used mostly as accents)
7. Black as accent or body color
8. Slate, navy, and deep ocean blues
9. Earthy greens such as sage
Please remember the test password TRENDING. You will be required to enter it in order to
proceed with the online test.

Trending Color Directions for Exteriors
Several trending directions in color application include:
Dark colors: blacks, deep charcoals, and blues

• Modern Farmhouse architecture has been trending for
years and is not slowing down. Darker colors are also
showing up more on this architectural style as early
adapters take the leap.
Balanced mineral and natural colors: warm grays, sage,

and browns
• Colors that create stability and peace are in demand as we
move to a post-COVID world. These hues are inspired by
the outdoors and feel familiar and comforting.
High contrast: black and white

• Moving forward from using black as a smaller accent role,
exterior color shows a half mix of black and white for a
bolder statement.

A Cautionary Tale on Color and Exteriors
Bright Colors
• Bright pops of color are fun to highlight on many architectural
styles; however, UV radiation breaks down the paint pigment faster.
• Colors such as orange, bright blue, yellow, and red are more
vulnerable to paint color fading due to UV radiation.
• Use bright colors with caution in Southwest desert climates. These
colors tend to be recommended for interior use only, though trends
in Mid-century Modern design continue to highlight vivid brights on
exteriors.
• Understand that repainting earlier may be necessary to keep the
color fresh.
Dark Colors
• Darker colors can have issues in hot weather conditions, including
more heat absorption.
• Suggested use is in milder climates; if used in hotter climates,
landscaping with additional trees and plants can provide additional
color protection.

Case Studies

Case Studies: Introduction
This course concludes

with a review of the
following case studies:
• Wellness retreat in
Griffith Park, CA
• Mountain hideaway in
Idyllwild, CA
• Restored Mid-century
Modern home in Los
Feliz, CA
• Fully restored inn in
Tucson, AZ

Wellness Retreat in Griffith Park, CA
Design Inspiration: Owners of this residential detached home nestled

close to Griffith Park, California, wanted it transformed into a peaceful
oasis, resembling a luxe-bohemian boutique hotel. Inspiration included
warm neutrals, palm trees, and organic textures like zellige tile, wood, and
natural stone.
Product: Ultrapremium exterior, ultralow VOC, 100% acrylic paint
Color Palette:
• Body: A warm white to reflect the organic inspiration
• Accents:
• Deep, gorgeous green accent hue to lean into all the
natural biodiversity around the lot
• Deep brown-black to define the stair systems as a wayfinding
method
• Softened greige to softly outline the fencing while still blending
into the natural landscape

Mountain Hideaway in Idyllwild, CA
This project involved updating the exterior of a mountain

cabin in the tranquil hideaway of Idyllwild outside Palm
Springs, California.
Design Inspiration: The homeowners desired a

mountain aesthetic that was true to the style and location
of the house. Being diehard Modernists, they opted for
“Mountain Modern.”
Product: Ultrapremium exterior, ultralow VOC, 100%

acrylic paint that provides maximum protection against
UV color fade, mildew, efflorescence, water intrusion,
and film failure.
Color Palette: A deep chocolate brown was selected to

create a dramatic look while blending the house with its
natural setting.

Restored Mid-century Modern in Los Feliz, CA
Design Inspiration: This

beautifully restored Mid-century
Modern home in Los Feliz,
California, was built in 1966, and
some of the original décor and
floorplan were reminders of a
sophisticated, Palm Springs rat-
pack-style retreat: lavish
and sophisticated but also
playful and chic.
Product: Ultrapremium exterior,

ultralow VOC, 100% acrylic
paint
Color Palette: Crisp, cool white

was chosen with a pop of bright
green on the front door.

Fully Restored Inn in Tucson, AZ
This project, a full restoration of a

formerly abandoned inn, is located just
outside Saguaro National Park in
Tucson, Arizona.
Design Inspiration: A quiet retreat for

the “always on” or for anyone looking to
take a breath and reconnect with the
natural world.
Product: Ultrapremium exterior,

ultralow VOC, 100% acrylic paint
Color Palette: Staying true to the

region and its natural, picturesque
landscape, the inn showcases desert
hues and reveals a sophisticated
earthiness.

Summary

Key Points
The durability and performance of an exterior coating is influenced by many factors, including formulation, exposure
direction/angle, application, and environmental conditions.
To improve the performance and longevity of exterior paint, it is important to consider coatings that are resistant to
alkali, corrosion, efflorescence, and mildew. Other factors that influence durability include site conditions, climate, and
intended project use, as well as the proper preparation, application, and maintenance of the painted project.
The indicators of a paint’s quality are the percentage of volume solids, the ratio of pigment to binder, and the amount of
resin/binder in the paint’s formulation.
It is important to take precautionary measures if painting exterior projects in extreme cold/hot temperatures as they
affect the life of the coating.
Color selection has a strong influence on paint performance and the life of a coating. While dark colors can be
appealing, they may be affected by environmental conditions more than light colors. Color selection is dictated by
regional influences, surroundings, and architectural styles.

Conclusion
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About the Instructor About the Sponsor Ask an Expert

©2021 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 1 of 116 >

Exterior Coatings: A Paint Guide to your Next Exterior Painting Project

The American Institute of Architects

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How to Use This Online Learning Course

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

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Factors That Affect Paint Durability

Proper Preparation, Painting, and Maintenance

Paint Composition: Indicators of Quality

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Factors That Affect Paint Durability

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What Are Exterior Coatings?

Exterior coatings are formulated and recommended

This course begins with a discussion of the factors

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Reasons for Repainting Substrates

Typically, coatings are applied to protect

Listed below are a few examples of why

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Factors That Influence Durability

The exterior durability or life of an exterior coating is

A discussion of these factors is presented in subsequent

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The formulation is critical in determining the

PVC is the ratio of volume of pigment to the

Coatings with a lower PVC ratio are typically

Note that most paint manufacturers do not

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Exposure Direction / Angle

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Exposure Direction: Color Retention

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Angle: Gloss Retention

Shown here are the variances in

The one on the left shows poor

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Application: Importance of Appropriate Primer

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This photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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Importance of Alkali Resistance

Fresh masonry is likely to contain lime, which is very alkaline (pH

The image on the bottom shows excellent alkali resistance on the

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Importance of Corrosion Resistance

Corrosion-resistant coatings protect metal components

These photos demonstrate the differences in the

The panels on the left show the panel without primer

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Importance of Efflorescence Resistance

Efflorescence is caused by crystalline deposits of salts that form

This image demonstrates the disparities in the performance of a

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Importance of Mildew Resistance

The panel shows the importance of using a good-quality