The Art of Residential Lighting: Legrand

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The Art of Residential Lighting

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The Art of Residential Lighting
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose: A comprehensive lighting plan is critical to the success of any residential design project. Proper lighting is
effective and efficient and contributes to the comfort and functionality of the home. This course explores lighting concepts,
sources, and controls. It discusses using layers of light to achieve design goals, and how to incorporate energy efficiency
into lighting designs.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• explain how we see and discuss lighting terminology, including correlated color temperature, color rendering index,
and lumens, as well as the difference between efficacy and efficiency, and quantity and quality of light
• implement lighting design strategies that contribute to occupant well-being and safety through enhanced visual comfort
and aesthetics and improved functionality
• describe the types of lighting controls and automated lighting control systems available and how they contribute to
energy-efficient design and safety and security, and
• apply knowledge of lighting design fundamentals and principles to create effective, flexible, and dynamic lighting
designs that conserve energy and environmental resources, and comply with building codes and energy usage
regulations, standards, and guidelines such as Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Residential Illuminance
Guidelines and ENERGY STAR®.

Contents
Introduction to Light
Light Sources
Lighting Controls
Fundamentals of Lighting Design
Energy-Efficient Lighting Design
Residential Lighting Recommendations
Resources
Click on title to view

Introduction to Light

What Is Light?
Essentially, light is energy (electromagnetic

(EM) radiation); it is nature’s way of
transferring energy through space.
Visible light is the part of the

electromagnetic spectrum—from
approximately 360 nanometers (nm) to 770
nm—that can be detected by the human
eye.
Using our sense of sight, light becomes an

instrument for perceiving the world and
communicating within it.
By Philip Ronan, Gringer, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

How We See
There are many different parts of the eye that help to create
vision. Light passes through the cornea, the clear, dome-
shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The cornea
bends, or refracts, this incoming light. The iris, the colored part
of the eye, regulates the size of the pupil, the opening that
controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Behind the pupil
is the lens, a clear part of the eye that further focuses light, or
an image, onto the retina. The retina is a thin, delicate,
photosensitive tissue that contains the special “photoreceptor”
cells that convert light into electrical signals. These electrical
signals are processed further, and then travel from the retina of
the eye to the brain through the optic nerve, a bundle of about
one million nerve fibers. We “see” with our brains; our eyes
collect visual information and begin this complex process.

How We See: Rods and Cones
Cones are the cells responsible for daylight vision

(photopic vision). There are three kinds—each
responding to a different wavelength of light:
• red (long wavelength)
• green (medium wavelength), and
• blue (short wavelength).
The cones allow us to see images in color and
detail, and enable central vision.
Rods are responsible for night vision (scotopic

vision). They are sensitive to light but not to color.
In darkness, the cones do not function at all. The
rods allow us to interpret black and white as well
as motion, and enable peripheral vision.
Cones and rods work together for low light levels

(mesopic vision). By OpenStax College, CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

How We See: Processing Visible Light
The visual system performs a number of processes as it receives and interprets light.
1. Eye recognizes contrast 2. Eye interprets luminance/brightness 3. Eye interprets color

What Is Color?
Light is a wave and the frequency of light that our eyes detect is
called color.
Color Perception Reflected

White light
We see objects only when light is reflected or emitted from them. spectrum
When white light (containing all colors in the visible light spectrum)
hits an object, some of the spectrum of light is absorbed and some
is reflected; only the reflected spectrum contributes to the viewer’s
perception of the color of the object.
Selective reflectance of light from a pigment
In the image to the right, the blue object is being struck by visible
white light. It absorbs all wavelengths except blue, which is
reflected, and so we see the object as blue.
White objects reflect all wavelengths and absorb none, while black
objects absorb all wavelengths and reflect none.

Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)
There is no such thing as pure white light.
IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America) definition of SPD:
A pictorial representation of the radiant power emitted by
a light source at each wavelength or band of
wavelengths in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum (360 to 770 nanometers).
So why is this important? Different light sources will have

different spectral power distributions, directly affecting
the ability of the light sources to render colors naturally.
Lamp manufacturers publish graphs depicting the
spectral power distributions of their light sources.
Spectral power distribution of a 25 W incandescent light bulb, measured at the

Department of Photonics Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark
By Thorseth (Own work), CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
IESNA definition of CCT: The absolute temperature of a blackbody

whose chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source. 10,000 K Blue sky
9,000 K
Correlated color temperature is essentially a measure of how warm or
cool a light source appears, and it is measured in degrees Kelvin. Most 8,000 K
light sources will fall into the range of 2700 to 6500 K, with the higher Cool white LED
temperatures appearing cool (above 5300 K) and the lower 7,000 K
temperatures appearing warm (below 3300 K). The correlated color Daylight fluorescent
temperature designation for a light source is an indication of the lamp’s 6,000 K
general appearance, but does not give information on its specific
spectral power distribution. 5,000 K
Direct sunlight at noon
Clear metal halide
4,000 K
Cool white fluorescent
Light sources do not have an equal radiation at all wavelengths in their Halogen
spectrum and have disproportionate levels when rendering certain 3,000 K Warm white fluorescent
Warm white LED
colors. They are measured in their ability to accurately render all colors Incandescent
of their spectrum, in a scale called the color rendering index (CRI). 2,000 K
High pressure sodium
Candle
1,000 K

Color Rendering Index (CRI)
IESNA definition of CRI: Measure of the degree of color shift

objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as
Fair
compared with the color of those same objects when illuminated 50–60 CRI
by a reference source, of comparable color temperature. Standard warm white fluorescent
Standard cool white fluorescent
60–70 CRI
Premium high pressure sodium
Color rendering index measures how well a given light source Conventional metal halide
will render color on a scale of 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent). The

CRI rating for a lamp is an average of eight test results and gives
Better
no insight into the effect on the appearance of any one color. 70–80 CRI
Thin coat tri-phosphor fluorescent
Incandescent radiators (halogen, krypton, xenon) have a CRI of

100. Any CRI rating of 80 or above is considered high and
Best
indicates that the source has good color properties. 80–90 CRI
Fluorescents, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and light- White high pressure sodium
Warm metal halide
emitting diodes (LEDs) have CRIs from 70 to 90, and high- Thick coat tri-phosphor fluorescent
90–100 CRI
intensity discharge lamps (HIDs) are 70 and under. When used High CRI fluorescent
together, CCT and CRI can provide excellent benchmarks for the Incandescent and tungsten-
halogen
comparison of light sources. Photo courtesy of Department of Energy

Measuring Light
Lumens measure brightness and watts measure the energy a bulb uses. A
standard 60-watt incandescent bulb produces about 800 lumens of light. By
comparison, a CFL bulb produces 800 lumens using less than 15 watts.
Luminous intensity: The amount of light that travels in certain directions from the
source. It is measured in candelas.
Luminous flux: The amount of light being given off by a particular source, in all
directions. It is a measure of the total perceived power of light. It is measured in
lumens.
Illuminance: The amount of light falling on a surface. It is measured in lux
(metric unit = lumen/m 2) or footcandles (English unit = lumen/ft2). 1 footcandle
equals 10.8 lux.
Luminance: The light reflected off of surfaces. It is measured in candelas per
square meter (cd/m2), or nits (in imperial units).

Measuring Light
Efficacy and efficiency are often interchanged;

however, they are not the same thing.
• Efficacy is the ratio of light produced by a
source to the power supplied and is
measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
• Efficiency is the ratio of light utilized by a
fixture to the actual light produced by a
source and is measured as a percentage.
To demonstrate the difference, picture two

lighting cans, one with a reflector bulb and one
with a standard bulb, each with the same
efficacy. When the reflector bulb is used in the
can, all the light is directed downwards, making
it very efficient. But when the standard bulb is
used in the can, some of the light is directed
upwards within the can where it is not needed,
making it inefficient.
Quantity vs. Quality of Light
The technology of light used to focus on light in terms of

its quantity. Incandescent lamps were used to provide
sufficient light for the tasks performed in a particular Human Needs
• Visibility
environment. Although providing adequate light is still • Task performance
• Visual comfort
essential to the design, it is now accepted that the quality • Social communication
of that light is also important. For example, the use of • Mood and atmosphere
• Health, safety, well-being
appropriate lamps, luminaires, and lighting techniques • Aesthetic judgment
can eliminate glare, enhance people’s ability to perform

tasks, and influence their emotional state. The
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) describes the goal Quality
of quality lighting as “achieving the optimum balance of Economics, Energy
of Light
Architecture, Building-
the practical and aesthetic issues of the built Efficiency, or Site-Related Issues
Environment • Form
environment.”1 These issues are pictured to the right. • Installation • Composition
• Maintenance • Style
• Operation • Codes and standards
• Energy • Safety and security
• Environment • Daylighting
1“What’s Your Quality of Light? The lighting industry’s call for a practical lighting energy policy.”
Illuminating Engineering Society. IES, IALD, ALA, n.d. Web.
https://www.ies.org/store/product/whats-your-quality-of-light-the-lighting-industrys-call-for-a-
practical-lighting-energy-policy-1225.cfm. Accessed November 2016.

Why We Use Lighting
Light is a fundamental factor of our

daily lives. We rely on light:
• For visual functions
• Illumination of task areas
• Lighting can provide safety and
security
• To enhance visual environments
• Lighting can provide a sense of
comfort or create a stimulating
atmosphere
• Flexible lighting systems can
create scenes, effects, and
moods
• Lighting can enhance
architecture, its character and
mood

REVIEW QUESTION
Identify the processes performed by the visual system as it receives and interprets light.

ANSWER
1. Eye recognizes contrast 2. Eye interprets luminance/brightness 3. Eye interprets color

Light Sources

Types of Lamps
There are now more residential lighting options available to homeowners than ever before. In the interest of using energy
wisely, fluorescent lighting technologies have been developed for residential applications. For even greater energy
efficiency, light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology is also finding its place in the residential market. The residential
lighting industry is rapidly evolving.
Today’s energy-efficient bulbs are available in a wide range of colors and light levels and typically use about 25% to 80%
less energy than traditional incandescents. While energy-efficient bulbs are normally more expensive, newer bulbs cost
less to operate, saving money over the life of the bulb. The bipartisan Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
(EISA 2007) established new efficiency standards that do not ban incandescent or any specific bulb type: they say that
bulbs need to use about 25% less energy.

Types of Lamps: Thermal Radiation
Incandescent Lamps
There are three common types of incandescent lamps (called A-line lamps) used in residential applications:
• Standard incandescent or pear-shaped A-19 lamps
• Commonly known as the screw-in “A”-type lamp that use a medium Edison (E-26) base, these lamps produce
visible light by heating a tiny coil or filament of tungsten wire that glows when it is heated by an electrical current.
They are the least efficient light source and have been largely phased out.
• Halogen A-19 lamps (energy-saving) Incandescent Halogen
• This is a type of incandescent lamp with a capsule that holds a special
halogen gas composition around the heated filament to increase the
efficacy of the incandescence. They are more energy efficient than
standard incandescent bulbs. They are more costly to buy but are less
expensive to operate because of their higher efficacy and longer life
expectancy. They also provide excellent color rendition.
• Reflector or parabolic reflector (PAR) lamps, “flood” or “spot” lamps
• Reflector bulbs (R-type) spread and direct light over specific areas. They
are used indoors and outdoors, mainly for floodlighting, spotlighting, and
downlighting applications.
By KMJ, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Types of Lamps: Gas Discharge
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent/Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
There are two general types of fluorescent lamps:
• Fluorescent tube and circline lamps
• These require ballasts and are typically used for task lighting in areas
such as garages, and for lighting large areas in commercial buildings.
• Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
• These are commonly found with integral ballasts and screw bases,
and are often used in household fixtures. Photo courtesy of Department of Energy
• Light is produced by an electric arc between tungsten cathodes in a tube filled with a low-pressure mercury vapor
and other gases. The arc excites the mercury vapor that generates radiant energy, primarily in the ultraviolet
range. This energy causes the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube to “fluoresce,” converting the ultraviolet
into visible light.
• They use about 75% less energy and last 6–15 times longer than traditional incandescents. They have a range of
color temperatures and color rendering capabilities. They have good lumen maintenance, radiate little heat, and
come in dimmable options.

Types of Lamps: Gas Discharge
High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HIDs) Metal Halide
There are three types of HID lamps:

• Mercury vapor: They have a bluish light that renders color poorly and have been
largely superseded by other HID lamps.
• Metal halide: They are very energy-efficient sources of white light with excellent
color rendition, long service life, and good lumen maintenance.
• Sodium: They are energy efficient with exceptionally long service life but render
colors poorly.
Gerben49 from nl, CC-BY-SA-3.0 via
Wikimedia Commons
• Similar to fluorescent technology, an arc is formed between two electrodes in a gas-filled tube, which causes a
metallic vapor to produce radiant energy. A combination of factors shifts the wavelength of much of this energy to
within the visible range. The light is produced without any phosphors. The electrodes are close together and the
gases in the tube are highly pressurized. This generates very high temperatures, causing metallic elements to
vaporize and release large amounts of visible radiant energy.
• The ballast must be specifically designed for the lamp type and wattage being used. They offer a range of color
temperatures and color rendering abilities depending on the lamp type.

Types of Lamps: Electroluminescence
LED Lamps
Light-emitting Diode Lamps (LEDs)
• LEDs are solid state light sources with a chemical chip embedded in a
plastic capsule.
• LEDs are small, and a mix of red, green, and blue LEDs is typically used
to make a range of white color temperatures.
• LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors
and diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient Photo courtesy of Department of Energy
for many uses such as recessed downlights and task lighting. With other
types of lighting, the light must be reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never leave
the fixture.
• LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of their energy as heat, and CFLs
release about 80% of their energy as heat. LEDs use at least 75% less energy and last 25–50 times longer than
incandescent lighting. They are environmentally friendly (no mercury), resistant to breakage, don’t require warming
up, and some are dimmable.
• According to the Department of Energy, use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in
the United States. By 2027, widespread use of LEDs could save about 348 TWh (compared to no LED use) of
electricity: This is the equivalent annual electrical output of 44 large electric power plants (1000 megawatts each),
and a total savings of more than $30 billion at today’s electricity prices.
Light Fixtures
Architectural Luminaires Decorative Luminaires Utility Lighting Exterior Lighting

Cove: Directs light upward. Suited for Wall-mounted luminaires: Can Ceiling-mounted luminaires: Wall-mounted luminaires: Fixtures
rooms with high or vaulted ceilings provide ambient, task, and accent Simple, functional lighting with no at entrance for decorative and safety
and above kitchen cabinets. lighting. specific intended design. Often used purposes.
Soffit: Directs light downward. Ceiling-mounted luminaires: in garages and laundry/mud rooms. Spotlighting or floodlighting:
Provides general lighting and wall- Excellent source of ambient lighting Generally mounted overhead. General area lighting with or without
washing in rooms with low ceilings. and are practical in areas with a lot of motion sensors for safety and
Suited for direct lighting over a activity. security.
counter or a table in work areas. Chandeliers: Add style and a Post-mounted: Safety and accent
Valance: Directs light both upward decorative focal point to almost any lighting. Can be used to define
and downward. Provides general room in the house. perimeters.
lighting and wall-washing. Pendants: Provide both task and Landscape lighting: Safety and
Recessed lighting: Can provide ambient lighting. accent lighting. Can be used to define
general, task, and ambient lighting. Portable: Can deliver ambient, task, pathways.
Downlights for ambient and track and accent lighting with flexibility in
lighting, and adjustable accent lights placement.
or wall-washers for accent lighting.
Track lighting: Excellent for its
flexibility and can provide ambient,
task, or accent lighting.
Under-cabinet lighting: Offers both
task and accent lighting.

REVIEW QUESTION
Compare LEDs, CFLs, and incandescent lamps in terms of

heat output, energy use, and longevity.

ANSWER
CFLs use about 75% less energy and last 6–15 times longer
than traditional incandescents.
LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs

release 90% of their energy as heat, and CFLs release about
80% of their energy as heat. LEDs use at least 75% less
energy and last 25–50 times longer than incandescent lighting.

Lighting Controls

Common Lighting Controls: Switches
Switches are the most common and

basic controls and allow the user to
completely regulate the on/off function of
the light.
Traditional toggle switches involve

flipping a switch on or off.
Newer technologies include on/off

options that involve tapping, pressing,
waving, or pushing functions.
Switches can use motion-sensing and

Wi-Fi technologies.

Common Lighting Controls: Dimmers
Dimmer controls provide variable indoor lighting, allowing the

user to change the mood of the room or change the intensity
of light based on the activities being performed in the space.
Dimming lights reduces their wattage and output, which helps
save energy. Dimmers also increase the service life of light
bulbs significantly. However, dimming reduces a traditional
incandescent bulb’s lumen output more than its wattage. This
makes the bulbs less efficient as they are dimmed, and is
another reason to replace any remaining traditional
incandescent bulbs with newer, more energy-efficient options.
Not all CFLs and LEDs are dimmable: check the packaging to
verify. Dimmers must be properly teamed with the bulb types
and fixtures they control. Fixture manufacturers provide
specific recommendations for appropriate dimmers, usually
from several manufacturers. Common applications for
dimmers include the dining room, kitchen, breakfast area,
family room, and entry hall.

Common Lighting Controls: Dimmers
Types of dimmers include:

Toggle: They have a toggle switch and a slider. The
toggle turns the lights on and off, and the slider is
used to alter the intensity of the light. They can be
preset to a favorite setting.
Slide: They are used for full-range manual dimming
and may have a button to return to the previous
level.
Touch/tap: They allow the intensity of the lighting to
be changed while depressing a button or pad.
Systems may permit touch-recall of the previous
lighting level.
Integrated systems: They can be used to create
multiple preset lighting scenes within a room.
Scenes can be recalled with the touch of a button.
Dimmers can also use motion-sensing and Wi-Fi
technologies.

Common Lighting Controls: Sensors
Motion sensors automatically turn outdoor lights on when they detect motion and turn them off a short while later. They
are very useful for outdoor security and utility lighting.
Occupancy sensors detect indoor activity within a certain area. They provide convenience by turning lights on
automatically when someone enters a room, and save energy by turning lights off soon after the last occupant has left
the room. Occupancy sensors must be located where they will detect occupants or occupant activity in all parts of the
room. Ultrasonic sensors detect sound, while infrared sensors detect heat and motion. They are suitable for interior
rooms that don’t receive daylight, closets, bathrooms, and exterior security lighting.
Photosensors can be used to prevent outdoor lights from operating during daylight hours. This can help save energy
because you don’t have to remember to turn off outdoor lights. Photosensors sense ambient light conditions, making
them useful for all types of outdoor lighting. These light-sensitive controls are less effective inside the home because
lighting needs vary with occupant activity rather than ambient lighting levels. However, many LED nightlights have this
feature built in, which makes them effective and easy to use.

Common Lighting Controls: Timers
Timers can be used to turn on and off outdoor and indoor lights at specific times. There are two types of timers: manual
timers, which plug into an electrical outlet for controlling objects such as lamps or light strings; and in-wall programmable
digital timers, typically used for exterior lights and garages.
Manual timers are generally compatible with LED, CFL, and incandescent lighting.
For programmable digital timers, photosensors, and motion sensors, check the package label to be sure it is compatible
with the type of lighting desired.

Automated Lighting Control Systems
Lighting automation can range from a simple one-room, scene-control system to a more involved, whole-house system
that controls interior and exterior lighting. Lighting control systems can be tied into the home security system, home
theater system, or a complete home automation system. They are no longer exclusively considered luxury items: their
declining costs and complexity make them more lifestyle items. Hardwired and wireless systems are available. The main
functions of these systems include both on-demand and programmable dimming and on/off control for selected rooms or
zones of light fixtures. Scenes can be programmed and implemented with the touch of a button.
Hardwired Systems
A central control panel with low-voltage communication wiring is used to connect the components throughout the house.
The homeowner controls the system with a keypad. When a button is pressed on a system keypad, a command is sent
via the wires to the dimmers and switches assigned to that button, and in turn, a response is sent back to the controller
to confirm the action.

Wireless Systems
Wireless systems can either require central control components or can be built from combinations of switches, dimmers,
and scene controllers. Although the switches, dimmers, and scene controllers are hardwired, they communicate with
each other wirelessly. Commands are sent via either radio frequency or existing power lines.
Through radio frequency technology, an RF lighting control dimmer, switch, or scene controller can control loads from
any location of the home via keypad or smart device (smart phone, tablet, or even PC). This enables the homeowner to
dim a variety of lighting types, set scenes, and even adjust lighting remotely, all with one button press. Radio frequency
lighting control is easily configurable and installs using existing wiring, making it an ideal new-construction or retrofit
solution. The systems use Wi-Fi ready switches and outlets, and manufacturers may offer apps for phones and other
devices to control the system.

Why use app-based lighting control?

• Safety and security
• Set up timed lighting sequences for
when the home is vacant. Turn on
entryway lighting from a car using a
remote control.
• Vacation mode
• Manufacturers may offer a vacation
mode that remembers the previous
week’s lighting activity to replay while on
vacation.
• Save energy
• Use the app to control when the
electricity goes on and off.
• Set preferences
• Program in preferred lighting schemes.

Fundamentals of
Lighting Design

Scope of the Lighting Designer
Rely on lighting design professionals for their knowledge and expertise. In his book Designing With Light: The Art,
Science and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design, Jason Livingston identifies five key areas that fall under the scope
of the lighting professional.
1. Provide light appropriate for visual tasks

• The designer must identify the visual tasks that are likely to be performed within a space and use that information
to determine the appropriate light levels for the visual tasks.
• The designer must also take into consideration any other factors that may dictate suitable light levels, such as the
occupant’s age, before selecting the target light levels.
2. Design light that supports the space’s aesthetics or environment

• The lighting professional is responsible for providing light of the appropriate brightness and color for the space.
• The professional uses lighting to define zones and boundaries, as well as link and/or separate spaces. Lighting
techniques are also used to visually change the perceived size of a room, indicate activity levels, and influence
overall impressions of the space.

Scope of the Lighting Designer
3. Create visual interest in the space

• The lighting designer uses variations in light distribution to draw attention to important room elements/areas and
deemphasize unimportant ones.
• Decorative lighting techniques and fixtures are used to add visual variety.
4. Conserve energy, environmental resources, and the client’s money

• The designer should make choices that contribute to energy-efficient design, such as integrating daylighting,
selecting energy-efficient light sources, and selecting fixtures and lamps that offer the best value in terms of cost,
quality, and performance.
• The designer should consider specifying lighting controls for increased energy savings.
5. Comply with building codes and energy usage regulations

• The professional must design within the boundaries of applicable building codes and select a design strategy to
meet or exceed the limitations of the relevant energy code.
• Where applicable, fixtures must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other relevant codes.

Three Main Layers of Lighting
The most interesting and successful

designs add depth and dimension and
make use of more than one layer of
lighting, and are usually a combination
of all three main layers.
Ambient Lighting
Ambient lighting is used to provide
general background illumination
indoors for daily activities, and
outdoors for safety and security. It is
the natural daylight from windows, and
the lighting that substitutes for natural
light. Chandeliers, ceiling- or wall-
mounted fixtures, track or recessed
lights, and table and floor lamps can
provide ambient light.

Task Lighting
Task lighting is usually a bright, directed light that facilitates particular
tasks that require more light than is needed for general illumination.
Under-counter kitchen lights, table lamps, or bathroom mirror lights
provide visual clarity for performing tasks. Recessed and track
lighting, pendant lighting, floor lamps, and desk lamps can all be
utilized for task lighting.

Accent Lighting
Accent lighting is used to draw
attention to special objects or
architectural features or enhance the
aesthetic qualities of an indoor or
outdoor environment. Recessed and
track lighting, chandeliers with dimmer
switches, specialty lighting such as
LED strips, and wall sconces can
enhance décor.

Additional Layers of Lighting
Decorative Lighting
The fixture itself, or the light it
creates, is the focal point. Decorative
lighting can make a statement about
individual style and affects the mood
of the space. The decorative lighting
may also be the ambient lighting.
Kinetic Lighting
Kinetic lighting is light that is
“moving,” such as a lit candle or a lit
fireplace. It is most often used as a
mood enhancer.

REVIEW QUESTION
Identify five key areas that fall under the

scope of the lighting professional.

ANSWER
Provide light appropriate for visual tasks
Design light that supports the space’s

aesthetics or environment
Create visual interest in the space
Conserve energy, environmental resources,

and the client’s money
Comply with building codes and energy

usage regulations

Energy-Efficient
Lighting Design

Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
Several codes, standards, and guidelines are resources for the application of energy-efficient residential lighting. These
include the following:
• Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Residential Illuminance Guidelines
• ENERGY STAR® Labeling
• Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Minimum Lamp Efficiencies
• U.S. Department of Energy CALiPER Program
• California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standard
• U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Lighting Facts ® Label
• U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Lighting Facts Label

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Guidelines

The 10th edition of The Lighting Handbook presents residential illuminance guidelines providing an extensive list of
illumination values for different room types and activities. These cover both ambient and task lighting. Accent lighting is
covered in a separate chapter. The guidelines are focused on light levels for good lighting and are not the same as the
energy codes that are focused on energy consumption, although designing to IES light levels is a great help in meeting
residential energy code requirements.
ENERGY STAR® Labeling

The ENERGY STAR labeling program, run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides assurance of
good levels of performance and quality construction for a wide selection of both lamps (bulbs) and lighting fixtures. For
energy-efficient installations, ENERGY STAR-labeled lamps and fixtures should be employed to the greatest extent
possible.
Please remember the test password ENERGY. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online test.

Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Minimum Lamp Efficiencies
EISA 2007 established minimum levels of efficiency for “general service” lamps. These are estimated to produce a
reduction of 25% in operating energy from 2007 technology. The requirements were phased in from January 2012 to
January 2014. The second part of the law, to go into effect in 2020, requires that most light bulbs be 60 to 70% more
efficient than 2007 standard incandescent bulbs. Many CFLs and LEDs can meet this requirement today, shaving energy
usage compared to standard incandescents by 75%.
U.S. Department of Energy CALiPER Program

The CALiPER (Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting) program was launched by DOE in 2006
to address a need for unbiased, trusted product performance information in the early years of solid state lighting (SSL).
The program independently tests and provides unbiased information on the performance of commercially available SSL
products.
California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standard

In California, the Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standard sets requirements for fixture efficacy and control for many
rooms of the house. It requires the use of high-efficacy fixtures or low-efficacy fixtures with lighting controls in different
combinations in all rooms.

U.S. Department of Energy Lighting Facts®

Label
This label, first developed by the DOE,
lists many of the key performance facts for
a lamp. Of particular interest in the
application of energy-efficient lighting are
lumen output, lumens per watt (efficiency),
CCT, and CRI. These factors, developed
from independent testing, provide a good
means of judging lamp performance. The
DOE Lighting Facts labeling program is a
voluntary program but is being adopted by
most major lamp manufacturers. Initial
application has been for LED replacement
lamps and luminaires and has been
extremely helpful in assessing
incandescent equivalence in both light
output (lumens) and quality (CCT, CRI).

U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Lighting Facts Label

The Energy Labeling Rule requires light bulb manufacturers
to give consumers key information in an easy-to-read format.
The Lighting Facts label gives consumers the information
they need to buy the most energy-efficient bulb to meet their
lighting needs. The label includes a bulb’s brightness, energy
cost, life, light appearance, and wattage. In addition, the
principal display panel on the front of packaging focuses on
lumens, a measure of brightness, rather than on watts, a
measure of the amount of energy used, and includes the
estimated yearly energy cost for each bulb. Bulbs themselves
also feature lumens, and in the case of CFLs, a mercury
disclosure. The FTC Lighting Facts label and principal display
panel information must appear on packaging for most general
service “lamps” with medium screw bases. That includes
most incandescent, CFL, and LED bulbs.

Energy-efficient lighting design

principles include the following:
• More light is not necessarily better:
light quality is as important as
quantity.
• Match the amount and quality of
light to the performed function.
• Install task lights where needed and
reduce ambient light elsewhere.
• Use energy-efficient lighting
components, controls, and systems.
• Maximize the use of daylighting.

To achieve energy-efficient indoor lighting:

• install fluorescent or LED light fixtures for all ceiling- and wall-mounted fixtures that will be on for more than two hours
each day, such as kitchen and living room, bathroom, hallway, and other higher-demand locations
• consider installing fluorescent or LED fixtures, rather than using fluorescent or LED replacement lamps in
incandescent fixtures
• use CFLs or LEDs in portable lighting fixtures that are operated for more than two hours a day
• use ENERGY STAR®-labeled lighting fixtures
• use occupancy sensors to automatically turn on and off lights as needed
• consider light wall colors to minimize the need for artificial lighting, and
• use only Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approved fixtures that are airtight, are IC (insulation contact) rated, and meet
ASTM E283 requirements, if using recessed lights in a ceiling with an unconditioned space above it.

Residential Lighting
Recommendations

General Lighting Design Considerations
A successful lighting design will take into account how both the quantity and quality of light affect the overall appearance
and feeling of a space. Considerations should include:
• size and shape of the space
• furniture layout
• traffic patterns through the home; create a path of illumination throughout the home
• functions of the room; tasks involved in each space: use layering to provide an effective and flexible lighting solution
• ceiling height and shape: anticipate how reflection will contribute to the ambient light level in the room
• color of the walls: darker walls absorb more light and may require higher levels of illumination
• highlighting architectural details to strengthen the character of the home; highlighting artwork
• families of luminaries: recessed downlights should match in aperture size and trim finish; use similar lamp types and
temperatures; use fixtures with similar finishes
• flexible lighting scheme to adapt from morning to evening, and to a variety of settings and moods, and
• integrating daylight in the overall design.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Kitchen
Kitchens have become multi-functional

and are generally considered the heart
of the home. They need an
abundance of both ambient and task
lighting to be fully functional.
A large ceiling fixture, when equipped

with high color rendering, energy-
efficient fluorescent bulbs will supply
well-diffused ambient lighting.
Recessed downlights installed
approximately 12 inches away from
the upper cabinets are popular in
kitchen design and provide an overall
layer of task lighting.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Kitchen
This can be supplemented with other

task lighting such as under-cabinet
lights to illuminate work surfaces and
countertops, and to reduce glare and
shadows. Over-cabinet lighting can
also be used to add indirect
illumination and visual interest. Low-
voltage linear systems using xenon
bulbs or LED lighting systems are
perfect for this application. Task
lighting in the form of pendant
fixtures can be used for eating areas
and desk areas and can be set on
dimmers to accommodate a range of
light levels.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Dining Room
The lighting in the dining room should

be beautiful, functional, and flexible,
accommodating casual family meals,
intimate dining experiences, and even
homework. Recessed lighting is
perfect for ambient lighting in this
space and can be directed to highlight
decorative elements. A chandelier or a
track system with pendant lights adds
an element of elegance and can be a
standout design feature to illuminate
the dining table.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Dining Room
Track lighting can be used to draw

attention to artwork, and wall sconces
can flank sideboards and buffets,
contributing to the ambient lighting
and highlighting items. Low-voltage
fixtures with tungsten-halogen bulbs
or LED strips can be used in a china
cabinet or hutch to showcase
collectibles. They emit a bright white
light that makes glassware sparkle.
Dimmers are especially suitable for

dining spaces, setting the ambiance
for a variety of functions.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Living/Family Room
Many different activities occur in the

living room: watching television,
computer work, homework, playing
games, reading, etc. Using a variety of
layers of light and lighting techniques
is the best way to meet the needs of
these various activities. For example,
recessed lighting around the perimeter
of the room and a central decorative
fixture provide overall ambient lighting.
Fireplaces can be emphasized with
recessed downlights above the mantel
or wall sconces on each side. Portable
floor lamps that cast light over the
shoulder are ideal for reading. Artwork
can be highlighted with recessed
adjustable fixtures or with low-voltage,
tungsten-halogen picture lights.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Living/Family Room
Televisions, video games, and

computers require low-level ambient
lighting to minimize reflection and to
prevent screens from being washed
out. Miniature downlights or miniature
track lighting can be installed in the
near vicinity for task lighting. Indirect
lighting, especially when used with a
dimmer, will create a soft, nonglaring
source for watching television.
Pendant lights or recessed downlights
can be used over game tables. Accent
lighting can be used for navigational
safety when the space is used as a
home movie theater. The living room
is the ideal location for an automated
lighting system, allowing the user to
set the stage for whatever activities
are taking place.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Bedroom
Soft, ambient lighting accompanied by task lighting for

reading or other activities is ideal for the bedroom. Ceiling
fixtures, chandeliers, ceiling fans, recessed downlights,
and wall sconces are popular choices for ambient light.
Ceiling-mounted fixtures are perfect for closets. Table
lamps, swing-arm wall lamps, or hanging pendant lamps
provide task lighting. Wall sconces can be used to
illuminate mirrored dressing tables. LED linear lighting
added under beds and furniture enhances nighttime
functionality. Track lighting can be used in children’s
rooms to focus light on play and work areas.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Bathroom
Safety, function, and aesthetics are all design concerns for the bathroom.
Shaded fixtures on both sides of the mirror provide shadow- and glare-free
illumination to allow grooming practices, as do fixtures above the vanity. For
larger bathrooms, a ceiling fixture may be required for adequate illumination.
Recessed lighting can also be used for ambient lighting in the bathroom and in
shower/tub areas.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Office
Home offices are increasing in

popularity and are a place for work,
homework, and paperwork and bills. A
computer is the most important piece
of equipment in the home office and it
is important to minimize glare on the
screen. The room should have general
ambient light, such as recessed
lighting, and task lighting over work
areas. Track pendant lights work well
over work areas and can help prevent
eyestrain. Ceiling-mounted fixtures
placed to the right and left of the desk
will minimize reflections. A portable
desk lamp will provide additional task
lighting for desk areas. Accent lights
can be used to illuminate wall-
mounted certificates and pictures.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Stairways and Hallways
Stairways and hallways are used to

connect spaces and require adequate
lighting for safety. Ceiling fixtures or
recessed downlights can be used.
Other options include wall sconces or
track lighting.
The entire stairwell should be well lit. A

ceiling-mounted fixture can serve as a
decorative accent as can wall sconces
used along the stairwell. Switches
should be placed at both the top and
the bottom of the stairs.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Utility Room
General, well-diffused ambient lighting

in the form of recessed lighting,
fluorescent tube lighting, or a large
ceiling fixture with energy-efficient
fluorescent bulbs is usually sufficient
for a utility room. Specific task areas
may require more focused lighting such
as track lighting or pendant fixtures.
Mudrooms and laundry rooms are
receiving more attention and designs
focus on creating functional, efficient
spaces with aesthetic appeal. Lighting
can be used to define functional areas,
and decorative fixtures add elegance to
the space.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Entrance
The entrance to any home needs to be well lit to

identify and welcome visitors and light the way to
other parts of the home. Warm, ambient lighting is
welcoming and inviting. A ceiling-mounted fixture is
perfect for this location, and a decorative fixture
can add sparkle and interest to the area.

Specific Lighting Recommendations: Exterior
Wall-mounted fixtures on each side of the front door provide decorative illumination and safety. Recessed or hung
fixtures can be used under a porch or overhang. Other entrances can be illuminated with a wall-mounted fixture affixed
to the keyhole side of the door.
A fixture on the exterior of the garage will also provide illumination, safety, and security. Consider lighting steps,
pathways, and even the driveway for added safety and to draw attention to architectural details and landscape elements.
These can be installed with photosensor technology or with timer control. Floodlights can be used around the exterior of
the home and can be installed with motion sensors.
Deck and patio areas can be illuminated in the same way as indoor spaces: general ambient lighting accompanied by
task lighting over barbeque or serving areas, and accent lighting around landscaping and other features.

Resources
Dilouie, Craig. “Introduction to Lighting Automation for the Home.” Lighting Controls Association (LCA). Lighting Controls Association, 14 Feb. 2005.
Web. www.lightingcontrolsassociation.org/content/whitepapers/introduction-to-lighting-automation-for-the-home. Accessed December 2016.
Holton, J. “Strategy Guideline: High Performance Residential Lighting.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). U.S. Department of Energy,
Feb. 2012. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53467.pdf. Accessed December 2016.
“How We See.” National Eye Institute (NEI). National Institutes of Health (NIH), n.d. Web. www.nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes/howwesee. Accessed
December 2016.
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), n.d. Web. www.ies.org. Accessed December 2016.
“Light Guide: Color Metrics.” Lightsearch. Lighting Research Center., n.d. Web. www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/colormetrics.html.
Accessed December 2016.
“Lighting Design.” Energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, n.d. Web. www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-design. Accessed December 2016.
“Lighting Terminology.” Lighting Education Online. inter.Light, Inc., n.d. Web. www.lrc.rpi.edu/education/learning/intro.asp?mode=terminology.
Accessed December 2016.
“Lighting Your Life.” American Lighting Association. American Lighting Association, n.d. Web. www.americanlightingassoc.com/Lighting-
Fundamentals/2012-Lighting-Your-Life-Brochure.aspx. Accessed December 2016.
Lightopedia. Bulbrite Industries, Inc., n.d. Web. www.lightopedia.com. Accessed December 2016.
Livingston, Jason. Designing With Light: The Art, Science and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
September 2014.
“Measuring Light Levels.” Autodesk Sustainability Workshop. Autodesk, Inc., n.d. Web.
https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels. Accessed December 2016.

Conclusion
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• About the Instructor • About the Sponsor • Ask an Expert

This Online Learning Seminar is available through a

The Art of Residential Lighting

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 1 of 74 >

The Art of Residential Lighting

The American Institute of Architects

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How to Use This Online Learning Course

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

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Fundamentals of Lighting Design

Energy-Efficient Lighting Design

Residential Lighting Recommendations

Click on title to view

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 7 of 74 >

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 8 of 74 >

Essentially, light is energy (electromagnetic

Visible light is the part of the

Using our sense of sight, light becomes an

By Philip Ronan, Gringer, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 9 of 74 >

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 10 of 74 >

How We See: Rods and Cones

Cones are the cells responsible for daylight vision

Rods are responsible for night vision (scotopic

Cones and rods work together for low light levels

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 11 of 74 >

How We See: Processing Visible Light

1. Eye recognizes contrast 2. Eye interprets luminance/brightness 3. Eye interprets color

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 12 of 74 >

Color Perception Reflected

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 13 of 74 >

Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)

There is no such thing as pure white light.

IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North

So why is this important? Different light sources will have

Spectral power distribution of a 25 W incandescent light bulb, measured at the

By Thorseth (Own work), CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 14 of 74 >

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

IESNA definition of CCT: The absolute temperature of a blackbody

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 15 of 74 >

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

IESNA definition of CRI: Measure of the degree of color shift

will render color on a scale of 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent). The

Incandescent radiators (halogen, krypton, xenon) have a CRI of

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 16 of 74 >

©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 17 of 74 >

Efficacy and efficiency are often interchanged;

To demonstrate the difference, picture two

Quantity vs. Quality of Light

The technology of light used to focus on light in terms of

can eliminate glare, enhance people’s ability to perform

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Why We Use Lighting

Light is a fundamental factor of our

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©2016, 2020 ∙ Table of Contents < Slide 21 of 74 >

1. Eye recognizes contrast 2. Eye interprets luminance/brightness 3. Eye interprets color

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