Сontent

Introduction

1.Functional parts of speech in modern English.

2.The Adverb in modern English

Conclusions

List of references
 Introduction

Each word of the English language can be attributed to a certain category, of

which there are several and they are called parts of speech. The study of parts of
speech in English deals with such a section of grammar as morphology. All words
in the English language are classified into parts of speech according to three
criteria: grammatical meaning, form and syntactic function. Based on these
principles, there are independent (notional) and service (functional) parts of
speech in English.

The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The
traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech».

Words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.

Functional parts of speech in English In this group we will name conjunctions,

prepositions, particles, interjections, modal words, and exclamations. Examples:
and (and), in (at), merely (just), well (well), perhaps (perhaps), ah (oh). With the
help of these parts of speech in English, words and sentences are combined, the
meaning of other words is stated or strengthened, and the speaker's attitude to
the content of the utterance is determined.
1. Functional parts of speech in modern English.
The theme of researches about part of speech classification in Modern English is very topical, especially
it concerns function words. Many scholars such as Henry Sweet and Charles Fries developed the
classification of parts of speech,  others such asSidney Greenbaum [4], Martin Haspelmath [1], Thomas
Klammer [2], M.Blokh [5], L.Volkova [3] and V. Kaushanskaya [6] made profound researches about
functional parts of speech.

Function words in English hаve little lexical or аmbiguous meaning, but instead  they аre used to express
grаmmatical relаtionships with other words in a sentence, or specify the аttitude or mood of the
speaker.

The linguists are trying to make single classification for function words within the history but even
nowadays there is no one common opinion on this problem.There are four main approaches to this
problem: Classical,  developed by prescriptivists; Functional, developed by descriptivists; Distributional,
developed by structuralists and Complex, which includes three previous ones.

The main problem of function words classification is that function words can belong to more than one
class. In most examples, we can only refer a word to a word class when we encounter it in context.

According to the scientist  Sidney Greenbaum :«we recognise the clаss of a word by its use in context.
Some words have suffixes  that help to signal the clаss they belong to. These suffixes are not necessarily
sufficient in themselves to identify the class of a word. For example, -ly is a typical suffix for аdverbs
(slowly, proudly), but we also find this suffix in аdjectives: homely, manly. Аnd we can sometimes
convert words from one class to another even though they have suffixes that are typical of their original
clаss: an engineer, to engineer» [4, p.152].

To the basicgrammatically relevant classes of functionwordsin Modern English belong the аrticle, the
preposition, the conjunction, the pаrticle, the modal wordand  the interjection. Each of them has
specific functions, classifications and usage in the English language.
 

References:

1. Haspelmath, Martin. (2003) "Adpositions". International Encyclopedia of

Linguistics. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press-236 p.

2. Klammer,Thomas, Muriel R. Schulz and Angela Della Volpe. (2009). Analyzing English
Grammar (6th ed).Longman.-432 p.

3. Volkova L.M. (2002). Lectures in Theoretical Grammar DOC. Volkova L.M. Lectures in 
Theoretical Grammar - 30 p.

4. Sidney Greenbaum (1996). Oxford English Grammar. Oxford Univ. Press. - 652 p

5. Блох М. Я.(2010)Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского

язика/TheoreticalEnglishGrammar: Seminars: учеб. пособие / М.Я. Блох, Т.Н.Семенова,
С.В. Тимофеева. – М.: Высшая школа – 471 с.

6. Каушанская В.Л. (2008) Грамматика английского языка.- М.: Айрис-Пресс - 319 стр.

The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional
grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech».

Words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.

To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the
numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb.
The features of the noun are the following: 1) the categorial meaning of substance
(«thingness»); 2) the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffixal forms of
derivation (prefixes in English do not discriminate parts of speech as such); 3)the substantive
functions in the sentence (subject, object, substantival predicative); prepositional connections;
modification by an adjective.

The features of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and
relative); 2) the forms of the de-
of comparison (for qualitative adjectives); the specific lorms of derivation; 3) adjectival
functions in the «Sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative).
The features of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of ‘number (cardinal and
ordinal); 2) the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for
compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals; 3)
the functions of numerical aitributeand numerical substantive.

The features of the pronoun: I) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis); 2) the narrow sets
of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-
building; 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets.

The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper
series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process); 2) the forms of the
verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the
finite and non-finite forms; 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; fhe
mixed verbal — other than verbal functions for the non-(inite verb.
The features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, i.e.
the property of process or another property; 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison
for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) the functions of
various adverbial modifiers.
To the basic functional series of words in English belong the article, the preposition, the
conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection.

The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions.

The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependences of substantive referents.

The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena.

The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. To this series,
alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional
modifiers of verbs, etc.

The modal word, occupying in the sentence a more pronounced or less pronounced detached
position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here
belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), of qualitative evaluation
(fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.), and also of affirmation and negation.

The interjection, occupying a detached position in the sentence, is a signal of emotions.

Nouns are subcategorized into proper and common, animate and inanimate, countable and
uncountable, concrete and abstract, etc. Cf.:
Mary, Robinson, London, the Mississippi, Lake Erie — girl, person, city, river, lake;

man, scholar, leopard, butterfly — earth, field, rose, machine;

coin/coins, floor/floors, kind/kinds — news, growth, water, furniture;

stone, grain, mist, leaf — honesty, love, slavery, darkness.

Verbs are subcategorized into fully predicative and partially predicative, transitive and
intransitive, actional and statal, factive and evaluative, etc. Cf.:

walk, sail, prepare, shine, blow — can, may, shall, be, become;

take, put, speak, listen, see, give — live, float, stay, ache, ripen, rain;

write, play, strike, boil, receive, ride -exist, sleep, rest, thrive, revel, suffer;

roll, tire, begin, ensnare, build, tremble — consider, approve, mind, desire, hate, incline.

Adjectives are subcategorized into qualitative and relative, of constant feature and temporary
feature (the latter are referred to as «statives» and identified by some scholars as a separate
part of speech under the heading of «category of state»), factive and evaluative, etc. Cf.:

long, red, lovely, noble, comfortable — wooden, rural, daily, subterranean, orthographical;

healthy, sickly, joyful, grievous, wry, blazing — well, ill, glad, sorry, awry, ablaze;

tall, heavy, smooth, mental, native — kind, brave, wonderful, wise, stupid.

The adverb, the numeral, the pronoun are also subject to the corresponding subcategorizations.
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[7]https://studentguide.ru/shpargalki-po-anglijskomu-yazyku/bilet-21-part-of-
speech-in-modern-english.html
2 The adverb of modern English

Time, place and manner adverbs (early, there, slowly)

Time adverbs
Time adverbs tell us about when something happens.

alread tomorro
lately still
y w

early now soon yesterday

recentl toda
finally yet
y y

Have you seen Laurie today?

I’d prefer to leave early.
I went to the cinema on my own recently.
There’s been an increase in house burglary lately.
See also:
Adverb phrases
Already, still or yet?
Place adverbs
Place adverbs tell us about where something happens or where something is.
There was somebody standing nearby.
Is that your scarf there?
You go upstairs and do your homework. I’ll come up in a minute.
Manner adverbs
Manner adverbs tell us about the way something happens or is done.

accuratel beautifull expertl professionall

y y y y

greedil
anxiously carefully quickly
y

badly cautiously loudly quietly

Manner adverbs are often formed from adjectives by adding -ly:

She spoke very loudly. We could all hear what she was saying.
We waited anxiously by the phone.
We walked up the stairs very quietly because Mum and Dad were asleep.
Some common manner adverbs have the same form as adjectives and they have similar
meanings (e.g. fast, right, wrong, straight, tight).

adjective adverb

I was never a  fast  swimmer Driving  fast  is dangerous

All of your answers

People always spell my name  wrong.
were  wrong.

That builder never does

Is that the  right  time?
anything  right!

My hair is  straight. Let’s go  straight  to the airport.

Degree adverbs (slightly) and focusing adverbs (generally)
Degree and focusing adverbs are the most common types of modifiers of adjectives and other
adverbs. Degree adverbs express degrees of qualities, properties, states, conditions and
relations. Focusing adverbs point to something.
Degree adverbs

somewha
absolutely enough perfectly
t

a (little)
entirely pretty terribly
bit

extremel
a lot quite too
y

almost fairly rather totally

remarkabl
awfully highly utterly
y

completel
lots slightly very
y

Mary will be staying a bit longer. (a bit longer = for a little more time)
It all happened pretty quickly.
She was quite surprised they came, actually.
It was £3.52 if you want to be totally accurate.
Focusing adverbs

especiall mainl particularl

just
y y y

largel
generally only simply
y

I just wanted to ask you what you thought.

I wouldn’t particularly like to move to a modern house.
See also:
Adverbs
Evaluative adverbs (surprisingly) and viewpoint adverbs (personally)
We put some adverbs outside the clause. They modify the whole sentence or
utterance. Evaluative and viewpoint adverbs are good examples of this:
The electric car, surprisingly, does not really offer any advantages over petrol
cars. (evaluative)
Personally, I think the show was great. (viewpoint)
Linking adverbs (then, however)
Linking adverbs show a relationship between two clauses or sentences (e.g. a sequence in
time, cause and effect, contrast between two things):
I left my house in the morning  [sequence]then I went to pick up Leanne at her house.
[cause]We talked until the early hours and  [effect]consequently I overslept the next
morning. (the result of the late night is that I was late the next morning)
The sun will be shining in France.  [contrast]However, heavy rain is expected in Spain.
Warning:
We can use then and consequently to join clauses or sentences. We usually
use but not however to connect two clauses in the same sentence:
There was no room for them but they got on the train.
There was no room for them. However, they got on the train.
 Conclusions

There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,
adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can
function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding
parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the
dictionary.