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Phonetics (Ev)
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 GEN ER AL

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 ATTEN D AN C ES

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 PH ON EMES AN D SYMBOL S

 IntroductionLesson
Phonemes and symbols  
Phoneme is the smallest segment unit of speech sound in a
language that is capable of making a distinction between two words
in meaning such as red and bed where the two words differ in
meaning as a result of the difference in the initial phonemes of the
two words.
Allophone refers to the variation in pronunciation of the same
phoneme in a specific language for example the \s\ sound has
three realizations.
Transcription refers to the way in which speech sounds are given 
phonemic symbols. There are two types of transcription the first
one is called phonemic transcription where speech sounds are
given phonetic symbols only without any other information about
the sound it is also called a broad transcription where the phonemic
symbols do not have to indicate precise phonemic quality. The
second is called as phonetic transcription or narrow transcription it
contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the sound 
List  of IPA Phonetic Symbols
           Below is a table of the standard set of phonemic symbols for
British English phonemes (RP) adopted from (Roach, 2002:2).

      Vowels Transcription    Consonants Transcription

1 ɪ pit /pɪt/ 21 p Pin /pɪn/

2 e pet /pet/ 22 b Bin           /bɪn/              

3 æ pat /pæt/ 23 t Tin /tɪn/

4 ʌ putt /pʌt/ 24 d Din /dɪn/

5 ɒ pot    /pɒt/ 25 k Kin /kɪn/              

6 ʊ put /pʊt/ 26 g gum /gʌm/

7 ə another /ənʌðə(r)/ 27 tʃ chain /tʃeɪn/

8 :i bean /bi:n/ 28 dʒ Jane / dʒeɪn/

9 ɑː barn /bɑːn/ 29 f fine /faɪn/

10 ɔː born /bɔːn/ 30 V vine / vaɪn/

11  :u boon /bU:n/ 31 Θ think / θɪŋk/

12 :ɜ burn /bɜ:n/ 32 ð this /ðɪs/

Diphthongs 33 S seal /si:l/

13 eɪ bay /beɪ/ 34 Z zeal /zi:l/

14 aɪ buy /baɪ/ 35 ʃ sheep / ʃi:p/

15 ɔɪ boy /bɔɪ/ 36 ʒ measure /meʒə(r)/

16 əʊ no /nəʊ/ 37 h how /haʊ/

17 aʊ now /naʊ/ 38 m sum / sʌm/

18 ɪə peer /pɪə(r)/ 39 n Sun /sʌn/

19 eə pair /peə(r)/ 40 ŋ sung / s ʌŋ/

20 ʊə poor /pʊə(r)/ 41 l light /laɪt/

        42 r right /raɪt/

        43 w wet /wet/

      44 j Yet /jet/

 
 
  H OW SPEEC H OR GAN S WOR K

 Speech organsLesson
Speech organs
1.The phonatory system
It mainly includes the larynx, which is made of two large hollow
cartilages attached to the top of the trachea. Its main function is to
provide any airway for breathing
Vocal folds(cords) extend across the cavity of the larynx, the folds
enclose two strong bands lying opposite each other, passing air
can vibrate the folds, allowing them to function in the production of
sound.
The opening between the vocal folds is called the glottis.
Vocal folds can take four different states.
1.wide-apart, for or during breathing, air is allowed to pass in and
out without any vibration. In this case we produce voiceless
consonants such as /f,p,s/.
2.Narrow glottis the opening of the vocal folds is lessened. In this
case we produce voiceless glottal fricative/h/.
3. When the edges of the vocal folds touch each other, the air
passing through the glottis will usually cause vibration. Producing
voiced sounds.
4.Tightly-closed, vocal folds are firmly pressed together, the air
cannot pass between the folds, as in a heavy lifting producing
glottal stop/?/.
2.The articulatory system
It includes the top of the pharynx, the nasal cavity and the oral
cavity.
The oral cavity is an oval-shaped cavity located anterior to the
pharynx. The front of this cavity is bounded by the inner surface of
the lips and cheeks to the teeth. The floor is defined mostly by the
tongue. The roof is formed by the hard and soft palate.

 speech organsURL
How speech organs work in English

 Organs of speechPDF Annotation

Dear first year students if you want to learn more about
how speech organs work please check pages 13/21 from the
attached PDF

 EN GL ISH C ON SON AN TS
  English consonantsLesson
English Consonants
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that air escapes .1
.through a narrow passage and makes a hissing sound
 Examples(f, v, s ,z, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, h)
.Fortis fricatives are articulated with greater force than the lenis
The friction noise of the fortis is louder. Whereas the lenis fricatives
have very little or no voicing in initial and final position, but may be
.voiced when they occur between voiced sounds
Fortis fricatives have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel in
.the same way as fortis plosives do
Fortis are strong , whereas lenis are weak because they lose the
.energy during the production
h/ this fricative sound is made with the narrowing that produces the /
friction noise between the vocal folds . It is fortis consonant./h/
sounds occurs initially followed by a vowel as in(hat) , medially
(breathy voice) when /h/ occurs between voiced sounds as in
. (ahead)

 plosive consonantsLesson
Plosive sound is a sound which is made by a complete closure at
some point in the vocal tract and is released with an explosion.
English has six plosives – p,b,t,k,d,g.
The phonological distribution of plosives
1.Initial position occurring at the beginning of a word CV
2.Medial position occurring between other sounds medially in the
word VCV
3.Final position occurring at the end of the word VC.

 plosive consonsntsPDF Annotation

to learn more about plosive consonants check the following PDF on
page 39 

 TOPIC 6

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 TOPIC 7
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