— Flight Table of Contents The Properties of Air Article The Properties of Air Worksheet ... The Four Forces of Flight Article ... The Four Forces of Flight Worksheet ...... Paper Airplane Challenge . The Physics Behind Flight Article ...... The Physics Behind Flight Worksheet .... Living Things That Fly Article ........ Non-Living Things That Fly Articl Living and Non-Living Things That Fly Worksheet .... How Does Flight Affect Us Article .. How Does Flight Affect Us Worksheet ...... Culminating Task - Create a Flying Object .... Culminating Task - Project Proposal Culminating Task Rubric ...~*~ The Properties of Air i ‘1, Air Exerts Pressure/Pushes on Objects: On a windy day, you can feel the pressure of air against your face. Wind is simply moving air. Even when air is not moving, it exerts pressure. Air presses hard against all sides of everything it touches. It never stops pressing! Air does not exert the same amount of pressure everywhere. Air has a mass and exerts pressure downward due to gravity's force, so the higher you go the less air there is above, therefore the lower the air pressure. You have probably felt a change in air pressure if you have ever been ina fast-moving elevator going up a tall building. The pressure of the air inside the elevator decreases the higher you climb; but the air pressure inside your body remains the same. This means the air pressure inside your body is higher than the air pressure in the elevator as you ascend, This imbalance in pressure makes your eardrums bulge out slightly until some air forces its way out of your ears and you feel them “pop.” This happens because air tends to flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. Air pressure increases as you descend due to more air molecules pressing down from above. Air Molecule @ eo e 6 e e ~@ @2. Air takes up space and has mass: Sometimes people use the terms mass and weight to mean the same thing, but they have different meanings. What is the difference? You may recall that mass is the amount of matter in an object or substance. Weight, on the other hand, is the force of gravity pulling on a mass. An object's mass rarely changes, but an object's weight does change depending on how strong the force of gravity is. The stronger the force of gravity, the greater an object's weight; the weaker the force of gravity, the lower an object's weight. For example, on the moon, the force of gravity is 6 times less than that on Earth. Therefore, your weight on the moon is 1/6th of your weight on Earth. That means that if you weigh 120 Ibs on Earth, you would weigh 20 Ibs on the moon! Mass and weight are directly proportional; the greater an object's mass the greater its weight. It is important to remember that air, although invisible, has mass. Weight is the downward pressing force produced by the man's mass due to the force of gravity. Mass measures the amount of material or matter within an object. In this case the dots inside the man represent a molecule of matter. His mass could be measured by counting the amount of dots in his body.The Properties of Air | Worksheet 1. Air against all sides of everything it touches. It never stops ! 2. Air does not the same amount of pressure everywhere. 3. The you go away from the surface of Earth, the the air pressure, since there is less air pressing down from above, 4. Air tends to flow from areas of pressure to areas of pressure. 5. Explain the difference between mass and weight. 6.Why do you think it is important to study the properties of air when learning about flight?The Four Forces of Flight There are four forces that act on any object that is flying through the air, These forces are: 1. Gravity - is an invisible force which pulls objects down. Objects witha large mass pull and attract objects with less mass towards them. Because the Earth has a very large mass, all objects near it are pulled towards its centre. This downwards “pull” is called the force of gravity and works against things that are trying to fly. When a ball is tossed into the air, gravity eventually pulls it back down to the ground 2. Drag - is a force that slows you down and works in the opposite direction than you are traveling. It's what pushes against anything moving through air or water. Drag can be useful. For example, when a parachute on a dragster opens up after the race, it creates a drag force that helps to slow the car down. Drag depends on shape - a shape with low drag is usually long, thin, and smooth, rounded at the front and becomes more narrow at the back. _Drag also depends on speed - drag tends to increase as speed increases. you are travelling.~ ~3. Lift - is an upward force. If the lift force is greater than nae ~~ “the gravity force, the object will stay in the air. Lift depends on , shape - lift will be greater with an air-foil shaped wing than with a flat one. Lift depends on angle of attack - up to a point, lift increases as the angle of attack increases; beyond that point, lift is lost. Angle of attack refers to the angle at which the wing is tilted into the airflow. Lift depends on speed - lift increases, as speed increases. Lift depen direction - lift acts perpendicular to the direction of the object's movement. Lift is generated from forward motion at high speeds as well as an airfoil shaped wing and proper angle of attack. . Thrust - is the force that moves an airplane forward and is usually produced by a plane's jet engines and propellor. For an airplane to take off, the engine's thrust has to move the airliner forward faster than drag can push it back. A propeller or jet engine pushes a plane forward through the air. Jet engines are the big cylindrical shaped hardware mounted on ‘the wings of large commercial air planes.“The Four Forces of Flight Worksheet 1. Name the four forces of flight. For each force explain what it is and in what direction it acts on a flying object. a. Force: Direction: b. Force: Direction: c. Force: Direction: Direction:52 — 2. Draw a diagram that shows the forces of flight acting ~~ ona flying bird. Label the diagram with all four forces and the | direction they are acting on the bird.ee Name: ; Paper Airplane Challenge We have been learning about flight and how things fly. In this challenge you are going to be working independently, or in pairs to create a paper airplane that stays in the air for as long as possible. In order to accomplish this task you are going to use the information that you have learned thus far in order to design an effective paper airplane. The only materials that you will need to accomplish this task is regular white printer paper (8.5" x 11"). Your responsibilities for this challenge are as follows: 1, Research a design that you like for your paper airplane and construct itl 2. Present your paper airplane to the class and explain why you chose to use the design that you did. . Fly your plane in front of the class and time how long it stays in the air. 4. After your flight, explain what you would do to improve the flight of your plane if you had more time and resources. w Criteria Level | Level | Level | Level 1) 2)3 | 4 | Presentation Skills Flight Knowledge Use of Class Time and Personal \) } Time“* The Physics Behind Flight | Newton's First Law: Every object in a state of motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it, For 4 example, an airplane would continue to move forward and upward if it were not for the opposing forces of drag and gravity working against its desired movement. Therefore, in order for a plane to remain in flight it requires constant thrust from the engines to propel it forward and constant lift generated from the airfoil shape of its wings. a SSS Newton's Second Law: Acceleration is prod Acceleration is pradiced when a force acts on a mass, The greater the mass of the object being accelerated the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate the object. For example, larger airplanes that have to carry more people or cargo must have more powerful engines to exert a greater force on the body of the airplane and get it to move forward and fly. Newton's Third Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, as the propellors chew up the air in front of them to generate thrust, they are also shooting the used up air out the back side in the same quantity and at the same speed as it is being used. | Another example can be seen by examining the air that moves over the airfoil shaped wing of anairplane. It comes off the end of the wing and shoots downward; the opposite reaction is that the air under the wing presses upward on the bottom of the wing and pushes the plane up. ‘eee Law of Flight: Air partic travel from high pressurs to low pressure areas, For example, on a cold winter day when you are | ina warm room the air pressure is low because the particles in warm air | are spread farther apart than those in cold air. The air outside is cold and the air particles are much closer together and the pressure is greater. If you open a window you find that the cold air seems to come in very quickly and change the temperature of the room quite fast. This is because the air molecules are moving from a crowded area (the cold outdoors) to a less crowded area (the warm room). Bernoulli's Principle: As the speed of a fluid i decreases, Air can be thought of as a fluid. Therefore, fast moving air has lower pressure than slow moving air. Fast moving air creates areas of low pressure because the particles are spread farther apart while high pressure air has particles packed closer together. Remember as well that the Law of Flight states that air will always travel from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. Bernoulli's principle helps explain that an aircraft can achieve lift because of the shape of its wings. They are shaped so that air flows faster over the top of the wing and slower underneath. The high air pressure underneath the wings will therefore push up against the bottom of the wing in order to try and move to an area with lower pressure (top of the wing). The pushing up of the air particles on the bottom of the wing creates lift. Fast moving air particles >. i!The Physics Behind Flight Worksheet 1, State each of Newton's laws and give an example for each one. First Law: Second Law: Third Law: 2. Bernoulli's principle helps explain that an aircraft can achieve because of the of its wings. 3. moving air has air pressure than slow moving air. 4. Draw the ideal wing shape of an airplane.ae Living Things That Fly ; There is a wide variety of living things on Earth that are capable of flying. The most obvious of these species are birds, some small rodents, and insects. The question that often has us scratching our heads is...how do these living things soar and glide through the air with such ease? We've all tried it once or twice; a jump from a tree or object of similar height with a flap of our arms to see if there is some possible way that we too can be capable of such an amazing ability. But why is it that we never succeed and other living organisms do? The answer lies in the differences between our anatomies. We as humans are simply not built for flight. We are ideally structured for standing, walking or running, while flight is just not part of our repertoire. We do not look like birds, rodents or insects, so why would we be able to do the same things that they can? But exactly what is it about this group of living things that allows them to take advantage of the properties of air and forces of flight in order to keep themselves in the sky for prolonged periods of time? Are all of these living things actually capable of flying? What do you think?Any living or non-living thing trying to take flight will have two forces working against them: gravity and drag. Gravity is the force that the Earth exerts on all things pulling them back towards its centre. [irre —> (" ee As the plane is ascending it will keep this angle of attack until it reaches the desired altitude. When the plane is finally at the height it needs to be, it can decrease the angle of attack. The airfoil shape of the wing will continue to maintain balance amongst the downward (gravity) and upward (lift) forces acting on the plane, while the propellers and jets continue pulling the airplane forward through the air. Helicopters: A helicopter's flight differs from that of an airplane in that the wings or | blades of the helicopter are in constant motion while the wings of an airplane remain still. Helicopters also use the airfoil shape for their 17 blades to take advantage of Bernoulli's principle which, as stated earlier, explains that faster moving air has lower air pressure than slower moving air, J ttae » The helicopter's blades begin to rotate because of the engine — “that they are attached to. Once they begin spinning they cut through the air with an angle of attack that begins pushing air downwards. Once the blades begin to move at a fast enough speed they generate enough downward force that eventually lifts the helicopter into the air. Each individual blade can be adjusted to change the angle of attack which will allow the helicopter to either raise itself further into the air, stay hovering in the same place, or descend back down towards the ground. You may have noticed that most helicopters have two sets of spinning blades. The main ones that are at the top of the helicopter and a secondary set that is usually attached to the tail of the helicopter. The purpose of the tail blades is to counteract the spinning motion of the main blades. They allow the helicopter to remain stable and controllable in the air. They spin in the opposite direction of the main blades to oppose their massive force and to maintain fine control over the machine, If it were not for the tail propellor the body of the helicopter would spin in the opposite direction as the main blades. The tail propellors are also responsible for giving the helicopter the thrust it needs to move forward or in reverse through the air. The helicopter acts a lot like an insect in order to move forward or backward; when moving forward it will tilt its nose down and point its main blades in the direction it wants to go. When it goes backward it pulls its nose upward tilting the main blades towards the tail of the machine. Tail blade controls the helicopter and propels it forward or backward. Newtons law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The downward force created by the main blades causes the helicopter to move up in reaction.Unlike airplanes and helicopters which exploit specific properties of air and basic physics concepts, rockets work differently. Rockets focus their attention on thrust which allows them to be propelled through the air. In reality, rockets are not truly “flying” they are simply being pushed through the Earth's atmosphere by propellants which consist of fuel and oxygen. The main component that allows a rocket to reach its destination is the amount of thrust that can be produced from the propellants that it uses. Rockets are made of light metal and aluminum that provide a sturdy shell to protect the contents from harm but at the same time are light in weight. The lighter a rocket is, the easier it will be to propel it into space. Propellants are either in solid form or liquid form and sometimes a combination of the two types is used. The largest parts of a rocket contain fuels that are discarded once the space shuttle is in space. A significant amount of a rocket's weight is the fuel and fuel chambers that it carries. For this reason rockets are made in sections so that as different fuel chambers get used up, they can be dropped back down to Earth to reduce the effect of gravity on the || rocket. In terms of flying, rockets do not really fly unless they break ! through Earth's atmosphere and into space where the weight of the air is | significantly less compared to here on Earth. At this point rockets will 19 continue to float in the direction they were propelled until they reach, their destination (Newton's First Law). )a Hot Air Balloons: Hot air balloons use very basic principles to achieve flight. Knowing that hot air is lighter than cold air is at the very heart of hot air balloon flight. Essentially, hot air can float within cool air as long as it is captured within a certain area; hence, the envelope or balloon part of the hot air balloon. | \ As hot air is shot up into the envelope, the temperature of the air inside the balloon increases and begins to become lighter than the air surrounding it and the balloon starts to rise into the air taking anything attached to it with it. In order to descend there is a section at the very top of the balloon that is under the control of the pilot and allows him to let hot air out which in turn brings the balance between the air inside the balloon and outside the balloon closer together and slowly brings the hot air balloon back towards the ground. If the pilot would like to ascend again he simply closes the hole on the top of the envelope and shoots more hot air into the balloon using a burner, Hot air balloons are limited in terms of being a reliable mode of transportation since they can only travel in the direction that the winds are going. hetpaid/uimw-teacherspayteachers.com/Store/> Living and Non-Living Things That Fly Worksheet 1. List three living and three non-living things that are capable of flying. 2. What are the two forces that will always work against anything trying to take flight? 3. What makes living things and non-living things successful in their attempts to take flight?_. 4. Explain how birds, bats, insects, airplanes, rockets, and hot -—~ “air balloons achieve flight. Keep your answers brief and group similar | things together. 5. Why can't humans fly? 6. What are the similarities and differences between how living and non- living things fly?“How Does Flight Affect Us? ! Since the Wright brothers invented the first successful flying airplane back in 1903 we have felt the effects of their invention. The initial intention of the two brothers was to create a machine that could fly through the air, but they did not imagine the contribution that this machine would have on society. The Wright brothers’ invention opened the doors for travel, communication, and international commerce; the world is now a global community because of it. Probably the most obvious benefit of the invention of flight is the ability to travel great distances in short periods of time. European explorers were the first to discover the new world and they did this by using a large ship vessel and traveled across the water. It would take them months to get from Europe to North America. Now a person can travel that same distance in as little as a few hours thanks to airplanes. Having the ability to travel great distances in such short periods of time allows for many things: travelling for business or pleasure, transporting goods and services, military advantages, and job creation to name a few. While airplanes have “shrunk” the world in a sense, the ability to travel great distances in short periods of time has not come without its disadvantages. For one thing, airplanes have been known to cause large amounts of air pollution due to the amount of exhaust from the fuel being burned. The exhaust from these airplanes gets spread over large distances affecting many different areas of the world. Furthermore, 23 traveling by airplane is said to be even safer then driving, however, when, accidents do happen they usually result in tragedies where hundreds off) if people are either injured or die. ey ‘ https://wu teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Teacherguy_~ Technology is constantly advancing and because of its success, as humans, have become accustomed to a lifestyle of immediate i i gratification. The invention of the airplane was one of the first of these instances that allowed people to start living a fast lifestyle and expecting immediate gratification. Resources and manufactured goods could now be sent over large distances in a fraction of the time that they used to be sent. People learned to expect more in less time. Flying is not affordable for everyone. With that being said, neither is driving, but a ticket for a seat on a local flight can average around $50 - $300 while a ticket to any overseas flight can average from anywhere between $700 - $4000. Any and every nation is our neighbour due to the ease in which trade can occur. We can import foreign sports cars, fruits, vegetables, meat and other exotic foods. We get to experience other cultures in the comfort of our own homes without having to do much to get it and it's all thanks to the invention of the airplane, In summary, flying has had many affects on our society. Overall, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages in that they allow us to live the types of lives we are accustomed to. The ability to fly has create a global community where we can | connected with people around the globe.How Does Flight Affect Us Worksheet 1. List some of the positive benefits that the invention of the airplane has had on society. Give examples to support your answers. 2. List some of the negative effects that the invention of the airplane has had on society. Give examples to support your answers. 3. In your opinion do you think the airplane was a good invention, why or why not?Culminating Task - Create a Flying Object Over the course of this unit you have learned about how living and non-living things can achieve flight. We have discussed the properties of air, Newton's three laws, the law of flight, and Bernoulli's principle. All of which are important to understand when trying to achieve flight. In this project you will be working individually or in pairs to construct a flying object. The steps to completing this project are listed below: Find a regular household recyclable item that you want to make fly (ex. a milk carton, Pringles container, water bottle, can, egg carton, etc...). It can be anything you choose! Using the concepts learned throughout the unit you will modify your item to try and get it to fly (stay in the air) for as long as you possibly can. Some modifications may include adding wings, a parachute, propellants, or a combination of these three main methods of flight. Be sure to collect other materials that you might need to help construct your flying object. . Complete a one page report that explains the following things: how you | made your flying object, your rationale for why this object will fly | (stay in the air), what you would do if you had more time and resources | to complete the project. 26 4.Present your flying object to the class and discuss the topics you covered in your report. Give a visual demonstration of your flying! object. 3 ms is) w- Culminating Task | Project Proposal What object will you attempt to make fly? Group Members: Materials (List the materials you will need to construct your flying object): Rationale (Why and how will this object fly):Draw a detailed design of your flying object. Include material names and measurements.i t ‘Culminating Task Rubric Criteria Level Level 2 Level Level 4 Proposal - Project proposal is handed in prior to beginning constructions and is thoroughly completed. Tt includes all materials that will be used, a competent rationale and clear design that labels all measurements. Construction - Student uses class time effectively to construct his/her flying object. He/She stays with his/her group, shows initiative and interest in completing the project and is not distracted by other people or groups. Report - Report is handed in immediately before or after presentation, It is written in proper format with a clear introduction, body land conclusion. Proper grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling is used throughout the report. Presentation - Student stands up straight, projects voice, enunciates words and demonstrates confidence when speaking about his/her flying object. He/She demonstrates knowledge about flight. He/She is able to connect what was learned throughout the unit to his/her flying object. Student Name: Overall Level: