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Electromagnetic Induction: The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
Electromagnetic Induction: The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields in called Electromagnetic
Induction.
Experiment 1
Consider a coil C1 connected to a galvanometer as shown in the figure. When the north pole of a bar magnet is
pushed towards the coil, there is a deflection in the galvanometer indicating the presence of electric current in the
coil.
- The current flows for as long as the magnet is in motion, there is no deflection when magnet is stationary.
- When the north pole is pulled away from the coil, there is a deflection in the opposite direction i.e. current flows in
the opposite direction
- When the south pole of the magnet is pushed/pulled, the deflection is opposite to that when the north pole was
being moved.
- The deflection is larger when the magnet is pushed/pulled faster
- Even when the magnet is fixed and the coil C1 is moved, there is a deflection.
Conclusion: Relative motion between the coil and magnet is responsible for generation (induction) of current in the
coil.
Experiment 2
The bar magnet in experiment 1 is replaced by a coil C2 connected to a battery. Steady current in the coil C2 sets up a
steady magnetic field. when C2 is moved towards C1, the galvanometer records a deflection. This indicates current is
induced in C1
- When C2 is moved away, there is a deflection in the opposite direction
- The deflection lasts as long as the coil C2 is in motion
- When C2 is fixed and C1 is moved, the same effects are recorded
Conclusion: Relative motion between the two coils is responsible for inducing electric current
Experiment 3
Consider the two coils C1 and C2 but this time C2 is connected to the battery through a key. When the key is closed
the galvanometer records a momentary deflection. After closing the key for a long time, there is no deflection. When
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the key is opened, there is again a momentary deflection but in the opposite direction. The deflection increases by
many folds when an iron rod is inserted into the coils along their axis
Note: Uniform field – field constant w.r.t. position | Steady field- field constant w.r.t. time
2nd Law- The magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linked with coil
The negative sign indicates the direction of ε and the direction of current in the loop
For a coil of N turns-
Note: Flux can be varied by varying B, A or θ. Therefore, emf can be induced by-
1. Changing B (e.g. time varying field)
2. Changing the shape of the coil (area changes)
3. Rotating coil in a magnetic field so that angle θ between B and A changes
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Lenz’ Law and conservation of Energy (PYQ 2017, 2013, 2012, 2011)
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that
produced it. This is a consequence of conservation of Energy.
The negative sign in the expression for flux in Faraday’s law represents this effect.
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As the north pole of the magnet is pushed towards If the north pole of the magnet is pulled away
The coil, the flux through the coil increases. Hence, from the coil , the flux through the coil will
Current is induced in the coil such that it opposes the decrease so current will be induced such that
Increase in flux. For the observer, this will happen when flux through coil increases. For the observer,
Current is induced in the anticlockwise direction. This will happen when current flows in the
This will result in a north pole being formed facing the clockwise direction which will result in an
Magnet which will repel the magnet and oppose the attractive force which opposes the decrease
Increase in flux. In flux.
Note: If an open circuit is used instead of a closed loop, an emf is still generated with polarity according to Lenz’ law.
According to Lenz’ law, the magnet experiences a repulsive force. So, to keep the magnet in motion, work has to be
done by an external agent on the magnet. This work done is seen as the heat produced due to circulating current in
the coil in accordance with Joule’s law of heating effect of current.
Ans: according to Lenz’s law, the induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux which causes it so on the
right-side current will flow clockwise so as to form south pole and, on the left, anti-clockwise so as to form north
pole. Therefore, the polarity will be as shown-
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Ques: Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane where current I is
increasing steadily (PYQ 2012) [1M]
Ans: The magnetic field on the sides of the wire is as shown in the figure. As current is increasing, the field and hence
flux through the rings will also increase. So, to oppose the increase the change in flux, current will be induced
according to Lenz law-
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Consider a coil of radius a and N turns kept in a uniform magnetic field B with its plane perpendicular to the field. It
is rotated about an axis perpendicular to the field, in the plane of the loop with an angular velocity ω. The flux
through the loop at a time t is-
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Motional EMF (PYQ 2020,2018, 2011)
The emf generated by moving a conductor in a magnetic field i.e. by changing the flux in the circuit is called motional
EMF.
In the figure, there is a rectangular conductor PQRS kept in a magnetic field B, in which arm PQ of length L is free to
move. The rod PQ is moved towards left with a constant velocity v. Assume that there is no loss of energy due to
friction.
Explanation 1: Using Faraday’s Law
As PQ is moved, the area enclosed by PQRS keeps on changing. At time t let RQ= x, then the flux associated with
PQRS –
Since x is changing w.r.t. time, the flux through PQRS will also vary with time and hence due to Faraday’s law, an EMF
will be induced which can be written as-
(Where dx/dt = -v as x is
Decreasing with time)
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Note: General formula-
Since v=0, the force must be due to E. therefore, to explain the induction of current we must assume that a time
varying magnetic field generates an Electric field. but, the electric field due to static charges and that due to varying
magnetic field have different properties.
Method 1:
As the rod is rotated, the charges in the rod experience a force and move towards O. At a certain value of emf there
is no more flow of electrons and steady state is reached. Consider a differential element of length dx at a distance x
from O. As the rod moves perpendicular to the field, the magnitude of emf across dx will be-
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Method 2:
Consider a closed loop OPQ with rod OP rotating with ω. As OP rotates, the area and hence flux linked with the loop
changes and an emf is induced across the loop. At time t, let angle between OP and OQ be θ. Area OPQ is-
• •
Energy Conservation
Let resistance of PQ be R and resistance of all other arms is negligible. Therefore, the net resistance is R and doesn’t
change as PQ moves. The current I in the circuit can be written as-
As current flows through the arm PQ, it will experience a force due to the magnetic field which can be written as-
or
The direction of this force will be towards right, opposite to that of its velocity.
To keep the rod moving with constant velocity v, an equal force in the opposite direction is needed. The power
required for this will be-
Therefore, the mechanical energy required to move PQ is converted to electrical energy and then thermal energy.
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Charge circulated
-
①
-
②
(From 1,2)
2. Laminations – laminations of a metal are used to make a core. The laminations are separated by an insulating
layer like lacquer. The plane of the laminations must be parallel to the magnetic field so that they cut across the
eddy current paths. This reduces the strength of eddy currents and hence the loss of energy as heat (P=I2R)
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Important PYQ t.EE?
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Ques: Two spherical bobs of one metallic, and the other of glass of the same size are allowed to fall freely from the
same height above the ground. Which of the two will reach early and why? (PYQ 2014) [1M]
Ans: As the metal ball falls, it experiences a force due to gravity downwards. But, as it falls, the flux through it due to
earth’s magnetic field is changing due to which eddy currents are induced in the metal sphere such that they oppose
its motion. So, it experiences a retarding force upwards. However, since glass is an insulator, no eddy currents are
induced and it experiences only a force due to gravity. Therefore, the glass sphere reaches before the metal sphere.
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i÷t÷÷ Inductance
An electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change produced by another coil nearby or flux change produced
by the same coil. In both cases the flux produced is directly proportional to the current.
For a coil of N turns, the magnetic flux is linked with each turn therefore the net flux will be N times of the flux
associated with a single turn i.e.-
Where L is a constant of proportionality which is called inductance. Inductance only depends on the geometry of the
coil and intrinsic material properties.
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①
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We now consider the reverse case. A current I1 is flown through S1. The flux linked with S2-
-
③
Where M21 is mutual inductance/ coefficient of mutual induction of S2 w.r.t. S1
-
④
From 3,4.
Note: The mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids also depends on their separation and their relative orientation
If current through one of the coils is varied with time, an emf is set up in the other coil which is calculated as-
-
①
Also, -
(From 1,2)
Ans:
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Inductance of solenoid
Consider a solenoid of no of turns per unit length n, radius a, current I. we know-
-
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Also,
-
②
From 1,2
Also,
(From 1,2)
Note: Self induced emf is also called back emf as it opposes any change in the current in a circuit. Physically, self
inductance plays the role of inertia. It is the electromagnetic analogue of mass in mechanics.
Ques: A plot of magnetic flux versus current is shown in the figure for two inductors A and B. which of the two has a
larger self-inductance (PYQ 2010) [1M]
Ans: We know-
Ques: If number of turns of solenoid is doubled without changing the length and area of cross-section. The self-
inductance of the solenoid will become___________? (PYQ 2020) [1M]
Ques:
•
Ans:
(PYQ 2013) [3M]
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U = LI
This expression can be compared with the kinetic energy of a body in mechanics . this shows that L is
analogous to m (i.e. L is electrical inertia and it opposes growth and decay of current in the circuit).
In general-
Consider the case of current flowing simultaneously in two nearby coils. The flux through one coil will be the sum of
the two fluxes –
Where M11 is the inductance due to the same coil. Using faraday’s law-
Principle: if flux linked with a coil varies with time, an EMF is induced in the coil
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Construction: - it consists of a coil mounted on a rotor shaft kept in a strong magnetic field. The axis of rotation of the
coil is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
- The coil is connected to external circuit with the help of slip rings and brushes
Working-
- The coil of area A is rotated in field B, the flux through the loop will be BAcosθ where θ is the angle between field and
area vector.
- As the coil rotates, θ and hence the flux through the coil changes which sets up an induced emf in the coil
- Let the coil rotate with a constant angular velocity ω. The angle between A and B at a time t is θ = ωt, assuming θ= 0°
at t=0, the flux at any time t can be written as -
Since value of sine function varies between +1 and – 1, the polarity of the emf also varies. Hence, direction of current
also varies periodically with time therefore, current is called alternating current.
Important PYQs
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Ques: For an A/C generator, show a plot of variation of-
1. Magnetic flux
2. Alternating emf versus time generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field (PYQ 2013) [2M]
Ans: For a coil rotaGng in a magneGc field with constant angular velocity
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Since all three , B, L, and v are in mutually perpendicular
direcGons, the induced EMF-
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Ques: Define self inductance of a coil. Show that magnetic potential energy required to build up current I in the coil
of self conductance L is given by LI2/2 (PYQ 2012) [2M]
Ques: A metallic rod of ‘L’ length is rotated with angular frequency ω with one end hinged at the center and the
other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius L about an axis passing through the center and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present
everywhere. Deduce the expression for emf between the center and the metallic ring (PYQ 2012) [2M]
Ques: State the working of an AC generator having N turns each of area A, is rotated with constant angular velocity
ω. Deduce the expression for alternating emf generated in the coil. (PYQ 2011) [5M]
Ques: Describe briefly, with the help of a well labelled diagram, the basic elements of an AC generator. State its
underlying principle. Show diagrammatically, how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a
magnetic field. write the value for the instantaneous value of the emf in the coil. (PYQ 2010) [5M]
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