Faraday's explanation

motion
between
the
is no relative
When there magnetic fiela
and coil, total number of
coil (i.e,
magnet through the
passing
lines of the magnetlinked with the coil) remaine
magnetic flux induced in the coi
the therefore no e.m.f. is
constant,
[Fig. 10.30 (a)].
no current
flows in it
and relative motion between th
When there is a
linked with th
flux
magnet, magnetic
coil and in Fig. 10.30 (b), th
example
coil changes. For
towards the north pole
of magnes
coil is moved coil increase
flux through the
so the magnetic
coil is moved away from the-
the
Similarly, if
of magnet, the magnetic
flux throuoh
north pole
the coil decreasestuibnos adt bouS bsoub

31J9Tu
(a)o MOTION OF COIL

9S N
westbanlers 3omosls

Fig. 10.30 Change of magnetic flux through a coil

Due to change in the magnetic flux linked

with the coil, an e.mf. is induced in the coil. The
induced e.m.f. causes a current to flow in the coil
if the circuit of coil is closed. Thus,

Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon

inwhich an e.mf. is induced in the coil if there
is a change in the magnetic flux linked with
the coil.

In electromagnetic induction, mechanic the

energy spent (i.e., the work done) in moving
coil or the magnet, to change the magnetnc J
48
 into the electrical energy in the If the circuit of coil is closed, a curent hiov
m the coil, in it due to the e.m.f. induced across its ends,
eurrent

Fig. 10.31 shows two coils P and S Factors affecting the magnitude of induced
Note ch other. The coil P is joined to a
each
e.m.f.
n e a r

and rheostat while the coil S is joined in coil is

magnitude of e.m.f, induced
a
The
a key
e-zero galvanometer. If current in coil
C e n t e t o galvano
of change of
cqual to the product of the rate
nged, the magnetic field produced by it
change
magnetic flux ()) linked with each turn
of the

changes
so the magnetic flux inked with the coil and the number of turns in the col. i.e
hanges and an e.m.f. is induced in the
nil
S c

deflection is observed in Induced e.m.f. ol

i lS
due to which a

alvanometer connected with it. [Current number of turns in the coil xchange in magnetic flux of each turm (a
ime in which the magnetic flux changes (At)
coil PP coIl behaves
behe
as a magnet while
cattyng
curent has the same efect as moving .(10.3)
1 a ang
y
change coil]. Thus, for a given coil and magnet, it depends
gnet to
ey on the following two factors
Cell (1) on the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn, and
Rheostar (2) on the number of turns in the coil.
Fig. 10.31
Direction of induced e.m.f.
The e.m.f. 1S induced (or the deflection The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence the
there is change in the current in
)so long direction of induced current) depends on whether
the coil P. there is an increase or decrease in the magnetic
The coil P in which current is varied, is flux. It can be obtained by any of the following
cou and the coil S in which two rules: (1) Lenz's law and (2) Fleming's right
alled the prmary
Is called the secondary coil hand rule.
ami. is induced,
induced e.m.f. in coil S
The direction of (1) Lenz's law
whether the current in the coil P
depends on
According to Lenz's law, the direction of |
increased or decreased. This is the principle
induced e.mf. (or induced current) is such that
which is used in transformer.
a

it opposes the cause which producesit.

10.14 FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTRO
MAGNETIC INDUCTION In Fig. 10.29 (b), when north pole of the
Onthe basis of the abOve experimental magnet is brought towards the end A of solenoid,
dbservations, Faraday formulated the following the induced current flows in the solenoid in
induction
Nolaws of electromagnetic direction B to A ie., at the end A, the current is
0)Whenever there is a change in magnetic anticlockwise, so the end A of solenoid becomes
flux linked with a coil, an e.mf. is induced. a north pole to repel the magnet. Thus, it opposes
Thee.m.f. induced lasts so long the magnetic the motion of the north pole of magnet towards
fluxlinked with the coil changes. the solenoid, which is the cause of producing it.
) Themagnitude of emf. induced is directly Similarly, in Fig. 10.29 (d), when north pole
proportional to the rate of change of of the magnet recedes from this end A of the
magnetic flur linked with the coil. If magnetic solenoid, the direction of induced curent in the
flux changes at a constant rate, a steady e.m.. solenoid is from B to A i.e., it is clockwise at the
isproduced.
249
 end A, and
it becomes the
OPpose the motion of south pole so as to Principle: In a generator, a coil is rotated
ated in
north pole of the field. Due to rotation, the
magnet aa magnetic
magne magnetic
Solenoid which is the
producing it. cause of flux linked with the coil changes and therefore
e.m.f. is induced between the ends of
Lenz s law is based on the law of Thus, a generator acts source ofc coilin
current as a

evation of energy. It shows that the an external circuit containing load when it
echanical energy is spent in doing work against joined between the ends of its cOl. is
the
opposing force experienced by the moving Construction and its main parts: The ba
dgnet, and it is transformed
into the basic
energy due to which current flows in the electrical construction of
an a.c.

solenoid. Fig. 10.33.

genctO Snown
in
13

n0 Axle
2) Fleming's right hand rule Soft iron core B c mature coil

Stretch the thumb, central finger and

forefinger
of your right hand mutually perpendicular Horse shoe N
Horse sho0e
each other as shown in to
Fig. 10.32, f the
magnet magnet
forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic
field and the thumb indicates the direction
motion of the conductor, then the of BrushB
S, Slip ring
central finger
will indicate the
direction of induced current.
Brush B
MOTION OF CONDUCTOR
Thumb-Motion
Fore finger-Field nadoatloto9ftLwww.
MAGNETIC FIELD Central finger-Induced Joomu.odtFig.t 10.33
oLoadA.C.tgenerator
T3it gnol
current

The main parts of an a.c. generator are

INDUCED olirt ot (1) A horse shoe electromagnet NS,ollno
CURRENT
Fig. 10.32 Fleming's right hand rule (2) the armature coil ABCD .m.a
(3) the
slip rings SS, andt no
Note Fleming's, left hand rule gives the
(4) the brushes B, B,ob
alnogob
directionof force on a current carrying Boensrun
conductor placed in (1) A horse shoe electromagnet NS: It is a
a
magnetic field but the
strong magnet with poles N and S.
Fleming's right hand rule gives the direction of
nduced current in a conductor moving in a 2) Armature coil ABCD: There is a soft iron
magnetic field. a Core on which a coil ABCD having a large
wo pda 19ngsig number of turns of insulated copper wire is
10.15 A.C. GENERATOR bapoheiva wound. The coil is rotated rapidly in the
We know the use of an magnetic field between the poles of the field
generator in our
a.c.

house (or factory) as an alternative source of magnet, by an axle fixed to it.

electricity when electric supply from mains is not 3) Slip rings S, and S, : There are two coaxial
available metallic rings S, and S, which rotate along
with the coil. One end of the coil is
An a.c. generator is a device which comverts
connected to the slip ring S, and the other
the mechanical energy into the electrical
energy using the principle of electromagnetic end of the coil is connected to the slip ring
induction. S Each ing slips against a brush which is
stationary.
250
(4) Brushes B, and B, * Thene are nvo brushes
B, and B, made of carbon, which
press gently
(with the help ot spnings) against the slip rings
and S, respectively. The other ends of
brushes act as n e
minals of the generato
s which the extemal
circuit containing load
connected. The
brushes B, and B, do not S
along with the coil and the
slip rings. s s
Working: The working of an a.c. LOAD LOAD
is shown in Fig 1 0 .
generator www.
LC tne magnetic field be (a) Plane of col normal to (b) Plane of coll parallel to
in the plane of
paper rom north magnetic field (initial position) magnetic field (after 90" rotation)
couth pole S. Initially let normal pole N to the
to the
of coil be in the plane
direction
of
magnetic field
(i.e., 8 = 0) So maximum
magnetic field lines N

rough the coil. In this

position, the arm AB
of coil is below the plane of D
paper, while the
am CD of coil 1S aDOve the
plane of
chown in Fig. 10.34(a). The end A ofpaper
as
coil is
connected to the siip ring S and the end D to
the slip ring S. The brush B, touches the s s
ring S, and the brusn B, touches the slip ring slip
S,.
LOAD
ww.
www
LOAD

No e.m.f. 1s induced in the coil when it is at

(C) Plane of coll normal to abn (d) Plane of coil parallel to
rest. magnetic field magnetic field
et the coil be rotated clockwise (after 180" rotation) (after 270°rotation)
by the handle
ached to the axle. AS the coil starts
rotating, the Fig. 10.34 Working of a.c. generator
magnetic flux through the coil decreases and On rotation of coil further by 90° it is at 180
therefore an e.m.i. 1S 1nducedbetween the ends of
from its initial postion and the normal
coil due to which an inauced current
flows in the to the plane
of coil again becomes
coil. By Fleming' s right hand
rule, the direction of parallel to the magneuc neld
or 0 180° as shown in
induced current in coil 1s along ABCD. This is Fig. 10.34(©). Now the
magnetic field lines passing through
because when the cO1l rotates clockwise, the arm
becomes maximum. At this
the coil
ABmoves upwards (L.e., Irom below to the
plane
position of coil, ne
of paper) so the induced current in the arm AB iS
rate of change of magnetic flux Is zero, thererore
no e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
from A to B, while in the armm CD which moves
inwards (or from above into the plane of When the coil gets rotated
paper), further, the
the induced current is from C to D. Therefore in magnetic flux linked with the coil decreases and
the external circuit, the current flows from the ne e.m.. again increases to the same maximum
brash B, to the brush B, through the load. When value, but in opposite direction. When the coil
the coil gets rotated by 90° (i.e., normal to the gets turned by 270 from its initial position
plane of coil becomes perpendicular to thenormal to the coil has also turned = 270)
shown in Fig. 10.34(d), the e.m.f. induced in the
magnetic field or 6.= 90) as shown in Fig.
coil is maximum because the rate of change of
10.34(6), no magnetic field line passes through the
col, so the magnetic flux linked with the coil udgelc tluX 1S again maximum a t this
instant. Now the arms of coil AB and CD have
becomeszero. At this instant, the e.m.f. induced in interchanged their position. As a result, an
coil is maximm because the rate of change of o
induced current flows in the coil in direction
magnetic fhux is maximum at this instant.
251
DCBA (.e. in the extermal circuit from the brush Frequency of alternating curo
B, to the brush B,). In one complete rotation of coil, we get one cycle
On Turther rotation of the coil, the induced of alternating current in the external circunt. Thus, the
r e d u c e s to zero and the magnetic flux generated alternating current nas ne Jrequency
anked with the coil becomes maximum when eaual to the frequency of rotation of tne coil,
normal to the plane of coil gets rotated by 360 If the coil makes n
rotations per second, the
and becomes parallel to thee magnetic field as maonitude of induced e.m.t. at any stant t is
shown in Fig. 10.34(a).
gIven as
Thus the coil rotates in the e F e sin 27tht
as
magnetic ficld
between the poles of field magnet, an induced e.m.f.
1S produced between the ends of the coil. The and the current is expressed as

C.m.t. so produced between the ends of the coil

cnanges its polarity as well as the magnitude in bE aat i=i sin 21t1t .10.5)
cach rotation of the coil, so it is called an the maximum
where and o represent values of
dernatng e.mf. Due this induced e.m.f.. an
to e
e.m.f. and current respectiveiy*.
altermating current flows in the external circuit
connected between the brushes B, and B: The The maximum value e, of e.m.f. induced can
direction of current reverses after each half rotation be increased by (1) increasing the number of
of the coil. turns in coil, (2) increasing the area of cross
Fig. 10.35 represents the variation in e.m.t. section of coil, and (3) inereasing the speed of
induced between the ends of coil with angle 6 rotation of coil.
which the normal to the plane of coil makes with
the magnetic field. Note: (1) By increasing the speed of rotation
of coil, the frequency of a.c. generated will also
increase, along with the increase in the
0 90 180 270 360 inolmaximum e of the induced e.m.f.
value
Ugs lio0 to (2) The magnitude of alternating current
D81-B changes continuously with time in a periodic
manner.

ATD rD DA A L lo si 10.16 FREQUENCY OF a.c. IN HOUSEHOLD

Direction of magnetic field
Fis. 10.35 Generation of e.mf. in the coil
Note: (1) The magnitude of induced e.mf
becomes maximum when the magnetic flux linked
with coil reduces to zero from its maximum
value. This happens when the plane of coil lies
in direction of the magnetic field.t o lamo
(2) The induced e.mf. becomes zero when the
magnetic flux linked with coil is maximum. This
happens when the plane of coil is normal to the
magnetic field.
(3) The alternating current is abbreviated
2A SUPPLIES D9ubn st
Ln.s on
In our houses, we have electric supply of
frequency 50 Hz (n = 50 Hz) i.e., the polarity at
the supply terminal changes 100 times a second
(50 times + and 50 times -).
Difference between the d.c. and a.c.
I fa resistor is connected across the terminals
of a battery, a current flows in the circuit, the
magnitude of which remains constant and it
o 2T1BAN where B= strength of magnetic field, A = area of cross
section of coil, N= number of turns in coil, andn=number of rotations

a s a.c.
ofcoilper second. i,=e IR ifRis the resistance of load comnected in the
extemal circuit. muriZ 0
252
 for transmission
lows in a direction from positive terminal down
transformer
ectrical
always
the use of step the loss of
to
t h e battery to 1s
tery is negative terminal. But if a in the city. By don8 transmission
line
wires

e connected at the output terminals of an heat in as

the
e
esistor
tor (or mains in our house), . the energy
a.C. g e n e r a t o r ( o r reduced. If d.c. is generated at
cannot be increased
of current in resistor changes generating station, its voltage to passage or
nitude

due
nag ly (the
periodicaly (the curTent
repeats its value after for transmission, aand there wil
so

line wires,
terval equal
each time inter tol0s) and its direction current in the transmission heat in
unc

electrical energy as
loss of
(it is in one direction
changes Torion S and be a huge
so line wires.
AN A.C.
thenin
reverse
direction
for the next
100 10.17
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
MOTOR
AND D.C.
current of constant magnitude and unique GENERATOR

A whilee a current changing

d.c., wh
d.c,
called
D.C. motor
direction, 1S as well as direction periodically, is
as
wel A.C. generator
motor is a device
1. A d.c.
magnitude
device electrical
its is a d.c. source, 1. A generator is a the
a.c.
A battery while the which converts the
which
converts

mechanica

into the
called and mains are the a.c. sources. mechanical energy into energy
generator
a.c. the electrical energy energy on the
BETWEEN D.C. AND A.C. motor works
DISTINCTION . A generator
works on the 2. A d.c.
of force acting
principle
principle of electro-
current(d.e.) Alternating current (a.c.) on a
current carrying
Direct magnetic induction.
1. It is the current of conductor placed in a
of
magnetic field. 01
1. Itis the curent
constant magnitude. magnitude varying
perodically with time. 3. In a d.c. motor, the current
the coil is
generator, source flows
in one
direction 2. It reverses its direction 5.
In a from a d.c.
flows rotated in a magneti
2. It periodically while in the coil placed in a
in the circuit. an which
field so as to produce field due to
flowing in a circuit. magnetic
clectric current.
from a cell 3 It is obtained from an he coil rotates.

3. Itis obtained generator and mains. 4. A d.c. motor makes use of

a.c.
(or battery). makes
4. An a.c. generator two parts of a slip ring
a.c. over d.c. use of two separate which
of (i.e., split rings)
Advantage coaxial slip rings. act as a commutator.

cheaper and easy to generate a.c.

1) It is
than d.c. ( A.C. generator and
Similarities between an
of an a.c. generator is
(2) The efficiency
that of a d.c. generator.
a D.C. motor
higher than d.c. motor, a
() Both in an a.c. generator and
a.c. nto d.e. field between the
(3) It is easy to change rotates in a magnetic
coil
of a.c. voltage can easily of powerful electromagnet.
(4) The magnitude the of
pole pieces a

be increased or decreased by
use there
(2) Both in an a.c. generator and d.c. motor,
down transformer. from one form
step up or step is a transformation of energy
a.c. can be transmitted over a long to the other form.
(5) in energy in
distance without much loss
10.18 TRANSFORMER
the line wires.
houses In our daily life, electrical we use various
220 volt a.c. in our
we use
In India, different
and factories. The use of a.c.
is advantageous over appliances which require working yoltage
a.c. can be increased
from the voltage of the mains (i.e., 220 V)
d.c. because the voltage of 6 V, while the picture
transformer at the power e.g. a door bell needs
by the use of step up television needs nearly 10,000 V. To
station and then it can be decreased by tube in a
generating

253