Linguistics- the scientific study of language.

Language- the principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional
way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture.

Branches of Linguistics

Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects.

Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects.

Morphology - the study of the formation of words.

Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences.

Semantics - the study of meaning.

Pragmatics - the study of language use.

Connotation- is an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning

Denotation- is the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

Components of Language

Phonology- the study of speech sounds of a language or languages, and the laws governing them.

Morphology- the study of word structure, the way words are formed and the way their form interacts with other aspects of
grammar such as phonology and syntax.

Syntax- the study of the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Semantics- the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning or definition.

Pragmatics- the study of how context contributes to meaning.

Main Types of Linguistics

1. Informative- The informative use of language applies to written and spoken language that can be determined as true
or false. Informative language is often seen in analytical reports, descriptions, arguments, and everyday speech. Most
informative uses of language are declarative statements.

2. Expressive- or an idiophone, which refers to aesthetic aspects of the passing scene such as pattern of movement,
sound, or the appearance of the object being observed.

3. Directive- used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt action.
Parts of Speech

Noun- is a name of a person, place, thing, animal, or an idea.

Pronoun- is a word that substitutes for a noun.

Verb- is an action word

Adjective- describes the subject or the noun

Adverb- is describes or modifies the verb, adjective or another adverb.

Preposition- is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place,
location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.

Conjunction- is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the
conjunctions.

Interjection- are words intended to express different levels of emotion or surprise, and are usually seen as independent
grammatically from the main sentence.

Figures of Speech

Alliteration- the repetition of letters or sounds that is used for emphasizing or stressing importance.

Anaphora- is the repetition of words or phrases in a group of sentences, clauses, or poetic lines

Antimetabole- is a figure of speech in which a phrase is repeated, but with the order of words reversed.

Antithesis- is a figure of speech that juxtaposes two contrasting or opposing ideas, usually within parallel grammatical
structures.

Apostrophe- is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone (or something) that is not present or
cannot respond in reality.

Assonance- the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non-rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each
other for the echo to be discernible.

Hyperbole- is an overstatement that exaggerates a particular condition for emphasis.

Irony- is when a speaker's intention is the opposite of what he or she is saying.

Metonymy- figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related to or
suggested by the original

Onomatopoeia- is defined as a word that sounds like the common sound of the object it is describing.

Paradox- an apparently successful argument having as its conclusion a statement or proposition that seems obviously
false or absurd.

Personification- is a trope or figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or
abilities
Pun- also called paronomasia, involves a word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple
meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

Simile- is a figure of speech and type of metaphor that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as.”

Synecdoche- is a figure of speech in which, most often, a part of something is used to refer to its whole.

Understatement- is an expression of lesser strength than what the speaker or writer actually means or than what is
normally expected.

Metaphor- a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of
another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them.