English Reviewer

Context Clues- Are hints found within a sentence, Paragraph, or passage that a reader can use
to understand the meaning of new or unfamiliar words.

Types of context clues

 Definition- the unfamiliar word is define in a sentence.
 Synonym- an similar word is placed in the same sentence to know the meaning of the
unfamiliar word.
 Antonym- an opposite word is placed in the same sentence.
 Comparison- a similar word with the same meaning as the unfamiliar word is placed with
the object being compared.
 Example- samples are provided in the sentence to understand the meaning of the
unfamiliar word.
 Explanation- a description is given to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
 Cause And Effect- the meaning of the difficult word depends on the cause and effect
relationship of other words as expressed in the sentence
 List or series of clues- to understand the meaning of the unknown word, it is included in
a series of words given in the sentence.
 Inference- to understand the meaning of the unknown word, one has to make a guess
based on the description given in the sentence.
Citation- is telling readers that you are using another person’s ideas or writing to support your
claim or ideas.
Parenthetical (in text) Citation- are citations to original sources that appear in the text of your
paper.
Reference list citation- is the list of sources you refer to in your writing.

Two most common formats in citing sources

 APA format- is preferred by the American psychological association and is typically used
in behavioral and social science such as psychology, sociology, history and
communication.
 MLA format- is the style preferred by the modern language association, and it is used
most often in the humanities, including literature, art, and theatre.
Bibliography- is a list of all the sources you have used (whether references or not) in the process
of researching your work.

Bibliography should include

 The authors’ name
 The title of the work
 The name and location of the companies that published your copies of the
sources
 The dates your copies were published
 The page number of your sources (if they are part of multi-sources volumes)
Citing Sources- is an important aspect of being a responsible scholar.
Auxiliary- is a helping verb that is used to make the form of another verb.
Modal verb-is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability,
permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, or advice.

Types of modals
 Can- is used to express ability or capability.
 May- is used to seek permission, to give permission, to express possibility in affirmative
sentences, to express a wish.
 Could- is used in the present context to express polite request.
 Might- is used in the first present time context to convey less possibility than may.
 Shall- is used in the first person singular (1) and plural (we) and will in the second and third
persons to express simple futurity.
 Shall- is also used in the second and third person to express a command, a promise, a
revenge, or a threat.
 Shall- is used I the second and third to ask after will of the person addressed.
 Will- is used to express the exercise of the will, characteristic habit, and probability.
 Will you- denotes an invitations or a request.
 Should- is used with all the persons to express obligation or duty.
 Would- is used as the past equivalents of will.
 Must- expresses necessity or obligation, must can also be determination
 Ought (to) - expresses moral obligation or desirability.
 Used to- expresses a past habit (which is discontinued)
 Need- expresses obligation or necessity and can be conjugated with do or without do
Cohesive devices- also known as linking word, transitional word, connections, or linkers, are
word or phrases that are used to show relationship between sentences or paragraphs.
Transition- explain the relationship between what has been said and what will be said.

Types of Transitions
 Addition Transition- and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further,
furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first.
 Cause and Effect Transition- because, therefore, so, as a result, consequently, due to,
because of.
 Comparison Transition- for example, for instance, in other words, in particular, namely,
specifically, such as, that is, thus, to illustrate.
 Contrast Transition- but, however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, yet, on the
contrary, on the other hand, still.
 Conclusion and Summary Transition- and so, after all, at last, finally, in brief, in closing,
in conclusion, on the whole to conclude, to summarize.
 Example Transition- as an example, for example, for instance, specifically, thus, to
illustrate.
 Insistence Transition- in fact, indeed, no, yes.
 Place Transition- above, alongside, beneath, beyond, farther along, upon, in back, in
front, nearby, on top of, to the left, under, to the right.
  Restatement Transition- in other word, in short, in simpler terms, that is, to put it
differently, to repeat.
 Time Transitions- afterward, at the same time, currently, earlier, formerly, immediately, in
the future, in the meantime, in the past, later, then, meanwhile, previously, simultaneously,
subsequently, until now.

Mapeh Reviewer
Music
Gamelan- is the most popular form of music in Indonesia and is used to accompany song
and dances.
Idiophone sound- is produced by way itself and vibrates without the use of string.
Mettallophones- it is the most common instrument in Indonesia.
Kendhang- is a hand-played drums which register the beat.
Kemanak- a banana shaped idiophone and gansa are commonly used gamelan instrument.
Angklung- played by shaking.
Pesindhen- is a female soloist singer who sing with a gamelan.
Gerong- refers to the unison male chorus that sing with gamelan.

Two types of basic Indonesian music scale

 Slendro- a pentatonic tuning employed for Javanese gamelans that divides the octave
into five roughly similar intervals.
 Peloq- is one of the essential tuning systems used in gamelan instruments that has heptatonic
scale.

Polyphonic- is a kind of melody is a result of hocket /Interlock.

Interlocking- is a common technique used in gong esemble.
Irama- is an Indonesian term for tempo.
Tempo- the music can be moderate as fast or slow.