POINTERS IN MOTHER TONGUE

CHAPTER 1-2: ASPECTS AND BENEFITS OF MOTHER TONGUE BASED-

MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION
LANGUAGE- Education begins with the use of the first language of the learners, a
language that they understand.
- microskills in communication are developed
- LISTENING: listen to understand and use what they hear.
- SPEAKING: speak with understanding to communicate their thoughts and ideas
clearly.
- READING: read to understand, apply, analyze, critique and use information from
printed or digital materials.
- WRITING: write creatively to communicate thoughts and feeling.

COGNITIVE
- The first language becomes the language of thinking, doing, applying and creating.

ACADEMIC
- Beginning school learners express themselves freely.
- School learners participate actively in class activities.

SOCIO-CULTURAL
- class prior knowledge, lived, experiences, language, and culture.

Use of Mother tongue enables learners to:

- Listen with understanding.
Speak with understanding.
Read with understanding.
Write with understanding.
View with understanding.

• PHONETICS- actual sound of language are produced.

• PHONOLOGY- sound patterning.
 • SYNTAX- arrangement and form of words.
• Semantics- meaning of words or how these words are used in a speech community.
• Pragmatic- how members of a speech community use language to communicate or
how the listeners arrive at the intended meaning of the speakers.

THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

- The Phonological system of language is composed of speech sounds known as
PHONEMES. It is subdivided in two.
- SEGMENTAL PHONEMES-vowel sound, consonant sound, dipthongs and
tripthongs.
- SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONEMES- includes the stress, intonation, pauses, and
junctures.
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IPA)
- Universally established and standardized codes of system used to represent the sound of
human speech.
Vowel phonemes
- Sounds produced by the articulation of mouth without any oral impediment.

• Diphthongs - two vowel phonemes combined to produce the correct sound of a syllable
• Triphthongs - monosyllable that contains three vowel phonemes.

CHAPTER 3:
THE SYNTATIC SYSTEM

- third component of a language, grammatical structure or the word order in a language,

expresses the idea or content as captured by what the word means.

THE CONTENT

- meaning intended by the speaker.

7 LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS OF YOUNG LANGUAGE LEARNERS

1. Instrumental- use language to express his needs or to get things done.

2. Regulatory- influence the behaviour of others such as
persuading/commanding/ordering/requesting others to do things.
 3. Interactional- to develop social relationships and facilitate the process of interaction.
4. Personal- express personal preferences and individual identity.
5. Representational- to convey information. [e.g. I saw a green turtle in the pond].
6. Heuristic- to learn and explore the environment to be able to understand it. [e.g. What is the
most dangerous shark?]
7. Imaginative- to tell stories, express fantasies, and create an imaginary environment. [e.g. In a
faraway place, there lived a hermit]

Language is Dynamic
Language are not usually spoken in the same manner from one part of the country to another.
The differences in the way members of a speech community speak are described as regional or
social variations [dialects or sociolects].

► McFarland counted 109 languages. However, Chavacano, a Spanish creole with two known dialects,
Tertateño and Zamboangueño makes 110 languanges

► Language spoken by different people described in terms or regional and social variation.

►Dialect- variety of a language spoken in one part of a country such as in regional dialect, or by people
belonging to a particular social class [sociolect].

TWO REASONS TO DISTINGUISH FROM ONE ANOTHER:

1. To label geographically the distinct varieties; and

2. As a result of standardization.

The Alphabet

a standard set of letters or graphemes which is used to write or code ideas.

Consonant Phonemes are the sounds that are produced with certain oral impediments.

consonant phonemes are completely blocked and they are called stops

partially blocked called laterals

escape of air with a friction called fricatives

airstream blocked in the mouth but released through the nose. These are the nasals.
Accent

- emphasis given to a syllable in a word by means of loudness, vowel length, pitch

Morphophonemics

- studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes.

TYPES OF MORPHOPHONEMICS CHANGES

1. Stress shift

- A shift in the stress can affect meaning. There may be words that may shift its stress from its
original place when there is an affixation.

• Stress shift to the right - suffix is added to the base form of the word .

• Stress shift to the left- suffixation is accompanied by a vowel loss in the stem next to the suffix.

2. Vowel loss

- stressed vowel is lost when certain roots have a suffix and stress is shifted to the right.

3. Metathesis

-transposition of sounds or letters in a word, is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of

words it a sentence.

4. Assimilation of the nasal sound to the consonant that follows :

When the velar nasal ng or enunciated as /n/ is in the final position, it is somehow changed to the
point of articulation as the following initial position of the stem.

5. Consonant change

In some instances, some consonants are replaced by others.

CHAPTER 4:

ORTHOGRAPHY

SPELLING RULES

1. Spelling should be in accordance with the phonetic sound of the word.

 2. Use of o and u
3. When a root word is repeated, the spelling is not changed.
4. Use and non-use of hyphen.
5. Use of WA, WE, WI, and YA, YE, YI, YO
6. Use of Prefixes
7. Use of Infixes
8. Use of Suffixes

CHAPTER 5

PARTS OF SPEECH

Name word or nouns- refer to names of person, animals, things and events.

2.Nouns can be common or proper

3. Noun can be count nouns or common nouns.

Korean languages does not contain pronouns in everyday language, relying only on context to
clarify intended meaning

Chinese language / topolects - largely gender neutral and possess few linguistic gender markers

Finnish - only gender-neutral pronon and completely lacks grammatical gender.

Persian -genderless language

Japanese has no grammatical gender or number.

Malay is a fundamentally gender-nuetral

Pronouns- takes the place of a noun or noun phrase.

1. Tal-us nga pangalan sa tawo ( personal pronouns)

2. Demonstrative pronouns- Tal-us nga pangalan sa pagtudlo

3. Interogative pronouns- tal-us nga pangalan sa pagpamangkot

Adjectives

- words that describe or modify other words.

ACTION WORDS

- describe what the subject of the sentence is doing.

6 action focuses

1. Actor focus- indicates that the actor of the is the topic of the sentence.

2. Goal focus- the topic of the sentence is the object which receives the action

3. Referent focus- location or beneficiary of the action is the topic of the sentence.

4. Accessory focus- topic of the sentence is the thing used in the performance of the action.

5. Stative Goal Focus – the topic of sentence is the party which has been put into some states, or
to whom some quality or characteristic is attributed by another

6. Stative Actor focus- topic of the sentence has an inherent ability to be in the state specified or
has the inherent quality name by the verb root.

ASPECT

- to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect time

• 2 Aspects of verb

1. Real Aspect- shows that the action has already begun.

2. Unreal Aspect – shows that the action has not yet begun.

A conjunction - includes words like and and or. The label conjunction is normally only applied to a very
small group of words, chiefly and and or, which were traditionally called the coordinating
conjunctions.

Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators. These are the words like if, whenever, although, and
after.

Complementizers conjunctions: that and whether.

Preposition

smallest class of words in the English language which includes words like to, with, and of
Prepositions are analyzed as the realization of image schemas

Interjection

- word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions independently of a sentence.

CHAPTER 6

Semantics and Syntax of a Language

Semantics is the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

Theories of Meaning

- Meaning communicates information about the world around us.

- Meaning is a mental image or concept of something.
- Meaning is a social phenomenon.
- The meaning of words and sentences have various relationships among them.
- Meaning can be studied in the words of a language and in the sentences that can be constructed
in that language. (Tserdanelis & Wong, 2004)

Semantic Roles

 Agent person who does the action

 Theme the entity that is involved in or

affected by the action

 Patient thing that action happens to

 Instrument thing involved in action (but not agent)

 Experiencer an animate being affected by an event

or state

 Force a doer that has no volition

 Source the place or

direction from which

something comes from

  Goal the place or direction to

which something goes

• Path the route by which

something moves

• Location the place where the action

or event takes place

• Possessor if someone owns or has

Something.

Lexical Relations

• Words do not only contain meaning or fulfill roles. They can all have relationships. These lexical
relations are the following:

Synonymy

• Synonyms are two or more words whose meanings are closely related. "Sameness" may not be
"total sameness"; hence, some synonyms cannot be interchangeably used.

Antonymy

• Antonyms are two forms that have opposite meanings. There are two kinds of antonyms:
'gradable', or comparative constructions (e.g., good-bad, long-short, hot-cold); and 'non-
gradable or complementary pairs (e.g., male-female, dead - alive, true- false).

Hyponymy

• When the meaning of one form includes the meaning of another, one word is the hyponym of
the other, for example: bougainvilla - flower, mango fruit, molave tree. Hyponyms generally
have a hierarchical relationship.

• Homonymy refers to a word of one form having various meanings.

• Polysemy, refers to one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings related by
extension. For example the word head refers to the part of the body above the shoulders, or the
person on top of a company or department.
 Collocations

• The words in language tend to occur with other words. These are called collocations. For
example:

• table – chair hammer – nail salt - pepper

• husband – wife bread – butter spoon-fork

Syntactic Features of a Language

Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases, and phrases into sentences.

• The study of phrase and sentence structure and the application of rules is called grammar.

Ambiguity

has more than one meaning.

Types of Ambiguity

1. lexical ambiguity= idiomatically used to mean

2. pragmatic ambiguity -speaker and hearer have shared knowledge of information.
3. structural ambiguity- arrangement of words or sentence structure affects how the sentence is
interpreted.

Phrase Structure

There are four basic ideas on phrase structure:

1. Every word is a member of a category

2. A phrase is a string of words (one or more) that functions as a unit in a sentence. A phrase is built
up around a single word called its head.

3. In a language, there is a set of specific ways in which phrase can be combined with one another to
construct bigger phrases and sentences. These are called the phrase structure rules of the language.

4. The way in which the phrases are combined in a sentence determines its phrase structure.
Lexical Categories

In English, the main categories are the following:

• Nouns (N) - e.g., book, the comic book, the house, the haunted house, poverty

• Verbs (V) - e.g., write, wrote, is eating, ate, were, have been, was born

• Adjectives (A) - e.g., hungry, wet, talented, busy, crowded, many, much, least, older

• Prepositions (P) - e.g., with, of, on, under, because of, in spite of, beyond

• Adverbs (Adv) - hungrily, soon e.g., often, never, unfortunately, quickly,

• Determiners (Det) -e.g., a, an, the, very, all, every, each

Phrase Structure Rules

In the English language, sentences are generated with the following phrase structure:

S NP VP

S stands for sentence; NP for noun phrase; and VP for verb phrase.