Felie Rose Deocampo Escartin

BSED-A1 ENGLISH
Test I. Identification/Definition
1. Linguistics - A scientific study of language.
2. Language - A system of communication used by a particular country
or community and consisting of words.
3. Phonetics - The study and classification of speech sounds.
4. Phonology - Study of the sound patterns that occur within language.
5. Morphology - Study of the internal construction of words.
6. Syntax - Is the proper order of words in a phrase or sentence.
7. Semantics - Scientific study of meaning in natural and artificial
language
8. Pragmatics - The study of the use of natural language in
communication, the study of the relations between languages and their
users.
9. Sociolinguistic - The way language is used in society.

10. Neurolinguistics - The study of the neurological mechanisms

underlying the storage and processing of language.
11. Wernicke's Area - Is the region of the brain that is important for
language development involved in the comprehension of speech.
12. Brocas Area - Also called convolution of broca, region of the brain
that contains neurons involved in speech function.
13. Aphasia - Is a condition that robs you of the ability to communicate.
It can affect your ability to speak, write and understand language both
verbal and written.
14. Cultural transmission - Is the process whereby a language is passed
on from one generation to the next.
15. Critical period in language acquisition - First language
acquisition. The critical period hypothesis (CPH) states that the first few
years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily
and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language
acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful.
16. Derivational morpheme - Are affixes which are added to a lexeme
to change its meaning or function.
17. Inflectional morpheme - Change what a word does in terms of
grammar, but does not create a new word.
18. Phoneme - A smallest unit of sound that distinguish one word from
another word in a language.
19. Minimal pair - Consist of two words with sounds that are very
similar but have different meanings.
20. Recursion - Its the repeated sequential use of a particular type of
linguistics element or grammatical structure.
21. Structural ambiquity - which is the presence of two or more
possible meanings within a single word.
22. Structural analysis - Is the process of breaking words down into
their basic parts to determine word meaning.
23. Hyponymy - Is a word, or phrase whose semantic field is included
within that of another word its hypernyms.
24. Synonym - Is a word, morpheme or phrase that means exactly or
nearly the same as another word, morpheme or phrase in the same
language.
25. Homonymy - Is one of group of words that share the same
pronunciation but have different meanings and an usually spelled the
same.
26. Metonymy - Is more specifically, a replacive relationship that is the
basis for a number of conventional metonymic expressions occuring in
ordinary language.
27. L2 - Is a second language, a foreign language, a target language or a
foreign tonque.
28. L1 - Is a first language, your native language or your mother tongue.
29. Esl - Stands for English as a Second Language. It is a program of
instruction designed to support English - language learners.
30. Lexical category - Is a syntactic category for elements that are part
of the lexicon of a language is sometimes used for the major parts of
speech noun, verb and adjective.
Felie Rose Deocampo Escartin
BSED-A1 ENGLISH
Test ll. Comparison and Contrast/ Cause- Effect Relationships
1. Difference between pictograms and ideograms
- The main difference between ideogram and pictogram is that ideogram
is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of
any particular language, and specific words or phrases, and pictogram is
a ideogram that conveys its meaning through it's pictorial resemblance to
a physical object.
2. Logographic writing system and aphonographic writing system
- In a logographic system, the symbols represent words and in a
phonographic system, the symbols represent sounds.
3. What is the difference between acoustic phonetics and auditory
phonetics
- Acoustic phonetics studies sound transmission whereas the auditory
phonetics studies sound perception. The transmission of sounds and their
perception by a listener are closely related.

4 . Voicedless with voiced sound

- Voiced sound are the one you produce by using the vocal fold.
Voiceless sounds are the ones you produce without using your vocal
fold, only using air and mouth. In short vibration is called voiced sound
and no vibration is voiceless sound.
5. Allophone and a phoneme
- Phonemes and allophones are both component part of speech sounds.
Phonemes are related to speech meaning while allophones are related to
speech realization or enunciations. The primary relationship between
phonemes and allophones is that phonemes become spoken language
when allophones are enunciated.
6. Word- formation processes:
A.Initialism- Acronym
- Initialism is pronounced as a seperate word.
- Always made of initials of a group of words.
- Not considered as a new word.
* Acronym pronounced separately as letters.
* Sometimes made of non- initials as well some acronyms are
considered as a new word.
B. Clipping- Blending
- A clipping is defined as the shortening of a single word, whereas, the
shortening and subsequent combining of two words result in a blend. A
blend is formed if there is clipping at more than one place or there is
overlap.
C. Back-formation- Compounding
- Back-formation is a word created by removing a part of another word ,
or the process of how this new word is made whereas compounding is a
process by which a compound lexeme is derived from two or more
simpler lexemes.
7. Prefixes and suffixes used in these words: carelessness,
disagreement, ineffective, refillable, unfaithful
-Carelessness - Suffixes(-ness)
-Disagreement - Prefixes(-dis)
-Ineffective - Prefixes-(-in)- Suffixes-(-ive)
-Refillable - Suffixes-(-able)
-Unfaithful - Prefixes-(-un)- Suffixes-(-ful)
8. Content words vs function words
- Content words are words that have meaning. Therefore we refer to
content words as an "open" class. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
are content parts of speech. Function words are words that exist to
explain or create grammatical or structural relationship inti which the
content words may fit.
9. Bound and free morpheme
- Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound
morpheme, unlike the free. Cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It is
always annexed to one or more morpheme to form a word.
10. Descriptive vs prescriptive grammar
*Descriptive grammar
- Approach to grammar that is concerned with describing the use of
language by native or non- native speakers without references to
proposed norms of correctness or advocacy of rules based on such
norms.
- Takes the principles that the language usage can vary according to
varied speakers. Thus it does not consider what is "correct".
*Prescriptive grammar
- Approach to grammar that is concerned with establishing norms of
correct and incorrect usage and formulating rules based on these norms
to be followed by users of the language.

- Takes the principle that the long existed grammar rules created by the
native speakers are the "correct" and the variations are incorrect.
- Rules are made according to the daily usage of the language by the
speakers.
- There are specified and standard set or grammar rules.
11. Cohesion and coherence
- Cohesion relates to the micro level of the text, the words and sentences
and how they join or link together. Coherence relates to macro level
features of a text which help it to make sense as a whole.
12. Surface structure vs deep structure
- The surface structure is actually produced structure. It refers to the
sentence as it is pronounced or written. The deep structure is the abstract
structure that allows the native speaker of language to know what the
sentence means. The deep structure expresses the semantic contents of a
sentence, whereas the surface structure of a sentence determines its
phonetic form.
13. First language acquisition vs 2nd language acquisition
*First language
- Can acquire without conscious effort
- Passive learning
- Instinctive and triggerd by birth
- Rapid process
- No need for instructions past the point of acquisition
- Not dependent an intelligence and special ability
*Second language
- Have to work hard and study consciously to acquire
- Active learning
- A person choice lengthy to language and person to person
- Requires continuous learning and guidance
- Possible interferences from first language
14. Language and culture
- Language and culture are intertwined. A particuar language usually
points out to a specific group of people. When you interact with another
language, it means that you are also interacting with the culture that
speaks the language. You cannot understand one's culture withiut
accessing its language directly.

15. Semantic roles

- A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has
with the main verb in a clause. Semantic role is the actual role in a
participant plays in some real or imagined situation, apart from the
linguistic encoding of those situations.