ENG103 October 25, 2021

ENGLISH
PHONOLOGY: The
Sound and Their
Features
Group 4 Cuyos, Jazel Delacruz, Carlos
English Phonology and Morphology
TOPICS
1. What is Phonology?
Sound
Phone
Phonemes
Aspiration
Voiceless Stops

2.
Phonological
Processes A.
Types of
Phonological
ProcessesAssimi
lation
Dissimilation
Nasalization
Deletion
Insertion
Vowel Reduction
Metathesis

PHONOLOG
Y One of the core fields that
compose the discipline of
linguistics, which is the scientific
study of language structure.
HOW
 PHONOLOGY
DIFFERS FROM
THE RELATED
DISCIPLINE OF
PHONETICS?
While phonetics and phonology both deal with language
sound, they address different aspects of sound.
 Phonetics Phonology

deals with "actual" physical amplitude and frequency.

sounds as they are an abstract cognitive system
manifested in human speech, dealing with rules in a mental
and concentrates on acoustic grammar: principles of
waveforms, formant values, subconscious "thought" as
measurements of duration they relate to language
measured in milliseconds, of sound.

Sound
Linguists use the word sound
to refer to any difference
 that's relevant for any
language.
FOR

EXAMPLE:
 'wadder" and "waTer" mean the same
thing in English, so the distinction
between these sounds isn't relevant for
English speakers.

Phoneme
Refer to the smallest
distinct and constrictive
units of linguistics that
bring about the
different of meaning.

They are represented in // e.g. /p/

P
h
o
n
 Pho
e
nes ar
e the st disti
smalle nguishable
unit of speech sounds.
They are refer to any
speech sound or
gesture without regard
of it place in phonology
of language.

They are represented in [] e.g. [p]

A r
s a
p
Tha
t
i i
o
t puff is call
n ti
of ai ed asp on. In
r ira
English, there's no
meaningful difference
between the aspirated
(tʰ ) as in "team" and
unaspirated [t] as in
"steam"

[tʰ ] [t]
Aspirated Unaspirated
In linguistic terms, we say that
these two phones are part of
the same phoneme in English.
Specifically, we say that
aspirated [tʰ ] and
unspirated [t] are
allophones of the same
phoneme ing English.
They're technically
different, but English
speakers think of them as
the same sound.
 Different Phones Different
and Phonesbut notDifferent
Different Phonemes Phonemes
The unaspirated [t]
always occurs after an [s]
or at the end of a word,
while the aspirated [tʰ ]
always occurs at the
beginning of a word.

VOICELESS STOPS
unaspirated at the beginning of an
 unstressed syllable. They're also
unaspirated in any other position,
like at the end of a syllable or the
end of a word. And even if a
syllable is stressed, a voiceless
stop is unaspirated if it follows. In
English, voiced stops are never
aspirated.
In English, the sounds [p], [t], and [k] are voiceless stops
(also called plosives). The sounds [b], [d], and [g] are
voiced stops.
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Patterns of sound errors that typically
developing children use to simplify
speech as they are learning to talk.
They do this because they lack the
ability to appropriately coordinate their
lips, tongue, teeth, palate and jaw for
clear speech.
TYPES OF
PHONOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
1. ASSIMILATION
Assimilation is the most
common phonological
process in several
 languages. The assimilation
itself is a process that
makes a similar sound by
another sound that sounds
similar in one or more
features.
Example:

• The phrase : / ðæt pleɪs/ becomes / ðæp

pleɪs/ • Hand bag : / hænd bag/ becomes /
hæm bag/ • Planter : becomes planner
There are two majors categories of assimilation, which is:

1. Regressive assimilation: means that

the phoneme that comes first is affected
by the one that comes after it.

Example:
• Bad boy : / bæd boi/ becomes /
bæbboi/ • Five pence : / faiv pens/
becomes / faif pens/ • Want to : / wɔnt
tu:/ becomes / wɔn nə/
2. Progressive assimilation: means that
the phonemes that follows is affected by
other phonemes that precede it.

Example:

Stand there : / stænd ðear/

becomes / stæner/ Washed : /
wɒʃid/ becomes / wɒʃt/
Assimilation may occur between two
adjacent sounds (contiguous) or at a
 distance (non contiguous). The
direction of assimilation may be forward
(progressive) or backward (regressive).
The assimilation may also be partial or
even total (entirely). And, assimilation
may occur within the same word or in
between two words.
2. Dissimilation - in dissimilation, a
segment that contains two close or
adjacent that make the segment
become less similar to another
 segment.

Example:
• The /ø/ as a fricative sounds can
converts to dissimilar from the
preceding fricative by having a stop,
such as: • fifth : [fifθ]
• sixth : [siksθ]
Both of them end with a voiceless fricative
followed by a voiceless interdental fricative.
However, some English native speakers
pronounce them by replacing the / θ/ with t so
 it becomes ‘fift’ and ‘siskt’.

English adopted the French word ‘coronnel’

which arose out as ‘colonel’ and in doing so,
the segment dissimilated the /r/ to an /l/
3. Nasalization - is the part of the assimilation
phonological processes rule that occurs when the
sound as we articulated a word is impacted by the
upcoming nasal, and it usually comes just before we
say the vowel of the syllable. In English, we anticipate
nasal for the vowels.

Example:
• Be /bi/ Bean /bin/
• Lay /le/ • Bead • Lame /lem/ •
/bæ/ • Lace /les/ • Bang /bæŋ/ • Boot
Bad /bæd/ • /but/ • But /bʌt/ • Boat
/bot/ • Bought /bɔt/
4. Deletion - is a rule of phonological
progress that works to remove the
sound segment from a certain word.
Example:

Some English speakers delete • Rather

the final / ɹ/ on words when • Far
they pronounce them, like: • Dinner
• Unfair • Camera
• Our • Family
Some English speakers also • Pencil
ignores the medial / ə/ in the • Police
words, such as:
The final /b/ in a word can • Climb
also be deleted if it • Coulomb
preceded by an /m/ Another rule of deletion also
happens to /g/ when it
• Lamb occurs before a the final
• Comb nasal word
• Numb
• Limb • Design
• Thumb • Resign
• Assign • Apothegm
• Diaphragm
5. Insertion - also known as epenthesis is the rule
of the phonological process where a sound
segment is appended into the word
pronunciation.

Example:
• Please : /pə liz/ instead of /pliz/
• Film : /filəm/ instead of /film/
• Hamster : /hæmpster/ instead
of /hæmster/ • Strength : /strɛŋkθ/
 instead of /strɛŋθ/
• Ankle : /əŋkəl/ instead of /ənkl/
6. Vowel Reduction - we’ve learned about the
deletion rule of phonological processes
before. But sometimes, we can also find a
word that has a sound that isn’t really
ignored, or that they don’t disappear
completely, so technically, the sounds are
reduced. To articulate this phonetic
characteristic, our tongue needs to be more
centralized than the average, to reduce the
 vowel segment sounds.
Example:
• In
unstresse
d
syllables,
the vowel
is often
reduced

• About Allegation • • Circular

• Implication • Invocation • Confirmation •
Explanation • • Confrontation • Recitation
Emphasis • Umbrella • Demonstration
Another information vowels also reduced
is that most of the to /ə/ or /ɪ
7. Metathesis - the phonological
processes can metathesize the
pronunciation of a word by its rule called
metathesis. The metathesis rule is
simply changing the sound of a syllable
by swapping the position of a segment
as we pronounce the word.
Example: case, the sounds become /
• Ask is commonly pronounced æks/.
as /æsk/. But in the metathesis
• I asked Marry about her dog. asked that is usually addressed
by / æskt/ can be metathesize
The same form as ask, the
to /ækst/.
8. Flapping - the flapping that
exists in the words actually means
when a syllable in the word make
the trill or even stop sound.

In English, especially American English, the flapping rule happens

in the word with the syllable which consists of a /t/ or ‘T’ that is
placed between two vowels. • Metal
• Water • Dated • Writer • Kitty • Bottom • Auto
• Little • Duty
• Party
• Editor
• Dramatic