Techniques of Integration

Chapter I
Techniques of Integration
MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Mathematics Department
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
MSU-Gensan
Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Parts
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu (1)
Examples
Find each of the following indefinite integrals.
Z Z
1. xexdx 3. x2exdx
Z Z
2. lnxdx 4. y2 sin(4y)dy

Z
1. xexdx
Solution:
Note: From now on, we evaluate this
We choose which part of the integrand to be integral without putting constant C1
assigned as u and dv. There is a trial and and C2.
error here. You will know if you have chosen
the right assignment if after substitution the
We substitute in equation (1). We
right-hand side of equation (1) can be have Z Z
directly integrated using the known
formulas (or techniques). udv = uv − vdu
Let u = x and dv = exdx. Then, take the Z Z
derivative of both sides of u = x and so we xexdx = xex − exdx
have du = dx. Next, take the integral of both
sides of dv = exdx and thus we get = xex − ex + C
v + C1 = ex + C2. We choose v where constant
C1 = 0 = C2, that is, v = ex.
Z
2. lnxdx
By equation (1),
Solution: Do the same procedure in Example Z Z
1.
Let u = lnx and dv = dx. Then, udv = uv − vdu
1
Z Z
du = dx. 1
x lnxdx = (ln x)x − x dx
Now, Z x
= x ln x −
Z Z
dv = dx dx
and so = x ln x − x + C
v = x.

3. Solution: Let u = x2 and dv = exdx. integrated using the known formulas (or
Then, techniques). Again,
Z apply the same
du = 3xdx. technique for 3xexdx. Note that in
Now, Example 1,
Z Z Z
dv = exdx xexdx = xex − ex + C0.
and so Therefore,
v = ex .
Z Z
x2exdx = x2ex − 3xexdx
By equation (1),
Z Z = x2ex − 3(xex − ex + C0)
udv = uv − vdu = x2ex − 3xex − 3ex + 3C0
= x2ex − 3xex − 3ex + C , where C = 3C0.
Z Z
x2exdx = x2ex − 3xexdx
Note: Adding constant C may be done in the
In this case, the left-hand side cannot be final answer.
4. Solution:
Let u = y2 and Z
dv = sinZ(4y)dy. Then,
Hence,
du = 2ydy and dv = sin(4y)dy. Z Z
Z udv = uv −
vdu (1)
In sin(4y)dy, we use substitution. Let Z ! Z
cos 4y − cos 4y
dw y sin 4ydy = y −
2 2
− 2ydy
w = 4y. Then, dw = 4dy and so = dy. 4 4
4
Now, !
(2)
Z
Z Z
dw cos 4y y cos 4y
sin(4y)dy = sin w = −y2
+ dy
4 4 2
1 (3)
= − cos w + C
4 We Zcannot use known formulas or techniques
cos 4y y cos 4y
=− + C. for dy except integration by parts.
4 2
cos 4y
Thus, v = − .
4
Z
y cos 4y
Repeat the techniques for dy.
2
sin 4y
Let u = y and dv = cos 4ydy. Then, du = dy and v =
∗ ∗ ∗
. ∗
4
It follows that Z Z
u∗dv∗ = u∗v∗ − v∗du∗
Z
sin 4y sin 4y
=y − dy
4 4
y sin 4y − cos 4y
= − + C∗
4 16
Therefore, by Equation 3
Z 2
y cos 4y y sin 4y cos 4y
y sin(4y)dy = −
2
+ + + C.
4 4 16
Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals
Z b Z b
udv = [uv]ba − vdu
a a
Z π
2
5. Evaluate x cos xdx.
Z 2 0
6. Find x3 ln xdx.
1

5. Solution: Z Z
Let u = x and dv = cos xdx. Then, du = dx and dv = cos xdx. Hence, v = sin x.
Therefore,
Z b Z b
udv = [uv]ba − vdu
a a
Z π Z π
2 π 2
x cos xdx = [x sin x]0 − 2
sin xdx
0 0
π π
= [x sin x]0 + cos x|0 2 2
π π π

= sin − 0 sin 0 − cos − (cos 0)
2 2 2
π
= +1
2
Note: In evaluating definite integral, we do not need to include constant C beacause it is
clearly that it will be cancelled after evaluating.
6. Solution:
Let u = ln x and dv =Zx3dx. Z
1
Then, du = dx and dv = x3dx.
x
x4 " 4
2
!
1 4
!#
It follows that v = . Therefore, = 4 ln 2 − −
4 16 16
Z b Z b
16 − 1
udv = [uv]ba − vdu = 4 ln 2 −
16
Z 2 a 4
a
Z 2 4 15
x x 1 = 4 ln 2 −
x ln xdx = ln x|1 −
3 2
dx 16
1 4 1 4! x 64 ln 2 − 15
=
4 4
Z 2 3
2 1 x
= ln 2 − ln 1 − dx 16
4 4 1 4
4 2
!
x
= 4 ln 2 −
16 1


Exercises.
(1) Find each of the following indefinite integrals.
Z
a. x4 cos xdx
ydy
b. 5
(y
Z − 1)
c. r2e−rdr
Z π
2
(2) Evaluate x cos 5xdx.
0

Reduction Formula
Z n−1 Z
cos x sin x n−1
sin xdx = −
n
+ sinn−2 xdx
n n
Z
7. sin6 xdx
Z
8. sin5 xdx
Z
9. sec3 xdx

7. Solution: Using Reduction Formula,
Z 6−1 Z
cos x sin x 6 − 1
sin xdx = −
6
+ sin6−2 xdx
6 6
cos x sin5 x 5
Z
=− + sin4 xdx
6 6
5 3 Z !
cos x sin x 5 cos x sin x 3
=− + − + sin2 xdx
6 6 4 4
5 3
" Z !#
cos x sin x 5 cos x sin x 3 cos x sin x 1
=− + − + − + dx
6 6 4 4 2 2
5 3
" #
cos x sin x 5 cos x sin x 3 cos x sin x 1

=− + − + − + x +C
6 6 4 4 2 2
cos x sin5 x 5 cos x sin3 x 5 cos x sin x 5
= − − − + x+C
6 24 16 16

8. Solution: Using Reduction Formula,

Z 5−1 Z
cos x sin x 5 − 1
sin xdx = −
5
+ sin5−2 xdx
5 5
cos x sin4 x 4
Z
=− + sin3 xdx
5 5
4 2 Z !
=− + − + sin xdx
5 5 3 3
4 2
" #
=− + − + (− cos x) + C
5 5 3 3
cos x sin4 x 4 cos x sin2 x 8
= − − − cos x + C
5 15 15

9. Solution:
Writing sec3 x = sec x · sec2 x, we let u = sec x, and dv = secx dx. Then, du = tan x sec xdx and
v = tan x. Then, Z Z
sec3 xdx = sec x tan x − tan2 x sec xdx
Z
= sec x tan x − (sec2 −1) sec xdx
Z Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 dx + sec xdx.
Z
Transferring the term − sec3 xdx to the left side and dividing by 2, we get
Z Z
1 1
sec xdx = sec x tan x +
3
sec xdx.
2 2
Therefore, Z
1 1
sec xdx = sec x tan x + | sec x + tan x| + C .
3
2 2
Integration of Trigonometric Expressions
Z
Type A sinm u cosn udu
Case 1. Either m or n is odd, positive integer. If m is odd, we factor out
sin udu and change the remaining even power of sine to powers of cosine
by the trigonometric identity
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1.
If n is odd, we factor out cos udu and change the remaining even power of
cosine to powers of sine by the same identity.

Examples
FindZeach of the following indefinite integrals.
1. sin5 xdx
Z
2. sin3 x cos−5 xdx
Z
3. sin4 2x cos5 2xdx

1. Solution: Since m = 5 is odd positive
integer and n = 0, we have Now,
Z Z Z Z
sin5 xdx = sin x sin4 xdx sin5 xdx = sin x(1 − cos2 x)2dx
Z Z
= sin x(sin2 x)2dx = −(1 − u2)2du
Z Z
= sin x(sin2 x)2dx = − (1 − 2u2 + u4)du
Z
2u3 u5
= sin x(1 − cos2 x)2dx = −u + − +C
3 5
2 cos3 x cos5 x
= − cos x + − +C
By substitution, let u = cos x. Then, 3 5
du = − sin xdx and so −du = sin xdx.

2. Solution: Since m = 3 is odd and positive, we have

Z Z
sin3 x cos−5 xdx = sin2 x cos−5 x sin xdx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x) cos−5 x sin xdx
Z
= (cos−5 x sin x − cos−3 x sin x)dx
Z Z
= cos−5 xd(cos x) − cos−3 xd(cos x)
1 1
= − 4
+ 2
+ C.
4 cos x 2 cos x

3. Solution: Since n = 5 is odd and positive, we write

Z Z
sin4 2x cos5 2xdx = sin4 2x cos4 2x cos 2xdx
Z
= sin4 2x(1 − sin2 2x)2 cos 2xdx
Z
1
= (sin4 2x − 2 sin6 2x + sin8 2x)d(sin 2x)
2
1 1 1
= sin 2x − sin 2x + sin9 2x + C .
5 7
10 7 18

Z
Type A sinm u cosn udu
Case 2. Both m and n are even and positive integers or zero. In this case, the
half − angle formulas are used to lower the degree of the expression. These
formulas are
1 − cos 2u 1 + cos 2u
sin u =
2
, cos u =
2
.
2 2
Examples
FindZeach of the following indefinite integrals.
4. sin2 x cos2 xdx
Z
5. sin4 3udu

4. Solution:
Since m = 2 and n = 2 are both even and
positive integers, we apply the half-angle
To this last integral we again apply the
formulas. We have,
half-angle formula, and get
(1 − cos 2x) (1 + cos 2x)
Z Z
sin x cos xdx =
2 2
1 + cos 4x
Z Z
· dx x 1
2 2 sin x cos xdx = −
2 2
dx
1
Z 4 4Z 2
= (1 − cos 2x)(1 + cos 2x)dx x 1
4Z = − (1 + cos 4x)dx
1 4 8
= 2 Z
(1 − cos 2x)dx x x 1
4Z = − − cos 4xdx
1 1
Z 4 8 8
= dx − cos2 2xdx x x 1
4 4 = − − sin 4x + C .
x 1
Z 4 8 32
= − 2
cos 2xdx.
4 4

5. Solution: This is Case 2, with m = 4, n = 0. We have,
Z Z Z 2
1 − cos 6u
sin4 3udu = (sin2 3udu)2du = du
Z 2
1
= (1 − cos 6u)2du
4Z
1
= (1 − 2 cos 6u + cos2 6u)du
4
1 + cos 12u
Z
u 1 1
= − sin 6u + du
4 12 4Z 2
u 1 1
= − sin 6u + (1 + cos 12u)du
4 12 8
u 1 u 1
= − sin 6u + + sin 12u + C
4 12 8 96
3u 1 1
= − sin 6u + sin 12u + C .
8 12 96
Z
Type B. tanm u secn udu
Case 1. n is an even positive integer. We factor out sec2 udu and change the
remaining secants to tangents, using the trigonometric identity.
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.
Examples
Find each of the following indefinite integrals.
sec4 udu
Z
1. √
tan u

1. Solution:
We write
4
Z Z
sec udu − 12
√ = (tan u) sec2 u sec2 udu
tan u Z
− 12
= (tan u) (1 + tan2 u) sec2 udu
Z Z
− 21 − 32
= (tan u) sec udu +
2
(tan u) sec2 udu
Z Z
− 32 − 23
= (tan u) d(tan u) + (tan u) d(tan u)
2 1 5
= 2(tan u) + (tan u) 2
2
5

Z
Type B. tanm u secn udu
Case 2. m is an odd positive integer: We factor out sec u tan udu and change
the remaining even power of the tangents to secants, again using the
identity
tan2 u = sec2 u − 1.
Examples
tan3 xdx
Z
2. √3
sec x

2. Solution:
− 13 − 34
We write (sec x) tan x = (sec x) sec x tan2 x tan x and get
3
3
Z Z
tan xdx − 13
√3 = (sec x) tan3 xdx
sec x Z
− 43
= (sec x) tan2 x(sec x tan x)dx
Z
− 34
= (sec x) (sec2 −1)d(sec x)
Z
2 4
= −
[(sec x) 3 − (sec x) 3 ]d(sec x)
3 5
− 31
= (sec x) + 3(sec x) + C .
3
5
Trigonometric Substitution
√ √
If the integrand contains expressions of the form a 2 − x2 , a2 + x2, or
√
x2 − a2, it is frequently possible to transform the integral into
trigonometric forms.
√
A.) If an expression of the form a2 − x2 occurs, make the substitution
x = a sin θ (where we take θ = arcsin(x/a)).
In performing the substitution, the
reader should sketch a right triangle,
as show in the figure on the
right-hand side. The figure contains
all the essential ingredients of the
process,
√ and it is evaluated that
a2 − x2 = a cos θ.
√ π
Z 3 √ Z
3
√ 4 − x2dx = 2 cos θ2 cos θdθ
Z 3 √ −1 − π6
Example 1. Evaluate 4 − x2dx. Z π
3
−1 =4 cos2 θdθ
Solution: − π6
By integration of trigonometric expressions

type A, we get
Z √3 √ Z π
3 1 + cos 2θ
4 − x dx = 4
2 dθ
−1 − π6 2
Z π
3
=2 (1 + cos 2θ)dθ
Let x = 2 sin θ. Then dx = 2 cos θdθ and , − π6
π3
1

according to the figure above we have
√ = 2 θ + sin 2θ
4 − x2 = 2 cos θ. Therefore, 2 − π6
√
= π + 3.
√
B. If an expression of the form a2 + x2 occurs, make the substitution
x = a tan θ (or θ = arctan(x/a).
A sketch of this substitution is shown
in the figure on the right-hand side,
from
√ which we see that
a2 + x2 = a sec θ.

Z √
Z √ Z
√ √ √
Example 2. Find x3 7 + x2dx. x 3
7+ x2dx = 7 7 tan θ 7 sec θ · 7 sec2 θdθ
3
√
Z
= 49 7 tan3 θ sec3 θdθ.
Solution:
This last integral is of Type B in integration of
trigonometric expressions, with m odd and positive.
We obtain
Z √ √
Z
x3 7 + x2dx = 49 7 (sec2 θ − 1) sec2 θ(tan θ sec θ)dθ
√ 1 1

= 49 7 sec5 θ − sec3 θ + C.
5 3
√ √
Let x = 7 tan θ.√According to the figure Referring to the figure √ with a = 7, we now
√ again
above,
√ with√ a = 7, we have √ find that sec θ = (1/ 7) 7 + x2, and so
7 + x2 = 7 sec θ. Also, dx = 7 sec2 dθ. √
Z
1 2 52 7 2 32
x 7 + x dx = (7 + x ) − (7 + x ) + C .
3 2
Therefore, 5 3

√
C. If an expression of the form x2 − a2 occurs, make the substitution
x = a sec θ.
A sketch of this substitution is shown
in the figure on
√ the right-hand side. It
follows that x2 − a2 = a tan θ when
we take θ = arcsec(x/a).

Z 6
√
x2 − 9
Example 3. Find dx.
3 x
6
√ Z π/3
3 tan θ
Z 2
Solution: x −9
dx = · 3 tan θ sec θdθ
3 x 0 3 sec θ
Z π/3
=3 tan2 θdθ
Z0 π/3
=3 (sec2 −1)dθ
0
We make the substitution x = 3 sec θ,
= 3[tan θ − θ]π/3
dx = 3 tan θ sec θdθ. Further, referring to the √ 0
π
figure
√ above with a = 3, we see that = 3 3− .
3
x2 − 9 = 3 tan θ. When x = 3, we have
sec θ = 1 and θ = 0; when x = 6, we have
sec θ = 2 and θ = π/3. Therefore,

Exercises
Evaluate the following:
Z √
25 − x2
1
2
dx
Z x
dx
2 √
4
Z x x2 − 4
x
3 √ dx
Z 9 − x2
dx
4 √ dx
Z 8+x 2
dx
5 √
x x2−2
Z 2
dx
6 √
1 x2 4 − x2

Integration Involving Quadratic Functions
Integrand involving quadratic function of the form ax2 + bx + c

The integration is usually simplified by completing the square. To complete
the square of a quadratic, we write the identity
! !2 2
b b b
ax2 + bx + c = a x2 + x + c = a x + + c − 2.
a 2a 4a
b
Then the substitution y = x + changes the quadratic term.
2a

Examples
FindZeach of the following:
(2x − 3)dx
1
x 2 + 2x + 2
Z
dx
2 √
2x − x2
2x3dx
Z
3
2x2 − 4x + 3

1. Solution:
2. Solution:
We complete the square (with a = 1, b = 2, c = 2),
To complete the square, we note that a = 1, b = 2,
obtaining
c = 0. Then we find
x2 + 2x + 2 = (x2 + 2x) + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 2 − 1 = (x + 1)2 + 1.
Let y = x + 1, dy = dx, and write 2x − x2 = −(x2 − 2x + 1) + 1 = −(x − 1)2 + 1.
Z Z
(2x − 3)dx 2y − 5 We let y = x − 1, dy = dx, and so
= dy
x2 + 2x + 2 y2 + 1 Z Z
dx dy
=
Z Z
2ydy dy √
= − 5
p
y2 + 1 y2 + 1 2x − x2 1 − y2
= log (y2 + 1) − 5 arctan y + C = arcsin y + C
= arcsin(x − 1) + C .
= log (x2 + 2x + 2) − 5 arctan (x + 1) + C .

3. Solution:
We perform the ordinary long division of 2x3 divided by 2x2 − 4x + 3, getting
2x3dx
Z Z
5x − 6

= x+2+ 2 dx
2x2 − 4x + 3 Z2x − 4x + 3
1 2 5x − 6
= x + 2x + dx.
2 2x2 − 4x + 3
We complete the square to obtain
2x2 − 4x + 3 = 2(x − 1)2 + 1.
Therefore, the substitution y = x − 1 yields
3
Z Z
2x dx 1 2 5x − 1
= x + 2x + dy
2x2 − 4x + 3 2 2y2 + 1
d(2y + 1) 1
2
Z Z
1 5 dy
= x2 + 2x + −
2 4 2y2 + 1 2 y2 + 12
1 2 5 1√ √
= x + 2x + ln(2y + 1) −
2
2 arctan(y 2) + C
2 4 2
1 2 5 1√ √
= x + 2x + ln(2x − 4x + 3) −
2
2 arctan 2(x − 1) + C .
2 4 2
Exercises
FindZthe indefinite integral.
x+3
1 dx
Z x + 42x + 5
2
x dx
2
x2 + 3x + 1

Integration of Rational Functions
Method of Partial Fractions
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials, an expression of the form
P(x)
Q(x)
is called a rational function. The integration of expressions of the form
Z
P(x)
dx
Q(x)
can, in theory, always be performed. In practice, however, the actual
calculation of the integral depends on whether or not the denominator,
Q(x), can be factored. A theorem which is proved in more advanced
courses states that every polynomial can be factored into a product of linear
factors. That is, when Q(x) is a polynomial of degree r, it may be written as
a product of r linear factors: Q(x) = a(x − a1)(x − a2) · · · (x − ar).
Theorem (IRF1)
Every polynomial (with real coefficients) may be decomposed into a product of linear and
quadratic factors in such a way that each of the factors has real coefficients.
Theorem (IRF2)
Suppose that two polynomials
S(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + · · · + anXn,
T(x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + · · · + bnXn
are equal for all except possibly a finite number of values of x. Then, ai = bi for all
i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Steps in integrating the rational function P/Q
1 If the degree of P is larger than or equal to the degree of Q, apply long division.
2 Factor Q(x) into a product of linear and quadratic factors.
3 Apply Theorem IRF1 and IRF2. That is, write P(x)/Q(x) as a sum of simpler rational
functions, each of which can be integrated by methods we already learned.
Case 1. The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, all different.
x2 + 2x + 3
Example 1. Decompose 3
into partial fractions and integrate. Then, find
x −x
x + 2x + 3
Z 2
3
. Solution: Since the degree of the numerator P(x) is less the degree of the
x −x
denominator, we proceed to step 2 and 3. Then, Q(x) = x3 − x = (x − 0)(x − 1)(x + 1). We
write,
x2 + 2x + 3 A1 A2 A3
= + + ,
x(x − 1)(x + 1) x x−1 x+1
which is an identify for all x (x , 0, 1, −1) if and only if
x2 + 2x + 3 = A1(x − 1)(x + 1) + A2x(x + 1) + A3x(x − 1). (4)

Multiplying out the right side, we obtain
x2 + 2x + 3 = (A1 + A2 + A3)x2 + (A2 − A3)x − A1. (5)
If these two polynomials are to be identical, every coefficient on the left must equal every
coefficient on the right. Then the polynomials are the same for all values of x. Generally, it
is better to work with equation (4) than with equation (5). We proceed as follows:
If in (4) we set x = 0 3 = −A1 and so A1 = −3.
If in (4) we set x = 1 6 = 2A2 and so A2 = 3.
If in (4) we set x = −1 2 = 2A3 and so A3 = 1.
We conclude that
(x + 2x + 3)dx
2
Z Z
3 3 1

= − + + dx
x(x − 1)(x + 1) x x−1 x+1
= −3 ln |x| + 3 ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1| + C

(x − 1)3(x + 1)
= ln 3 + C .
x

Case 2.
The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, some of which are repeated.
If Q(x) = (x − a)s1 (x − a)s2 · · · (x − a)sr where s1, s2, ..., sr are positive integers, then the partial
fraction decomposition introduces a number of different types of denominators.
Example A factor such (x − 1)4 give rise to the four terms
A1 A2 A3 A4
+ 2
+ 3
+ 4
,
x − 1 (x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1)
where A1, ..., A4 are properly chosen constants.

x+5
Z
Example 2. Find dx.
x3 − 3x + 2 We let
Solution:
We factor the denominator, obtaining x = 1 : 6 = 3A2 ⇔ A2 = 2;
1
x3 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)2(x + 2). x = −2 : 3 = 9A2 ⇔ A3 = ;
3
This falls under Case 2 with 1
x = 0 : 5 = −2A1 + 2A2 + A3 ⇔ A1 = − .
a1 = 1, a2 = −2, s1 = 2, s2 = 1, and we write 3
Therefore,
x+5 A1 A2 A3
= + + . Z
(x + 5)dx
(x − 1) (x + 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2 x+2 = −
1
ln |x − 1| −
2
+
1
ln |x + 2| + C .
(x − 1)2(x + 2) 3 x−1 3
Multiplying through by (x − 1)2(x + 2), we obtain
x + 5 = A1(x − 1)(x + 2) + A2(x + 2) + A3(x − 1)2.

Case 3.
The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear and quadratic factors, and
none of the quadratic factors are repeated.
If for example Q(x) = (x − a1)(x − a2)(x − a3)(x2 + b1x + c1)(x2 + b2x + c2), then
P(x) A1 A2 A3 A4x + A5 A6x + A7
= + + + 2 + 2 .
Q(x) x − a1 x − a2 x − a3 x + b1x + c1 x + b2x + c2
where A1, ..., A4 are properly chosen constants.

3x2 + x − 2
Z
Example 3. Find dx.
(x − 1)(x + 1)
2
Solutions:
According to Case 3, we have
3x2 + x − 2 A1 A2x + A3
= + 2 Therefore, after carrying out the appropriate
(x − 1)(x + 1) x − 1
2 x +1
integrations, we find
or 3x2 + x − 2 = A1(x2 + 1) + (A2x + A3)(x − 1). Z 3x2 + x − 2
To find A1, A2, and A3 we substitute any dx = ln |x − 1| + ln(x 2
+ 1) + 3 arctan x + C .
(x − 1)(x2 + 1)
values of x in the above identify. When
x = 1 : 2 = 2A1 ⇔ A1 = 1;
x = 0 : −2 = A1 − A3; ⇔ A3 = 3;
x = 2 : 12 = 5A1 + (2A2 + A3) ⇔ A2 = 2.

Case 4.
The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear and quadratic factors, and
some of the quadratic factors are repeated.
Example. If the denominator contains a factor such as (x2 + 3x + 5 − 1)3, it
will give rise to the three terms
A1x + A2 A3x + A4 A5x + A6
+ 2 + 2 .
(x + 3x + 5) (x + 3x + 5)
2 2 (x + 3x + 5) 3

When
2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1
Z
Example 4. Find dx. x = −1 :A1 = −1;
(x + 1)(x + 2x + 2)
2 2
Solution: x = 0 : − 1 = 4A1 + 2A3 + A5 and 2A3 + A5 = 3;
This is Case 4 since x2 + 2x + 2 cannot be factored into x = 1 :5 = 25A1 + (A2 + A3)(10) + (A4 + A5)(2) and
real linear factors. Thus, we have 5A2 + 5A3 + A4 + A5 = 15;
2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1 A1 x = 2 :20A2 + 10A3 + 2A4 + A5 = 43
=
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2)2 x + 1 x = −24A2 − 2A3 + 2A4 − A5 = −3.
A2x + A3
+ 2 Solving the four equations for the four unknowns,
x + 2x + 2
A4 x + A5 A2, A3, A4, and A5, we get (after quite a bit of algebra)
+ 2
(x + 2x + 2)2 A2 = 1, A3 = 3, A4 = −2, A5 = −3.
or Therefore,
2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1 =A1(x2 + 2x + 2)2 2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1 (x + 3)dx
Z Z
dx = − ln |x + 1| +
+ (A2x + A3)(x2 + 2x + 2)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2)2 x2 + 2x + 2
+ (A4x + A5)(x + 1).

Z
(−2x − 3)dx
+ .
(x2 + 2x + 2)2

We complete the square and set u = x + 1, du = dx, obtaining

(x + 3)dx u+2
Z Z
1
= du = ln |x2
+ 2x + 2| + 2 arctan(x + 1).
Z x + 2x + 2 Z u + 1
2 2 2 Z
−2x − 3 −2u − 1 1 du
dx = du = 2 −
(x + 2x + 2)
2 2 (u + 1)
2 2 u +1 (u2 + 1)2
1 1 1 x+1
= 2 − arctan(x + 1) − 2 .
x + 2x + 2 2 2 x + 2x + 2
The last two terms on the right are obtained by using a trigonometric substitution in the
integral immediately above. Combining all the integrals, we conclude that
2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1
Z
1 3 1 x−1
= − ln |x + 1| + ln(x + 2x + 2) + arctan(x + 1) − · 2
2
+ C.
(x + 1)(x + 2x + 2) dx
2 2 2 2 2 x + 2x + 2

Exercises
Find the indefinite integral.
x3
Z
1 dx
Z x − 6x2 + 9
2
2x + 3x − 1
2 dx
Z (x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 1)
x2 − 2
3 dx
Z (x + 1)(x − 1) 2
x2 + 3x + 3
4 dx
(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
x2 − x + 1
Z
5 dx
x − 5x + 5x + 5x − 6
4 3 2

Techniques of Integration

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Techniques of Integration

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Chapter I

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

8. Solution: Using Reduction Formula,

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

2. Solution: Since m = 3 is odd and positive, we have

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

3. Solution: Since n = 5 is odd and positive, we write

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

By integration of trigonometric expressions

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integrand involving quadratic function of the form ax2 + bx + c

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

+ (A4x + A5)(x + 1).

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

We complete the square and set u = x + 1, du = dx, obtaining

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Marchelle Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

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