LESSON 4: HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS of THE FIRST ORDER

Solve the following differential equations

Exercise 4.1.
(x − y)dx + xdy = 0.
Solution.

The coefficients of the differential equations are homogeneous, since for any a ƒ= 0
ax − ay x − y
ax = x .
Then denoting y = vx we obtain
(1 − v)xdx + vxdx + x2dv = 0,
or
xdx + x2dv = 0.
By integrating we have
x = e−v + c,

or finally
x = e−y/x + c

Exercise 4.2. (x − 2y)dx + xdy = 0.

Solution.

It is easily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. Then denoting

y = vx we obtain
(x − 2xv)dx + xvdx + x2dv = 0.
That is
x(1 − v)dx + x2dv = 0.
It is easily seen that an integrating factor is
1
2
.
x (1 − v)
Therefore,
dx dv
=
x 1−v
By integrating we obtain
log |x| = − log |1 − v|,
or
x(1 − v) = c.
Finally,
x − y = c.

Exercise 4.3. (x2 − y2)dx + 2xydy = 0.

Solution. We have a homogeneous equations. Integrating factor for this equa-
tion is
1 1
I(x, y) = 3 = .
2
x − xy + 2xy 2 x(x + y2)
2

1
2

Thus, we have the exact equation

x 2− y 2 dx 2
x(x2 + y2) + x2 + y2 = 0.
dy

Taking the initial point (x0,∫yx0),dxu0 > 0,

∫ yy0 = 0, by integrating we obtain
2v
+ d = v c 1,
x0 u 2
0 x + v
2

or
log x − log x0 + log(x2 + y2) − log x2 = c1,
log(x2 + y2) = c2 + log x,
x2 + y2 = cx.
Exercise 4.4. √
x2 + y2dx = xdy − ydx.
Solution. This is a homogeneous equation. Let us find an integrating factor.

I(x, y 1 1
)= √ = √ 2 .
x x2 + y2 + xy − yx x x + y2
Therefore, the differential equation
dx ydx dy
+ = 0.
x √ − √
x x2 + y2 x2 + y2
By integrating we obtain ∫
x ∫ y
dv
du− √ = c1,
u 0 x 2 + v2
x0
√
log |x| − log |x0| − log |y + x2 + y2| − log |x| = c1
Finally,
√
y + x2 + y2 = c.
Exercise 4.5.
(x2y + 2xy2 − y3)dx − (2y3 − xy2 + x3)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Denote y = vx. Then
(x3v + 2x3v2 − x3v3)dx − (2x3v3 − x3v2 + x3)(vdx + xdv) = 0,
(x3v + 2x3v2 − x3v3)dx − (2x3v4 − x3v3 + x3v)dx − (2x4v3 − x4v2 + x4)dv = 0, x3(2v2
− 2v4)dx − x4(2v3 − v2 + 1)dv = 0,
dx 2v3 − v2 + 1
x = 2v2 − 2v4 d v
2 log |x| = c .
1 log |1 − v2|,
1 − −
v 2
x e (1 − v ) = c,
2 −v

c = (x2 − y2)ex/y.

Exercise 4.6. y y y
.x sin − y cos Σdx + x cos dy = 0.
x x x
 Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous.
Putting y = xv we obtain
(x sin v − xv cos v)dx + x cos v(xdv + vdx) = 0,
sin vdx + x cos vdv = 0,
dx
= tan
vdv. x−
By integrating,
log c|x| = log | cos
v|, cx = cos v,
y
cx = cos .
x
Exercise 4.7.
(x3 + 2xy2)dx + (y3 + 2x2y)dy = 0.
Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. The
integrating factor is

I(x, y) = 1 1
= .
x4 + 2x2y2 + y4 + 2x2y2 x4 + 4x2y2 + y4
Therefore, the differential equation
x3 + 2xy2 y3 + 2x2y dy = 0
4 2
x + 4x y + y2 4 dx 4 2y2 + y4
+ x + 4x
is exact. Its integrating yields
∫ x +∫ y v3 + 2x2v dv
du x + 4x2v2 + v4
4 = c1.
0 u 0
The last expression can be rewritten as follows
∫ x ∫ y
du 1 d(v4 + 4x2v2 + x4) c1,
0 u + 40 x4 + 4x2v2 + v4 =
or finally
cx = x4 + 4x2y2 + y 4.
Exercise 4.8.
(4x4 − x3y + y4)dx + x4dy = 0.
Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. De-
note y = vx. Then,
(4x4 − x4v + x4v4)dx + x4(xdv + vdx) = 0,
or
(4x4 + x4v4)dx + x5dv = 0,
dx dv
=− ,
x 4+
dv
log |cx| = − ∫ , cx
4+
dv
= exp . − ∫ Σ.
4+
Exercise 4.9.
.x sin y2 2 2 cos Σ 2
x + 2xy cos dy = 0.
2 − y2 d
x y x2
2
x2
 Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Denote y = xv. Then,
(x2 sin v2 − 2x2v2 cos v2)dx + 2x2v cos v2(xdv + vdx) = 0,
or
sin v2dx + 2v cos v2(xdv) = 0,
dx
= 2v cot
v2dv,−x
∫
log d(sin v2) − log |
|x| = − sin v2 = v2| + log c,
sin
y2
x sin = c.
x2
Exercise 4.10.
(x2e−y2 /x2 − y2)dx + xydy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Then,
1 2 2

I(x, y) = 2 2 = ey /x
x3 −y /x −
e y2x + xy2
is an integrating factor. Next, x3
. 1 2 y2/x2
Σ 2 2

− ye dx yey /x dy = 0.
x x3 + x2
is an exact differential equation. Therefore,
∫ x ∫ y
du 1 2 2

u
+ 2 vev /x dv = c1,
x0 ƒ=0 x 0
log x − log x
1 v2 /x2 − 1
0 + e = c1,
2. 2 Σ 2
y
cx = exp .
exp
Exercise 4.11. x2
(2x + y − 2)dx + (2y − x + 1)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homo-
geneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
(2u + 2h + v + k − 2)dx + (2v + 2k − u − h + 1)dy = 0.
Then we have the following system
2h + k = 2,
2k − h = −1.
We have k = 0, h = 1, and therefore,
(2u + v)du + (2v − u)dv = 0
is a homogeneous differential equation. The integrating factor is
1 1
I(u, v) = = 2 .
2 2
2u + uv + 2v − uv 2u + 2v2
Then,
2u + v 2v − u
dv = 0
2u2 + 2v2 du + 2u2 + 2v2
is an exact equation, and
∫ u
∫ v
dt 2z − u
u0 + 2
d2 z
ƒ=0 t 02u + 2z
∫ v ∫
= log |u| log 1. d(2z2 + 2u2) v
2u
Σ
+ d
− 0
|u0| d z z
2 20
2u22+ 2z2 − 2u2 + 2z2
= log u − log u + . log(2z + 2u ) − log(2u ) − arctan Σ = c ,
2
1 v
0 1
2 u
or finally
y
log[(x − 1)2 + y 2] − arctan = c.
x−1
Exercise 4.12.
(x − 3y)dx + (x + y − 4)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homo-
geneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
(u − 3v + h − 3k)du + (u + h + v + k − 4)dv = 0.
Having a system of equations
h = 3k
h+k=4
we obtain h = 3 and k = 1. Therefore, the new differential equation
(u − 3v)du + (u + v)dv =
0. is homogeneous. The integrating factor is
1 1
I(x, y) = = .
u2 − 3uv + uv + v2 (u − v)2
Thus, we have the following exact equation
u − 3v u+v
du + dv = 0.
(u − v) 2 (u − v)2
By integrating we obtain
∫ v
log |u| log t+u
+ d t
− |u0| 0
(t − u)2
∫ v
= log t−u ∫ v d(t − u)
|u| log |u0| + 2d( t− )+
0 (t − u) 0 (t − u)
2
− u 2u
2u
= log |u| − log |u | + log |v − u| − log |u| − +2=c.
1
0
Therefore, v−u
c2(u − v) log |u − v| =
or finally, u,
c(x − y − 2) log |x − y − 2| = x,
Exercise 4.13.
(x − y)dx + (x − y + 2)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x − y = u we
have
udu + 2(u + 1)dy = 0,
or
u
du = −dy.
By integrating we obtain 2(u + 1)
u 1 u+1
y−c =−∫ du = ∫ du − ∫ du
1
2(u + 2(u + 2(u + 1)
1) 1)
1 1
= log |u + 1| − (u + 1).
2 2
Finally,
x + y − log |x + y − 1| = c.
Exercise 4.14.
(x + 2y + 1)dx + (2x + 4y + 3)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x + 2y = u we
have
(u + 1)du − 2(u + 1)dy + (2u + 1)dy + dy = 0,
or
(u + 1)du + dy = 0.
Therefore,
u2
y + u − = c/2,
or 2
2x + 6y − (x + 2y)2 = c.
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