Outline

I Homogeneous eq.

I Reducible to separable

I Exact eq.
Homogeneous functions

Definition

A function f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) is homogeneous of degree d if

f (tx1 , tx2 , . . . , txn ) = t d f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ),

for some d ∈ Z and all t 6= 0.

I f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 is homogeneous of degree 2.

y 
I f (x, y ) = y + x cos2 is homogeneous of degree 1.
x
Homogeneous equations

Definition

The equation
dy
M(x, y ) + N(x, y ) =0
dx

is homogeneous if the functions M and N are homogeneous of

equal degree.

I An example is
dy
2xy + (y 2 − x 2 ) = 0.
dx
Homogeneous eq. – Reduction to variable separable form
Consider
dy
=0
M(x, y ) + N(x, y )
dx
where M and N are homogeneous of degree d.
y
I Put x = v.
I Then,
dy dv
=x + v.
dx dx
I Substituting in given ODE, we get:
 
dv
M(x, xv ) + N(x, xv ) x + v = 0.
dx

I Thus,  
d d dv
x M(1, v ) + x N(1, v ) x + v = 0.
dx
Homogeneous eq. – Reduction to variable separable form

I If x 6= 0,

dv
M(1, v ) + N(1, v )v + N(1, v )x = 0.
dx

I We have:
dx N(1, v )
+ dv = 0.
x M(1, v ) + N(1, v )v

I Above again separable.

Homogeneous eq. – Examples
Solve
dy
2xy + (y 2 − x 2 ) = 0.
dx
Here M(x, y ) = 2xy and N(x, y ) = y 2 − x 2 are homogeneous of
degree 2.
dy
I Putting y = vx and dx = x dv
dx + v , we have:
 
2 2 2dv
2x v + x (v − 1) x + v = 0.
dx

I For x 6= 0, we get:

dv
v (v 2 − 1) + x(v 2 − 1) + 2v = 0.
dx
dv
=⇒ (v 3 + v ) + x(v 2 − 1) = 0.
dx
Homogeneous eq. – Examples
I We have the separable ODE:

v2 − 1 dx  2v 1 dx
2
dv + = 0 =⇒ 2
− dv + = 0.
v (v + 1) x v +1 v x

I Integrating:

ln(v 2 + 1) − ln |v | + ln |x| = 2C .

y
I Hence using v = x we get

x(v 2 + 1)
= 2c =⇒ y 2 + x 2 = 2cy .
v
I This is
x 2 + (y − c)2 = c 2 .
Homogeneous eq. – Examples

Solve
dy x 2 + xy + y 2
=
dx x2
The above DE can be written as
dy
(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) − x 2 = 0.
dx
Here M(x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 and N(x, y ) = −x 2 are homogeneous
of degree 2.
dy
I Putting y = vx and dx = x dv
dx + v

dv
x 2 (1 + v + v 2 ) − x 2 (x + v) = 0
dx
Homogeneous eq. – Examples

I For x 6= 0 we have
dv
(1 + v 2 ) − x = 0.
dx
I We have separable ODE, so we write
dx dv
− =0
x 1 + v2
I Integrating we get

ln |x| − tan−1 v = c
y
I putting v = x
y
ln |x| − tan−1 = c.
x
Equations reducible to separable form

(Ex 1): Solve

(4x + 2y + 5)y 0 + (2x + y − 1) = 0.

Method: Put v = 2x + y for Reducing to separable form. Now we

have
dv dy dv
=2+ or y 0 = − 2.
dx dx dx
Now the above equation become
dv

(2v + 5) −2 +v −1=0
dx
dv
=⇒ (2v + 5) − 3v − 11 = 0
dx
Equations reducible to separable form

So we have separable equation, now we write

2v + 5
dv − dx = 0
3v + 11
 
2 7
=⇒ − dv − dx = 0
3 3(3v + 11)
Integrating we get
2 7 c
v − ln(3v + 11) − x =
3 9 9
=⇒ 6v − 7 ln(3v + 11) − 9x = c.
Equations reducible to separable form

Now putting v = 2x + y we get the solution

6(2x + y ) − 7 ln 3(2x + y ) + 11 − 9x = c

=⇒ 3x + 6y − 7 ln 6x + 3y + 11) = c.
Equations reducible to separable form

(EX2): Solve
x +y −3
y0 = .
x −y −1

I Put x = x1 + h, y = y1 + k, with h, k to be determined.

dy1 x1 + y1 + h + k − 3 dy dy dy1 dx1 dy1

I = , = = .
dx1 x1 − y1 + h − k − 1 dx dy1 dx1 dx dx1
dy
using dy 1
= 1 = dx
dx
1

I Choosing h, k such that h + k − 3 = 0, h − k − 1 = 0 (i.e

h = 2, k = 1) turns eq. homogeneous.

I dy1 = x1 +y1
=⇒ (x1 + y1 ) + (y1 − x1 ) dy1
dx x1 −y1 dx1 = 0.
Equations reducible to separable form

I So the above equation is Homogeneous of degree 1. Putting

y1 = vx1 we get

dv
I x1 (1 + v ) + x1 (v − 1)[v + x1 dx1
]=0

dv
I (1 + v ) + (v − 1)[v + x1 dx 1
]=0

dv
I (1 + v 2 ) + x1 (v − 1) dx1
=0

I So we have separable ODE, now we write

I dx1 v −1
x1 + 1+v 2
dv =0
Equations reducible to separable form

v 1 dx1
I
1+v 2
dv − 1+v 2
dv + x1 =0

I Integrating we get
1 c
ln(1 + v 2 ) − tan−1 v + ln x1 =
2 2
I ln(1 + v 2 ) − 2tan−1 v + 2 ln x1 = c

I ln(x12 + v 2 x12 ) − 2tan−1 v = c

I Putting y1 = vx1 we get

Equations reducible to separable form

I ln(x12 + y12 ) − 2tan−1 xy11 = c

I Now we put x1 = x − h = x − 2 and y1 = y − k = y − 1 to

obtain the solution
y −1
ln (x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 − 2tan−1
 
= c.
x −2
Exact equations

Definition
A first order ODE

M(x, y ) + N(x, y )y 0 = 0

is exact if there exists a function u(x, y ) such that

∂u ∂u
= M, = N.
∂x ∂y

I Take
dy
(2x + y 2 ) + 2xy = 0.
dx
Consider the function u(x, y ) = x 2 + xy 2 .
Exact equations

I Given u(x, y ) with continuous partials, its differential is:

∂u ∂u
du = dx + dy .
∂x ∂y

I If ODE M(x, y ) + N(x, y )y 0 = 0 is exact, the differential form

is:
Mdx + Ndy = du = 0.

I Thus, u(x, y ) = c is an implicit or formal solution of the given

ODE.

I x 2 + xy 2 = c is the solution of (2x + y 2 ) + 2xy dy

dx = 0.