P.O.W.

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JORHAT LECTURE NOTES

ESTIMATNG AND COSTING

2.0
A) Detailed Estimate:

This is an accurate estimate. A detailed drawing is required. Details of

measurement and calculation of quantities of each item of work are correctly
done from the drawing in a tabular format and then the cost is calculated.

Different types of detailed estimates are:

i) Detailed estimate or Item Rate estimate and Abstract of
estimate.
ii) Revised estimate
iii) Supplementary estimate
iv) Annual repair or Annual maintenance estimate

i) Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate and Abstract of

estimate.
This is an accurate estimate and the estimate is prepared in two tabular
formats. In the first table ( TABLE-1 : Details of measurement ) details of
measurement and calculation of quantities of each item of works are correctly
calculated from the drawing and then in the second table (TABLE-2 : Abstract
of estimate ) cost is calculated .

The complete work is divided into various items of work such as Earth work ,
Concreting work, Brick work, R.C.C. work, Plastering work etc.
The details of measurements are taken from drawings and entered in respective
columns of prescribed pro-forma ( Table- 1). The quantities are calculated by
multiplying the values that are entered in the respective column as shown
below:

TABLE-1 : Details of measurements

1
S.No. Description No Length Breadth Depth/ Quantity Explanatory
or (L) (B) Height of Item Notes
Particulars m m D/H m

Abstract of Estimated Cost :

The cost of each item of work is worked out in the TABLE-2 : ( Abstract
of estimate) from the quantities that already computed in the TABLE- 1:
(Details of measurement ) at rates as available in the prevailing SOR and the
estimated cost of civil works is worked out. Adequate % of estimated Cost is
allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies and Unforeseen items and thus the
Total cost of the work is calculated.
TABLE-2 : Abstract of estimate

S. Description Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount

No or Particulars unit

2) Revised Estimate:

Revised estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to prepare

When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by
more than 5% or When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed
the amount of administrative sanction by more than 10% or when there are
material deviation from the original proposal , even the cost may be met
from the sanctioned amount.

3) Supplementary Estimate:

Supplementary estimate is a detailed estimate and is prepared when

additional works are required to supplement the original works, or when future
development is required during the progress of work.

4) Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate ( A.R. or A.m. Estimate):

2
 Annual Repair or Annual Maintenance Estimate is a detailed estimate and
is prepared to maintain the structure or work in proper order and in safe
condition. This includes white washing, painting, minor repairs etc.

Quantity Survey: Quantity survey indicate the quantities of work to be done

under each item of work i.e. quantity survey means estimating of the quantities
of different items of works.

Bill of quantities: it is a tabular form of statement similar to ‘Abstract of the

estimated cost’ showing various items of work, quantities and unit of rates.
Here rate and Amount column of the ‘Abstract of Estimated cost is left blank
and is meant for inviting tenders.

S. Description Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount

No or Particulars unit
√ √ √ √ (blank) √ (blank)

√ √ √ √ √

2.2 Building cost Index: This is the index indicating the increase or
decrease of the cost above certain base year. The cost index depends on the
increase or decrease of the cost of materials, labour, transportation cost etc.
The department uses this index above or below the SOR to indicate the present
rate.

Important Documents for Preparing Detailed Estimate

1) Detailed drawing of the work

2) Specification of the work
3) Relevant and Current Schedule of Rates (SOR)
A complete set of detailed estimate consists of

i) Title page with Estimate No and Amount of estimate

ii) Index
iii) Report
iv) Design Calculations
v) General Specifications
vi)Detailed Specifications
3
 vii) Analysis of rates if required,
viii) Details of Measurement and calculations of quantities
ix) Abstract of Estimated cost
x) Drawings etc.

3.0 Method of building estimate:

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth
and super structure etc., can be workout by any of following methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.

a) Long wall-short wall method (or Separate or individual wall method:

In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long
wall while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the
Measurement of Materials and Works the length of long wall or short wall,
calculate first the center line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long
wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its
center line length. Thus, the length of short wall measured into in and may be
found by deducting half breadth from its center line length at each end. The
length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super
structure while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth
and depth to get quantities.
b) Centre line method:
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total
center line length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get
the total quantity at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls
join with main wall, the center line length gets reduced by half of breadth for
each junction. Such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating
total center line length. The estimates prepared by this method are accurate
and quick but special attention is required for the junctions.
For a load bearing type of structure with one partition wall or cross wall
having two junctions , for earthwork in foundation trench and foundation

4
concrete deduct one breadth of trench or concrete from the total centre length.(
½ breadth for one Junction i.e. 1 breadth for 2 Junctions)

EX.-1:
From the Drawing given below determine:
(a) Earth work in excavation,
(b) CC (1:5:10) Bed ,
(c) Brick Masonry in C.M.(1:4) in footing and plinth
(d) Brick Work in C.M.(1:6).
Single Roomed Building (Load Bearing type structure)

Note: All Dimensions are in 'Meter'

5
 Measurement of item of Works

Long Wall - Short Wall Method

C to C Length of Long walls = 5.3m
C to C Length of Short walls=4.3m
Sl Description of items No L(m) B(m) Ht./D (m) Qnty Remarks
Earth work in Excavation
a) Long Walls
2 6.3 1 0.9 11.34 L= 5.3+.5+.5=6.3
1
b) Short Walls
2 3.3 1 0.9 5.94 L= 4.3-0.5-0.5=3.3
TOTAL = 17.28 Cum
PCC Work in foundation
a) Long Walls
2 6.3 1 0.2 2.52
2
b) Short Walls
2 3.3 1 0.2 1.32
TOTAL = 3.84 Cum
1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:5
in foundation and plinth
1st Footing
a) Long Walls
2 6.1 0.8 0.3 2.928 L= 5.3+.4+.4=6.1
b) Short Walls
2 3.5 0.8 0.3 1.68 L= 4.3-0.4-0.4=3.5
2nd Footing
3 a) Long Walls
2 5.9 0.6 0.2 1.416 L= 5.3+0.3+0.3=5.9
b) Short Walls1
2 3.7 0.6 0.2 0.888 L= 4.3-0.3-0.3=3.7
3rd Footing/Plinth Wall
a) Long Walls
2 5.7 0.4 0.8 3.648 L= 5.3+0.2+0.2=5.7
b) Short Walls
2 3.9 0.4 0.8 2.496 L= 4.3-0.2-0.2=3.9
13.05
TOTAL = 6 Cum
2.5 cm DPC in 1:1.5:3
a) Long Walls
2 5.7 0.4 4.56 L= 5.3+0.2+0.2=5.7
b) Short Walls
2 3.9 0.4 3.12 L= 4.3-0.2-0.2=3.9
TOTAL = 7.68 Sqm
4
Deductions
Doors
1 1.1 0.4 0.44
TOTAL = 0.44
NET TOTAL = 7.24 Sqm

6
 Measurement of item of Works

CENTRE LINE METHOD

Centre line length of all walls= 2x(5.3+4.3)=19.2 m

No of Joints=0
Ht./D
Sl Description of items No L(m) B(m) Qnty Remarks
(m)
Earth work in Excavation
5.3
1
4.3
1 19.2 1 0.9 17.28 L=19.2
Cum
2 PCC Work in foundation 1 19.2 1 0.2 3.84 Cum

1st class Brick Work in c.m.

3
1:5 in foundation and plinth
1st Footing 1 19.2 0.8 0.3 4.608 L=19.2
2nd Footing 1 19.2 0.6 0.2 2.304
3rd Footing 1 19.2 0.4 0.8 6.144
13.056 Cum
4 2.5 cm DPC in 1:1.5:3 1 19.2 0.4 7.68
Deductions
Doors 1 1.1 0.4 0.44
0.44
Net 7.24 sqm

EXERCISE:
1. List the difference between centre line method and long wall-short wall
method of taking out measurements.
2. What are the rules to be followed while taking the measurements?
3. Mention the units for the following items.
a) flooring b) R.R. Masonry c) Plastering for pointing d) Damp proof course e)
R.C. sunshade (Specified width and thickness)

7
EX.2
From the Drawing given below, determine the
(a) Earth work in excavation;
(b) PCC work in (1:5:10) for Bed;
(c)Brick Masonry in CM. (1:6) in foundation and plinth;
(d)4cm thick DPC in (1:1.5:3)
(e) Brick Work in C.M.(1:6) in super structure by
(i) long wall - short wall method and
(ii) Centre line Method.

8
 Measurement of Materials and Works

i) LONG WALL - SHORT WALL METHOD

C to C Length of Long walls = 3.6+3.6+2X(.3/2)+.3=7.8m

C to C Length of Short walls1 = 4.2+2X(.3/2) =4.5m
C to C Length of Short walls2 = 3.6+2X(.3/2) =3.9m

Sl Description of items No L(m) B(m) Ht./D (m) Qnty Remarks

Earth work in Excavation
a) Long Walls 2 8.8 1 0.9 15.84 L= 7.8+.5+.5=8.8
1 b) Short Walls1 3 3.5 1 0.9 9.45 L= 4.5-.5-.5=3.5
c) Short Walls2 1 2.9 1 0.9 2.61 L= 3.9-.5-.5=2.9
TOTAL = 27.9 CUM
PCC Work in foundation
a) Long Walls 2 8.8 1 0.2 3.52
2 b) Short Walls1 3 3.5 1 0.2 2.1
c) Short Walls2 1 2.9 1 0.2 0.58
TOTAL = 6.2 CUM
1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:5 in foundation and plinth
1st Footing
a) Long Walls 2 8.6 0.8 0.3 4.128 L= 7.8+0.4+0.4=8.6
b) Short Walls1 3 3.7 0.8 0.3 2.664 L= 4.5-0.4-0.4=3.7
c) Short Walls2 1 3.1 0.8 0.3 0.744 L= 3.9-.4-.4=3.1
2nd Footing
3 a) Long Walls 2 8.4 0.6 0.2 2.016 L= 7.8+.3+.3=8.4
b) Short Walls1 3 3.9 0.6 0.2 1.404 L= 4.5-.3-.3=3.9
c) Short Walls2 1 3.3 0.6 0.2 0.396 L= 3.9-.3-.3=3.3
3rd Footing/Plinth Wall
a) Long Walls 2 8.2 0.4 0.8 5.248 L= 7.8++.2+.2=8.2
b) Short Walls1 3 4.1 0.4 0.8 3.936 L= 4.5-.2-.2=4.1
c) Short Walls2 1 3.5 0.4 0.8 1.12 L= 3.9-.2-.2=3.5
TOTAL = 21.656 CUM
2.5 cm DPC in 1:1.5:3
a) Long Walls 2 8.2 0.4 6.56 L= 7.8++.2+.2=8.2
b) Short Walls1 3 4.1 0.4 4.92 L= 4.5-.2-.2=4.1
c) Short Walls2 1 3.5 0.4 1.4 L= 3.9-.2-.2=3.5
4 TOTAL = 12.88 sqm
Deductions: Doors 2 1.1 0.4 0.88
verandah 1 5.6 0.4 2.24 L=3.6+.3+1.4+.3=5.6
TOTAL = 3.12
NET TOTAL = 9.76 sqm
5 1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:4 in Super Structure Ht.= 3.6-.15=3.45

9
 a) Long Walls 2 8.1 0.3 3.45 16.767 L= 7.8+.15+.15=8.1
b) Short Walls1 3 4.2 0.3 3.45 13.041 L= 4.5-.15-.15=4.2
c) Short Walls2 1 3.6 0.3 3.45 3.726 L= 3.9-.15-.15=3.6
33.534 Cum
Deductions: Doors 2 1.1 0.3 2.1 1.386
Windows 5 1 0.3 1.5 2.25
Ventillators 5 1 0.3 0.5 0.75 Ht of verandah 2.4m
Verandah 1 5.6 0.3 2.4 4.032 L=3.9+1.7=5.6m
8.418
Net Total = 33.534-8.418= 25.116

ii) CENTRE LINE METHOD

Centre line length of all walls= 2x7.8+3x4.5+1x3.9 =33m

No of Joints=4

Sl Description of items No L(m) B(m) Ht./D (m) Qnty Remarks

1 Earth work in Excavation 1 31 1 0.9 27.9 L=33-4x1.0/2=31
Cum
2 PCC Work in foundation 1 31 1 0.2 6.2 Cum

3 1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:5

in foundation and plinth
1st Footing 1 31.4 0.8 0.3 7.536 L=33-4x.8/2=31.4
2nd Footing 1 31.8 0.6 0.2 3.816 L=33-4x.6/2=31.8
3rd Footing 1 32.2 0.4 0.8 10.304 L=33-4x.4/2=32.2
21.656
4 2.5 cm DPC in 1:1.5:3 1 32.2 0.4 12.88
Deductions : Doors 2 1.1 0.4 0.88
Verandah 1 5.6 0.4 2.24 L=3.9+1.7=5.6
3.12
Net 9.76

5 1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:4 Ht= 3.6-.15=3.45m

in Super Structure 1 32.4 0.3 3.45 33.534 L=33-4x.3/2=32.4
Deductions : Doors 2 1.1 0.3 2.1 1.386
Windows 5 1 0.3 1.5 2.25
Ventillators 5 1 0.3 0.5 0.75
Verandah 1 5.6 0.3 2.4 4.032 Ht= 2.4m (assumed)
8.418
Net Total =33.534-8.418= 25.12 Cum

10
Ex. :3
Calculate the abstract of estimate for the Ex.2

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE
Sl DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS No Qnty Unit Rate Per Amount
Rs
1 Earth work in Excavation 1 27.9 Cum 110.50 Cum 3082.95
2 PCC Work in foundation 1 6.2 Cum 837.05 Cum 5189.71
1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:5 in 1
3
foundation and plinth 21.66 Cum 1120.00 Cum 24259.20
4 2.5 cm DPC in 1:1.5:3 1 9.76 Sqm 350.10 Sqm 3416.98
1st class Brick Work in c.m. 1:4 in 1
5
Super Structure 25.12 Cum 1237.50 Cum 31086.00
TOTAL Rs. 67034.84
Contingencies @ 3% of the
6.
estimated cost 3% of =
Supervision Charges @8% of the
7.
estimated cost 8% of =
TOTAL Rs.

EX.4
From the given plan and section of a RCC framed building prepare a detailed
estimate for the RCC works and the quantity of steel reinforcements for the
following items of works :
a) Footings
b) Plinth and roof beams
c) Columns and
d) Roof slabs.
Consider following percentage of steel for different RCC works
i) Footing - 0.5%
ii) Beams- 1%
iii) Columns- 1.5%
iv) Roof slab- 0.8%

Solution:-
C to C Length of Long walls = 3.6+3.6+2X(.3/2)+.3=7.8m
C to C Length of Short walls1 = 4.2+2X(.3/2)=4.5m
C to C Length of Short walls2 = 3.6+2X(.3/2)=3.9m
11
 Ht./D
Sl Description of items No L(m) B(m) Qnty Remarks
(m)
RCC Work in 1:2:4 in cols, beams slabs and chajjas etc. fair finished excluding steel reinforcement but
including centering and shuttering and binding steel
FOOTINGS
Sq. bottom 8 1 1 0.2 1.60
Trapezoidal Portion =
h/6( A1+A2+ 4 Am)
8 0.156 1.248
=0.3/6(1x1+0.4x0.4 +
4x0.7x0.7)=0.156
2.85
TOTAL =
Cum
2.952 Ht= 0.5+0.6+3.6-0.3-0.3-
COLUMNS 8 0.3 0.3 4.10
cum =4.10 m
PLINTH BEAMS
4
( excl. columns)
1.30
long walls 2 7.2 0.3 0.3 L=7.8-0.6=7.20 ,,
Short walls1 1 4.2 0.3 0.3 0.38 L=4.5-0.3=4.2 ,,
2 3.9 0.3 0.3 0.70 L=4.2-0.3=3.9 ,,
Short walls2 1 3.6 0.3 0.3 0.32 ,,
ROOF BEAMS
long walls 2 7.2 0.3 0.3 1.30 ,,
Short walls1 1 4.2 0.3 0.3 0.38 ,,
2 3.9 0.3 0.3 0.70 ,,
Short walls2 1 3.6 0.3 0.3 0.32 ,,
TOTAL = 5.40 Cum
ROOF SLAB 1 9.1 5.8 0.12 6.33 L=7.8+.3+2x0.5=9.1m

12
 B=4.5+.3+2X0.5=5.8m
Steel reinforcement including bending in RCC
Footing @ 0.5% 2.85 0.50% 78.5 1.12 qntles
Columns @1.5 % 2.84 1.50% 78.5 qntles
3.35
5 Plinth and roof beams @1.0% 5.40 1.00% 78.5 qntles
4.24

Roof slab @ 0.8% 6.33 0.80% 78.5 qntles

3.98
TOTAL 12.69 Qntles

13