Chapter 11

Straight Lines
Straight Lines
1. Section Formula :
(i) The coordinates of the point which divides the join of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio  : 1 is
 x 2  x1 y 2  y1  )
  1 ,  1  1 (x 2,y 2
 
The point of intersection is internal or external according as 
)
 > 0 or  < 0 (x 1,y 1
(ii) The centroid of ABC with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x2, y3)
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
 , 
 3 3 
(iii) Incentre of ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) is
 x1BC  x 2 CA  x 3 AB y1BC  y2 CA  y3 AB 
 ,
 BC  CA  AB BC  CA  AB 
(iv) Excentres of the exbribed circles opposite to the vertices A, B, C are
 BCx1  CAx 2  ABx 3  BCy1  CAy 2  ABy3   BCx1  CAx 2  ABx 3 BCy1  CAy 2  ABy3 
 , ,
BC  CA  AB   BC  CA  AB 
,
 BC  CA  AB BC  CA  AB

 BCx1  CAx 2  ABx 3 BCy1  CAy2  ABy3 

and  ,
 BC  CA  AB BC  CA  AB 
2. Straight Line :
(i) Every equation of first degree in x and y always represents a straight line.
(ii) The equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle  with positive direction of x-axis can
be written parametrically as
)
r cos
x  x1 y  y1 –
 s, y1 R(x 1+rcos , y1+rsin )
cos  sin  r co
– Q P(x1, y1)
Any point on this distant r from (x , y ) is
1 1
(x 1
(x1  r cos, y1  r sin) 

(iii) The equation of straight line passing through two given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
y1  y 2
y  y1  (x  x1 )
x1  x 2

x  x1 y  y1
i.e. 
x1  x 2 y1  y 2
(iv) Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
a1 b1 c 1
Parallel if  
a 2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c 1
Coincident if   ;a i ,bi  R  {0}
a 2 b2 c2
Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
a1 b1
Intersecting if 
a 2 b2

For any query email us at prayasphysicswallah@gmail.com. You can whatsapp on these numbers
from 7 am to 4 pm-7758830689/7840974104. These numbers is available for calling on the 1
given timings. 7758830689-7 am to 10 am. 7840974104- 10 am to 1 pm.
 Straight Lines
(v) The length of perpendicular drawn from (x1, y1) to the straight line ax + by + c = 0 is
ax1  by1  c
a 2  b2
Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + c1 = 0 is
c  c1
a 2  b2
(vi) The equation of straight line passing through the point oof intersection of two given lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 may
be writeen as
L1 + KL2 = 0
(vii) Relative position of the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) with respect to the line ax + by + c = 0, the points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) lie on the same side or opposite side of the line ax + by + c = 0 according as ax1 + by1+ c and ax2 + by2+ c
have the same sign or opposite sign.
(viii) The equation of the bisector of the angles between the line a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
(a1b2  a2b1) are given by
a1x  b1 y  c1 a 2 x  b 2 y  c2

a b2
1
2
1 a 22  b22
3. (i) The foot of the perpendicular (, ) from (x1, y1) to the staight line ax + by + c = 0 is given by
  x1   y1 (ax1  by1  c)
 
a b a 2  b2
(ii) The image or reflection of the point (x1, y1) in the line ax + by + c = 0 is (, ) where
  x1   y1 2(ax1  by1  c)
 
a b a 2  b2
4. Area :

1 (c1  c 2 )2
(i) The area of the triangle formed by y = m1x + c1, y = m2x + c2 and y = m3x + c3 is 2  m  m sq. units.
1 2

1 c2
(ii) Area of the triangle formed by the line ax + by + c = 0 with the coordinates axes is 2 ab sq. units.

2c2
(iii) Area of the rhomobs formed by ax  by  c = 0 is ab sq. units.

(iv) Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a1x + b1y + c2 = 0
a2x + b2y + d1 = 0
a2x + b2y + d2 = 0

(c2  c1 )(d 2  d1 )
is a1b2  a 2 b1 sq. units.

5. Pairs of Straight Line :

(i) The equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through origin provided h2 – ab  0
(ii) If y = m1x and y = m2x be two straight lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
2h a
m1 + m2 = and m1 + m2 =
b b
m1 and m2 are real and distinct, coincident and imaginary according as h2 – ab > 0, = 0 or < 0
For any query email us at prayasphysicswallah@gmail.com. You can whatsapp on these numbers
from 7 am to 4 pm-7758830689/7840974104. These numbers is available for calling on the 2
given timings. 7758830689-7 am to 10 am. 7840974104- 10 am to 1 pm.
 Straight Lines
(iii) The angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
 2 h 2  ab 
  tan 1  
 ab 
 
if a + b = 0 then the two lines are perpendicular. The lines are parallel or coincident if h2 – ab = 0.
(iv) the general equation of the second deree ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will represent a pair of straight
lines if
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
(v) The equation of the bisectors of the angles between straight lines represented by ax2 + by2 + 2hxy = 0 is
x 2  y 2 xy

ab h
and that of represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(x  x1 )2  (y  y1 )2 (x  x1 )  (y  y1 )

ab h
where (x1, y1) is the point of intersection of straight lines represented by the given equation.
(vi) Equation of the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of a curve
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and a straight line lx + my + n = 0
2
 lx  my   lx  my   lx  my 
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx 
2 2
  2fy    c  0
 n   n   n 
i.e. we make the equation of the curve homogeneous with the help of equation of the straight line.

For any query email us at prayasphysicswallah@gmail.com. You can whatsapp on these numbers
from 7 am to 4 pm-7758830689/7840974104. These numbers is available for calling on the 3
given timings. 7758830689-7 am to 10 am. 7840974104- 10 am to 1 pm.