FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWING
An arc is the distance between the two points
Circle and It's Part
What is a circle?
➔ A circle is a closed curve formed by a set of
points of a plane that are equidistant from its
center.
➔ This fixed point (equidistant) inside a circle
is called a centre.
Parts of Circle
Radius
The Radius of the circle is the straight line
drawn from the center to the boundary line or
the circumstances.
Radii (plural of Radius) of a circle are equal
in length.
Diameter
The diameter is the line crossing the circle
and passing through the center.
It is twice the length of the radius.
Tangent Line
Tangent line is any segment, which is
extended in either direction, will only
intersect the circle ones.
The point at which it touches is called the
point of tangency.
Secant Line
A Secant line is a segment or line which
passes through the circle.
Intersecting at two points.
Chord
A Chord is a line segment with both endpoints
on the circle.
The diameter is a special chord that passes
through the center of a circle.
The diameter would be the longest chord in
the circle
Arc
on the circumference of a circle.
Semi Circle
Half of a circle is called semi circles
A semi circle is also an arc of the circle
Central Angle
An angle in a circle with a vertex at the center
of a circle.
Inscribed Angle
an Inscribed Angle is an angle formed by
three points on the circle.
Lettering
Pencil Techniques
➔ The best pencils for lettering on most surfaces
are the H, F, and HB grades.
➔ Hold your pencil in the position shown. It
should make approximately a 60° angle with
the paper.
Freehand Lettering
➔ Developing good lettering is a personal skill
which takes practice. Letters must be formed
properly..
➔ They must be open shaped and very legible.
➔ Clear communication is essential to avoid
mistakes and reduce waste.
➔ Lettering may be done using a drafting type
pencil, lead holder or technical pen. Which
ever tool is used, the letters must be properly
formed and very black.
➔ Pull the pencil or pen across the paper. All
lettering strokes should be a pulling motion.
➔ Right-handed and left handed drafters may
have to develop different forming letters.
➔ Press down hard when using a pencil.
➔ The letters to be drawn, though freehanded,
should be stable and graceful.
➔ In other cases the stability and grace of the
letters may be maintained either by drawing
the lower parts of the letters like B,E etc.
wider than the upper parts, or by drawing the
 horizontal line at the center of these letters
just above their geometric axis.
Technical Lettering
➔ is the process of forming letters, numerals,
and other characters in technical drawing.
➔ It is used to describe, or provide detailed
specifications for, an object. With the goals of
legibility and uniformity, styles are
standardized, and lettering ability has little
relationship to normal writing ability.
➔ Engineering drawings use a Gothic sans- serif
script, formed by a series of short strokes.
Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used:
➔ To communicate non graphic information.
➔ As a substitute for graphic information, in
those instances where text can communicate
more clearly and quickly.
Thus, it must be written
Legibility
● shape
● space between letters and words
Uniformity
● size
● line thickness
Introduction to the Alphabet of Lines
➔ In order to understand what the drafter is
trying to get across, you must be able to
understand the symbols and lines he uses.
➔ Each line has a definite form and line weight.
➔ The standard thick line weight varies from
.030 to .038 of an inch.
➔ The standard thin line weight varies from .015
to .022 of an inch.
VISIBLE LINE or OBJECT LINE
a thick line which is used to represent all
edges of an object.
Dark, heavy lines.
Show the outline and shape of an object.
Define features you can see in a particular
view.
INVISIBLE LINE or HIDDEN LINE
a medium short dashes line used to represent
hidden or unseen edges of an object.
Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
Shows the outline of a feature that cannot be
seen in a particular view.
Used to help clarify a feature, but can be
omitted if they clutter a drawing.
DIMENSION LINE
a thin, fine, dark and solid line with
arrowhead
Show the length, width, and height of the
features of an object.
Terminated with arrow heads at the end.
EXTENSION or PROJECTION LINE
a thin, dark and solid line that extends from
the point on the edges of the drawing object
which dimension refers.
Used to show the starting and stopping points
of a dimension.
Must have at least a 1/16th space between the
lines.
CENTER LINE
a thin line with long and short dashes drawn
alternately which is used to indicate the axis
of symmetrical objects or features.
Thin line consisting of long and short dashes.
Shows the center of holes, slots, paths of
rotation, and symmetrical objects.
CUTTING PLANE LINE
a thick line consists of alternating long and
two short dashes with an arrowhead in both
ends showing the direction of cut plane which
make a section
Thick broken line that is terminated with short
90 degree arrowheads.
 Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to 1. To show the alternate position of moving
better see the interior detail. parts.
SECTION LINE or CROSS HATCHING LINE 2. To show the relationship of parts that fit
a thin line drawn 45° between the lines which together.
is used to indicate that a material has been cut 3. To show repeated detail.
through where some section of a view has Alternate Position
been removed. Phantom lines can show where a part is
Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle. moving to and from.
Indicates material that has been cut through in Eliminates the confusion of thinking there
a sectional view. may be 2 parts instead of just 1.
REFERENCE LINE
a thin irregular curved line with an arrowhead
similar to the leader line.
LEADER LINE
a thin straight line leading from a dimension Repeated Detail
value or an explanatory note. Phantom lines can show repeated detail of an
Thin lines. object.
Used to show the dimension of a feature or a Saves the drafter time and the company
note that is too large to be placed beside the money.
feature itself. Less chance of drafter error.
SHORT and LONG BREAK LINE
a visible broken line drawn freehand.
Break Lines
● Used to break out sections for clarity or for
shortening a part.
● Three types of break lines with different line
weights.
1. Short Breaks Line
➢ Thick wavy line.
➢ Used to break the edge or surface of a part for DRAWING MATERIALS, TOOLS AND
clarity of a hidden surface EQUIPMENT
2. Long Breaks Line Drawing Materials
➢ Long, thin lines. are the consumable drawing items such as
➢ Used to show that the middle section of an drawing paper, masking tape, eraser etc.
object has been removed so it can be drawn Drawing Tools
on a smaller piece of paper.
implements that are durable, permanent and
3. Cylindrical Breaks Line
are hand held.
➢ Thin lines.
Drawing Equipment
➢ Used to show round parts that are broken in
are the items which are more or less durable
half to better clarify the print or to reduce the
and permanently needed.
length of the object.
TOOL
Phantom Lines
A handheld device that aids in accomplishing
Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating
/ doing a task.
with pairs of short dashes.
Three purposes in drawings.
MATERIAL ● Large Standard Type
The elements, constituents, or substance of ● Small Ruler Type
Office which something is composed or can DRAWING TRIANGLES OR SET SQUARES
be made. These are used in drawing vertical lines with
Drawing Instrument the t-square or parallel rule as the horizontal
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, support.
circles, and curves concisely and accurately. TYPES:
Because it involves the use of symbols, lines., ● 30X60X90 Degree Triangle
measurements, etc. to represent ideas, ● 45X45X90 Degree Triangle
knowledge, imagination such as design and DRAWING TRIANGLE COMBINATIONS
information. ADJUSTABLE TRIANGLES
PENCIL These are used in drawing angles other than
A rod of graphite encased in a soft wood such the usual 15 increments.
as cedar about 6-7 inches long and exposed at PROTRACTOR
one end. It is used in drawing and measuring angles.
The most fundamental tool/material that is METRIC SCALE
used in drafting. It is used to reproduce the dimensions of an
The word PENCIL was derived from the object in a full, reduced or enlarged size on a
Latin Word "PENICILLUS" or drawing.
"PENICILLUM" which means "little Tail" COMPASS
or "Painter's Brush". It is used in drawing circles and arcs.
TYPES OF PENCIL: DIVIDER
● Mechanical or Clutch Pencil A type of compass with needle points on both
● Wood Encased Pencil ends and is used for laying off points or
● Charcoal Pencil transferring dimensions.
● Graphite Pencil It is also used for dividing lines into any
● Colour Pencil number of equal parts.
● Aqua Sketching Pencils TORTILLON/ BLENDING STUMP
● Peelback Pencils A tortillion or blending stump is a cylindrical
PORTABLE DRAWING BOARD drawing tool, tapered at the end and usually
It provides a straight working edge necessary made of rolled paper, used by artists to
for constructing horizontal and vertical lines. smudge or blend marks made with charcoal,
T-SQUARE Conté crayon, pencil or other drawing
It is used to construct horizontal lines. It also utensils.
serves as a base for triangles when drawing TECHNICAL PENS
vertical lines. These are precision inking tools that come
TYPES: with points of varying thickness from 0.10mm
● Fixed Head to 2.0mm depending on the line required.
● Adjustable Head Head ERASER (SURFACE REMOVER)
● Removable A material used in removing unwanted marks
PARALLEL RULE in a drawing.
It replaces the use of a T-Square. It moves up ERASER (SURFACE COVERER)
and down the drawing surface by means of A material used in removing unwanted marks
pulleys and a guide rope. in a drawing.
TYPES:
ERASING SHIELD
A thin flat metal or plastic with cut outs of
various sizes and shapes.
It is used to protect the rest of the drawing
when removing unwanted marks or dirt.
CUTTER/SHARPENER / SANDPAPER
These are various tools used for creating
sharp pencil points.
DUSTING BRUSH
It is used to remove loose dirt particles
collected on the drawing.
FRENCH CURVE AND FLEXI-CURVE
These are tools used for drawing non circular
or irregular curves.
DRAWING TEMPLATES
These are tools used for drafting symbols or
repetitive figures.
DRAFTING MACHINE
It is a combination of several drafting tools in
a single contraption.
DRAFTING TAPE
It is used in fastening the drawing paper into
the drawing table.
DRAWING PAPER
It is a thin sheet material produced by
mechanically or chemically processing
cellulose fibers derived from wood, rags,
grasses or other vegetables.
Drawing Sheet
● Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~A4.
● -Standard sheet size (JIS)
● A4 210 x 297
● A3 297 x 420
● A2 420 x 594
● A1 594 x 841
● AO 841 x 1189
Care in Handling and Maintaining these Drawing
Instrument
Drawing Board
1. do not use the drawing board for any other
purposes than for drawing.
2. the surface of the drawing board must be in
good condition. Do not use sharp objects like
knives to cut on it.
3. Always clean the drawing board before use.
4. Cover the drawing board surface with paper
or cardboard after use.
T-Square
1. T - Square should not be used as a walking
stick.
2. The blade must be straight at an angle 90
degrees to the stock.
3. Always clean the T-Square of a cloth or tissue
before and after using it.
Set of Square, protractor, Scale ruler etc.
1. Do not place heavy loads on them to prevent
breakage.
2. They must not be used for other purposes
other than their primary function.
3. Store them in a safe place
Drawing Pencil
1. Drawing pencils should be kept in a pencil
packet after use.
2. pencil points must be always pointed,
accuracy, and its grade are required.
Geometrical Construction
Geometric Forms
Points
Points are used to indicate locations in space.
Points are considered to have no height, width
or depth.
A point can be defined as a set of coordinates
(x,y) on the Cartesian plane.
Lines
A straight line is the shortest distance between
two points.
Lines are considered to have length, but no
other dimension such as width or thickness.
Cartesian Coordinate System
In order to locate objects in space, the
Cartesian Coordinate System is used. This
system not only helps to locate objects, but
allows for sizes to be made from those
locations.
 Planes

Cartesian Points
Absolute Coordinates Origin Planes
Points that are defined by absolute
coordinates refer to the origin for their
numeric value. The point is identified by the
absolute X and Y distance from zero.
Polygons

A polygon is any closed plane, geometric

figure with three or more sides or angles.
Polygons can be inscribed (drawn within a
circumference) or circumscribed (drawn
Relative or Incremental Coordinates around a circumference).
Points that are defined by relative coordinates
reference the previous point on the Cartesian
plane. The final point is identified by the
distance from the last point referenced.
History Fact
➔ Renee Descartes (1596 – 1650) was the
French philosopher and mathematician for
whom the Cartesian Coordinate System is
Inscribed Polygon
named.
➔ The Cartesian Coordinate System made it
possible to represent geometric entities by
numerical and algebraic expressions
Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates work similarly to the
relative coordinates in that the location of a
point is based on the last location point. The
difference is that you will locate the next Circumscribed Polygon
point by distance and the angle the point is
located on the coordinate plane.
Right Hand Rule
You can use your hand to help orient the
coordinate system in a CNC Robotics or CAD
application. Make sure you use your right
hand!
Triangle
A triangle is a plane figure bounded by three
straight sides.
The sum of the interior angles is always 180°.
Equilateral Triangle – All sides equal; all angles
equal.
Isosceles Triangle – Two sides equal; two angles
equal.
Right Triangle – Contains one 90 angle.
Scalene Triangle – No equal sides or angles.
Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by
four straight sides.
If the opposite sides are parallel, the
quadrilateral is also a parallelogram.
Parallelograms:
● Square – All sides equal, four right angles.
● Rectangle – Opposite sides are equal,
● four right angles.
● Rhombus – All sides equal; Opposite angles
are equal.
● Rhomboid – Opposite sides are equal;
Opposite angles are equal.
● Trapezoid – Two sides parallel.
● Trapezium – No sides parallel.
Angle Types
Bisecting an Angle
Geometric Constraints
When making solid models, constraints are
necessary to produce parts of exact shapes
and sizes. To make a part parametric it is
necessary to use as many geometric
constraints as possible. The next set of slides
will show what that geometry is.
Parallel - Lines that are equal distance from
each other at each point along their length.
Perpendicular - Lines that are 90° from one
another.
Horizontal - A line is horizontal when it is
parallel to the horizon. In solid modeling, the
line is also parallel in the horizontal
projection plane and will appear at its true
length.
Vertical - A line is vertical when it is
perpendicular to the horizon. This line will be
parallel to the front and profile projection
planes.
Tangent - A line or arc that has one point in
common with an arc. If a line is tangent with
a circle(Figure A), the line will be
perpendicular with a line drawn from the
point of tangency through the center point of
the arc. If two arcs are tangent (Figure B), a
line drawn between the centers will intersect
at the point of tangency.
Concentric - Circles or arcs that share the
same center point.
Coincident - Points that share the same
location on the coordinate plane. Points may
also be parts of arcs or curves.
Collinear - Lines that if projected at each
other will become the same line.
Coplanar - Two or more objects that sit in the
same plane.
Fixed Point - A point that has been forced to
stay in one location in space.
Equal - Two or more lines, arcs, or circles
that are given the same magnitude.