MINERALS AND

ROCKS
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▰ Earth is one of the four terrestrial planets in
the solar system. The Geosphere, which is one
of the four interacting spheres that allow life
to exist, refers to the solid Earth. It is
composed of rock and regolith which are
essentially aggregates of various minerals.

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▰ A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and an ordered internal structure.
Every mineral is unique, but they exhibit
general characteristics:

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL

▰ 1. A mineral is Naturally-Occuring
▰ 2. A mineral is Inorganic
▰ 3. A mineral is a homogenous solid
▰ 4. A mineral has a definite chemical
composition
▰ 5. A mineral has an ordered
internal/crystalline structure

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STEEL SYNTHETHIC DIAMONDS

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COAL
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ICE FORMED IN THE GLACIERS
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Pyrite
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CALCITE MINERAL STRUCTURE

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MINERAL PROPERTIES

1. COLOR
- Color is the perceived wavelength of light and bounced off
from the materials and is detected by our eyes.

2. STREAK
- -is the color of a mineral in powdered form.
- Minerals show color differently when ground into fine powder.
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MINERAL PROPERTIES

3. LUSTER
- - Luster is the behaviour of light as it is reflected by the
surface of a mineral. Minerals are characterized as being
Metallic or Non-Metallic.

4. HARDNESS
- - Is the resistance of a mineral to scratching. It should be
noted that scratching is different from breaking.
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 MINERAL PROPERTIES

5. CLEAVAGE
- Is the tendency of a mineral to break along particular directions.
This breakage happens along zones of weakness within the crystal
structure of the mineral.
6. Other Properties
a. Magnetism
b. Fluorescence
c. Reaction to chemicals
d. Taste 20
e. Odor
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ROCKS
▰ A rock is a naturally-occurring, coherent
aggregate of minerals such as natural glass or
organic matter.
▰ Rocks are found in the lithosphere, which is
derived from the greek word litos which
means “stone.”

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THE ROCK CYCLE

▰ The rock cycle is a model that describes all

the process by which rocks are formed,
modified, transported, decomposed, melted,
and reformed.

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When magma (molten rock beneath the
surface) is exposed to lower temperature,
minerals and amorphous solids
crystallizes and solidifies, forming
igneous rocks.

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FORMATION OF THE IGNEOUS ROCK

▰ Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling

and solidification of magma and lava. The
word “igneous” is derived from Latin igneus,
which means fiery or “on fire”.

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MAGMA 27
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THERE ARE THREE WAYS IN WHICH IGNEOUS
ROCKS CAN FORM:

1. Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma

2. On the surface, from rapidly cooling lava
3. On the surface, from the consolidation of particle
erupted by explosive volcanic activity

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The processes of weathering and erosion
break the rocks down into smaller pieces
called sediments.

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

▰ Surface processes such as weathering and

erosion dominate the crust. Comparing energy
source that powers igneous processes
(internal heat of the earth), sedimentary
processes have portions that are largely
dependent on climatic event (e.g. precipitation
and wind) powered by the sun.

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FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

▰ 1. Weathering – process of braking down rocks physically or

chemically
▰ 2. Erosion – means to ‘eat away’
▰ 3. Transport – the movement of the sediments from one place
to another
▰ 4. Deposition – the group of processes responsible for the
transformation of sedimentary rocks.
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As temperature and pressure increase due
to continuous burial and tectonic activity,
the sedimentary rocks undergo the
process of metamorphism, transforming
them into metamorphic rocks.

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THANKS!

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