Textile Science & Technology-

Fiber to Fiber (TEX1301)

(MKT 1201)

Assingment Title:
Submission Study
Date: on Textile
19 December 2020 Fibers.

Submitted To : Submitted By :
Name : Name :
 Study on Textile Fibersbers
Introduction :-

A textile is any quite woven, knitted, braided or tufted cloth, or a non-woven fabric. Textile also
refers to the yarns, threads and wools which can be spun, woven, tufted, tied and otherwise used to
manufacture cloth .The production of textiles is an ancient art, whose speed and scale of production
has been altered almost beyond recognition by mass-production and thus the introduction of recent
manufacturing techniques.

History of Textile Fibers:-

Traditionally, natural fibers have been used in all cultures for making utilitarian products. Different
parts of the plant are used. Fibers can be extracted from the bark (banana, jute, hemp, ramie), stem
(banana, palm, bamboo), leaf (palm, screw pine, sisal, agave), husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass
(sikki, madhurkati, benakati, munj). Animal fibers are obtained from a variety of animal coats, and
insect fibers from cocoons.

Even before the arrival of man-made fibers, manufacturers could create hundreds of different kinds
of fabrics, differing mainly by fiber content, weight, style of weave, or sheen. Here are just a few of
these historic fabrics, along with the natural fiber from which they were originally made (nearly all
can be made now with other fibers, either natural or synthetic).

Angora (wool) Broadcloth (wool) Brocade (silk) Calico (cotton) Cashmere (wool)

Chiffon (silk) Chino (cotton) Corduroy (cotton) Crinoline (flax) Damask (silk)

Denim (cotton) Flannel (wool) Gabardine (wool) Georgette (silk) Jacquard (silk)

Kente (silk) Lawn (flax/cotton) Linen (flax) Mohair (wool) Muslin (cotton)

Organdie (cotton) Organza (silk) Oxford (cotton) Pongee (silk) Sateen (cotton)

Satin (silk) Seersucker (flax) Serge (wool) Shantung (silk) Sharkskin (wool)

Taffeta (silk) Tulle (silk) Tweed (wool) Velour (cotton) Velvet (silk)

Natural plant-based textile fibers:-

Natural, plant-based textile fibers come from seed hair, such as cotton; from foliage, such as sisal;
from the stem, such as linen; and some fibers come from shells, such as coconut. Among the most
widely used in the textile industry, important and recognized, we can list the following fibers:
Abaca Also known as Manila Hemp, abaca comes from leave sheaths around the stem of the plant of
abaca, a species of banana. It is a leave fiber valued for its resistance to the damaging effects of salt
water, its buoyancy and the length of the fibers, which can be more than 3 meters long. Currently, it is
being increasingly used in the manufacturing of garments, household textiles and upholstery thanks to
innovations in the process of this fiber. It is certainly still being used to manufacture sailing accessories,
in the currency paper industry and automotive sector, and even in the food industry.

Cotton Cotton grows in balls around the plant seeds and it is pure cellulose. Cotton is the natural
textile fiber most widely used around the world and it is certainly the main protagonist in the global
textile industry. There are two exceptional varieties of the highest quality: Egyptian cotton and Peruvian
Pima. It is widely used in the fashion industry, both in flat fabrics and in woven clothing items and
household textile products. Cotton is used in combination with other natural and synthetic fibers, such as
rayon, polyester, spandex, etc.Cotton fabrics are comfortable, very soft, have good heat conduction and
absorbency; these characteristics make it perfect for garments that are in close contact with the skin, both
in spring-summer and fall-winter seasons. Cotton tends to shrink; it is prone to wrinkles and fading.

Organic cottonb The biggest bet of sustainability is the use of certified organic cotton. It offers an
efficient and sustainable use of natural resources avoiding synthetic or chemical pesticides and
genetically modified seeds.

Coir Coir is a short, hoarse fiber extracted from coconut husk. There are two types of coir: brown
fiber, which comes from mature coconuts, and thin, white fiber, which comes from green, immature
coconut husks.

The white variety of coir fiber is used to manufacture rope and maritime elements because they are
resistant to seawater. Brown fiber is employed to produce household textile items and even for the
automotive industry. Additionally, geotextiles produced with coir mesh have special characteristics
such as resistance to sunlight, great water absorption and they are 100% biodegradable.
Hemp Hemp fiber is obtained from the stem of the plant. One of the most relevant features of this
plant is that it captures large quantities of carbon. With 70% of cellulose, hemp is an excellent heat
conductor, it absorbs dyes adequately, it blocks UV rays, it is very resistant to mildew and has
natural antibacterial properties. Recent developments to “cottonize” hemp fiber could open the doors
of high-quality fashion market to this fiber. The longest hemp fibers can be woven and knitted to
create curly fabrics, similar to linen, used in the textile industry. The mixture of hemp with cotton,
linen, silk and wool give hemp greater softness, while adding strength and durability to the
product.Hemp fibers are also used to manufacture paper and a wide variety of canvasses for different
uses. It is also employed in the automotive and construction industries.

Linen Linen is one of the strongest plant-based fibers in nature; therefore it was one of the first to
be grown, woven and knitted to manufacture clothing and accessories. There are different types of
linen based on their species. The main types are: common flax and perennial flax. Linen is a fabric
with high mechanical resistance and little elasticity; therefore it wrinkles easily. Its softness increases
with washes. As linen quickly absorbs and releases water, and as it is an excellent thermal conductor,
the fabric is fresh, highly valued and employed in the production of clothing for warm areas. Linen
garments are fresh, comfortable, and they symbolize elegance in summer fashion.Linen maintains a
strong traditional niche among high-quality textiles for household products, beddings, upholstery and
interior design accessories.

Ramie Ramie fiber is white with gloss similar to silk, and it is one of the strongest natural fibers,
close to linen in absorption and density. It has little elasticity and it dyes easily. Ramie fibers have
some transverse fissures that make it very fragile, but at the same time promote ventilation. The
rugged ramie fibers are used to make ropes and nets. Through threading, they produce thin, very
glossy thread that is used for a wide variety of garments.Fabrics made 100% of ramie are
lightweight, silky to the touch but with a linen appearance. Normally, as its elasticity and resistance
are quite low, ramie is mixed with other textile fibers or used to improve the characteristics of other
textile fibers. For example, ramie is added to wool to reduce shrinking or to cotton to increase
strength.
Sisal Sisal is an excessively hard fiber and inelastic to be used in the fashion industry. It is
employed in small proportions and in combination with other fibers for the manufacture of
accessories and home decor items. Currently sisal is mainly used in the furniture, automotive and
naval industries, always combined with other materials.

Jute Jute is extracted from the stem of a plant with the same name and it is very easy to grow and
harvest. Jute is one of the cheapest fibers to produce. This fiber is also known as “golden fiber”
because of its glow. Jute is one of the strongest, plant-based natural fibers, and it is second to cotton
in terms of production volume. Jute presents poor absorption, so it deteriorates quickly when
exposed to humidity; it has low thermal conduction, but it contains significant insulating and anti-
static properties. Jute is used as supplementary material in textile and footwear manufacturing, as
well as in household textiles.

Kapoc It is a white fiber similar to hair that comes from the seeds of a tree called Ceiba Pentandra.
Kapok is also known as “silk cotton” because of its gloss that resembles silk.Kapok’s fiber, weak and
short, is resistant to moisture and it has a soft, lustrous texture.The largest volume of its production is
used for household textiles.

Ramina Ramina is a ligneous fiber also known as China grass.It is rigid, shiny and
lustrous.Ramina is used for household textiles.

Natural animal-based textile fibers.

Alpaca Alpaca is a very exclusive fiber, hollow in part of its structure, and it comes naturally in
twenty-three different colors. It is extremely lightweight, has great insulation properties and is
stronger than sheep’s wool. Alpaca is mixed with other natural fibers such as mohair, silk or wool to
make luxurious garments of the highest quality, both in knitted and flat fabrics.Alpaca fibers of
higher quality coming from the shearing of pups and younger specimens are considered smoother,
softer and warmer than cashmere. It is currently being used to manufacture sportswear. The leading
brands in sports have been seduced by this fiber due to its insulation qualities in cold weather.

Angora Angora is a natural animal-based fiber that comes from the Angora rabbit. It is silky, thin
and soft. This “ultra-silky” white hair from the Angora rabbit is a hollow fiber classified as wool.
The hair is light, with great water absorption and quick dry.Extremely light but very warm, angora is
used mainly to make woven clothes such as pullovers, vests, sweaters and fashion accessories for
winter season. Flat fabrics with angora are used to manufacture thermal garments. Angora is mixed
with wool to create greater density and elasticity in the fabric, especially for the production of suits
and blazers. It also used to make high-quality and luxurious garments.

Cashmere Cashmere comes from the Kashmir goat, a native of the Himalayas.Cashmere is a very
expensive and exclusive fiber. It is extremely soft and has great thermal properties; cashmere is used
to manufacture high-quality sweaters and children’s warm clothes. The well-known “pashmina” is a
type of cashmere used in shawls and scarves, produced in the Kashmir Valley. More robust cashmere
is employed to manufacture high-quality rugs and carpets.

Sheep wool A limited supply and its exceptional qualities have made wool the most widely used animal-
based textile fiber in the fashion and textile industry.Wool is a fiber with curly appearance, elastic, soft to
the touch, which easily absorbs moisture and has an extremely low rate of heat release. These last few
characteristics make woolen garments comfortable and warm.
Wool is a fiber of multiple functions and a wide range of diameters that make it perfect for
manufacturing clothing items and fashionable accessories. It is mixed with other natural and
synthetic fibers to increase strength. Wool is also used in household textile products as well as in
industrial developments such as thermal and acoustic insulation.

Mohair Mohair is the hair of the Angora goat from the Tibet.It is a very shiny, insulating type of
wool, softer and stronger than sheep wool. Mohair is white and dyes with exceptional ease. It has
excellent absorption capacity and is mainly used to make knitted garments and crochet accessories.
Mohair is also utilized in household textiles to make luxurious beddings and upholstery.

Camel hair Obtained from Bactrian camels with two humps, it is a fine, soft fiber that is used
exclusively in luxurious textiles due to its quality and small supply. To manufacture ultra-exclusive
items, camel hair is mixed with cashmere and, in other cases, due to its high cost, it is combined with
wool to reduce the final price tag of the garment. This fiber is employed to manufacture a wide
variety of clothing items –suits, coats, sweaters and jackets—and other accessories for winter season
such as gloves, hats and scarves.

Silk Silk is a protein filament produced by the silk worm. Feeding on mulberry leaves, the worm
produces liquid silk that once solidified forms the filaments to build its cocoon. Then, once the larva
is dead, heat is used to soften the hardened filaments and to unroll them. These individual filaments
are later intertwined into one single filament to form the silk yarn.Silk is a lightweight, lustrous and
soft fiber. It is highly resistant to tensile strength with little or no elasticity. Silk is very glossy
because of the triangular prism structure of the fiber and this causes garments made of this fabric to
refract incoming light into different angles.Naturally, silk is used in high-quality textile industry to
produce exquisite accessories as well as luxurious, haute couture garments. Additionally, it is utilized
in a wide range of home décor items.
Manmade Fibers The history of man-made fibers is less than a century old; until 1910, there
were no synthetic or chemical fibers. Today, by mixing different components, manufacturers can
take the basic fibers listed below and make them more waterproof or more absorbent, warmer or
cooler, thicker or thinner, stiffer or more supple. Some, like polyester and spandex, combine well
with natural fibers, making fabrics that wrinkle less or are more form-fitting.

Conclusion In our daily life,in the garments and in the appreal sectors there are very huge
demands of fibres.We can easily state that though there are variour types of fibre and some of them
are very rare and expensive where some of them are natural or manmade and cheap also.but when it
is come to the question of comfort there are no alternative of fibre.