J.R. Institute of Mathematics: Chapter - 1 Basic Concepts

J.R.
INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS
189/35 BEHIND RAILWAY STATION, VAISH COLLEGE ROAD, ROHTAK PIN-124001 (HARYANA)
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Chapter - 1
Basic Concepts
1.1 Complex numbers
Def. Complex Numbers : A number of the form x  iy is called a complex number and is denoted by
z  x  iy ; where x and y are real numbers and i  1 .

Def. Conjugate of a complex number : If z  x  iy be a complex number then the conjugate of z is
denoted by z , and is defined as z  x  iy .

Def. Modulus of a complex number : The modulus of a complex number z  x  iy is denoted by
z  x  iy and is defined as the non negative real number given by z  x 2  y 2 .
Def. Modulus-argument form or polar form or trigonometric form of a complex number : Every
non-zero complex number z  x  iy can be put in the form z  r  cos   i sin   , where r and  are
both real numbers i.e. x  iy  r  cos   i sin    r ei . The angle  of inclination of the number z,
which will always be measured in radians from the positive real axis, is positive when measured
counter clockwise and negative when measured clockwise. The angle  is called an argument of z
and is denoted by   arg  z  .
Def. Principal Argument : The symbol arg  z  actually represents a set of values, but the argument
 of a complex number that lies in the interval      is called the principal value of arg  z  or
the principal argument of z. The principal argument of z is unique and is represented by the symbol
Arg  z  i.e.,   Arg  z    . In general, arg  z   Arg  z   2n , n  0, 1, 2,.....
De Moivre’s theorem :
(i) If n be any integer, positive or negative, then  cos  i sin  n  cos n  i sin n .
n
(ii) If n be a fraction, positive or negative, then one of the values of  cos  i sin   is
cos n  i sin n .
Properties : Let z be any complex number then
1.  z  z
2
2. If z  x  iy , then z  z  2Re  z  and z  z  2i Im  z 
3. z is purely real iff z  z  0

4. z is zero or purely imaginary iff z  z  0
2
5. z z  z
Properties : Let z1 and z2 be any complex numbers then
1. z1  z2  z1  z2 2. z1  z 2  z1  z2
z  z
3. z1z2  z1.z2 4.  1   1 ; provided z2  0
 z2  z2
5. z1  z2  z1  z2 6. z1  z2  z1  z2
z1 z
7. z1z2  z1 . z 2 8.  1 , z2  0 .
z2 z2
9. arg( z )   arg( z )
10. z1  z2  z1  z2 iff arg z1  arg z2  2n
11. z1  z 2  z1  z 2 iff arg  z1   arg  z2    2n  1 

12. z1 z 2  z1 z2  0 iff arg  z1   arg  z2    2n  1
2
13. z1 z 2  z1 z 2 iff arg  z1   arg  z2   n
2
14. Parallelogram Law: z1  z2  z1  z2  2 z1  z 2
2
 2 2

z 
15. arg  z1z2   arg z1  arg z2 and arg  1   arg z1  arg z 2 ; provided z2  0
 z2 
16. In general, Arg  z1z 2   Arg z1  Arg z2 .
17. If Re  z1   0 and Re  z2   0 , then Arg  z1z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2  .
18. The order relations greater than or less than do not apply to complex numbers i.e., the statements
z1  z2 or z1  z2 are meaningless.
 y y
19. Arg z  tan 1     Arg z  tan 1  
x x
O x
1  y  1  y 
Arg z  tan     Arg z  tan  
x x
J.R. INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS
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Exercise 1.1
1. Write the given complex number in polar form and then in the form a  ib
3
  3 3 
   
12
  
5 8  cos 8  i sin 8 
   
(i)  cos  i sin   2  cos  i sin   (ii) 10
 9 9   6 6      
 2  cos 16  i sin 16  
  
2. Find the positive integer n for which the equality holds :
n n
 3 1   2 2 
(i)   i   1 (ii)    i 1
 2 
 2 2   2
3. Find one value of arg z when
2 i 6
(i) z 
1 3 i
(ii) z 
2  2i
(iii) z   3 i 
4. Write the given complex number in polar form using an argument   Arg  z  and then using
  Arg  z 
12
(i) 3i (ii) 5  5i (iii)
3 i
3
(iv) 2  2 3i (v) (vi) –10
1  i
5. For the complex numbers z1  1 and z2  5i, verify that :
(a) Arg  z1z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2  (b) Arg  z1 / z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2 
Answers
 13 13  1   i
1. (i) 32  cos
 6
 i sin
6
 ;16

 3 i  (ii)  cos  i sin  ;
2 2 2 2
2. (i) n  6 (ii) n  8
2 5
3. (i) (ii) (iii) 11
3 4
 3 3       
4. (i) 3  cos  i sin  ; 3  cos     i sin    
 2 2    2  2 
4
 7 7       
(ii) 5 2  cos  i sin  ;5 2  cos     i sin    
 4 4    4  4 
 11 11       
(iii) 6  cos  i sin  ; 6  cos     i sin    
 6 6    6  6 
 4 4    2   2 
(iv) 4  cos  i sin  ; 4  cos     i sin   
 3 3    3   3 
3 2 5 5  3 2   3   3 
(v)  cos  i sin ;  cos     i sin   
2  4 4  2   4   4 
(vi) 10  cos3  i sin 3  ; 10  cos   i sin  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Regions and Domains
Def. Circle: The equation of a circle with center z0 and radius r is defined as z  z0  r .
Def. Open disc: The equation of an open disc with center z0 and radius r is defined as z  z0  r .
Def. Closed disc: The equation of a closed disc with center z0 and radius r is defined as z  z0  r .
Def. Punctured disc: The equation of a punctured disc with center z0 and radius r is defined as
0  z  z0  r or 0  z  z0  r .
Def. Annulus : The set S1 of points satisfying the inequality r1  z  z0 lie exterior to the circle of
radius r1 centered at z0 , whereas the set S 2 of points satisfying z  z0  r2 lie interior to the circle of
radius r2 centered at z0 . Thus, if 0  r1  r2 , the set of points satisfying the simultaneous inequality
r1  z  z0  r2 , is the intersection of the sets S1 and S 2 . This intersection is an open circular ring
centered at z0 and is called an open circular annulus.
Def. Neighborhoods : A set S is said to be a neighborhood of a point z0 if there exists an open disc
centered at z0 which is entirely contained in S and the point z0 is said to be an interior point of S.
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Def. Deleted neighborhood : A set S is said to be a deleted neighborhood of a point z0 if there exists
an open disc centered at z0 which is entirely contained in S excluding the point z0 .

Def. Open sets : A set is said to be an open set if it is neighborhood of each of its points. In other
words, if every point z of a set S is an interior point, then S is said to be an open set.
S 
z0

Def. Connected Set : If any pair of points z1 and z2 in a set S can be connected by a polygonal line
that consists of a finite number of line segements joined end to end that lies entirely in the set, then the
set S is said to be connected.
z2
z1
Def. Domain : An open connected set is called a domain.

y
Def. Regions : A region is a set of points in the complex plane with all, some, or none of its boundary
points. Since an open set does not contain any boundary points, it is automatically a region. A region
that contains all its boundary points is said to be closed. The disc defined by z  z0  r is an example
6
of a closed region and referred to as a closed disc. A neighborhood of a point z0 defined by
z  z0  r is an open set or an open region and is said to be an open disc.
Def. Bounded Sets : A set S in the complex plane is bounded if there exists a real number R  0 such
that z  R for every z in S. That is, S is bounded if it can be completely enclosed within some
neighborhood of the origin.

Some Geometric Loci in complex plane :
1. z   : z  z 1  z  z2  represent the perpendicular bisector of line segment joining z1 and z2 .
2. z   : z  z 1  z  z2  K  represent the ellipse with foci z1 and z2 .
Exercise 1.2
1. Sketch the graph of the given equation in the complex plane :
(i) z  4  3i  5 (ii) 2 z  1  4 (iii) Im  z  3i   6
(iv) Im  z  i   Re  z  4  3i  (v) Re 1  i z   3 (vi) z 2  z 2  2
2. Sketch the set S of points in the complex plane satisfying the given inequality. Determine whether
the set is (a) open, (b) closed, (c) a domain, (d) bounded or (e) connected.
(i) 2  Re  z  1  4 (ii) Re  z   2 (iii) 1  Im  z   4
(iv) Re   2  i  z  1  0 (v) Im  z   Re  z   
(vi) Re z 2  0
(vii) 2  z  3  4i  5 (viii) 1  z  1  i  2
3. Sketch the set of points in the complex plane satisfying the given inequality
 
(i) 0  arg  z   (ii)   arg  z  
6 2
Answers
y y
x
1.
x
(i) (ii)
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(iii) y (iv) y
x y50
x
x
y = 3
y
y
y2
(v) (vi)
x x
y  4
2. y
y
(i) (ii)
x
x
x  –2 x=2
x=3 x=5
(a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) yes (a) yes (b) no (c) no (d) no (e) no
y y
y=4
(iii) (iv) 2x  y 1  0
x x
y  –1
(a) no (b) no (c) no (d) no (e) yes (a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) yes
8
y y
x y  0
(v) (vi)
x y  0
x x
x y  0
(a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) yes (a) yes (b) no (c) no (d) no (e) no
y y
(vii) (viii)
x
1 x
(a) no (b) yes (c) no (d) yes (e) yes (a) no (b) no (c) no (d) yes (e) yes
3. (i) y (ii) y
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3 Some Elementary Functions
Def. Complex exponential function : The complex exponential function is defined as
e z  e xiy  e x  cos y  i sin y 

Page 9
Results :
1. The modulus of e z is given by ez  ex
2. The argument of e z is given by arg e z  y  2n ; n  0, 1, 2,....
3. The conjugate of e z is given by e z  e z  

4. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers then
z1 n
(i) e0  1 (ii) e z1 .e z2  e z1  z2 (iii) e z1 e z2  e z1  z2 (iv) e   e n z1
5. The complex exponential function e z is periodic with purely imaginary period of 2 i .

6. For z  x  iy ,
(i) e z  0 when y is an even multiple of  .
(ii) e z  0 when y is an odd multiple of  .

(iii) e z is purely imaginary when y is an odd multiple of .
2
(iv) eiz  1 when y  0
(v) eiz  1 when y  0
z z
(vi) e z  1  e  1  z e for any z  
 
(vii) exp( z 2 )  exp z
2
Def. Complex sine and cosine functions : The complex sine and cosine functions are defined as
eiz  e iz eiz  e iz

sin z  and cos z 
2i 2
Def. The complex tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are defined as
sin z cos z 1 1
tan z  , cot z  , sec z  , cosec z 
cos z sin z cos z sin z
Results :
1. sin z  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y 2. cos z  cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y
3. sin z  sin 2 x cosh 2 y  cos 2 x sinh 2 y 4. cos z  cos 2 x cosh 2 y  sin 2 x sinh 2 y

5. sin z  0 iff z  n 6. cos z  0 iff z   2n  1
2
7. sin z,cos z,cosec z and cot z have real periods of 2 .
10
8. tan z and cot z have real period  .

9. It is important to recognize that some of the properties of real trigonometric functions are not
satisfied by their complex counter parts. e.g. sin x  1 and cos x  1 ,but sin z and cos z are
unbounded.
2 2
10. For z  x  iy , sin z  cos z  1  z  x , a real.
Def. Complex hyperbolic functions : The complex hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine functions
e z  e z e z  e z
are defined as sinh z  and cosh z 
2 2
Def. The complex hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are defined as
sinh z cosh z 1 1
tanhz  , coth z  , sec h z  , cosec h z 
cosh z sinh z cosh z sinh z
Results :
1. sin z  i sinh  i z  2. cos z  cosh  i z  3. sinh z  i sin  i z 

4. cosh z  cos  i z  5. sinh z  0 iff z  n i 6. cosh z  0 iff z   2n  1 i
2
7. For z  x  iy , sinh y  sin  x  iy   cosh y
8. For z  x  iy , sinh y  cos  x  iy   cosh y
Table of formulae :
Sr. No. Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions
(i) sin 2 z  cos2 z  1 cos h 2 z  sin h 2 z  1
1. (ii) sec 2 z  tan 2 z  1 sec h 2 z  tanh 2 z  1

(iii) cosec 2 z  cot 2 z  1 coth 2 z  cosech 2 z  1
(i) sin( z1  z2 )  sin z1 cos z2  cos z1 sin z2 sinh( z1  z2 )  sinh z1 cosh z2  cosh z1 sinh z2
(ii) cos( z1  z2 )  cos z1 cos z2  sin z1 sin z2 cosh( z1  z2 )  cosh z1 cosh z2  sinh z1 sinh z2
2.
(iii) tan z1  tan z2 tanh z1  tanh z2
tan( z1  z2 )  tanh ( z1  z2 ) 
1  tan z1 tan z2 1  tanh z1 tanh z2
(i) sin( z )   sin z sinh ( z )   sinh z
3. (ii) cos( z )  cos z cosh ( z )  cosh z
(iii) tan( z )   tan z tanh ( z )   tanh z
4. (i) sin 2 z  2sin z cos z sinh 2 z  2sinh z cosh z
(ii) cos 2 z  cos 2 z  sin 2 z cosh 2 z  cosh 2 z  sinh 2 z

Page 11
(iii) tan 2 z 
2 tan z
tanh 2 z 
2 tanh z
2
1  tan z 1  tanh 2 z
(i) sin 3z  3sin z  4sin 3 z sinh 3z  3sinh z  4sinh 3 z
(ii) cos3z  4cos3 z  3cos z cosh 3 z  4cosh3 z  3cosh z

5.
(iii) 3tan z  tan 3 z 3tanh z  tanh 3 z
tan 3z  tanh 3 z 
1  3tan 2 z 1  3tanh 2 z
(i) 2sin A cos B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B) 2sinh A cosh B  sinh (A  B)  sinh (A  B)
(ii) 2cos Asin B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B) 2cosh Asinh B  sinh (A  B)  sinh (A  B)

6.
(iii) 2cos A cos B  cos(A  B)  cos (A  B) 2cosh A cosh B  cosh (A  B)  cosh (A  B)
(iv) 2sin Asin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B) 2sinh Asinh B  cosh (A  B)  cosh (A  B)
(i) sin C  sin D  2sin

CD
cos
CD
sinh C  sinh D  2sinh
CD
cosh
CD
2 2 2 2
(ii) sin C  sin D  2 cos

C D
sin
CD
sinh C  sinh D  2 cosh
CD
sinh
CD
2 2 2 2
7.
(iii) cos C  cos D  2 cos
CD
cos
CD
cosh C  cosh D  2 cosh
CD
cosh
CD
2 2 2 2
(iv) cos C  cos D  2sin

CD
sin
DC
cosh C  cosh D  2sinh
C D
sinh
CD
2 2 2 2
Def. Complex Logarithmic Function : The complex function log z is defined as
log z  log e z  i arg  z 
Properties :
z 
(i) log  z1z2   log z1  log z2 (ii) log  1   log z1  log z2 (iii) log z1n  n log z1
 z2 
Result : Real logarithmic function is defined for positive real numbers only whereas complex
logarithmic function is defined for all non-zero complex numbers.
Example : log(5),log(7) are not defined in real analysis but they are defined in complex analysis.
log(0) is never defined.
Example : Find all complex solutions to each of the following equations :
(a) e w  i (b) e w  1  i (c) e w  2
Solution : For each equation e w  z , the set of solutions is given by w  log z where
log z  log e z  i arg  z 

12

(a) For z  i , we have z  1 and arg  z    2n , we obtain
2
 
w  log i  log e 1  i   2n   w
 4n  1 i, n  0, 1, 2,....
2  2
7 3  5
Therefore, each of the values w  ...,  i,  i, i, i,.... satisfies the equation e w  i .
2 2 2 2

(b) For z  1  i , we have z  2 and arg  z    2n , we obtain
4
 
w  log 1  i   log e 2  i   2n 
4 

1
w  log e 2 
8n  1  i, n  0, 1, 2,....
2 4
Each value of w is a solution to e w  1  i .

(c) For z  2 , we have z  2 and arg  z     2n , we obtain
w  log  2   log e 2  i   2n 
 w  log e 2   2n  1  i, n  0, 1, 2,....
Each value of w is a solution to e w  2 .

Def. Principal value of the complex logarithm : The principal value of the complex logarithm is
denoted by Log z and is defined as Log z  log e z  i Arg  z 
Example : Compute the principal value of the complex logarithm

(a) Log(i ) (b) Log(1  i ) (c) Log(2)

Solution : (a) For z  i , we have z  1 and Arg  z   and so
2
 
Log i  log e 1  i  Log i  i
2 2

(b) For z  1  i , we have z  2 and Arg  z   and so
4

Log 1  i   log e 2  i
4
1 
 Log 1  i   log e 2  i
2 4
(c) For z  2 , we have z  2 and Arg  z    and so
Log  2   log e 2   i
Page 13
PERIODIC TABLE
Sr. No. Complex function Periodic Period Real function Periodic Period
1. ez Yes 2 i ex No ---
2. sin z Yes 2 sin x Yes 2

3. cos z Yes 2 cos x Yes 2
4. sinh z Yes 2 i sinh x No ---
5. cosh z Yes 2 i cosh x No ---
Exercise 1.3
1. Find the real part, imaginary part, modulus and conjugate of the following functions :
2
(i) f  z   e z (ii) f  z   e iz (iii) f  z   e z (iv) f  z   sin z
(v) f  z   cos z (vi) f  z   sin h z (vii) f  z   cosh z
2. Solve the following equations :
(i) e z  0 (ii) e z  1 (iii) e z  1 (iv) sin z  0

(v) sin z  1 (vi) sin z  1 (vii) cos z  0 (viii) cos z  1
(ix) cos z  1 (x) sinh z  0 (xi) cosh z  0
3. Show that the complex exponential function, complex trigonometric functions and the complex
hyperbolic functions are periodic. Also find their periods.
4. How many real counter parts of above functions are periodic. Find the period wherever applicable.
5. Write the given expression in terms of x and y
2z
(i) e z 
(ii) arg e 
i z z 
 (iii) i e z  1
6. Find all complex values of the given logarithm

(i) log  5 (ii) log  2  2i  (iii) log  2  6 i
(iv) log   ei  (v) log 1  i  (vi) log   3  i 
7. Write the principal value of the logarithm in the form a  ib
 
(i) Log  6  6i  (ii) Log  e2   
 
 
4
(iii) Log  1  3 i  (iv) Log 1  i  

Answers
1. (i) e x cos y ; e x sin y ; e x ; e z (ii) e y cos x ;  e y sin x ; e y ; ei z
14
2  y2 2  y2 2  y2 2
(iii) e x cos  2 xy  ; e x sin  2 xy  ; e x ; ez
(iv) sin x cosh y ;cos x sinh y ; sin 2 x cosh 2 y  cos2 x sinh 2 y ;sin z
(v) cos x cosh y ;  sin x sinh y ; cos2 x cosh 2 y  sin 2 x sinh 2 y ;cos z
(vi) sinh x cos y ;cosh x sin y ; sinh 2 x cos2 y  cosh 2 x sin 2 y ;sinh z
(vii) cosh x cos y ;sinh x sin y ; cosh 2 x cos 2 y  sinh 2 x sin 2 y ;cosh z
2. (i) Such a z does not exist. (ii) z  2n i, n   (iii) z   2n  1  i, n  
 
(iv) z  n , n   (v) z   4n  1 , n   (vi)  4n  1 , n
2 2

(vii) z   2n  1 , n   (viii) z  2n , n   (ix) z   2n  1  , n  
2

(x) z  n i, n   (xi) z   2n  1 i, n  
2
2  x y2
5. (i) e x (ii) 2 x  2n , n  0, 1, 2,... (iii) 1  e x  sin y  i cos y 
6. (i) log e 5   2n  1  i (ii)

3
log e 2 
8n  3  i (iii)
3
log e 2 
 6n  1  i
2 4 2 3
1 1  8n  1  i 12n  5  i
(iv) 1   4n  3  i (v) log e 2  (vi) log e 2 
2 2 4 6
1 1 1
7. (i) log e 72   i (ii) 2   i (iii) 5log e 2   i (iv) log e 4   i
2 4 3
Page 1
True-false exercise 16. The domain of the function

2 (1 i ) z  2
f ( z)  e z is all complex numbers.
1. Re( z1 z2 )  Re( z1 ) Re( z 2 ) .
17. If f ( z ) is a complex function with
2. z 1  z  1 . u ( x, y )  0 , then the range of f lies in the
imaginary axis.
3. If Im( z )  0, then Re(1/ z )  0 .
18. The range of the function f ( z )  Arg( z ) is
4. i  10i all real numbers.
5. If z  0, then Arg( z  z )  0 . 19. There are no solutions to the equation

Arg( z )  Arg( z 3 ) .
6. x  iy  x  y
20. There are infinitely many solutions z to the
1 equation e z  w .
7. arg( z )  arg  
 z
i
21. ln i  .
8. arg(2  10i)    tan 1 (5)  2n for 2
n .
22. Im(ln z )  arg( z ) .
9. If z is a root of a polynomial equation
23. Ln z is an entire function.
an z n  an1 z n 1  ...  a1z  a0  0 , then z is
also a root. 24. cos z is a periodic function with a period of
2 .
10. For any nonzero complex number z, there
are an infinite number of values for arg( z ) . 25. The set of points z such that z  bi  z  b ,
 b  0 is the half-plane  z  x  iy : y  x
11. If z  2  2 , then Arg( z )  .
2
26. The inequality z1  z 2  z1  z2 holds
n
12. The equation z  1, n a positive integer, provided either Re z1  0 and Re z2  0 , or
will have only real solutions for n  1 and Re z1  0 and Re z2  0 .
n  2.
27. Two complex numbers z1 and z2 whose
13. If f ( z ) is a complex function, then
f ( x  0i) must be a real number. sum and difference are real and purely
imaginary, respectively, must satisfy
z2  z1 .
14. Re z1/2  0 for all z   \ 0 .
28. The roots of the equation tan z  cot z  2
1 are at z  (4k  1) / 4, k   .
15. The domain of the function f ( z )  2 is
z i
all complex numbers.
2
29. If the sum and product of two complex 41. The set of complex numbers z such that
numbers are both real then either both the 
complex numbers are real or one is arg( z  i )  represents the equation of
3
conjugate of the other.
the straight line y  3 x  1 .

30. The inequalities Re z  0 and z  1  z  1 42. If Arg( z  3)  , then the least value of
3
are equivalent.
z is 3 3 / 2 .
1 z 
31. The inequalities z  1 and Re  0 43. If z  (4  3i)  2, then the greatest and
 1 z 
are equivalent. least value of z are 7 and 3 respectively.
32. If f is any one of the six hyperbolic 44. Re( z )  Im( z )  2 z for every complex
(circular) functions, then, for all z  , number z.
f ( z)  f ( z ) .
45. f ( z )  arg( z ) is a single valued function
33. For Re z j  0 ( j  1, 2), on  t , t  2  for any real t.
Arg( z1z2 )  Arg z1  Arg z2
1
46. Arg     Arg  z  iff z doesn’t lies on
34. The complex roots of a quadratic equation  2
have the property that one is the square of negative real axis.
the other.
47. Arg  z   Arg  z  for all z  
35. If z  1, then both Re(1  z )  0 and
48. arg( z )  arg( z )  2n
2
Re(1  z )  0 do not hold simultaneously.
49. arg( z )  arg( z )    2n
36. If z 2  ( z ) 2 , then z is either real or purely 50. Let  be n th primitive root of unity and
imaginary.  be any root of equation z n  1 then all
37. The equation the roots of equation z n  1 are given by
 
i  
1  cos   i sin     ,  ,  2 ,  3 ,......,  n1
 e  2  cot   holds
1  cos   i sin  2
for each   2n , n  .
Assignment
38. The non real roots of (1  z ) 4  16 z 4 are ----------------------- S C Q -----------------------
(1  2i ) / 5 .
1. If z  x  iy , then the number of solutions
39. The product of the distinct n-th roots of of the equation z 2  z is
unity is (1) n1 . 1. one 2. two
3. four 4. infinite
40. All the solutions of z 4  81  0 are
3 1  i  / 2 . 4  3i x
2. If  x  iy , then is equal to
3  4i y
1. 0 2. 1
4 4
3. 4.
3 5
Page 3
3. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then 10. The correct polar form of the complex
number 1  i is
 x  y  x   y   x   2 y  is equal to 
i

 i
4 4
1. x  y 2
2. x  y 2 1. 2e 2. e
 
 i i
3. x 3  y 3 4. x 3  y 3 3. 2e 4
4. e 4
4. The real part of the complex number 1  i 

n
11. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube root of unity, then
3
is the roots of  x  1  8  0 are
n n 1. 1, 1, 1 2. 1,1  2 ,1  2 2
1. 2n /2 cos 2. 2n cos
4 2
3. 1,  , 2 4. 1,1  2 ,1  2 2
n
3. 2 n/2 cos n 4. 2 n cos
2
12. If z  1  2, then the value of zz  z  z is
5. If x  2  3i, then the value of 1. 4 2. 2
3. 1 4. 3
2 x 4  5 x3  7 x 2  41 is
1. 4  3i 2. 4  3i 13. The solution of the equation z  z  1  2i is
3. 3  4i 4. 3  4i 3
1. 1  2i 2. 2  i
2
6. If z  z  1 , then 3 3
3.  2i 4.  2i
1 2 2
1. Re  z   1 2. Re  z  
2
1 14. The complex numbers z1  1  2i ,
3. Im  z   1 4. Im  z  
2 z2  4  2i and z3  1  6i form the vertices
of a
z  5i 1. right angled triangled
7. If  1, then z  x  iy lies on
z  5i 2. isosceles triangle
1. the real axis 3. equilateral triangle
2. the straight line x  5 4. scalene triangle
3. the straight line y  5 15. An annulus 1  z  a   2 is
4. a circle passing through origin 1. connected 2. disconnected
3. semi-connected 4. None of these
2z 1
8. If the imaginary part of is  2, then
iz  1 16. The complement of the unit circle z  1 is
the locus of a point representing z , is a
1. z  1 2. z  1
1. circle 2. straight line
3. parabola 4. None of these 3. z  1 4. None of these
2 2
9. For complex number z, z  5  z  5  75 17. The set S is open, then which of the
following is true?
represents
1. S does not contains its boundary points
1. a circle 2. an ellipse
2. S contains its boundary points
3. a triangle 4. a straight line
3. S have its boundary points
4
4. None of the above 23. Let 1,  ,  2 ,....,  n1 be n, nth roots of unity
18. The set S is closed if then value of

1. it does not contains its boundary points
2. it has no boundary points  a     a   2  a   3  .... a   n1  is
3. it contains its boundary points
4. None of the above a2 1
1. n 2.
8
19. If z1 , z2 are two complex numbers such that an 1
3. 0 4.
z1  z2  z1  z2 Then, it is necessary that 8
1. z1  z 2 24. Let z1   be any fixed complex number
2. z2  0
3. z1   z2 for some real number  then the equation z  z1  z  z1 represents
4. z1 z 2  0 or z1   z 2 for some real 1. unit circle with center origion
number 
2. Real-axis
3. Imaginary axis
20. If z is a complex number such that
4. None of these
Re( z )  0 . Let Arg( z ) represent the
principal argument of z, then the interval in
25. The number 2 ei is
which Arg( z ) lies is
1. an irrational number
1. [0,  ] 2. [ ,0]
2. a transcendental number
   
3.  , 4. None of these 3. a rational number
 2 2 
4. imaginary number
21. The principal argument of the complex 26. If z1 and z2 are distinct complex numbers
2i such that z1  z2 1 and z1  z2 1, then
number is
4i  (1  i )2 the triangle in the complex plane with z1 , z2
1 and 1 as vertices
1. tan 1 (2) 2. tan 1   1. must be equilateral
2
2. must be right angle
3. tan 1 (2) 4. None of these 3. must be isosceles, but not necessarily
equilateral
4. must be obtuse angled
22. Let  be n th root of unity distinct from 1, (CSIR NET June 2013)
then the value of 1  2  3 2  ....  n n1 27. f ( z ):   defined by f ( z )  sin z is

n n 1. one-one
1. 2.
1   1 2. onto
n n2 3. one-one, onto both
3. 2
4.
 1  1 4. neither one-one nor onto
(GATE 1995)
Page 5
28. The real part of the principal value of 44i 3. v 2y  u 2y 4. v 2y  vx2

is (CSIR NET Dec 2017)
1. 256cos  ln 4  2. 64cos  ln 4 
3. 16 cos  ln 4  4. 4cos  ln 4 
True false key
(GATE 2004)
------------------------ M C Q ----------------------- 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F
...
ii 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T
1. If i    i , then which of the
following is /are true ? 9. F 10. T 11. T 12. T
  13. F 14. F 15. F 16. T
1.  tan
 2
17. T 18. T 19. F 20. T
2.     e 
2 2
21. F 22. T 23. F 24. T

3.  2   2  e
  25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T
4.  tan
 2 29. T 30. T 31. T 32. T
33. T 34. F 35. F 36. T
th
2. Let  be primitive n root of unity then the 37. T 38. T 39. T 40. T
 n1k
value of 1   k   2 k  ...   ; k 41. T 42. T 43. T 44. T
1. n if k is multiple of n 45. F 46. T 47. F 48. T
2. 0 if k is multiple of n 49. T 50. T
3. n if k is not multiple of n
4. 0 if k is not multiple of n Assignment key
SCQ
3. Let z1 , z2   then the equation
1. 3 2. 1 3. 3 4. 1
z  z1  z  z 2  z1  z2 represent 5. 2 6. 2 7. 1 8. 2
1. line segment joining z1 and z2 9. 1 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4

13. 4 14. 2 15. 1 16. 4
2. line passing through z1 and z2
17. 1 18. 3 19. 4 20. 3
3. unit circle with center at origin
21. 1 22. 2 23. 4 24. 2
4. real-axis
25. 1 26. 1 27. 1 28. 2
4. Let f :    be a holomorphic function
and let u be the real part of f and v the
imaginary part of f. Then, for MCQ
2
x, y  , f '  x  iy  is equal to 1. 2,4 2. 1,4 3. –
1. u x2  u 2y 2. u x2  vx2 4. 1,2,3,4
Page 1
Chapter - 2
Analytic Functions
2.1 Analytic Functions
Def. Limit of a complex function : Suppose that a complex function f is defined in a deleted
neighborhood of z0 and suppose that L is a complex number. The limit of f as z tends to z0 exists
and is equal to L , written as lim f ( z )  L , if for every   0 , there exists a   0 such that
z  z0
f (z)  L   whenever 0  z  z0   .
Criterion for the non-existence of a limit : If f approaches two complex numbers L1  L2 for two
different curves or paths through z0 , then lim f ( z ) does not exist.

z  z0
Def. Continuity of a complex function: A complex function f is continuous at a point z0 if
lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0
Criteria for continuity at a point: A complex function f is continuous at a point z0 if each of the
following three conditions hold :

(i) lim f ( z ) exists,
z  z0
(ii) f is defined at z0 , and
(iii) lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0
Result 1 : A function f  x   u  x, y   iv  x, y  is continuous at a point z0  x0  iy0 iff u  x, y  and
v  x, y  are continuous at  x0 , y  . In other words, a function is continuous iff its real and imaginary
parts are continuous.

Def. Differentiable function : The function f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is said to be differentiable at
f  z   f  z0 
a point z  z0 if f  z  is continuous at z  z0 and its limit i.e f '  z   lim exists.
z  z0 z  z0
2
Result 2 : A necessary condition for differentiability : If a function f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is
differentiable at a point z  x  iy , then the first order partial derivatives of u and v exist and satisfy
u v u v
the Cauchy-Riemann equations i.e.  and 
x y y x
Result 3 : If a function is differentiable at a point then C-R equations hold at that point.
OR
If C-R equations does not hold at a point then function can not be differentiable at that point.
Result 4 : Sufficient conditions for differentiability : If the real functions u  x, y  and v  x, y  are
continuous and have continuous first-order partial derivatives in some neighborhood of a point z, and
if u  x, y  and v  x, y  satisfy the C-R equations at z, then the complex function
f  z   f  z0 
f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is differentiable at z and f '  z   lim .
z  z0 z  z0
Result 5 : If a function f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is differentiable at a point z then its derivative is
given by f '  z   u x  ivx or f '  z   v y  iu y
Result 6 : Different forms of C-R equations : Following are the different forms of C-R equations :
u v u v
(i) If f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  then C-R equations are  and 
x y y x
f
(ii)  0 , where z  x  iy
z
(iii) i f x  x, y   f y  x, y  ; where f x  x, y  represents the partial derivative of f w.r.t. x and
f y  x, y  w.r.t. y.
u 1 v v 1 u
Result 7 : Polar form of the C-R equations is  and  .
r r  r r 
p( z )
Def. Rational function : A function of the form , q( z )  0 , where p( z) and q( z ) are the
q( z )
polynomials is called a rational function.
Def. Analytic function : A function f  z   u  iv is analytic at a point z, if f  z  is differentiable at z
as well as in some neighbourhood of the point z.

Def. Holomorphic Function : A function that is analytic throughout a domain D is called holomorphic
function or regular function.
Def. Entire function : If a function f  z  is analytic in the whole complex plane then that function is
called the entire function.

Page 3
Result 8 : If a function is analytic in a domain D, then it is infinitely many times differentiable in D.

Remark : This result is a sharp contrast with its real counter part.
Result 9 : Set of all analytic points form an open set.
Result 10 : If a function is analytic at some point than it is analytic at uncountable number of points.
Result 11 : If a function is analytic at some point than it is differentiable at uncountable number of
points.
dw w  i w
Example 1 : Show that   where w  u  iv is an analytic function.
dz x y
Solution : By Cauchy – Riemann equations, we have
dw
 u x  i vx  v y  i u y ......(1)
dz
w
Now, since w  u  iv   u x  i vx ......(2)
x
dw w
By (1) and (2) , we obtain 
dz x
w
Further ,  u y  i vy
y
w
 i  v y  iu y ......(3)
y
dw w
By (1) and (3), we have  i
dz y
dw w w
Thus , we have  i
dz x y
Example 2 : If p( z) is a non-constant polynomial than f ( z )  p ( z ) is no-where analytic.
Proof : f ( z )  p ( z )  an z0n  an1 z n1  ...  a0
f
 nan z0n 1  (n  1)an1 z n2  ...  a1
z
f
 0 at only finite number of points
z
Hence p ( z ) is no-where analytic.
4
Results :
d d
1.  sin z   cos z 2.  cos z   sin z
dz dz
d d
3.  tan z   sec2 z 4.  cot z   cosec2 z
dz dz
d d
5.  sec z   sec z tan z 6.  cosec z   cosec z cot z
dz dz
d d
7.  sinh z   cosh z 8.  cosh z   sinh z
dz dz
d d
9.  tanh z   sech 2 z 10.  coth z   cosech 2 z
dz dz
d d
11.  sech z   sech z tanh z 12.  cosech z   cosech z coth z
dz dz
Exercise 2.1
1. Determine the points on which the following functions are continuous, differentiable and analytic :
(i) f  z   c (ii) f  z   polynomial function (iii) f  z   sin z
(iv) f  z   cos z (v) f  z   e z (vi) f  z   sin h z (vii) f  z   cosh z
2. Determine the points on which the following functions are continuous, differentiable and analytic :
(i) f  z   tan z (ii) f  z   sec z (iii) f  z   cot z (iv) f  z   cosec z
(v) f  z   tanh z (vi) f  z   sec h z (vii) f  z   coth z (viii) f  z   cosech z
3. Determine the points on which the following functions are differentiable :

(i) f  z   Re  z  (ii) f  z   Im  z  (iii) f  z   z
(iv) f  z   z (v) f  z   z
2
  
(vi) f  z   2 x 2  y  i y 2  x 
(vii) f  z  is Rational function (viii) f  z   Arg  z  (ix) f  z  =Log z
(x) f  z  =Log (z 2  1)
Answers
1. continuous,differentiable and analytic everywhere in all parts

2. (i),(ii) continuous,differentiable and analytic everywhere except at z  (2n  1) , n  
2
(iii),(iv) continuous,differentiable and analytic everywhereb except at z  n , n  
i
(v),(vi) continuous,differentiable and analytic everywhere except at z  (2n  1) , n
2
Page 5
(vii),(viii) continuous ,differentiable and analytic everywhere except at z  n i , n  

3. (i) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable and analytic.
(ii) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable and analytic.
(iii) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable and analytic.
(iv) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable and analytic.
(v) continuous everywhere , differentiable only at (0,0), nowhere analytic.
(vi) continuous everywhere, differentiable on the line y  2 x , nowhere analytic.
(vii) continuous,differentiable and analytic everywhere except for finitely many points where
the denominator is zero.
(viii) continuous, differentiable and analytic everywhere except at non-positive real axis.
(ix) continuous, differentiable and analytic everywhere except at non-positive real axis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
1. 2.
   
3   3
 
2 2 2 2
3
 i
2

 i
3. 4. 2
     
2  0  2  i
2
3
 i
2
 2 i
 i
5. 6.
0
  i
 2 i
7. 8.

9.  10.
  
Page 7
2.2 Harmonic Functions
Def. Harmonic function : A real function   x, y  of two variables x and y is said to be Harmonic if it
 2  2
satisfy the Laplace equation i.e. 2
 2
 0 i.e.  2  0 and second order partial derivatives of
x y
 are continuous.
Result : The real and imaginary part of an analytic function are harmonic.
Contrapositive : Let f  z   u  iv be any function s.t. u or v is not harmonic then function is not
analytic.
Def. Harmonic conjugate : Let u  x, y  and v  x, y  are harmonic functions, then v  x, y  is said to
be Harmonic Conjugate of u  x, y  , if the function f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is analytic.
Note: Harmonic conjugacy is not a symmetric property.

Methods to construct harmonic conjugates :
1. Exact differential method :
Case (i) : When u is given and v is to be constructed :
(a) Verify that u is harmonic.
v v u u
(b) Let v  v  x, y  then dv  dx  dy   dx  dy
x y y x
u u
This differential equation will be exact always as here M   and N  so we get
y x
M  2u N  2u
  2 and  2
y y x x
M N   2u  2u    2u  2u 
    2  2   0
 x  Here   0 because u  x, y  is Harmonic. 
y x  y   x 2 y 2 
Then v   M dx    terms in N not containing x  dy  C

y constant
Case (ii) : When v is given and u is to be constructed :

(a) Verify that v is harmonic.
u u v v
(b) Let u  u  x, y  then du  dx  dy  dx  dy
x y y x
8
v v
This differential equation will be exact always as here M  and N   so we get
y x
M  2 v N  2v
 and  2
y y 2 x x
M N   2v  2v    2v  2v 
    0 Here 2  2  0 because v  x, y  is Harmonic.
y x  x 2 y 2   x y 
Then u   M dx    terms in N not containing x  dy  C
y constant
2. Milne’s Thompson Method :
Case(i): If u is given : f  z    u x  z ,0   i u y  z ,0   dz  C
Case(ii): If v is given : f  z     v y  z ,0   i vx  z ,0   dz  C
Case(iii): If u  v is given :
(a) we have f  z   u  iv ……(1)
i f  z   iu  v ……(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we have

1  i  f  z    u  v   i  u  v  or
F  z   U  iV , where F  z   1  i  f  z  , U  u  v, V uv
Now the problem reduces to construct an analytic function F  z  whose real part is given.
(b) Proceeding as in case (i), find F  z  by using the formula
F  z    U x  z , 0   iU y  z ,0   dz  C
F  z
(c) Find f  z  by using f  z  
1 i
Case(iv): If u  v is given :
(a) we have f  z   u  iv ……(1)
i f  z   iu  v ……(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we have

1  i  f  z    u  v   i  u  v  or
F  z   U  iV , where F  z   1  i  f  z  , U  u  v, V uv
Now the problem reduces to construct an analytic function F  z  whose imaginary part is given.
Page 9
(b) Proceeding as in case (ii), find F  z  by using the formula
F  z    Vy  z ,0   iVx  z ,0   dz  C
F  z
(c) Find f  z  by using f  z  
1 i
Exercise 2.2
1. Find the regular function whose imaginary part is v  e x  x sin y  y cos y  .
2. Show that the function u  x y   x 3  3 xy 2 is harmonic and find the corresponding analytic function.
3. Show that the function u  x y   e x cos y is harmonic. Determine its harmonic conjugate v x y 
and the analytic function f  z   u  iv .
4. Determine the analytic function whose real part is x3  3 xy 2  3 x 2  3 y 2  2 x  1 .
5. Show that u  x y   e x  x sin y  y cos y  is harmonic and find v x y  such that f  z   u  iv is

analytic.
 
6. Prove that   x y   log  x  1 2   y  2 2 is harmonic in every region which does not include the
point 1 2  .
1
7. Show that u  log x 2  y 2  is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate.
2
8. If f  z   u  iv is an analytic function of z, find f  z  if u  v   x  y   x 2  4 xy  y 2 

sin 2 x
9. If u  v  and f  z   u  iv is an analytic function of z, then find f  z  in terms of z.
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
x
10. If w    i represents the complex potential for an electric field and   x 2  y 2  ,
x  y2
2
determine the function .
11. Let u  x y   e x  x cos y  y sin y  be the given functions. Show that it is possible to find a
function v x y  such that f  z   u x y   iv x y  is analytic, and then find v x y  and f  z  by
both the methods discussed above. Finally note the essential difference between these two methods.
12. Prove that u  y 3  3 x 2 y is a harmonic function. Determine its harmonic conjugate and find the
10
corresponding analytic function f  z  in terms of z.

13 . Find the analytic function whose real part is given and hence the imaginary part :
(i) e x sin y (ii) sin x cosh y
14 . Find the analytic function whose imaginary part is given and hence find the real part.
xy
(i) cos x cosh y (ii)
x2  y 2
2sin 2 x
15. If u  v  , find the corresponding analytic function f  z   u  iv .
e 2y
 e 2 y  2 cos 2 x
e y  cos x  sin x
16. If f  z   u  iv is an analytic function of z  x  iy and u  v  , find f  z 
cosh y  cos x
   3i
subject to the condition f    .
2 2
Answers
1. f  z   ze z  c 2. f  z   z 3  c 3. v x y   e x sin y  c f  x   e z  d where d  ic
c
4. f  z   z 3  3 z 2  2 z  c 5. v x y   e  x  x cos y  y sin y   c where c 
i
 y cot z c
7. v  tan 1    c 8. f  z    iz 3  c 9. f  z    c , where c 
x 1 i 1 i
y
10.    2 xy  c 11. v x y   e x  x sin y  y cos y   c
x  y2
2
c c
12. f  z   i z 3  c  13. (i) v x y    e x cos y  (ii) v x y   cos x sinh y 
i i
x y
14. (i) sin x sinh y  c (ii) c
x2  y 2
i c 1 c 1 1
15. f  z   cot z   1  i  cot z  c , where c  16. f  z   cot z  1  i 
1 i 1 i 2 1 i 2 2
Page 11
2.3 Some more topics

Analyticity of f ( z ), f ( z ), f ( z ), f ( z ) :
1. If f ( z ) is analytic then f ( z ) is analytic iff f is a constant function.
2. If f ( z ) is analytic then f ( z ) is analytic iff f is a constant function.
3. f ( z ) is analytic iff f ( z ) is analytic.
4. f ( z ) is analytic iff f ( z ) is analytic.

5. If f ( z ) is analytic in D then f ( z ) is bounded on every bounded subset of D.
Results : Suppose f  u  iv be analytic then
1. If u  constant, then f is constant.
2. If v  constant, then f is constant.
3. If f is real valued then f is constant.
4. If f is imaginary valued then f is constant.
5. If f is analytic then f is constant.
6. If f is constant then f is a constant function.
7. If f is analytic then f is a constant function.
8. If Image of f lies on straight line then f is constant.

9. If Image of f lies on until circle then f is constant.
10. If Arg( f ) is constant then f is constant.
11. If f '( z ) is zero then f is constant.
12. If u and v both are the function of only x (only y ) then f is constant.
13. If u and v are harmonic conjugate of each other then both are constant functions. Hence f is
constant.
14. If u 2  v  or v 2  u  then f is constant.
15. If f ( z ) is entire and real part of f ( z ) is bounded then f ( z ) is constant.
16. Let f ( z ) is entire and  non-zero z1 and z2   such that f ( z  z1 )  f ( z  z2 )  f ( z )  z  
z1
and is not real then f ( z ) is constant.
z2
Page 1
True-false exercise 11. If f ( z )  e x cos y  ie x sin y , then

f '( z )  f ( z) .
1. If f is a complex function for which
lim Re( f ( z ))  4 and 12. If u ( x, y ) and v( x, y ) are harmonic
z  2 i
lim Im( f ( z ))  1 , then function in a domain D, then the function
z  2 i  u v   u v 
lim f ( z )  4  i . f ( z )      i    is analytic
z  2 i  y x   x y 
in D.
2. If f is a complex function for which
lim f ( x  0i )  0 and lim f (0  iy )  0 , 13. If g is an entire function, then
x0 y 0
f ( z )   iz 2  z  g ( z ) is necessarily an
then lim f ( z )  0 .
z 0 entire function.
3. If f is a complex function that is 14. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are the

continuous at the point z  1  i , then the necessary conditions for differentiability.
2
function g ( z )  3 f ( z )  (2  i ) f ( z )  i is
15. The Cauchy-Riemann equations can be
continuous at z  1  i . satisfied at a point z, but the function
f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) can be non-
4. If f is a complex function that is differentiable at z.
continuous on the entire complex plane,
then the function g ( z )  f ( z ) is continuous 16. If the function f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is
on the entire complex plane. analytic at a point z, then necessarily the
function g ( z )  v ( x, y )  iu ( x, y ) is analytic
5. If a complex function f is differentiable at at z.
point z, then f is analytic at z.
17. A real-valued function u ( x, y ) is harmonic
y x
6. The function f ( z )  2 2
i 2 is in D iff u ( x,  y ) is harmonic in D.
x y x  y2
differentiable for all z  0 . 18. The function sin z is nowhere analytic.
7. The function f ( z )  z 2  z is nowhere 19. If f is analytic at z0 , then f "' necessarily

analytic.
exists at z0 .
8. The function f ( z )  cos y  i sin y is
20. The function
nowhere differentiable.
f ( x  iy )  x 3  ax 2 y  bxy 2  cy 3 is
9. There does not exist an analytic function analytic in  only if a  3i, b  3 and
f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) for which c  i .
u ( x, y )  y 3  5 x .
21. The functions
f ( x  iy )  x 2  y 2  x  i(2 xy  y ) and
10. The function u ( x, y )  e 4 x cos 2 y is the real
part of an analytic function. g ( x  iy )  x 2  y 2  x  i(2 xy  y )
represent analytic functions in  .
2
22. If f and g are functions that satisfy the C-R Assignment
equations at a point a   , then f  g and
fg also satisfy the C-R equations at a. ------------------- S C Q -----------------------
23. The function f defined by 1. If the function f  z  is continuous at z0 ,

 Im( z 2 ) then
 if z  0 1. f  z  is differentiable at z0
f ( z )  u  iv   z
 0 if z  0 2. f  z  is not necessarily differentiable

satisfies the C-R equations at the origin, yet at z0
it is not differentiable there.
3. f  z  is analytic at z0
24. The function f defined by 4. None of the above
 0 if z  0
f ( z)   4 2. If a function f  z  is analytic at a point
exp(1/ z ) if z  0
is continuous and satisfies the C-R z  z0 , then which of the following
equations at the origin. statements is false?
1. f is differentiable at z0
25. The function f ( z ) is analytic in a domain 2. f is not continuous at z0
D iff both real and imaginary parts of f ( z ) 3. f is defined at z0
and zf ( z ) are harmonic in D.
4. f is continuous at z0
26. The function f ( x  iy )  x 3  i ( y  1)3 is 2

nowhere analytic but is continuous in  3. The function f  z   z is
and differentiable on  x  iy : x  y  1 1. everywhere analytic
2. nowhere analytic
  x  iy : x  y  1 . 3. analytic at z  0
4. None of these
27. An entire function f such that
f ( x  iy )  u ( x)  iv( y ) must be of the 2
4. The function f  z   z is differentiable at
form f ( z )   z   with    and
1. z  0 2. z  0
  . 3. nowhere 4. None of these
28. There exists an analytic functions f such 5. f  z   e y  cos x  i sin x  is

that Re f ( z )  y 2  2 x . 1. an entire function
2. analytic in x 2  4 y 2  24
29. There exists an analytic functions f such
3. nowhere analytic
that Im f ( z )  x 3  y 3 .
4. differentiable everywhere except z  0
6. If f ( z ) is analytic in a domain D, then

1. f  n  z exist in D
2. f  n  z does not exist in D
3. f   z =0 for all n in D
n
4. None of the above
7. The only function among the following, that

is analytic, is
Page 3
1. f  z   Re  z  2. f  z   Im  z  12. If f  z  is analytic and equal

3. f  z   z 4. f  z   sin z u  x, y   iv  x, y  , then f   z  equals
u u u v
8. The Cauchy-Riemann equations for 1. i 2. i
x y x x
f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  to be analytic are u v
3. i 4. None of these
 2u  2u  2v  2v y x
1.   0, 2  2  0
x 2 y 2 x y
u v u v 13. The value of m so that 2x  x 2  my 2 may
2.  , 
x y y x be harmonic is
u v u v 1. 0 2. 1
3.  ,  3. 2 4. 3
x y y x
u v u v 14. A function is said to be harmonic, if
4.  , 
x y y x  2u  2v  2u  2u
1.   0 2.  0
x 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
9. Polar form of C-R equations are
u 1 v u v u u v  2v
1.  , r 3.  0 4.  0
 r r r  x y x y
u v u 1 v
2. r ,  15. u, v are called conjugate harmonic
 r r r 
functions, if
u 1 v u v
3.  ,  r 1. u, v are harmonic functions and u  iv is
r r   r analytic function
u v u v 2. u , v are harmonic functions and
4. r ,  r
r   r u  iv may not be analytic function.
3. u , v are harmonic functions.
10. If w  u  x, y   iv  x, y  is an analytic 4. u  iv is analytic function.
dw
function of z  x  iy , then equals 16. If u  iv is analytic function, then dv is
dz
w w equal to
1. i 2. i v v u u
x x 1. dx  dy 2.  dx  dy
w w x y y x
3. i 4. i u u u u
y y 3. dx  dy 4. dx  dy
x y y x
2
z
11. In order that the function f  z   ,z  0 17. An analytic function is
z 1. infinitely differentiable
be continuous at z  0 , we should define 2. finitely differentiable
f  0  equal to 3. not differentiable
1. 2 2. 1 4. None of the above
3. 0 4. 1
18. Let f be an analytic in a region and at
every point either f  0 or f '  0 then
4
1. f is constant 23. Let f be a real valued harmonic function on
 , that is, f satisfies the equation
2. f is polynomial
2 f  2 f
3. f may be non-constant   0 . Define the functions
x 2 y 2
4. None of above f f f f
g  i h 
19. If f ( z ) is entire function such that x y x y
Then
f ( z  1)  f ( z  i)  f ( z )  z   and 1. g and h are both holomorphic functions/
2. g is holomorphic, but h need not be
1 1  holomorphic.
f (3  5i )  2  6i the f   i   ?
2 2  3. h is holomorphic, but g need not be
1. 2  6i 2. 1  3i holomorphic.
4. both g and h are identically equal to the
3. 0 4. None of these zero function.
20. The function f :    defined by (CSIR NET June 2015)
f ( z )  e z is 24. Let u  x, y   2 x 1  y  for all real x and y.

1. an entire function Then, a function v  x, y  , so that
f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  is analytic, is
2. analytic in unit disc  z : 1  1  1
2 2
1. x 2   y  1 2.  x  1  y 2
3. not analytic at any point 2 2
3.  x  1  y2 4. x 2   y  1
4. none of the above
(GATE 2010)
21. Let f :    be a complex valued
function given by f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  . 25. Consider the functions f  z   x 2  iy 2 and
Suppose that v  x, y   3xy 2 . Then g  z   x 2  y 2  ixy . At z  0 ,
1. f cannot be holomorphic on  for a 1. f is analytic but not g
suitable choice of u. 2. g is analytic but not f
2. f is holomorphic on  for a suitable 3. both f and g are analytic
choice of u. 4. neither f nor g is analytic
3. f is holomorphic on  for all choices (GATE 2005)
of u.
4. v is not differentiable as a function of x 26. Consider a function f  z   u  iv defined
and y.
(CSIR NET June 2011) on z  i  1, where u , v are real valued
functions of x, y . Then, f  z  is analytic
22. Let f :    be a complex valued for u equals to
function of the form 1. x 2  y 2 2. ln  x 2  y 2 
f  x, y   u  x, y   iv  x, y  . Suppose that 2
 y2
3. e xy 4. e x
u  x, y   3x 2 y . Then
(GATE 2003)
1. f cannot be holomorphic on  for any
choice of v. 27. At z  0, the function f  z   z 2 z
2. f is holomorphic on  for a suitable
choice of v. 1. does not satisfy Cauchy Riemann
3. f is holomorphic on  for all choices of v equations
4. u is not differentiable. 2. satisfies Cauchy Riemann equations but
(CSIR NET June 2012) is not differentiable
3. is differentiable
Page 5
4. is analytic 3. f3 ( z ) is analytic
(GATE 2003)
4. All of above
28. Which of the following is not the real part
of an analytic function ?
3. The function f  z   sec z is
1
1. x 2  y 2 2. 1. analytic for all z
1  x2  y2
2. analytic for z  
x 
3. cos x cosh y 4. x  2 3. not analytic at z 
x  y2 2
(GATE 2006) 4. None of these
29. The function sin z is analytic in 4. Let f :    be an analytic function.

1.    For z  x  iy , let u , v :  2   be such that
2.  except on the negative real axis u  x, y   Re f  z  and v  x, y   Im f  z  .
3.   0 Which of the following are correct ?
4.   2u  2u
(GATE 2001) 1.  0
x 2 y 2
----------------------- M C Q ------------------------  2 v  2v
2.  0
x 2 y 2
1. Let f ( z )  sin z be a complex function.  2u  2u
3.  0
Let S denote the set of regular (analytic) xy yx
 2v  2v
points of f then 4.  0
xy yx
1. S   (CSIR NET June 2013)
2. S is countable
5. Let u  x  iy   x3  3 xy 2  2 x. For which of
3. S is uncountable
the following functions v, is u  iv a
4. S   holomorphic function on  ?
2. Let f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) be a complex 1. v  x  iy   y 3  3 x 2 y  2 y
2. v  x  iy   3x 2 y  y 3  2 y
analytic function. Let f1 ( z )  u ( x, y ) ,
3. v  x  iy   x 3  3xy 2  2 x
f 2 ( z )  v ( x, y ) ,
4. v  x  iy   0
f3 ( z )  u ( x1  y )  iv( x1  y ) then which of (CSIR NET Dec 2014)
following is a sufficient condition for f to
be a constant function.
1. f1 ( z ) is analytic
2. f 2 ( z ) is analytic
6
True false key

1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T
5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T
9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T
13. T 14. T 15. T 16. T
17. T 18. T 19. T 20. T
21. F 22. T 23. T 24. F
25. T 26. T 27. T 28. F
29. F
Assignment key
SCQ
1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 1
5. 3 6. 1 7. 4 8. 3
9. 3 10. 4 11. 3 12. 1
13. 2 14. 2 15. 1 16. 2
17. 1 18. 1 19. 1 20. 3
21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 24. 1
25. 4 26. 2 27. 3 28. 2
29. 4
MCQ
1. 1,2 2. 1,2,3,4 3. 2,3 4. 1,2,3
5. 2
Page 1
Chapter - 3
Complex Integration
3.1 Complex Integration by Direct Computation
Arc : The equation z (t )  x (t )  i y (t ) , a  t  b where x(t ) and y (t ) are continuous function of t ,

represents an arc in the complex plane. If the arc is continuous and differentiable then it is called
regular arc.
Simple Arc: An arc z (t )  x (t )  i y (t ) is said to be a simple arc if z  t1   z  t2  only when t1  t2 .
Closed contour: A curve which is composed of a finite number of regular arcs is called a contour. By
a closed contour, we mean a closed simple arc consisting of a finite number of regular arcs i.e., the
contour is closed and does not intersect itself.
Rectifiable arc : Let z  x(t )  i y (t ) be the equation of a given arc, the range of t being t0  t  T.
Let z0 , z1 , z2 , ...... , zn be the points of this arc corresponding to the values t0 , t1 , t2 , ..... , tn of t
where t0 < t1 < t2 < ...... < tn = T. Evidently the length of the polynomial arc defined by joining z0 and
n
z1 , z1 and z2 by straight line segments is given by zr  zr 1.
r 1
If this sum tends to a unique finite limit ‘l’ as n   , then we say that the arc L defined by
z  x(t )  i y (t ) is rectifiable and its length is ‘l’.
Results : If L is a rectifiable arc joining the points z  a and z  b , then
b2  a 2
1.  dz  b  a 2.  dz  length of arc L 3.  z dz 
2
L L L
Common parameterizations in complex plane :

Line : A parameterization of the line containing the points z0 and z1 is: z  t   z0 1  t   z1 t ;
  t   .
Line Segment : A parameterization of the line segment from z0 to z1 is: z  t   z0 1  t   z1 t ;
0  t 1.
2
Ray : A parameterization of the ray emanating from z0 and containing z1 is: z  t   z0 1  t   z1 t ;
0t
Circle : A parameterization of the circle centered at z0 with radius r is : z  t   z0  r  cos t  i sin t  ;
0  t  2
Exercise 3.1
1. Evaluate the following :
(i)   z  3 dz ; C : x  2t , y  4t  1 , 1 t  3
C
(ii)   2 z  z  dz ; where C is x  t , y  t 2  2 , 0t 2

C
2
(iii) z dz ; where C is z  t   3t  2i t , 2t  2
C
2 1
(iv) z dz , C : x  t2 , y  , 1 t  2
C
t
(v)  Re z dz , C : z 1
C
2. Evaluate the following integrals :
x 
2
(i)  i y 3 dz , where C is the straight line from z  1 to z  i
C
z
(ii) e dz ; where C is the polygonal path consisting of line segments from z  0 to z  2
C
and z  2 to z  1   i .
z 
2
(iii)  z  2 dz where C is the line segment from i to 1.
C
3. Evaluate the following integrals :

z 1
(i)  dz , where C is the right half of the circle z =1 from z  i to z  i
C
z
 1 5 
(ii)    z  i 3 z  i  dz
   8 , where C is the circle z  i =1
C 
Page 3
1
(iii)  z  z0 dz where C is the circle z  z0  r
C
1
(iv)  2
dz where C is the circle z  z0  r
C  z  z0 
Answers
44i 16
1. (i) 28  84i (ii) 50  (iii)  3  2i 3
3 3
21i
(iv) 21  2log 2  (v)  i
8
7 i 4 5
2. (i)   (ii) e  1 (iii)  i
12 12 3 3
3. (i) i   2  (ii) 10 i (iii) 2 i (iv) 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 Cauchy’s Theorem and Cauchy’s Integral Formula
Result 1. Cauchy’s Theorem : Suppose f is a function which is analytic in a simple connected
domain D . Then for every simple closed contour C in D  f  z  dz  0 .

C
Result 2. Deformation of contour : Suppose C , C1, C2 ,...., Cn are closed curves with a positive
orientation such that C1, C2 ,...., Cn are interior to C but the regions interior to each Ck , k  1, 2,..., n
have no point in common. If f is analytic on each contour and each point interior to C but exterior to
n
all the Ck , k  1, 2,..., n then  f  z  dz    f  z  dz
C k 1 Ck
1
Result 3. n
result :
 z  z0 
1
(i) If C is closed contour and z0 is an external point of C then  n
dz  0
C  z  z0 
4
1 2 i , if n  1
(ii) If C is closed contour and z0 is interior point of C then   z  z n dz   0 , if n  1
C 0
Result 4. Cauchy’s Integral Formula : Suppose f is an analytic function in simply connected domain
D and C is any simple closed contour lying entirely with in D. Then for any point z0 with in C,
 
f z
 z  z0 dz  2 i f  z0  .
C
Result 5. Cauchy’s Integral Formula for higher order derivatives : If f is an analytic function in a
simple connected domain D, and C is simply closed contour lying entirely with in D. Then for any
f  z 2 i d n1
point z0 with in C, we have   z  z n dz  f  z0 
C 0
 n  1! dz n1
Def. Winding number : Suppose that  is a closed contour in  and a be a given point in    i.e.,
a does not lie on  . Then the winding number of  about the point a is defined to be the number of
times  wraps around a in the anti-clockwise direction and it is denoted by n   , a  .
For illustration, consider the following :


c
b
a b a
 b a
n  , a   1 , n  , b  0 n   , a   1 , n  , b   0 n  , a   1 , n  , b  0 , n  , c   2
Result 6 : Cauchy integral formula in terms of winding number : Let f be analytic function
f  z
dz  2 i n   , a  f  a 
within and on a closed contour  and a is an interior point of  , then

za
Result 7 : Morera’s Theorem : If f ( z ) is continuous in a region D and if the integral  f ( z ) dz

C
taken around any closed contour in D vanishes, then f ( z ) is analytic in D.

Remark : Morera theorem is known as short converse or modified converse or refined converse of
Cauchy theorem.
Result 8 : Cauchy inequality : If f ( z ) is analytic on and within a circle C given by  z  a  = R and
M . n!
if the function is bounded by M i.e.  f ( z )   M for all z  C , then f ( n) (a) 
Rn
Page 5
Result 9. Liouville’s theorem : An entire and bounded function is always constant.

OR
A non constant entire function is always unbounded.
Result 10. The functions e z , sin z , cos z , sinh z and cosh z are unbounded.
Result 11. If an entire function is bounded on a half-plane then it need not be constant.
e.g., consider the function f  z   e z on the set S   z : Re  z   0 . Similarly, take g  z   eiz on
S   z : Im  z   0 .
Result 12. If f :   D is an analytic function where D is the open unit disc then f is constant.
Result 13. M-L Inequality : If f  z  is continuous on a contour C such that f  z   M for all z on
C, then  f  z  dz  ML , where L is the length of the contour C.

C
Exercise 3.2
Evaluate the following :
 1 
z 
3 2
1.  1  3i dz ; C is z  1 2.   z   dz ; C is z  1
C C
z 4
 z   z 3 
3.   2 z  3 dz ; C : z  1 4.   z 2  2 z  2 dz ; C : z  1
C C
sin z
5.  dz ; C : z  1 6.  tan z dz; C : z  1
C  
z 2  25 z 2  9  C
 z2  9 
7.   cosh z  dz; C : z  1 y
C 
1
8.  z dz ; where C is given in the figure 2
x
C
Y x 4  y 4  16
2 X
6
5
9.  z  1  i dz ; where C is the contour shown in the figure
C
y
8z  3
10.  z 2  z dz ; where C is the closed contour as given in figure: .
1
C x
 1  1 
11.   z  z  dz ; z 2 12.   z  z 2  dz ; z 2
C C
z 10
13.  z 2   2 dz ; z 3 14.   z  i 4 dz ; z  i 1
C C
4 ez
15.  z  3i dz ; z  5 16.  z   i dz ; z  4
C C
1  ez z 2  3z  4i
17.  dz ; z  1 18.  dz ; z  3
C
z C
z  2i
cos z z2
19.  3z   dz ; z  1.1 20.  z 2  4 dz ; (a) z  i  2 (b) z  2i  1
C C
y
C i
 
0 2 x x
–i 
3z  1 eiz
21.  z  z  2 2 dz (above figure) 22.  2
dz (above figure)
C C  z2 1 
1 3 1
23.  z2 dz ; z  i  24.  z3  z  12 dz ; z 2 5
C  z  1
2 2 C
Page 7
 cosh z sin 2 z   e 2iz z4 

25.     dz ; z  3 26.     dz ; z  6
  z   3  2 z   3   z 4  z  i 3 
C  C 
1 z2
27.  z 3  z  4 dz ; z 1 28.  z 2  z  1  i  dz ; z 1
C C
cos 2 z 2 Re  z 
29.  5
dz ; z  1 30.  dz
C
z z 1
z  2
Answers
1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0
8. 2 i 9. 10 i 10. 4 i 11. 2 i 12. 0 13. 0 14. 0

15. 8 i 16. 2 i 17. 4 i 18. 20  8 i 19. i
3
 
20. (a) 2 (b) 2 21.  i 22. 23.  24. 0 25. i
e 4
8  4
26.  12 i 27.  i 28. 3   i 29. i 30.  i
3 32 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3 Power series

n 2
Def. Power Series : An infinite series of the form  an  z  z 0   a0  a1  z  z0   a2  z  z0   ... is
n 0
called a power series. The co-efficients an's are complex constants and the point z0 is called the
centre of the power series.


If we substitute z  z0   then the above power series takes the form  an  n .
n 0
Def. Absolute Convergence : The power series  an z n is said to be absolutely convergent if the
n
series  an z is convergent.

Def. Conditionally Convergent : The power series  an  n is said to be conditionally convergent if
n 0
8
n
 an z n is convergent but  an z is not convergent.

n
Def. Radius of convergence : Let  an  z  z 0  is a power series. A non-negative number R is said
n 0
to be radius of convergence of given power series if the power series converges for z  z0  R and
diverges for z  z0  R .
Def. Circle of convergence : The circle z  z0  R in the above definition is called circle of
convergence.
1
1 an1
Formula :  lim an n  lim , provided the limit on the R.H.S. exist.
R n n  an

n
Result : Circle of convergence of a power series  an  z  z 0  is the largest circle centred at z0
n 0
such that the series is convergent at every point inside that circle.

n
Result : Circle of convergence of a power series  an  z  z 0  is a circle centred at z0 such that the
n 0
series is convergent at every point inside the circle and divergent at every point outside the circle.
 1
Cauchy Root Test : Let  un be a series of complex numbers and lim
n
un n  l . Then the series is
n 0
(i) convergent if l  1 . (ii) divergent if l  1 . (iii) test fails at l=1.


un1
D’ Ratio Test : Let  un be a series of complex numbers and lim
n un
l.
n 0
Then the series is

(i) convergent if l  1 . (ii) divergent if l  1 . (iii) test fails at l=1.
Investigation on the boundary :
1. Direct computation on some simple points.
2. Using Contra-positive Test : If lim un  0 then the series is not convergent.
n
3. Geometric series never converges on the boundary.


4. Dirichlet Test: If the series  an bn is such that
n 1
k
(i)  an  M for all k i.e. partial sums of  an are bounded.
n 1
(ii) lim bn  0
n
Page 9
 
(iii)   bn  bn1  is convergent; then the series  an bn is convergent.
n 1 n 1
Some results on power series:


1. If the power series  an z n converges for some point z  z0 then the power series converges for
n 0
every point z  z1 such that z1  z0 .
2. If above power series diverges for z  z0 then it diverges for every point z  z1 such that z1  z0 .
3. The sum function of a power series is analytic with in its circle of convergence and sum function
has atleast one singularity on the circle of convergence.
4. A power series can be differentiated term by term with in its circle of convergence.
5. The radius of convergence of the differentiated power series is same as that of original series.
6. A power series can be integrated term by term with in its circle of convergence.
7. If radius of convergence of a power series  an z n is R then

1
k n k nk
(i) Radius of convergence of  an z is R . (ii) Radius of convergence of  an z is Rk .
(iii) Radius of convergence of  nk an z n is R. (iv) Radius of convergence of  nn an z n is 0.
8. Radius of convergence of a power series is the distance of the nearest singularity of its sum
function from the centre of the power series.
 
n n
9. If a z  z 
n 0
n 0 and b  z  z 
n 0
n 0 are two power series with radius of convergence R1 and R2

n
then the radius of convergence of the power series a
n 0
n  bn  z  z0  is min R1 , R2  .
Exercise 3.3
1. Find the radius of convergence of the following power series :
zn 2 n z n  n k zn
(i)  nn (ii)  1  in2 (iii)  kn

n n n 1
(iv)  nn zn (v)   3  ni  z (vi)  np zn
n 0
10
   n 2 i 
n n a.b a  a  1 b b  1 2
(vii)   log n  z (viii)   1  2 i n  z n (ix) 1 
1.c
z
1.2.c  c  1
z  ....
n 1 n 0  
z 1.3 2 1.3.5 3 
zn 
zn
(x) 
2 2.5
z 
2.5.8
z  .... (xi)  n
(xii)  2
n 1 n2 n  log n 
 
 z  2 n1  1
2
(xiii)  n zn (xiv)  (xv)  1  n  z n
n 1 n 1  n  13 4n
zn i n  2 z n 
zn
(xvi)  2n  1 (xvii)  2n
(xviii)  log n
n2

(xix)   1
n
z n
z n 1
 (xx)  an z n , an  number of divisors of n50
n 1

(xxi)  p(n) z n , p( x) be a polynomial of the real variable x of degree k  1
n 0
2
 
en n  n  n  1
(xxii)  (n log n) z n
(xxiii)  z (xxiv)  n
z n2
n 1 n 1 n n 1 2
 1n  z  2i n
(xxv)  n
2. Find the domain of convergence of the following series and if the domain of convergence is a disc
then find the radius of convergence :
 n   n
 iz  1  1  2i 
(i)    (ii)  n
(iii)   
n 1  2  i  n 0  z 2  1 n 1  z  i  1 
 
(iv)  2 n z 2n (v)  3 n ( z  1) 2n
n 0 n 0
3. Find the domain of convergence of the following series and if the domain of convergence is a disc
then find the radius of convergence :
 1.3.5.... 2n  1  1  z n 
z 4n 
n 1 z 2n 1
(i)   z  (ii)  (iii)   1
n 1 n   n 0 1  4 n n 1 2n  1
  2
(iv) z n (v)  zn
n 1 n 1
4. Investigate the behavior on the boundary of circle of convergence of the following series :

1 
z 4n 
1 
(i)  z n (ii)  (iii)  n2 z n
(iv)  n. zn
n 1 n n 1 1  4n n 1 n 0
Page 11
5. Without expanding the following function about the indicated point and find the radius of
convergence.
4  5z 1
(i) f  z   2
, z0  2  5i (ii) f  z   cot z , z0   i (iii) f  z   , z0  1  i
1 z z
Answers
1. (i) R   (ii) R  2 (iii) R  k k (iv) R  e (v) R  0
3
(vi) R  1 (vii) R  0 (viii) R  1 (ix) R  1 (x) R 
2
(xi) R  1 (xii) R  1 (xiii) R  0 (xiv) R  4 (xv) R  1
(xvi) R  2 (xvii) R  2 (xviii) R  1 (xix) R  1 (xx) R 1
(xxi) R 1 (xxii) R 1 (xxiii) R  0 (xxiv) R  2 (xxv) R  1
2. (i) d.o.c. is | z  i | 5 and r.o.c. is 5 (ii) d.o.c. is | z 2  1|  1
(iii) d.o.c. is | z  1  i | 2 (iv) d.o.c. is z  2 and r.o.c. is 2
(v) d.oc. is z  1  3 and r.o.c. is 3
4 2 2
3. (i) d.o.c. is z   and r.o.c. is (ii) d.o.c. is | z | 1 and r.o.c. is 1
3 3 3
(iii) d.o.c. is  and r.o.c. is  (iv) d.o.c. is z  1 and r.o.c. is 1
(v) d.o.c. is z  1 and r.o.c. is 1
4. (i) z  1 , series is divergent at z  1 and convergent at all other points on the circle.
(ii) z  1 , series is divergent at z  1, 1, i, i and convergent at all other points on the circle.
(iii) z  1 and series is convergent at all points of the circle.
(iv) z  1 and series is divergent at all points of the circle.
5. (i) 2 5 (ii)  (iii) 2

Page 1
True-false exercise 1
8. 
C z 12
dz  0 , where C is the ellipse
1. The real line integral 1
x2  y 2  1 .
2
 y 2 ) dx  2 xy dy , where C is given by 4
 (x
C
9. The function f ( z )  cos z is entire and not
y  x3 form (0, 0) to (1,1) has the same a constant and so must be unbounded.
value on the curve y  x 6 from  0,0  to
zk 
1,1 . 10. The power series k 1 k

2
converges
absolutely at every point on its circle of

2. If f is analytic within and on a simple convergence.
closed contour C, then  f ( z ) dz  0 .
C
11. A function f is analytic at a point z0 if f
can be expanded in a convergent power
3. If  C
f ( z ) dz  0 for every simple closed
series centered at z0 .
contour C, then f is analytic within and on
C.  
k 1
12. The power series  ak z k and  ka z k
z2 k 0 k 1
4. The value of C z dz is the same for any have the same radius of convergence R.
path C in the right half-plane Re( z )  0
13. lim(n !)1/ n  
between z  1  i and z  10  8i . n
g (z) g (z)
 dz  
n
5. If g is entire, then
C z i C1 z  i
dz , 14. If R is the radius of convergence of a z
n0
n
where C is the circle z  3 and C1 is the 2n
1 2
then the radii of convergence of a z
n0
n
ellipse x 2  y  1.
9
and a z 2 n
n are R and R 2 , respectively.
n0
1
6.  dz  0 for every simple
C ( z  z )( z  z )
0 1 15. The radius of convergence of the series
closed contour C that encloses the points (1)n n ( n1)
z0 and z1 . 
n1 n( n  1)
z is 1.
7. If f is analytic within and on the simple  n

 z 
closed contour C and z0 is a point within 16. The series    converges for
n0  1  z 
f '( z ) f ( z)
C, then  dz   dz . Re z  1 / 2 .
C (z  z ) C ( z  z )2
0 0

 z n n4 
17. The series    n  converges for
n  0  n! z 
z  1 and diverges everywhere else.
2
3. f  z  is constant
18. I   z  r dz  8r 2 .
z r 4. None of these
19. If f is a complex-valued continuous 4. If f  z  is analytic in a simply connected

function on  , then domain D,then for every closed path C in D
f ( z )  f (1/ z ) 1.  f  z  dz  0 2.  f  z  dz 1
I  dz  0 . C C
z
z 1
3.  f  z  dz  0
C
4.  f  z  dz 1
C
20. p( z) is a polynomial of degree n in z with

5. If  :  0,1   is a closed recitifiable curve
complex coefficients, then
1 dz
I p( z ) dz  2 ip '(0) . and a    , then  is

z 1
2 i  z  a
1. an integer 2. rational number
3. real number 4. complex number
21. If an n0 is a sequence of real numbers
1  6. C is closed contour z  r and n  1, then
such that   an ( z  2) n , then the
(1  z ) 2 n  0
 z n dz is equal to
 C
n
radius of convergence of the series a z n 1. 2 i 2. 2
n0 3. I 4. 0
is 3. 1
7. The value of  dz , where C is circle
Cz
z  ei , 0     is
Assignment
1.  i 2.  i
3. 2 i 4. 0
--------------------- S C Q ---------------------
m 1 ez
1. The integral of   z  z 
C
0 dz , where z0 is 8. The value of
2 i  z  3 z  2
dz is
inside C and C is a closed contour, is equal 1. 0 2. 1
to 3. e 2 4. e3
1. 0 for m   1 2. 2 i for m   1
3. 2 for m   1 4.  for m   1 ez
9. The value of the integral  dz where
3 C
z2
z 6
2. The value of C 2 z  i dz C : z  i 1 is C : z  3 is
 1. 2 ie 2 2. 2 i
1. 2. 6 i
8 3. e 2 4. None of these
   
3.    6 i 4. 6 i   
8 8  3z 2
 7 z  1
10. The value of 
C
z 1
dz , where C
3. If f  z  is continuous in a simple connected 1

is z  is
domain D and if  f  z  dz  0 for any
C
1. 2 i
2
2. 0
closed contour in D, then
i
1. f  z  is non analytic in D 3.  i 4.
2
2. f  z  is analytic in D
Page 3
11. For every path between the limits i

2 i 2
1. 2. 2 i
2  z dz is equal to 4
2
3. 0 4. – 2 i
i i
1. 2.
3 2 2 i 2
i i
18. The value of  z 
0
dz along the line
3. 4.
3 4 2y  x is
5 5
1.  2  i  2. 2  i
dz 3 3
12. If C is circle z  a  r , then  is
C za
3.  2  i  4. None of these
1. 2 i 2. 2 i
3.  i 4. 0
19. If f  z  is an analytic function and f   z 
is continuous at each point within or on a
13. If C is a circle z  1, then  z dz is
1.  i
C
2. 2 i
closed curve C, then  f  z  dz 
C
3. 0 4. None of these 1.  2. 1
3. 0 4. None of these
e2 z
14. The value of  z  2  z  1 dz is 20. The integral given below equals
e3z
1. 2 ie 2 2.
8 i 2
e
C  z   i  dz , where C is circle z  1  6 is
3
1. 2 i 2. 0 3.  i 4. 2 i
2 i 2
3. e 4. 0
3
21. If f  z  be an analytic function inside and
on the boundary of a triangle, then
1 e z dz
15. The value of
2 i C  z  2 
if C is the
 f  z  dz 

1.  2. 1
circle z  3 is 3. 0 4. None of these
1. e 2. e 2
3. e3 4. None of these 22. If C is the curve y  x 3  3 x 2  4 x  1,
joining the two points 1,1 and  2,3 . The
cos z
16. The integral  dz equals
 12 z  4iz  dz is
2
z 2 z3 value of
C
1.  i 2.  i 1. 156  38i 2. 156  38i
3. 2 i 4. 2 i 3. 38  156i 4. 38  156i
17. Let  denote the boundary of the square

23.  z 2 dz , where C is the circle with centre
whose sides lie along x   1 and y   1, C
where  is described in the positive sense. 0 and radius 2 equals

z2 1. 4 2 2. 2 i 3. 4 4. 0
Then, the value of  dz is
 2z  3
4
24. Let  be any circle enclosing the origin an e z
oriented counter clockwise, then the value 30. The value of C z 2 dz, where C is the
cos z
of the integral  dz is circle z 1 is
 z2
1. 2 i 2. 0 1. –1 2. 2 i
3. 2 i 4. undefined 3. – 2 i 4. None of these
31. The radius of convergence of the series

z2  5z  6 given as
25. If f  z   and the path of
z2 z 2 z3 z 4 z5 z6 z 7
integration is a circle with originated centre 1  z    2   3   ... is
and radius r, the Cauchy’s theorem is 2 3! 2 5! 2 7!
applicable, whenever r equals 1. 2 2. 2
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 1 and 2 3.  4. 0
1 ez 32. The radius of convergence of the power

26. The value of dz; where
2 i C z  3
1
series of the function f  z   about
1 z
C :  r  4 cos   r  2 cos    0 is
1
1 3 z  is
1. e3 2. 2e3 3. e 4. 0 4
2 1 3
1. 1 2. 3. 4. 0
4 4
27. For the positively oriented unit circle
33. The radius of convergence of the series
2Re  z 
 z 1 z  2 dz 

zn

n 1 n
a
,a R
1. 0 2.  i
3. 2 i 4. 4 i 1. is 1
2. cannot say unless the value of a is
28. Let  be the curve   2  4cos , specified
3. diverges of all value of a
dz
 0    2  . If I1   and 4. diverges only for specified values of a
z 1
dz 34. The radius of convergence of the power
I2   . Then,
 z 3
series  5n z 3 n is
1. I1  I 2 2. I1  2 I 2 1

1
3 3
3. 2I1  I 2 4. I1  0, 2 I 2  0 1. 1 2. 5 3. 5 4. 5

29. Putting z  ei , the integral 35. It is given that a z n
n
converges at
n 0
2 sin 3
0 5  3cos d reduces to…, where C is z  3  i 4. Then, the radius of convergence

the circle z  1. Here… means of the power series a z n
n
is
n 0
z 3
 1 dz z 6
 1 dz 1.  5 2.  5 3.  5 4.  5
1. 
C z 3  z  3
2. 
C z 3  3 z  1 (GATE 2007)
z 6
 1 dz
3. 
C z 3  z  3 3 z  1
4. None of these 36. The radius of convergence of
n2
 1
 
1 
 n  z n is

n0 n3
Page 5

1 an z n be a convergent power series
1. e 2. 3. 1 4.  42. Let  0
e
an 1
(GATE 2006) such that lim n  R  0. Let p be a
an
polynomial of degree d. Then the radius of
37.  dz , where L is any rectifiable arc
L convergence of the power series

joining the points z  a and z  b is equal
 n  0 p  n  an z n equals
to
1
1. b  a 2. b  a 1. 2. d 3. Rd 4. R  d
R
3. arc length of L 4. 0 (CSIR NET Dec 2014)
n
n
z 2 n converges if 43. Consider the following power series in the
38. The power series 2
n 0 complex variable z :
2
1. z  2 2. z  2 
n

en n
f  z    n log n z , g  z    z . If
3. z  2 4. z  2 n 1 n 1 n
(CSIR NET June 2011) r , R are the radii of convergence of f and g

respectively, then

2n
1. r  0, R  1 2. r  1, R  0
n
39. The power series  3  z  1
n0
converges 3. r  1, R   4. r  , R  1
if (CSIR NET Dec 2015)
1. z  3 2. z  3 44. Let P( x ) be a polynomial of degree d  2 .
3. z  1  3 4. z  1  3 The radius of convergence of the power

(CSIR NET June 2012) n
series  P (n) z
n 0
is :

n! 1. 0 2. 1
40. Consider the power series z
n 1
. The
3.  4. dependent on d
radius of convergence of this series is (CSIR NET June 2016)
1. 0
2.  45. Let f  z  be continuous on a contour C of
3. 1 length L and let f  z   M on C, then
4. a real number greater than 1
(CSIR NET Dec 2012)
 f  z  dz
C
is
41. Let p  x  be a polynomial of the real 1.  M L 2.  M L

variable x of degree k  1. Consider the 3.  M L 4.  ML

power series f  z    n  0 p  n  z n where z
46. Suppose that a function f is continuous in
is a complex variable. Then the radius of a domain D, then among the following
convergence of f  z  is statements
I. f has primitive in D
1. 0 2. 1 3. k 4. 
(CSIR NET June 2014) II. The integral of f  z  along any path
lying in D between any two fixed points
6
in D is independent of path 1. z  0 2. z  1
III. The integral of f  z  along every 3. z  2 4. All of the above
closed contour in D is zero.
53. The centre of convergence of
Codes 
n
1. I implies III but not II z n is
2. II implies III but not implied by I
  n  2i 
n 0
3. I implies II and III but not implied by 1. 0 2. 1
either of II or III 3. 2 4. 3
4. All the statements are equivalent 
n
54. f  z    an  z  a  have radius of
n 0
47. Which of the following is correct ?
1. Morera’s theorem is exact converse of convergence R  0, then
Cauchy’s theorem 1
1. for n  0, an  f  n   a 
2. Morera’s theorem is valid for all n!
functions f  z  in a domain for which 2. for n  0, an  0
1
 f  z  dz  0 3. for n  0, an  f  n   a 
C n!
3. Morera’s theorem is short of converse of 4. None of the above
Cauchy’s theorem
4. None of the above 55. If f is analytic in a ball B  a; R  and
48. The radius of convergence of the power f  z   M ,  z  B  a; R  , then
n 1 n! M n! M
series f  z    z n is 1. f  n   a   2. f  n   a  
 n  2  n  3 Rn Rn
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 3. f  n   a   n!M 4. None of these
49. The radius of convergence of the power zn


n
56. The series n 1 n n  1
, z  1 is
series   n  2i  z n is
n 0 1. uniformly but not absolutely convergent
1. 0 2. one 2. uniformly and absolutely convergent
3.  4. None of these 3. absolutely convergent but not uniformly
50. The radius of convergence of convergent
 n2 4. convergent but not uniformly
 1 n
  1   z is
n 0  n 57. If f  z  is analytic within a circle C, given
1
1. e 2. by z  z0  R and if f  z   M on C, then
e
3. e 2
1
4. 2 f  n   z0 
e
n! M n !M
1.  2. 
n Rn Rn
 z2 1 

2 n! M
51. If the series  n   converges, 3.  n 4. None of these
n 0  1 i  R
then
1. z  1  2 2. z  2 58. A bounded entire function is constant. This
statement is
3. z 2  1  2 4. z 2  1  2 1. Cauchy’s theorem
2. Liouville’s theorem

zn 3. Morera theorem
52. The series 
n 0 n !
converges at 4. Schwarz lemma
Page 7
59. The theorem if for all z in the entire ------------------- M C Q -------------------

complex plane, the function f  z  is
1. Which of the following statements are
analytic and bounded, then f  z  must be a
true ?
constant is named after

1. Morera 2. Cauchy
3. Jordan 4. Liouville 1. If ak  is bounded then a z k
k
60. The radius of convergence of the series 0

 2 defines an analytic function on the open
 zn is
n 1 unit disk
1. 0 2.  
3. 1 4. 2
(CSIR NET Dec 2016)
2. If a z
0
k
k
defines an analytic function
61. Let C denote the unit circle centered at the on the open unit disk then ak  must
1 22
origin in  . Then 1  z  z dz ,
2 i C
converge to zero
 
where the integral is taken anti-clockwise
along C, equals
3. If f  z   a z0
k
k
and g  z   b z0
k
k
1. 0 2. 1
3. 2 4. 3 are two power series functions whose
(CSIR NET June 2017) radii of convergence are 1, then the
62. Let C be the circle of radius 2 with centre at product f  g has a power series
the origin in the complex plane, oriented in 
the anti-clockwise direction. Then the
dz
representation of the form c z k
k
on
integral

C  z  1
2
is equal to 0
the open unit disk

1
1. 2. 2 i 
2 i
3. 1 4. 0
4. If f  z   a z0
k
k
has a radius of
(CSIR NET Dec 2017)
convergence 1, then f is continuous on
63. Let f be a holomorphic function in the
   z   | z | 1
open unit disc such that lim f  z  does not
z 1
 (CSIR NET June 2018)
exist. Let  n0
an z n be the Taylor series of f
about z  0 and let R be its radius of

convergence. Then
1. R  0 2. 0  R  1
3. R  1 4. R  1
(CSIR NET Dec 2017)
8
True false key

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T
5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T
9. T 10. T 11. T 12. T
13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F
17. T 18. T 19. T 20. T
21. T
Assignment key
SCQ
1. 2 2. 3 3. 2 4. 1
5. 1 6. 4 7. 1 8. 3
9. 1 10. 2 11. 3 12. 1
13. 2 14. 1 15. 2 16. 2
17. 3 18. 2 19. 3 20. 1
21. 3 22. 1 23. 4 24. 2
25. 1 26. 1 27. 2 28. 2
29. 3 30. 3 31. 2 32. 3
33. 1 34. 4 35. 2 36. 2
37. 3 38. 4 39. 3 40. 3
41. 2 42. 1 43. 2 44. 2
45. 1 46. 4 47. 3 48. 1
49. 1 50. 2 51. 3 52. 4
53. 1 54. 3 55. 1 56. 2
57. 3 58. 2 59. 4 60. 3
61. 3 62. 4 63. 3
MCQ
1. 1,3
Page 1
Chapter - 4
Calculus of Residues
4.1 Expansions
Taylor’s theorem : Let f  z  be an analytic function inside a circle C with centre at a, then for all z

( z  a )n f (a )( z  a )2 f (a)( z  a )3
in C, f ( z)   f ( n) ( a) = f (a )  f (a ) ( z  a )    .........
n0 n! 2! 3! C
.a
Corollary : Let f  z  be analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, then f has a Maclaurin series
expansion
 f (n)  0  n f "  0  2 f "'  0  3
f  z   z  f 0  f '0 z  z  z  ....
n 0 n! 2! 3!
Laurent’s Theorem : Let f ( z ) be analytic inside and on the boundary of the ring shaped region R
bounded by two concentric circles C1 and C2 with centre at ‘a’ and radii r1 and r2 (r2 < r1)
respectively, then for all z in R,
 
f ( z)   an ( z  a)n   bn ( z  a) n C2
C1
n 0 n 1
1 f ( z) .a
where an   dz , n = 0, 1, 2,…
2 i C ( z  a )n1
1
1 f ( z)
and bn   dz , n = 1, 2, 3, …
2 i C ( z  a ) n1
2
Remarks : (1) The above series is called Laurent’s series of function f(z) about the point ‘a’. This

1 f ( z)
series can be put in more compact form as : f ( z )   an ( z  a )n where an   dz
n   2 i  ( z  a) n1
where  denotes C1 for n  0 and C2 for n  0 .

2

(2) In the above Laurent’s series, the series of negative powers of (za) i.e.  bn ( z  a) n is called
n 1

the principal part of Laurent’s expansion of f  z  . On the other hand, the series  an ( z  a)n is
n0
called regular part.

(3) Some familiar expansions:
z z2
(i) e z 1    ... valid for all z
1! 2!
z 3 z5
(ii) sin z  z    ... valid for all z
3! 5!
z2 z 4
(iii) cos z 1    ... valid for all z
2! 4!
1 2 17 7
(iv) tan z  z  z 3  z 5  z  ..... valid for all z
3 15 315
z3 z5
(v) sinh z  z    .... valid for all z
3! 5!
z2 z4 z6
(vi) cosh z 1     ... valid for all z
2! 4! 6!
1 2 17 7
(viii) tanh z  z  z 3  z 5  z  ..... valid for all z
3 15 315
1
(viii) 1  z  z 2  z 3  ... valid for z  1
1 z
1
(ix) 1  z  z 2  z 3  ... valid for z  1
1 z
z 2 z3 z4
(x) log 1  z   z     .... valid for z  1
2 3 4
z 2 z3 z 4
(xi) log 1  z    z     .... valid for z  1
2 3 4
Exercise 4.1
In problems 16, expand the given function in a Laurent series valid for the given annular domain.
cos z z  sin z
1. f  z   ,0  z 2. f  z   ,0  z
z z5
1

z2
1 ez
3. f  z   e ,0  z 4. f  z   ,0  z
z2
Page 3
ez 1
5. f  z   ,0  z  1 6. f  z   z cos ,0  z
z 1 z
1
In problem 712, expand f  z   in a Laurent series valid for the indicated annular domain.
z  z  3
7. 0  z  3 8. z  3 9. 0  z  3  3
10. z  3  3 11. 1  z  4  4 12. 1  z  1  4
1
In problem 1316, expand f  z   in a Laurent series valid for the given annular
 z  1 z  2 
domain.
13. 1  z  2 14. z  2
15. 0  z  1  1 16. 0  z  2  1
z
In problem 1720, expand f  z   in a Laurent series valid for the given annular
 z  1 z  2 
domain.
17. 0  z  1  3 18. z  1  3
19. 1  z  2 20. 0  z  2  3
1
In problem 21 and 22, expand f  z   2
in a Laurent series valid for the given annular domain.
z 1  z 
21. 0  z  1 22. z  1
1
In problem 23 and 24, expand f  z   3
in a Laurent series valid for the given annular
 z  2  z  1
domain.
23. 0  z  2  1 24. 0  z  1  1
7z  3
In problem 25 and 26, expand f  z   in a Laurent series valid for the given annular domain.
z  z  1
 7 z  3 7  z  1  4 
25. 0  z  1 26. 0  z  1  1  Hint:  
 z 1   z  1 
4
z2  2z  2
In problem 27 and 28, expand f  z   in a Laurent series valid for the given annular
z2
domain.
27. 1  z  1 28. 0  z  2
z2 z4 z3 z5
In problem 29 to 32, use cos z 1    ...,sin z  z    ..., and long division to find the
2! 4! 3! 5!
first three nonzero terms of a Laurent series of the given function f valid for 0  z   .
29. f  z   cosec z 30. f  z   cot z
31. f  z   tan z 32. f  z   sec z
z2 z4 z 3 z5
In problem 33 to 36, use cosh z 1    ...,sinh z  z    ..., and long division to find the
2! 4! 3! 5!
first three nonzero terms of a Laurent series of the given function f valid for 0  z   .
33. f  z   cosech z 34. f  z   coth z
35. f  z   tanh z 36. f  z   sech z
Answers
1 z z 3 z5 1 1 z2
1. f  z       .... 2. f  z      ....
z 2 4 6 3 z2 5 7
1 1 1 1 1 z
3. f  z   1  2
 4
  .... 4. f  z       ....
1z 2 z 3 z 6 z 2 3
2
e e  z  1 e  z  1 1 1
5. f  z   e   .... 6. f  z   z    ....
z 1 2 3 2! z 4! z 3
1 1 z z2 1 3 9 27
7. f  z     2  3  4  .... 8. f  z   2
 3
 4
  .....
3z 3 3 3 z z z z5
2
1 1 z  3  z  3 1 3 9
9. f  z    2 3   .... 10. f  z      ....
3  z  3 3 3 34  z  3 2
 z  3 3
 z  3 4
2
1 1 1 z  4  z  4
11. f  z   .....  2
     .....
3 z  4 3  z  4  12 3  42 3  43
1 1 1 1 1 1
12. f  z   .....  3
 2
    z  1  2  z  12  .....
3  z  1 3  z  1 3  z  1 12 4 12 12  4
Page 5
1 1 1 z z2 1 3 7
13. f  z   .....       ..... 14. f  z      ....
z 2 z 2 22 23 z 2
z 3
z4
1 2 1
15. f  z     1   z  1   z  1  .... 16. f  z    1   z  2   ....
z 1 z2
2
1 2 2  z  1 2  z  1 1 2 2 3 2  32
17. f  z    2   ... 18. f  z       ....
3  z  1 3 33 34 z  1  z  12  z  13  z  14
1 1 1 z z2 2 1  z  2  ( z  2)2
19. f  z   ....       ..... 20. f  z    2   ....
3z 2 3z 3 3  2 3  22 3 z  2  3 33 34
1 1 2 3
21. f  z    2  3 z  4 z 2  ...... 22. f  z   3
 4
  .....
z z z z5
1 2
23. f  z    3  6  z  2   10  z  2   .....
z2
1 1 1 3
24. f  z    3
 2
  1   z  1  ..... 25. f  z    4  4 z  4 z 2  ......
 z  1  z  1  z  1 z
2 4
26. f  z   3 1   z  1   z  1  .... 
  z 1
2 2 2 2
27. f  z   .....  3
 2
  1   z  1 28. f  z    2   z  2
 z  1  z  1 z 1 z2
1 z 7 z3 1 z z3
29. f  z      ..... 30. f  z      ......
z 6 360 z 3 45
z3 2 5 z2 5 4
31. f  z   z   z  ...... 32. f  z   1   z  .....
3 15 2 24
1 z 7 3 1 z 1 3
33. f  z     z  ...... 34. f  z     z  ......
z 6 360 z 3 45
z3 2 5 z2 5 4
35. f  z   z   z  ...... 36. 1   z
3 15 2 24
6
4.2 Zeros and their order
Def. Zeros : A number z0 is zero of a function f if f  z0   0. We say that an analytic function f has
a zero of order n at z  z0 if f  z0   0, f   z0   0, f   z0   0,..., f 

n 1
 z0   0, but f  n   z0   0. A zero
of order n is also referred to as a zero of multiplicity n. A zero of order one is called a simple zero.
Theorem : Zero of order n : A function f that is analytic in some disk z  z0  R has a zero of order
n
n at z  z0 if and only if f can be written as f  z    z  z0    z  , where  is analytic at
z  z0 and   z0   0.
Exercise 4.2
In problem 16, determine the zeros and their order for the given function.
2
1. f  z    z  2  i  2. f  z   z 4  16
3. f  z   z 4  z 2 4. f  z   sin 2 z
5. f  z   e 2z  e z 6. f  z   ze z  z
In problems 718, the indicated number is a zero of the given function. Use a Maclarin or Taylor
series to determine the order of the zero.
 
7. f  z   z 1  cos 2 z ; z  0 8. f  z   z  sin z; z  0
9. f  z  1  e z 1; z 1 10. f  z  1   i  z  e z ; z   i
11. f  z   sin z 2 ; z  0 12. f  z   sin 2 z 2 ; z  0
 
13. f  z   sin 2 z 1  cos 2 z ; z  0 14. f  z  1  cos 4 z; z  0
15. f  z  1  cos 2 z 2 ; z  0 16. f  z   z 3  sin 3  z  ; z  0
17. f  z   sin m  z n  , m, n    ; z  0 18. f  z   1  cos z ; z  0
Answers
1. 2  i is a zero of order 2. 2. 2, 2i are simple zeros.
3. 0 is a zero of order 2, i and –i are simple zeros. 4. n , n  0, 1,.... are zeros each of order 2.
5. 2n i, n  0, 1,..... are simple zeros.
6. 0 is a zero of order 2, 2n i, n  1, 2,..... are simple zeros.
7. 3 8. 3 9. 1 10. 2 11. 2 12. 4 13. 4 14. 2
15. 4 16. 5 17. mn 18. 2
Page 7
4.3 Zeros are isolated
Def. Isolated zero : A zero z  z0 of a function f is said to be isolated if there exists r  0 such that
the disc z  z0  r does not contain any other zero of the function f .
Def. Non-isolated zero : A zero z  z0 of a function f is said to be non-isolated if every disc centered
at z0 contains atleast one zero of f other than z0 .
Results :
1. If a function has only finitely many zeros then all of them are isolated.
2. All zeros of a polynomial or rational function are isolated.
3. If a function has infinitely many zeros then they may or may not be isolated. For example, the
functions sin z,cos z,sinh z,cosh z has infinitely many zeros and all of them are isolated. On the
 1
sin z0
other hand consider the function f  z     z  . The zero z  0 is non-isolated and the
 0 z0

1
zeros z  , n  0 , all are isolated.
n
4. The identically zero function defined on a domain has all non-isolated zeros.
5. Theorem : Zeroes are isolated :
Let f  0 be an analytic function in a domain D then every zero of f  z  in D is isolated.
or
Let f  0 be an analytic function in a domain D and z0 be a zero of f  z  then their exists a r  0
such that f  z  has no zero other than z0 in the disc z  z0  r .
or
Let f / 0 be an analytic function defined on a domain D, then the set of zeros of f cannot have a
limit point in D, i.e., if S is the set of zeros of f then S '  D   .
6. Identity theorem and its different forms :

(i) Let f  z  be an analytic function in a domain D and there is a zero z0 of f  z  inside D which
is not isolated then f  z   0 i.e. f  z   0 for all z in D.

8
(ii) If f is an analytic function defined on a domain D and the set of zeros of f  z  in D has a limit
point in D, then f  0 , i.e., f  z   0 for all z  D .
(iii) Let f be an analytic function defined on a domain D and let S be any subset of D having a
limit point in D. If f  z   0 for all z  S , then f  z   0 for all z  D i.e., f  0 .
(iv) Let f and g be analytic functions defined on a domain D and let S be any subset of D having a
limit point in D. If f  z   g  z  for all z  S , then f  z   g  z  for all z  D i.e., f  g .
(v) If f  z  is an analytic function in a domain D and PQ is an arc inside D such that f  z   0 for
all z  PQ then f  z   0 for all z in D.
(vi) In above result, arc PQ can be replaced by a region R.

Theorem : Let D be a domain and z0  D . Let f is analytic on D   z0  i.e., f may or may not be
analytic at z0 . Let z n be a sequence in D such that f  zn   0 for all n and zn  z0 , then
(i) If f  z  is analytic at z0 then f  0 .
(ii) If f  z  is not analytic at z0 then z0 is an isolated essential singularity of f  z  .
 1
sin z0
Example : f  z    z , z  0 is a zero of f  z  and also it is an isolated essential
 0 z0
singularity.
Exercise 4.3
1. Let f be an analytic function defined on open unit disc. Let S be the set of zeros of f. If S contains
any of the following sets then show that f  0 .
1  1 
(i)  : n    (ii)  2 : n   
n  n 
 1   1 
(iii)  : n   (iv)  : n  
 2n  1   4n  7 
1 1   1 1 
(v)   : n    (vi)   : n   
2 n   3 n 
1 1   1 
(vii)  i  i : n    (viii) 0   : n  
2 n   4n  7 
 1
(ix)  z  D : z  
3
(x)  z  D : Im  z   0

2. Let D   z : z  1 and H  D  denotes the set of all holomorphic functions on D. Suppose

Page 9
  1  
F   f  H  D : f    0  n  1 . Then what is card  F  .
  2n  1  
3. What is the number of analytic functions defined on the open unit disc which vanish on the set
 1 
S  0   : n   .
 2n  1 
4. What is the number of analytic functions defined on the open unit disc which vanish only on the set
 1 
S  : n   .
 2n  1 
1 2n
5. Let f be an analytic function defined on the open unit disc such that f    for all n  1 ,
 n  3  4n
then find f.
 1  n2
6. Let f be an analytic function defined on the open unit disc such that f  2   2
for all n  1 ,
 n  4  5n
then find f.
 1  2n
7. Show that there is no analytic function defined on the open unit disc such that f    for
 2n  3  4n
all n  1 .
2
 1  1
8. Let f be an analytic function defined on the open unit disc such that f 1     1   for all
 n  n
n  1 , then can we conclude that f  z   z 2 for all z  1 .
2
 1  1
9. Let f be an analytic function defined on the open disc z  2 such that f 1     1   for all
 n  n
n  1 , then can we conclude that f  z   z 2 for all z  2 .
10. Show that there is no analytic function defined on the open unit disc such that
 1  1  1  1
(i) f    and f    1 for all n  1 .
 2n  2n  2n  1  2n  1
n
 1   1
(ii) f    for all n  1 .
n n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(iii) f    , f    ,.... and f    , f    ,....
2 2 4 4 3 2  5 4
10
11. Let f and g are two analytic functions defined on a domain D such that f  z   g  z   0 for all
z  D then prove that either f  z   0 for all z  D or g  z   0 for all z  D . In words, we can
say that, if product of two analytic functions inside a domain D is zero then one of them must be
identically zero.
12. If H  D  denotes the collection of all holomorphic functions defined on a domain D then show
that H  D  is an integral domain with respect to pointwise addition and multiplication of the
functions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.4 Singularities in finite complex plane
Def. Singularity or Singular Point : If a complex function f fails to be analytic at a point z  z0 , then
this point is said to be a singularity or singular point of the function.
Def. Isolated singularity : A singularity z  z0 of a function f is called isolated singularity if there
exists a r  0 such that the disc z  z0  r does not contain any singularity of f other than z0 .
Def. Non-Isolated Singularity : A singularity z  z0 of a function f is called non-isolated
singularity if every disc centered at z0 contains atleast one singularity of f other than z0 .
Def. Types of Isolated singularities : The isolated singularities of a function are of three types :
(i) Removable Singularity (ii) Pole (iii) Isolated Essential Singularity
Classification : Let z  z0 be an isolated singularity of f  z  . Then by definition, there exists a
deleted neighborhood, of z0 in which f  z  is analytic. For any point z of this neighborhood, by
Laurent’s expansion, we have

 
f ( z)   an ( z  z0 )n   bn ( z  z0 ) n
n 0 n 1

where an and bn are given as usual. Here  bn ( z  z0 )n is the principal part of expansion of f  z  .
n 1
Now, we give the following definitions :

Def. Removable singularity : If the principal part of f  z  contains no term (i.e. there is no negative
powers of  z  z0  in the expansion of f  z  ), then z  z0 is called a removable singularity.
sin z 1  z3 z 5  z2 z4
e.g.   z    ...........   1    ...............
z z  3! 5! 
 3! 5!
Page 11
Since there is no negative power of z . Hence z  0 is a removable singularity of f  z  .
Def. Pole : If the principal part contains a finite number of terms then the singularity z  z0 is called a
pole of f  z  . Further, if bm  0 and bn  0 for all n  m , then z  z0 is called a pole of order m.
Theorem : Pole of order m : A function f analytic in a punctured disc 0  z  z0  R has a pole of
 z
order m at z  z0 iff f can be written f  z   , where  is analytic at z  z0 and   z0   0 .
 z  z0 m
Proof : If z  z0 is a pole of order m, then f  z  has an expansion of the form :
 m
f ( z)   an ( z  z0 )   bn ( z  z0 ) n ,
n
where bm  0
n0 n 1

n 1 2 m
=  an  z  z0   b1  z  z0   b2  z  z0   ...........  bm  z  z0 
n0
1   nm m1 m 2

=   an  z  z 0   b1  z  z0   b2  z  z0   ..........  bm 
 z  z0 m  n  0 
( z )
= where  ( z ) is analytic and  ( z0 )  bm  0 .
( z  z0 ) m
Def. Essential singularity : If the principal part contains an infinite number of terms i.e. bn  0 for
infinitely many values of n, then the singularity z  z0 is called an essential singularity.
1 1
e.g. e1/ z  1    ..........
z 2! z 2
There are infinitely many negative powers of z, so z  0 is an essential singularity of e1/ z .

Another way of defining various isolated singularities : Let z  z0 is an isolated singularity of a
function f  z  , then
(i) z  z0 is removable singularity of f  z  iff lim f  z  exist finitely.

z  z0
(ii) z  z0 is pole of f  z  iff lim f  z    . Further, if z  z0 is a pole of f  z  and

z  z0
n1 n
lim  z  z0  f  z    and lim  z  z0  f  z   0,  , then n is the order of the pole z  z0 , i.e.,
z  z0 z  z0
12
n
n is the smallest positive integer such that lim  z  z0  f  z   0,  . Also if z  z0 is a pole of
z  z0
k
order n and k is a positive integer such that k  n then lim  z  z0  f  z   0 .
z  z0
(iii) z  z0 is essential singularity iff lim f  z  does not exist finitely or infinitely.
z  z0
Results :
1. Limit point of zeros is isolated essential singularity.
2. Limit point of poles is non-isolated essential singularity.
3. Limit point of essential singularities is a non-isolated essential singularity.
Result : (i) If z  z0 is a removable singularity of a function f  z  then z  z0 is also a removable
singularity of the functions e f  z  , sin  f  z   , cos  f  z   , sinh  f  z   and cosh  f  z   .
(ii) If z  z0 is a pole of a function f  z  then z  z0 is an essential singularity of the functions
e f  z  , sin  f  z   , cos  f  z   , sinh  f  z   and cosh  f  z   .
(iii) If z  z0 is an essential singularity of a function f  z  then z  z0 is an essential singularity of
the functions e f  z  , sin  f  z   , cos  f  z   , sinh  f  z   and cosh  f  z   .
Def. Meromorphic function : A function f is meromorphic if it is analytic throughout a domain D,

1
except possibly for poles in D. e.g. f  z   2
z 1
p z
Result : If f  z   is a rational function and z  z0 is a singularity of f  z  and let
q z
m
f  z 
 z  z0    z 
, where   z0   0 ,   z0   0 then
 z  z0  n   z 
(i) If m  n then z  z0 is removable singularity.
(ii) If m  n then z  z0 is a pole of order n  m .
Result : A rational function never has an essential singularity i.e. all the singularities of a rational
function are either removable or poles.
Riemann’s theorem on removable singularity : Let D be a domain ( i.e., open and connected set )
and z0  D . Suppose f  z  is analytic on D   z0  , z0 is an singularity of f  z  and f  z  is
bounded on D then z0 is a removable singularity of f  z  .

Page 13
Riemann’s removability theorem : Suppose that f is continuous on a domain D and analytic on

D   z0  for some z0  D . Then f is analytic on D.
Exercise 4.4
Determine singularities in C of the following :
Type I
e z 1 e z 1 e z
1. f  z   2. f  z   3. f  z  
ez ez ez 1
z
e ez 1 ez
4. f  z   5. f  z   6. f  z  
ez 1 z  z  2 z2  4
1 ez ez 1 1
7. f  z   8. f  z   9. f  z  
1 e z z
e 1 
z ez 1 
1 ez 1 z2
10. f  z   11. f  z   12. f  z  

z 2 ez 1  1 z2 ez
2
 ez 1  z sin z
13. f  z    14. f  z   15. f  z  
 z  e 1z z
 
cot  z 1
16. f  z   2
; a 17. f  z   18. f  z   z cosec z
 z  a sin z  sin a
z  sin z 1 cot z
19. f  z   3
20. f  z   21. f  z  
z cos z  cos a z2
cos z 1 2 1  cos z 
22. f  z   23. f  z   24. f  z  
z2 3
z  2  cos z  z2
z  sin z
25. f  z  
z sin z
 
26. f  z   1  z 2 cosec   z 
 z 
z cos  
 2a  sin 4 z
27. f  z   , a  n , n   and b  0 . 28. f  z  

 z  a  z 2  b 2 sin5 z  z8
14
1  z  cos z 1 z8  z 4  2
29. f  z   30. f  z   cosec z  31. f  z  
z z  z  13  3z  2 2
z 2  a2 z8 1  8z3
32. f  z   33. f  z   34. f  z  
z  ia  z  12 1  4z2
z2
35. f  z   , p, q  R  0
 z  ip 4  z  q 3
Type II
1
z
z a
e z 1
sin z ec
36. f  z   37. f  z   e 38. f  z  
ez 1 z
1
e a
z 1 1

1cos z z2 1
39. f  z   e 40. f  z   e 41. f  z   e z
z
1
z2
e1 z  1 
42. f  z   z e 43. f  z   2
44. f  z    z  3 sin  
z 4  z 2
z2  1   1 
45. f  z   .sin   46. f  z    z  4  sin  
z2  z 1   z4
1
sin  
 1  z
48. f  z   2  
2014
47. f  z    z  a  sin  
 z  2015  z 4
1 1  1
49. f  z   sin    2 50. f  z   sin  1  
 z  z 2  z  z
1
z  4 5
sin  z  e1 z
3
z10 z 2  1 e 
 
51. f  z   52. f  z  
 z  1 z3  z   2 sin10 z
Type III
1 1
53. f  z   e  z sec 54. f  z  
z 1
z 2 sin  
z
1
55. f  z   tan  
z
Answers
1. No singularity
2. No singularity
3. z   2n  1  i, n   are simple poles
Page 15
4. z  2n i, n   are simple poles

5. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  2 is the simple pole
6. z  2i are the simple poles
7. z   2n  1  i, n   are the simple poles
8. z  2n i, n   are the simple poles

9. z  0 is the pole of order 2 and z  2n i, n  1, 2,.... are the simple poles
10. z  0 is the pole of order 3 and z  2n i, n  1, 2,.... are the simple poles
11. z  i are the simple poles
12. No singularity
13. z  0 is the removable singularity
14. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  2n i, n  1, 2,..... are the simple poles
16. z  n, n   are the simple poles and z  a, a   is the pole of order 2
17. z  2n  a ,  2n  1   a , n   are the simple poles.
18. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  n , n  1, 2,.... are the simple poles.
20. z   2n  1   a, n   is the simple pole
21. z  0 is the pole of order 3 and z  n , n  1, 2,.... are the simple poles
22. z  0 is the pole of order 2
23. z  0 is the pole of order 3 and the roots of cos z  2 are the simple poles.
25. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  n , n  1, 2,..... are the simple poles
26. z  1 are the removable singularities and z  n, n  0, 2, 3,.... are the simple poles
27. z  0 is the pole of order 4 and z  a is the removable singularity, z  ib are the simple poles
and z  n , n  1, 2,... are the poles of order 5.
29. z  0 is the simple pole
30. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  n , n  1, 2,..... are the simple poles
16
2
31. z  1 is the pole of order 3 and z   is the pole of order 2
3
32. z  i a is the removable singularity
1 1
34. z  is the removable singularity and z   is the simple pole
2 2
35. z  i p is the pole of order 4 and z   q is the pole of order 3
36. z  1 is the essential singularity and z  2n i, n  0,  1, 2,.... the simple poles
37. z  0 is the removable singularity and z  n , n  1, 2,.... are the essential singularities
38. z  a is the essential singularity
39. z  2n , n   are the essential singularities
40. z  0 is the essential singularity
43. z  0 is the essential singularity and z  2i are the simple poles
44. z  2 is the essential singularity
45. z  0 is the pole of order 2 and z  1 is the essential singularity
48. z  0 is the essential singularity and z  2 are the simple poles
49. z  0 is the essential singularity and z  2 is the simple pole
51. z  0 is the essential singularity and z  1 is the removable singularity
52. z  0 is the removable singularity, z   is the pole of order 12 , z  4 is the essential
singularity and z   ,  2 ,  3 , .... are the poles of order 10.
2
53. z  0 is the non-isolated essential singularity and z  , n   , are the simple poles.
 2n  1 
1
54. z  0 is the non-isolated essential singularity ; z  , n  1, 2, 3,.... are simple poles.
n
2
55. z  0 is the non-isolated essential singularity and z  , n   , are the simple poles.
 2n  1 
Page 17
4.5 Behaviour at infinity

Def. Behaviour At z   : The behavior of a function f  z  at z   is defined to be same as that of
1
the function f   at z  0 .
z
Note :   Complex plane or finite complex plane and        Extended complex plane.
Results :
1. The constant function is analytic at z   .
2. Constant function is the only function which has no singularity in C .
3. A polynomial of degree k has a pole of order k at the point z   .
p z
4. If f  z   is a rational function where deg  p  z    m and deg  q  z    n , then at the point
q z
z   , we have the following behavior:

(i) If m  n then z   is removable singularity.
(ii) If m  n then z   is a pole of order m  n .
Def : Transcedental Entire Function : A non-constant, non-polynomial entire function is called a
transcendental entire function.
5. An entire function is analytic at z   iff it is a constant function.
6. An entire function has a pole at z   of order k iff it is a polynomial of degree k.
7. An entire function has isolated essential singularity at z   iff it is a transcendental entire
function.
finite iff f  z  is constant

8. Let f  z  be an entire function then lim f  z    iff f  z  is a polynomial
z 

does not exist iff f  z  is transcedental
Exercise 4.5
Find the behaviour of the following functions at z  
1 1
1. f  z   sin z 2. f  z   sin 3. f  z  
z sin z
18
1 z2  z 1
4. f  z   5. f  z   z 2  z  1 6. f  z  
1 z3  z 2  z  1
sin  
z
z3  1 z2  4 ez
7. f  z   2 8. f  z   2 9. f  z   z
z 1 z  z 7 e 1
ez ez 1 ez 1
10. f  z   z 11. f  z   z 12. f  z   z
e 1 e e
ez 1 ez 1
13. f  z   z 14. f  z   z
e 1 e 1
S.No. Function Behavior in  i.e. finite complex plane Behavior at z  
sin z Isolated Essential

1. Analytic everywhere
Singularity
1 Isolated essential singularity at z=0 and

2. sin   Analytic at z  
z analytic elsewhere.
1 Simple pole at z  0,   ,  2 ,... and Non-Isolated

3. Essential Singularity
sin z analytic elsewhere. at z  
1 1 1
Simple pole at z   , ,... and non-
4. 1  2 Simple pole at z  
sin   isolated essential singularity at z  0 and
Isolated Essential
5. sin  z  Analytic everywhere
Singularity
  Isolated Essential Singularity at z  0 and

1 0, 1, 2,.... are simple poles and analytic Non-Isolated
7.
sin  z  elsewhere. Essential singularity
1 z  0 is non-isolated essential singularity

1
8.   and z   are simple poles and analytic z   is simple pole
sin   n
z elsewhere.
9. sin  z  a  Analytic everywhere Isolated Essential
 1  z  a , is isolated essential singularity and

 za analytic elsewhere.
1 z  a  n , n  0, 1,  2,..... are simple Non-Isolated
11.
sin  z  a  poles and analytic elsewhere. Essential Singularity
Page 19
z  a is non-isolated essential singularity

1 1
12. and z  a  , n  1, 2,..... are simple z   is simple pole
 1  n
sin  
 za poles and analytic elsewhere.
Isolated Essential
13. sin   z  a  Analytic everywhere
Singularity
   z  a , is isolated essential singularity and

 za analytic elsewhere.
1 z  a  n, n  0, 1, 2,..... are simple poles Non-Isolated
15.
sin   z  a  and analytic elsewhere. Essential
1 z  a is non-isolated essential singularity,

1
16.    z a are simple pole and analytic z   is simple pole
sin   n
 za elsewhere.
17. cos z Analytic everywhere Isolated Essential
1 z  0 , is isolated essential singularity and

18. cos z   , Analytic
z analytic elsewhere.
1 
  2n  1 is simple pole and analytic Non-Isolated
19. 2
cos z Essential
elsewhere.
z  0 is non-isolated essential singularity,
1 1
z are simple poles and
20. 1  analytic at z  
cos     2n  1
z 2
analytic elsewhere.
21. ez Analytic everywhere Isolated Essential
At z  0 , isolated essential singularity and

22. e1 z analytic elsewhere.
Analytic at z  
1
23. Analytic everywhere Isolated Essential
ez
1 z  0 , is an isolated essential singularity

24. 1z Analytic at z  
e and analytic elsewhere.
20
4.6 Residues at a finite point
Residue at a finite point : Let z0 be an isolated singularity of a function f and R be the positive
number s.t. f  z  is analytic at each point z for which z  z0  R . The Laurent expansion of f  z 
about z  z0 is given by
 
f ( z)   an ( z  z0 )   bn ( z  z0 ) n
n
……(1)
n 0 n 1
1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
where an   dz , bn   dz
2 i C ( z  z0 )n1 2 i C ( z  z0 ) n1
Here C is any circle around z0 and lying in the domain z  z0  R . For n  1 , the expression for bn
1
can be written as :  f ( z ) dz  2 i b1  b1 
2 i C
f ( z ) dz
C
1
The number b1, which is the coefficient of in expansion (1) is called the residue of f at the
 z  z0 
1
isolated singularity z0. We use the notation Res( f ( z ); z0 ) i.e., Res  f  z  ; z0   f  z  dz
2 i C
Theorem 1 : If f is analytic at z0 , then Res  f  z  ; z0   0.
Theorem 2 : If f has a removable singularity at z0 , then we have Res  f  z  ; z0   0.
Theorem 3 : If f has an isolated singularity at z0 and if f is even in z  z0 ,
i.e, f  z  z0   f    z  z0   , then Res  f  z  ; z0   0
Proof : Suppose that f is even in z  z0 . Then the Laurent series expansion around z0 cannot have odd
powers of z  z0 . Hence, the assertion follows.
Theorem 4 : Residue at a Simple Pole

If f has a simple pole at z  z0 , then Res  f  z  , z0   lim  z  z0  f  z  .
z  z0
Theorem 5 : Residue at a Pole of Order n
1 d n1
If f has a pole of order n at z  z0 , then Res  f  z  , z0   lim n 1  z  z0  n f  z 
 n  1! z  z0 dz
g  z
Theorem 6 : Suppose a function f can be written as a quotient f  z   , where g and h are
h z
analytic at z  z0 . If g  z0   0 and if the function h has a zero of order 1 at z0 , then f has a simple
Page 21
g  z0 
pole at z  z0 and Res  f  z  , z0  
h  z0 
Theorem 7 : Cauchy’s Residue Theorem : If D is a simple connected domain and C is a simple

closed contour lying entirely with in D. If a function ‘f’ is analytic within and on C, except at a finite
n
number of isolated singularities z1, z2 ,..., z n within C, then  f  z  dz  2 i  Re s  f  z  , zk 
C k 1
Results :
2. If f and g are analytic in a deleted neighborhood of z0 , and if a and b   , then
Res  a f  z   b g  z  ; z0   a Res  f  z  ; z0   b Res  g  z  ; z0 
3. If f  z  has an isolated singularity at a   with nonzero residue at z  a , then the residues of
f '  z  and  z  a  f '  z  at z  a are zero.
4. If f has an isolated singularity at a, and c is a non-zero complex number, then f  cz  has an
a  a 1
isolated singularity at , and Res  f  z  ;   Res  f  z  ; a 
c  c c
8. Let p  z  and q  z  be polynomials with no common zeros, and with degrees m and n, respectively.
p z
If f  z   , then
q z
(i) f has a removable singularity at  , if n  m
(ii) Res  f  z  ;    0 , if n  m  2
Exercise 4.6
In problem 16, use an appropriate Laurent series to find the indicated residue.
2 1
1. f  z   ; Res  f  z  ,1 2. f  z   3
; Res  f  z  ,0 
 z  1 z  4  3
z 1  z 
4z  6 2  2 
3. f  z   ; Res  f  z  ,0  4. f  z    z  3 sin   ; Res  f  z  , 3
z 2  z  z 3
2

z 2 ;Res
e z
5. f  z   e  f  z  ,0 6. f  z   ; Res  f  z  , 2 
 z  2 2
22
In problem 716, find the residue at each pole of the given function.
z 4z  8
7. f  z   8. f  z  
z 2  16 2z 1
1 1
9. f  z   4 3 2
10. f  z   2
z  z  2z
 z 2  2 z  2
5z2  4z  3 2z 1
11. f  z   12. f  z  
 z  1 z  2  z  3  z  14  z  3
cos z ez
13. f  z   14. f  z  
z2  z  
3
ez 1
1
15. f  z   sec z 16. f  z  
z sin z
In problem 1720, use Cauchy’s residue theorem, where appropriate, to evaluate the given integral
along the indicated contours.
1 1 3
17.   z  1 z  22 dz (a) z  (b) z  (c) z  3
C
2 2
z 1
18.  z 2  z  2i  dz (a) z 1 (b) z  2i 1 (c) z  2i  4
C
1
3 z2
19.  z e dz (a) z  5 (b) z  i  2 (c) z  3 1
C
1
20.  z sin z dz (a) z  2i 1 (b) z  2i  3 (c) z  5
C
In problem 2134, use Cauchy’s residue theorem to evaluate the given integral along the indicated
contour.
1 1 3
21.  z 2  4 z  13 dz, C : z  3i  3 22.  z3  z  14 dz, C : z  2  2
C C
z z
23.  z 4  1 dz, C : z  2 24.   z  1 dz, C :16 x 2  y 2  4
C C  z  1
2
ze z ez
25.  z 2  1 dz, C : z  2 26.  z 3  2 z 2 dz, C : z  3
C C
tan z cot  z 1
27.  dz , C : z  1  2 28.  dz , C : z 
C
z C
z2 2
Page 23
1
29.  cot  z dz, C is the rectangle defined by x  , x   , y   1, y  1
2
C
2z 1 1
30.  z2 dz , C is the rectangle defined by x   2, x 1, y   , y 1
C  3
z 1  2
 1
2 ze z 
31.   z e z  4

4
dz , C :4 x 2  y 2 16
C
 z  
cos z
32.   z  12 dz, C : z  1 1
C  z2  9
1
33.  z 6  1 dz, C is the semicircle defined by y  0, y  4  x 2
C
4
34.  e z 2 dz, C : z  1  3
C
Answers
2 4 1
1. 2. 6 3. 3 4.  5. 0 6. 
5 3 e2
1 1
7. Res  f  z  ,  4i   , Res  f  z  , 4i  
2 2
 1
8. Res  f  z  ,   5
 2
1 1 1
9. Res  f  z  ,1  , Res  f  z  , 2    , Res  f  z  ,0   
3 12 4
i i
10. Res  f  z  ,1  i   , Res  f  z  ,1  i  
4 4
11. Res  f  z  , 1  6, Res  f  z  , 2    31, Res  f  z  , 3  30
7 7
12. Res  f  z  ,  3   , Res  f  z  ,1 
256 256
13. Res  f  z  ,0   
3
, Res  f  z  ,   
  2  6
4 2 4
24
14. Res  f  z  , 2n i  1, n  0, 1, 2,.....

15. Res  f  z  ,
 2n  1  n 1
   1 , n  0,  1,  2,...
 2 
n
16. Res  f  z  ,0   0, Res  f  z  , n  
 1
, n  1, 2,.....
n
2 i  
17. 0; ;0 18.   i ;   i ;0 19.  i;  i;0 20. 0;0;0
9 2 2

21. 22. 20  i 23. 0 24.  i
3
i 2
25. 2 i cosh1 26. cosh1 27. 4i 28.   2i
e 3
  1 1
29. 6i 30.  i  31.  2   i
3  3 
i 2
32.   5sin1  cos1 33. 34. 8 i
25 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.7 Residues at infinity
Residue at the point at infinity : Let f be analytic in a deleted neighborhood of the point at infinity,
1
then Res  f  z  ;     f  z  dz .
2 i C
1
In other words, Res  f  z  ;   is the negative of the coefficient of in the Laurent series expansion of
z
f  z  with centre at the point at infinity.
Results :
 1 1 
1. Res  f  z  ;     Res  2 f   ;0 
z z 
2. If f is analytic at  and has a zero of order n   2  at  , then Res  f  z  ;    0
3. If f is analytic at  and has a simple zero at  , then Res  f  z  ;     lim z f  z 

z 
n
 , then Res  f  z  ;    lim
 1 n 2  n 1
4. If f has a pole of order n at z f z
z   n  1!
In the case when f is analytic at  , then this formula continues to hold if n  0 .

Page 25
Exercise 4.7
z3
1. Find the residue of at z   .
z 2 1
Answers
1. 1
Page 1
True-false exercise 1
10. The function f ( z )  2
, a 1,
z  2iaz  1
 has two simple poles within the unit circle
1. tan z has singularities at z  (2n  1) , for
2 z  1.
n  0, 1, 2,....
1
i 11. z  0 is a simple pole of f ( z )    cot z .
2. z  is a zero of cosh z . z
2
12. If z0 is a simple pole of function f, then it
3. If p( z) is a polynomial in z then the
is possible that Res  f ( z ), z0   0 .
function f ( z )  1/ p( z ) can never be an
entire function.
13. For a  1 and b-real,
4. Suppose a function f has a Taylor series ebz 2 i sin(b / a)
representation with circle of convergence z 1 a 2 z 2  1 dz  a
.
z  z0  R, R  0 . Then f is analytic
everywhere on the circle of convergence. 14. For z  x  iy , cosh x is never zero and
cosh z has infinitely many zeros when
5. Suppose a function f has a Taylor series y 0.
representation centered at z0 . Then f is
analytic everywhere inside the circle of 15. The zeros of sin 1/ z  are z  1 / n ( n  )
convergence z  z0  R, R  0 , and is not and each zero is isolated.
analytic everywhere outside z  z0  R .
16. If the zeros of an analytic function are not
6. If the function f is entire, then the radius of isolated then f ( z )  0 throughout the
convergence of a Taylor series expansion domain of analyticity.
of f centered at z0  1  i is necessarily
17. An entire function f ( z ) having z   as a
R  .
removable singularity is constant.
7. If f is non-constant and analytic at z0 , then
18. An entire function f ( z ) has a pole of order
f ( n ) ( z0 )  0 for some n  1 . n at infinity iff f ( z ) is a polynomial of
degree n.
8. If f is analytic throughout some deleted
neighborhood of z0 and z0 is a pole of 19. If f ( z ) has a pole at z0 , then exp  f ( z)
n
order n, then lim  z  z0  f ( z )  0 . has an essential singularity at this point.
z  z0
9. A singularity of a rational function is either 20. If f ( z ) is a nonconstant entire function,

removable or is a pole. then exp  f ( z) has an essential singularity
at z   .
2
21. If a is an isolated singularity of f which is sin z
not removable, then a is an essential 31. If f ( z )  , then z  0 is a
z
singularity of exp  f ( z) . removable singularity of f.
32. If f and g are analytic in a deleted
22. Poles are isolated. That is, f has a pole of neighborhood of z0 and if a and b   ,
order m at a iff f ( z )  ( z  a ) m g ( z ) ,
then Res  af ( z )  bg ( z ); z0 
where g is analytic at a and g (a )  0 .
 aRes  f ( z); z0   bRes  g ( z ); z0 
23. Suppose f has an essential singularity at
z  a and g has a pole at z  a . Then the 33. If f ( z ) has an isolated singularity at a 
product fg has an essential singularity at with nonzero residue at z  a , then the
za. residues of f '( z ) and ( z  a) f '( z ) at z  a
are zero.
z4 1
24. The function f ( z )  ,
2
( z  z )(  z  z )
2 34. If f has an isolated singularity at a, and c is
a non-zero complex number, then f (cz )
 ,    \ 0 (   ) has two simple poles
has an isolated singularity at a / c , and
at z   ,  and a double pole at z  0 . Res  f (c z); a / c   (1/ c )Res  f ( z); a  .
25. The function f defined by the Laurent 35. If f is analytic at  and has a zero of order
1
z 2k 
zk n( 2) at  , then Res  f ( z );   0 .
series f ( z )     k 1 has an
k   (  k )! k 0 2
essential singularity at the origin. 36. If f is analytic at  and has a simple zero
at  , then Res  f ( z );     lim zf ( z ) .
26. If f is meromorphic, then f and f ' have the z 
same poles and the order of the poles of f '

37. There exists an analytic function in the unit
increases by one.
 1   1  1
disk D such that f    f  
1  2n   2n  1  n
27. The function f ( z )  has a
sin(1 / z ) for n  2 .
singularity at the origin and the Laurent
series expansion about the origin does not 38. There exists an analytic function f in the
exist. unit disk D such that
f (1/ n)  (n  1) / (n  1) for n  2
28. If f is a rational function such that the
degree of its denominator exceeds that of 39. There exists an analytic function f in the
numerator by at least two, then the sum of unit disk D such that f (i n / n)   n 2 for
residues at all the poles is zero. n2.
29. If f ( z ) is analytic at  , then f '( )  0 .
e1/( z 1)
30. The function f ( z )  has a simple
ez 1
pole at z  2k i(k   ) and an essential
singularity at z  1 .
Page 3
Assignment cot   z 
7. Let I   2
dz , where C is the
C
 z  i
------------------ S C Q --------------------
contour 4 x 2  y 2  2 (counter clockwise).
z dz Then, I is equal to
1. The value of  , where C : z  4 is 1. 0 2. 2 i
C sin z
1. 2 i 2. 0   1 2 2i
3. 2 i  2
  4. 
3. – 2 i 4. 4 i  sinh    sinh 2 
2. The value of tanh zdz , where C : z  3 is a ne az

C 8. The value of C z n1n! dz , where C is a
1. 0 2.  i closed contour around the origin is
3. 2 i 4. 4 i
2 ia 2 n 2 ia n
1. 2.
 3z  4  n! n!
3. The value of  z  2 z  1 dz, where C is the  an 
2
i 2
C 3. 2 i   4. an
circle z 1 is  n!  2n !
1. 2 i 2. 3 i
9. The value of the integral
3. 4 4. –4
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
f z
C  z  4 z  2 dz, where C is the
4.  dz is equal to
C za circle z  3 traced anti clockwise, is
1. 2 if  a  2. 2 i Im f  a  1. 2 i 2. i
3. 2 i res f  a  4. 2 i res f  a  3. – i 4. 2i
10. Let  be a simple closed curve in the

tan z complex plane, then the set of all possible
5.  2 dz has the value around the
C z 1
dz
3 values of  is
positive oriented circle C : z 
2
 
 z 1 z2
1. tan1 2. 2 i tan1 1. 0,   i 2. 0,   i, 2 i

3.
tan1
4. None of these
3. 0,   i,  2 i 4. 0
2 i
11. If I   z 2 cot  zdz , then I is equal to
2! z 2  3z  4 z  2.5
6. Value of dz is
2 i  z  3  z  13 1. 20  i 2. 20i
1. 2 2. 0 3. 20  2i 4. 10i
3.  i 4. None of these
4
ez 3. 2 i 4. undefined
12. Let f  z   2
and  be the (GATE 2002)
 z  1 z  3
3  1 2
circle z  described in the positive
18. Let 
 a  2   4 dz  4 ,
2 C   z  24 z

 
sense. Then  f  z  dz, has the value
 where the close curve C is the triangle
 ei 1  i 1 i
1. 0 2. having vertices at i, and . The
8 2 2
 ei  i  e  5e 3  integral being taken in anti clockwise
3. – 4. direction. Then, one value of a is
8 8
1. 1  i 2. 2  i
 4  3z  dz, where C is a
13. The value of
z2  z
C
3. 3  i 4. 4  i
(GATE 2012)
simple closed path (anti clockwise)
enclosing the points z  0 and z  1 is
f  z
1. 6 2. 6 i 19. Let I   where
3. 6 i 4. None of these
C
 z  1 z  2 
z z
z
f  z   sin  cos and C is the curve
e 2 2
14. The value of the integral I   dz is
z
C e 1 z  3 oriented anti clockwise. Then, the
where C : z  3 value of I is
1. 2 i 2. 3 i 3. 6 i 4. 0 1. 4 i 2. 0 3. 2 i 4. 4 i
(GATE 2010)
15. Given that ‘a’ lies inside the closed cot  z 

20. Let I   2
dz , where C is the
contour C, the value of the integral C z i
1 ze z contour 4 x 2  y 2  2 (counter clockwise).
dz is
2 i C  z  a 3 Then, I is equal to
 a 1. 0 2. 2 i
1. e a 1  a  2. e a 1  
 2   1 2 2i
3. 2 i  2
  4. 
1 a   sinh    sinh 2 
3. e a 4. e a  
 2 
(GATE 2003)
15
16. Let f  z    z n for z   . If C : z  i  2 , 2 d
n0
21.  is equal to
0 13  5sin 
f  z  dz    
then   z  i 
C 15
is equal to 1. 
6
2. 
12
3.
12
4.
6
1. 2 i 1  15i  2. 2 i 1  15i  (GATE 2004)
3. 2 i 1  4i  4. 2 i 22. For the positively oriented unit circles,

(GATE 2009) 2 Re  z 
z1 z  2 dz
17. Let T be any circle enclosing the origin
and oriented counter clockwise. Then the 1. 0 2.  i 3. 2 i 4. 4 i
cos z (GATE 2004)
value of the integral  dz is
z2
1. 2 i 2. 0
Page 5
dz 2n
23. The value of the integral  2
C z 1
, 2.
3
, n is any integer
C : z  4 is equal to 3. n
1.  i 2. 0
3.  i 4. 2 i
29. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f, then
(GATE 2000)
a is the pole of f, if
z2
24.  4  z 2 dz 1. lim f  z   0 2. lim f  z   a
z a z a
z 1  2
1. 0 2. 2 i 3. lim f  z    4. None of these

z a
3. 2 i 4. 1
(CSIR NET June 2015) 30. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f and

n
dz f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent
25. Let I r   , where 
Cr 
z z  1 z  2  Expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Then, z  a is
Cr   z   : z  r  , r  0. Then a removable singularity, if
1. I r  2 i if r   2,3 1. an  0, n  1 2. an  0, n  1
1 3. an  0, n  1 4. an  0, n  1
2. I r  if r   0,1
2
31. The simple pole of the function
3. I r   2 i if r  1, 2 
z2
4. I r  0 if r  3 f  z 2
is
(CSIR NET Dec 2011)
 z  1  z  2 
1. at z  2 2. at z  1
3. at z  1 4. at z  2
26. The function f  z   cos z is
1. analytic anywhere 1  ez
 n  1  32. If f  z   , then at z  , f  z  have
2. singularities at z   1  ez
2 1. pole
n 2. removable singularity
3. singularities at z 
2 3. isolated singularity
4. None of the above 4. non isolated singularity
1 33. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f and

27. The function f  z   is ; n  0 
zn n
f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent
1. analytic for all z 
2. singularities at z  0 expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Also, if
3. singularities at n  0
4. None of these a m  0 and an  0 for n   m  1 , then
1. z  a is removable singularity
sin z 2. z  a is a pole of order m
28. The poles of function f  z   are at
cos z 3. z  a is an essential singularity
 2n  1  , 4. None of the above
1. n is any integer
2
6
sin z 1
34. f  z   2
have the pole of order 3. res  f ; a   g a
z    m  1!
1. 1 2. 2 4. None of the above
3. 3 4. 0
40. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f and
35. If f have an isolated singularity at z  a 
n

n
f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent
and f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent 
 expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Then, z  a is a
expansion about z  a . Then, residue of f at
pole of order m, then
z  a is
1. a m  0 and an  0 for n    m  1
1. a1 2. a0
2. a m  0 and an  0 for n    m  1
3. a2 4. a1
3. a m  0 and an  0 for m    m  1
36. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f and 4. None of the above

n
f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent 1
 41. Taylor’s expansion of f  z   2
expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Then, z  a is

 z  1
about the point z  i is
an essential singularity, if
1. an  0 for all integers n 1 1
1.  2i  2   
z z 1
2. an  0 for all integers n n
3. an  0 for infinitely many negative n i 

n  n  1 z  i 

2. 1    1 n 
4. an  0 for many positive n
2  n 1 1  i  
n
i 
n  n  1 z  i 

37. If z  a is an isolated singularity of f and 3. 1    1 n 

2  n 1 1  i  
n
f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent 4. None of the above

expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Then, if an  0 42. If z  a is a singularity of f  z  such that

for n  1, z  a is f  z  is analytic at each point in its
1. a pole neighbourhood, then z  a is called as
2. an essential singularity
1. a removable singularity
2. an isolated singularity
sin z
38. The sum of the residues of f  z  
z cos z 43. If z  a is an isolated singualarity of f
at its poles inside the circle z  2 , is 
n
and f  z    an  z  a  is its Laurent
1. 0 2. 1 
3. 1 4.  expansion in ann  a ; 0, R  . Also, if an  0
39. If f has a pole of order m at z  a and for infinitely many negative integer n, then
m 1. z  a is a removable singularity
g  z    z  a  f  z  , then
2. z  a is a pole of order m
1
1. res  f ; a   g  m1  a  3. z  a is an essential singularity
 m  1! 4. None of the above
2. res  f ; a   g  m1  a 
Page 7
44. If function f  z  has an isolated 51. If a function f  z  is analytic within a

singularities at z  a , then z  a has circle C with its centre z  a and radius R,
removable singularity, if then for every point z inside C,
1. lim  z  a   0 2. lim f  z   0 
n
za za f  z    an  z  a  , where an is equal to
n 0
3. lim  z  a  f  z   0 4. None of these
 n
za
f a f  n  a 
1. 2.
45. Which of the following functions does n n!
 n

zn 3. f a  4. None of these
represent the series  for z   ?
n  0 n!
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
52. The function f  z   2
1. sin z 2. cos z  z  1  z  2 
3. e z 4. log 1  z  have the poles
1 1. m 1, 2 2. m   1,  2
46. When 0  z  4, the expansion of 3. m  2 4. None of these
4z  z 2
is 53. The residue of the function

z n 1 
 1
n
z n 1 z2
1.  n1 f  z is
n0 4
2. 
n0 4n 1
2
 z  1  z  2 

z n 1 9 3
1. res f  2   2. res f  2  
3. 4
n0
n1
4. None of these 4 2
4 2
3. res f  2   4. res f  2  
47. A function which has poles as its only 9 3
singularities in the finite part of the plane is z  sin z
54. For the function f  z   , the point
said to be z3
1. an analytic function z  0 is
2. an entire function 1. a pole of order 3
3. a meromorphic function 2. a pole of order 2
4. None of the above 3. an essential singularity
48. For the function f  z   e z , z   is 55. If f  z   z 3 , then it
1. isolated essential singularity 1. has an essential singularity at z  
2. pole 2. has a pole of order 3 at z  
3. ordinary point 3. has a pole of order 3 at z  0
49. Number of poles of the function 4. is analytic at z  
1 1  e z
f  z   tan is 56. For the function f  z   , the point
z z
1. 2 2. 4 z  0 is
3. infinite 4. None of these 1. an essential singularity
50. The number of isolated singular points of 2. a pole of order 0
z 3 3. a pole of order one
f  z 2 2 is
z  z  2 4. a removable singularity
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
8
57. The residue at z   of 1  an 1  an

3. 4. 
z3 1  a  a n 1  a 
f  z is
 z  2  z  3 z  5 
1. 0 2. –10  x y 
3. 10 4. None of these 64. For the function f  z   sin  2  i 2 
 z z 
e tan z 
58. The function f  z   2 has choose the correct answer.
z 1
1. countable number of essential 1. f  z  has no singularity
singularities 2. f  z  has finite number of singularity
2. only singularity of f  z  are simple with exactly one
poles 3. all the singularities of f  z  are pole
3. uncountable number of essential 4. infinity is simple pole
singularity
65. If the function f  z  is analytic inside and
1 on a simple closed curve C and if a is a
59. If f  z   z
, then point within C and if C be traversed in the
e 1
1. f is an entire function positive sense, then f  a  
2. f has removable singularities at 1
2 i  C
z  2n i, n  Z 1. f  z  dz
3. f has poles at z  2n i with residue 1 1 f z
for n  Z 2. 
2 i C z  a
dz
4. f has an essential singularity at z  0 f  z
3.  dz
C za
z3 4. None of these
60. Residue of f  z   4
at
 z  1  z  2  z  3
z  3 is 66. The function f  z   z me z at z   has
101 27 1. non isolated essential singularity
1. 2. 8 3. 4. 0
16 16 2. pole of order m
3. pole of order m  1
z3 4. isolated essential singularity
61. Residue of at z   is
z 2 1
sin z
1. 1 2. 1 3. 0 4.  67. The residue of at z  0 is
z8
62. A point ‘a’ is called an isolated singularity 1
1. 0 2. 
of the function f  z  if in a deleted 7!
1
neighbourhood of a the function f  z  is 3. 4. None of these
7!
analytic and at a the function f  z  is
1. analytic 2. not analytic 68. Laurent’s expansion of the function
3. may be analytic 4. None of these 1
for z  2 is
 z  3z  2
2
1 n k
63. For the function f  z     z  a  , the 
2n  1 
2n
z k 0 1. 
n0 z
n1
2. 
n0 z
n1
residue at z   a when a  0 and a  1

1. 1 2. n

2n  1 
2n
3. 
n0 z
n 1
4. 
n0 z
n
Page 9
69. The residue of f  z    cosec  z at z  n is 74. The residue of f  z  at z  2 where

n n
1.  1 n 2. 1 3. 1 4.  1 e z
f  z 4
 z  2
70. Which of the following does give the 1 e2 1 1
residue at z   of any function f  z  1. 2. 3.  4.
6 6 6e 2 6e 2
is/are
1 1 75. The third term in the expansion of tan z
1. Res  z  0   2 f  
z z with the help of Maclaurin’s series is
1 1 1 5
2.  f  z  dz 1. z 5 2. z
2 i C 5 5!
1 2 5
3. negative of the coefficient of in the 3. z 4. None of these
z 15
expansion of zf  z  in nbd of zero
1
4. All of the above 76. If f  z   , then the number of
sinh z
71. Define a complex function f  z  by singularities of f  z  on the real line
 z 21 segment   n , n 
f  z   e , z  0 then 1. n 2. 2n  1
 0 , z  0 3. 2n  1 4. 1
1. at z  0, f  z  is continuous
77. The  be any circle enclosing the origin
2. at z  0, f  z  has removable singularity and oriented counter clockwise. Then, the
3. at z  0, f  z  has essential singularity cos z
value of the integral  dz is
 z2
4. f  z  is analytic at z  0
1. 2 2. 0
3. 2 i 4. undefined
72. The analytical part of Laurent’s series is
 
a n n 78. The general term in the expansion of
1.  n
2.  an  z  a 
n 1  z  a  n0 cosh z with the help of Taylor’s series is
 z 2 n1 z 2n
2n 1. 2.
3.  a  z  a
n0
n 4. None of these
 2n  1!  2n  !
zn
3. 4. None of these
73. Function g is defined by n!
 1 
g  z   z 4 sin   has at infinity
 z 1  79. If g  z  is analytic at z  a and f  z  has
1. a pole of order 4 a pole of order k at z  a , then
2. a pole of order 3
g  z  f  z 
3. removable singularity res z  a is
4. essential singularity f  z
1
1. kg  a  2. a
k
10
3.  kg  a  4.  k ! g  a  cos z
87. The residue at z 1 for f  z  
80. If f  z  is analytic and has a pole at z  a , z 1
1. e 2. ei
then lim f  z  
z a ei  e  i ei  e  i
1. 0 2. any constant 3. 4.
2 2i
3.  4. None of these
88. If f  z  has a zero of order n at z  a, then
81. Let a be an isolated singularity of f  z 
1
and if f  z  is bounded on some has a pole of order n at z 
 f  z  
neighbourhood of a, then a is 1
1. removable singularity 1. 2. 0
a
2. essential singularity
3. a 4. None of these
3. isolated singularity
4. non isolated essential singularity
1
89. The function 3
has a pole of order
82. Polynomial f  z  of degree n has a pole of z  z  1
order n at p and residue r at z 1, then
1. zero 2. infinity 1
1. p 1, r 1 2. p  3, r 
3. z 1 4. nowhere 3
3. p  3, r  1 4. p 1, r 1
83. The residue of the function
2z 90. If a single valued function f  z  is not
f  z 2
at the point z 1 is
 z  4  z  1 defined at z  a but lim f  z  exists, then
z a
1 2 8 4 z  a is known as
1. 2. 3. 4.
5 5 25 25 1. an isolated singularity
n

  3. a removable singularity
84. If sin z   an  z   , then a6 is equal 4. None of the above
n 0  4
to
1 z2  2z
1. 0 2. 91. Residue of 2
at double pole
720  z  1 z 2
 4
1 1 as z   1 is
3. 4.
720 2 720 2 4 4 14 14
1. 2.  3.  4.
25 5 25 25
85. For the function
log e  z  2   cos  z
f  z 4
, z   1  i is a pole of 92. For the function f  z   which of
 z 2
 2 z  2  z 2 sin  z
the following is true
order
1. n 1, 2,3,... are the only simple poles
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
2. z  0 is pole of order 2
86. If f  z  has a pole at z  a , then as z  a 3. z  0 is pole of order 3
2
1. f  z   0 2. f  z   a 4. residue at z  0 is
3
3. f  z    4. f  z   
Page 11
1 1. an essential singularity
93. Function f  z   in the 2. a pole
 z  1 z  3
domain z  3 has a Laurent’s expansion 4. None of the above
given by
1 2 13 20 98. At z   , the function f  z   cos z  sin z
1. 2  3  4  5  ...
z z z z has
1 8 13 40 1. a removable singularity
2. 2  3  4  5  ...
z z z z 2. an essential singularity
1 4 13 40 3. a non essential singularity
3. 2  3  4  5  ... 4. None of the above
z z z z
1 4 13 20
4. 2  3  4  5  ... 99. The sum of residues of the function
z z z z
z3
f  z at 1, 2, 3 and
1  z  1 z  2  z  3 
94. For the function f  z   e z , z  0 is
 is
1. an essential singularity 1. 0 2. –1
2. a pole 3. 1 4. None of these
4. None of the above 100. An example of a function with a non
isolated essential singularity at z  2 is
1 1 1
95. The expansion of f  z   1. tan 2. sin
z  z  3z  2 
2
z2 z2
for the region 1  z  2 z2
3. e  z 2  4. tan
 n z
1 1  z
1.   zn   
2z 0 4 0 2 101. If   z   Re  z   f  z  , where f  z  is
  n
1 1 z meromorphic. Then
2.   zn   
2z 0 4 0 2 1.   z  is meromorphic
n
1 1  n 1  z 2.   z  and f  z  has same number of
3.   z   
2z z 0 4 0 2 singularities
n
1 1  n 1   z  3.   z  is analytic in every closed and
4.   z   
2z z 0 4 0 2 bounded region provided it has no poles
4.   z  is nowhere analytic
1
96. The coefficient of in the Laurent series
z 102. If the function f  z  has a pole of order
sin z
of 2 is m  1 at the point z  a , then Res f  a  
z
1. 0 2. 2 3. –1 4. 1 1  dm 
1. lim  m
m ! z a  dz
 z  a 
f z 

m

97. For the function f  z  
sin z  , z  0 is 2.
1 d m

lim  m  f  z 
z  m  1! za  dz 
12
1  d m1  F z
3.
 m  1!  dz
z  a

m
lim  m1  z  a  f  z  

 108. If the function f  z  
G z
has a simple
4. None of the above pole at z  a such that F  a   0 ,

G  a   0 and G '  a   0 then Res f  a  
103. If f  z  is analytic in D  a and
F  a  F a 
bounded in 0  z  a  r , then 1. 2.
G a  G  a 
1. f  z  has simple pole at z  a
F  a 
2. f  z  is analytic at z  a 3. 4. None of these
G  a 
3. f  z  has removable singularity at
z a 109. The residue of f  z   cot z at z  0 is
4. f  z  is either analytic at z  a or has 1. i 2. i
removable singularity there at z  a 3. 1 4. None of these
104. The residue of the function f  z  at 110. Let f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  be an entire

infinity having simple zero at infinity is function having Taylor’s series expansion

1. lim   f  z   n
, if f  x   u  x,0  and
z 
as a z
n0
n
2. lim   z f  z  
z  f  iy   iv  0, y  , then
  1  1. a2 n  0, n
3. lim   z f   
z 
  z  2. a0  a1  a2  a3  0, a4  0
4. None of these 3. a2 n1  0, n
1 4. a0  0, but a2  0
105. The residue of f  z   at z  ai
2 2
z 2
a  111. Let f  z  be an analytic function with a
is
simple pole at z 1 and a double pole at
1 1
1. 2. z  2 with residues 1 and 2 , respectively.
8ia 2 4ia3
1 3
3. 4. None of these Further if f  0   0, f  3   and f is
2ia 4 4
bounded as z   , then f  z  must be
106. If the radius of convergence of the series 1 1 2 1
 1. z  z  3    
n
f  z    an  z  z0  is finite, then f  z  4 z  1 z  1  z  22
n 0
1 1 2 1
has atleast one singularity 2.    
4 z  1 z  2  z  2 2
1. on the circle of convergence
2. inside the circle of convergence 1 2 5
3.  
3. outside the circle of convergence z  1 z  1  z  22
4. anywhere 15 1 2 7
4.   
4 z  1 z  2  z  2 2
107. The residue of f  z   tanh z at the
singular
point is
1. i 2. 0 3. 1 4. i
Page 13
112. In the Laurent series expansion of z2   z

1 1 117. Consider the function f  z   2
f  z  valid in the region  z  1
z 1 z  2
1 The residue of f  z  at its pole is equal to
z  2, the coefficient of 2 is 1. Then, the value of  is
z
1. 1 2. 0 3. 1 4. 2 1. –1 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
(GATE 2012)
113. Let f :    be analytic except for a
simple pole at z  0 and let g :    be z
118. Let f  z   , z  x  iy
analytic. Then, the value of 8  z3
R es  f  z  g  z  Res f  z  is
z 2
z 0
is 1 1 1 1
R es f  z  1.  2. 3.  4.
z 0
8 8 6 6
1. g  0  2. g   0  (GATE 2011)
3. lim z f  z  4. lim z f  z  g  z 
z 0 z 0 
n
(GATE 2011) 119. Let bz
n  
n be the Laurent series
  1
expansion of the function ,
 1  z sinh z
114. For the function f  z   sin  ,
 cos  1   0  z   . Then, which one of the
  
  z following is correct ?
the point z  0 is 1 7
1. b2 1, b0   , b2 
1. a removable singularity 6 360
2. a pole 1 7
2. b3 1, b1   , b1 
3. an essential singularity 6 360
4. a non isolated singularity 1 7
(GATE 2009) 3. b2  0, b0   , b2 
6 360
1 7
1 4. b0 1, b2   , b1 
115. The coefficient of in the expansion of 6 360
z (GATE 2010)
 z 
log   , valid in z  1, is
 z 1  
n
1 1
120. Let  a  z  1
n be the Laurent series
1. –1 2. 1 3.  4. n  
2 2  z 
(GATE 2005) expansion of f  z   sin   . Then, a2
 z 1 
is equal to
116. If f  z   z 3 , then it
1. 1 2. 0
1. has an essential singularity at z   1
2. has a pole of order 3 at z   3. cos 1 4.  sin 1
2
3. has a pole of order 3 at z  0 (GATE 2009)
4. is analytic at z  
(GATE 2001)
14
eiz 1  1
121. Consider the function f  z   3.     cosec 2 a
z  z 2  1  n    n  a  2
The residue of f at the isolated singular 1  1
4.    cosec 2 a
point in the upper half plane  n    n  a  2
 z  x  iy   : y  0 is (GATE 2006)
1 1
1.  2. 
2e e 126. In the Laurent series expansion of
e 1 1
3. 4. 1 f  z  valid in the region
2 z 1 z  2
(GATE 2009) 1
z  2, the coefficient of 2 is
z
sin z 1. –1 2. 0 3. 1 4. 2
122. Let f  z   cos z  for non zero
z (GATE 2004)
z   and f  0   0 . Then, f  z  has a
127. Let f  z  be an analytic function with a
zero at z  0 of order
1. 0 2. 1 simple pole at z  1 and a double pole at
3. 2 4. greater than 2 z  2 with residues 1 and 2 , respectively.
(GATE 2008) 3
Further, if f  0   0 , f  3   and f is
4
sin z bounded as z   , then f  z  must be
123. Let f  z   cos z  for non zero
z
1 1 2 1
z   and f  0   0 . Also, let g  z   sinh z 1. z  z  3    
4 z  1  z  1  z  2 2
2
g z
for z   . Then, has a pole at z  0 1 1 2 1
zf  z  2.    
4 z  1 z  2  z  2 2
of order
1. 1 2. 2 1 2 5
3.  
3. 3 4. greater than 3 z  1 z  2  z  2 2
(GATE 2008) 15 1 2 7
1 4.   
124. Let f  z   2 , Then the 4 z  1 z  2  z  2 2
z  3z  2
(GATE 2003)
1
coefficient of 3 in the Laurent series
z 128. An example of a function with a non
expansion of f  z  for z  2, is isolated essential singularity at z  2 is
1. 1 2. 1 3. 3 4. 5 1 1
1. tan 2. sin
(GATE 2007) z2 z2
z2
125. The sum of the residues at all the poles of 3. e z 2  4. tan
z
cot  z
f  z 2
, where a is a constant, (GATE 2003)
 z  a
 1
a  n and a  (2n  1) , n   is 129. For the function f  z   sin , z  0 is a
2 z
1 
1 1. removable singularity
1.  2
  cosec2 a 2. simple pole
 n    n  a 
3. branch point
1  1 4. essential singularity
2.   2
  cosec2 a
 n    n  a  (GATE 2002)
Page 15
1  e z  1 1 1 1

130. For the function f  z   , the point T   f  H ( D) : f    f    , f   
z   2  3 2  4
z  0 is
1 1  1   1  1 
1. an essential singularity f    ,...., f    f    ,...
2. a pole of order zero 5 4  2n   2n  1  2n 
3. a pole of order one
4. a removable singularity Then
(GATE 2000) 1. Both S , T are singleton sets.
2. S is a singleton set but T   .
131.Let f, g be meromorphic functions on  . If 3. T is a singleton set but S   .
f has a zero of order k at z  a and g has a 4. Both S, T are empty.
pole of order m at z  0 , then g  f  z   (CSIR NET June 2016)
has
1. a zero of order km at z  a 134. Number of zeros of the function
2. a pole of order km at z  a 1
f  z   sin   is
3. a zero of order k  m at z  a z
4. a pole of order k  m at z  a 1. 3 2. 4
3. infinite 4. None of these
(CSIR NET June 2014)
132.Let p  z   a0  a1 z  ...  an z n and 135. The zero of first order is known as

2 n
q  z   b1 z  b2 z  ...  bn z be complex 1. complex zero 2. simple zero
3. singularity 4. None of these
polynomials. If a0 , b1 are non zero complex
p z 136. For second order zero
numbers then the residue of at 0 is
q z 1. f  z0   f   z0   0 and f   z0   0
equal to 2. f  z0   0, f   z0   0 and f   z0   0
a b a a
1. 0 2. 1 3. 1 4. 0 3. f  z0   f   z0   f   z0   0
b1 a1 b1 a1
(CSIR NET Dec 2014)
133.Let D be the open unit disc in  and 137.(A) Every analytic function can be
H ( D ) be the collection of all holomorphic represented by power series.
functions on it. Let (B) Taylor series is a power series.
 1 1 1 1. A and B both false
S   f  H (D) : f    , f   2. A and B both true
 2 2 4
3. A is true and B is false
1  1  1  4. A is false and B is true
= ,......., f   ,......
4  2n  2n  138. If an analytic function f  z  has a zero of
and
1
nth order at z   , then the function f  
z
has such a zero
1. at z   2. at each point z
3. at z  0 4. None of these
16
139. If f  a   0, f   a   0, f   a   0, then at Given also that lim f ( z )  ,

z 0
z  a the function f  z  is said to have a We can conclude that
zero of 1. a1  0 and a n  0 for all n  2
1. first order 2. second order 2. a N  0 for some N  1 and a n  0
3. third order 4. None of these
for all n  N
3. a n  0 for all n  1
140. The function f  z   e z  2i
4. a n  0 for all n  1
1. has no zeros
2. has only one zero (CSIR NET Dec 2016)
3. has a countable number of zeros
4. has an uncountable number of zeros 146. Let f be an entire function such that
141. Let S be the disk z  3 in the complex f ( x )   f ( x ) for every real x. then
plane and let f : S   be an analytic 1. f is constant function
 2  2 2. f is even function
function such that f 1  i    2 for
 n  n 3. f is odd function
each natural number n. Then, f  2  is 4. none of these
equal to 147.Let f and g are two analytic functions in
1. 3  2 2 2. 3  2 2
the domain D : z  2 such that neither f
3. 2  3 2 4. 2  3 2
(GATE 2008) non g has zero in D. If
142. For every path between the limits
2 i f ' 1  g' 1 
      n   then
2
 2  z
2
dz 
f n g n
i i i i
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. f ( z )  c g ( z )
2 3 3 2
143. If f  z  is entire function the Taylor 2. f and g are constant functions
series is 3. f  0  g
1. convergent for all z
2. divergent for all z 4. None of these
3. constant
148.Let f be an analytic function on open unit
4. None of these
3 disk D : z  1 such that
144.Let C be the circle z  in the complex
2
plane that is oriented in the counter f ( z)
   n  1 z  1 2
dz  0  n   then
clockwise direction. The value of a for z 1
 z 1 a 
which   2   dz  0 is 1. f is constant
C  z  3 z  2 z  1 
2. f is linear polynomial
1. 1 2. 1
3. 2 4. –2 3. f  0
(CSIR NET Dec 2016)
145.Let f be a holomorphic function on 4. None of these
0  z   ,   0 given by a convergent 2
149.The function f ( z )  z  i z  1 is

Laurent series  an z n . differentiable at
n  
Page 17
1. i 2. 1 153. Let f :  z | z | 1   be a non-constant

3. i 4. no point in 
analytic function. Which of the following
(Gate 2014)
conditions can possibly be satisfied by f ?
150. Suppose f is holomorphic in an open
neighbourhood of z0   . Given that the 1  1  1
1. f    f    2  n  
 n  n  n
series  f  n  z0  converges absolutely,
1  1  1
n0 2. f    f     n
we can conclude that n  n  2n  1
1. f is constant
1
2. f is a polynomial 3. f    2 n  n  
3. f can be extended to an entire function n
4. f  x    for all x   1 1 2
4.  f   n
(CSIR NET June 2017) n n n
151. Let D be the open unit disc in the (CSIR NET June 2018)
 1 1
complex plane and U  D \  ,  . Also, ez
 2 2
let H1   f : D   | f is holomorphic
154. The value of the integral

1 z 1
z 2 1
dz is
and bounded  and 1. 0 2.   i  e

H 2   f : U   | f is holomorphic and
bounded .
3.   i  e    i  e 1 4. e  e 
1
Then the map r : H1  H 2 given by (CSIR NET June 2018)

r  f   f | U , the restriction of f to U, is
1. injective but not surjective -------------------- M C Q ------------------
2. surjective but not injective
ez  1
3. injective and surjective 1. At z  0 the function f  z   z has
4. neither injective nor surjective e 1
1. a removable singularity.
(CSIR NET Dec 2017) 2. a pole.
152. The function f :    defined by 3. an essential singularity.
4. the residue of f  z  is 2.
f  z   e z  e  z has
1. finitely many zeros
2. no zeros
2. Let f be an entire function such that
3. only real zeros
4. has infinitely many zeros lim f  z   . Then
z 
(CSIR NET Dec 2017)
1
1. f   has an essential singularity at 0.
z
2. f cannot be a polynomial
3. f has finitely many zeros
18
1 2. The function f has zeros of order 1 at

4. f   has a pole at 0 2 n, n   1,  2,...
z
(CSIR NET Dec 2011) 3. The function f has zeros of order 4 at 0
3. At z  0 , the function 4. The function f has zeros of order 2 at
2 n , n   1,  2,...
 z 
f  z   exp   has (CSIR NET June 2013)
 1  cos z 
1. a removable singularity. z 1
2. a pole. 7. Let f  z   . Then,
 2 i 
3. an essential singularity. exp   1
 z 
4. the Laurent expansion of f  z  around
1. f has an isolated singularity at z  0 .
z  0 has infinitely many positive and 2. f has a removable singularity at z  1 .
negative powers of z. 3. f has infinitely many poles.
(CSIR NET June 2012) 4. each pole of f is of order 1.
(CSIR NET Dec 2013)
4. Which of the following functions f are
entire functions and have simple zeros at ez
z  ik for all k   . 8. For z   , define f  z   z . Then
e 1
1. f  z   an z n  an 1 z n1  ...  a0 for some 1. f is entire.
n  1 and some a0 , a1 ,..., an  . 2. the only singularities of f are poles.
2. f  z   a sin 2 i z , for some a  . 3. f has infinitely many poles on the
imaginary axis.
 1 4. each pole of f is simple.
3. f  z   b cos 2  iz   , for some b  .
 4 (CSIR NET June 2014)
4. f  z   e , for some c  .
cz 1
9. Let f  z   z for all z   such that
(CSIR NET Dec 2012) e 1
e z  1 . Then
5. Let  k  keik :0    2  for k 1, 2,3. 1. f is meromorphic.
2. the only singularities of f are poles.
Which of the following are necessarily 3. f has infinitely many poles on the
correct ? imaginary axis.
1 1 4. Each pole of f is simple.
1.  dz  0 for k  1, 2,3. (CSIR NET Dec 2015)
2 i  z
k 10. Let f be a holomorphic function on the unit
1 1 disc  z 1 in the complex plane. Which
2.  dz 1.
2 i  z of the following is/are necessarily true ?
1
1. If for each positive integer n we have
1 1 1 1
3.  dz  4. f    2 then f  z   z 2 on the unit
2 i  z n n
2
disc.
1 1 2. If for each positive integer n we have
4.  dz  3.
2 i  z 2
3  1  1
f 1    1   then f  z   z 2 on
(CSIR NET Dec 2012)  n  n
the unit disc.
6. Consider the function n
 1   1
f  z   z 2 1  cos z  , z   . Which of the 3. f cannot satisfy f    for each
n n
following are correct ?
positive integer n.
1. The function f has zeros of order 2 at 0
Page 19
1 1 14. Let f :    be a meromorphic function

4. f cannot satisfy f    for each
 n  n 1 1 n
analytic at 0 satisfying f    for
positive integer n.  n  2n  1
(CSIR NET Dec 2013) n  1. Then
1
11. Let f be an analytic function defined on the 1. f  0  
2
open unit disc in  . Then f is constant if
2. f has a simple pole at z   2
1
1. f    0 for all n  1 . 1
n 3. f  2  
4
1 4. no such meromorphic function exists
2. f  z   0 for all z  .
2 (CSIR NET June 2012)
1
  15. Let D   z   : z  1 be the unit disc. Let
3. f  2   0 for all n 1 .
n  f : D   be an analytic function
4. f  z   0 for all z   1,1 .
 1  2n
(CSIR NET June 2015) satisfying f    for n1. Then
 n  3n  1
12. Let f be an analytic function in  . Then f
2
is constant if the zero set of f contains the 1. f  0  
sequence 3
1 2. f has a simple pole at z  3
1. an  1
n 3. f  3 
n1 1
3
2. an   1 4. no such f exists
n
1
3. an  16. Let f :    be an entire function and let
2n
g :    be defined by
1
4. an  n if 4 does not divide n and an  g  z   f  z   f  z  1 for z  . Which of
n
if 4 divides n. the following statements are true ?
(CSIR NET Dec 2015) 1
2
1. if f    0 for all positive integers n,
1 n
13. Consider the function F  z    2
dx,
1  x  z
then f is a constant function
2. if f  n   0 for all positive integers n,
Im  z   0 . Then there is a meromorphic
then f is a constant function
function G  z  on  that agrees with
1 1 
F  z  when Im  z   0 , such that 3. if f    f   1 for all positive
n n 
1. 1, are poles of G  z  . integers n, then g is a constant function
2. 0,1, are poles of G  z  . 4. if f  n   f  n  1 for all positive
integers n, then g is a constant function
3. 1,2 are poles of G  z  .
(CSIR NET Dec 2011)
4. 1,2 are simple poles of G  z  . 17. Let f ( z ) be the meromorphic function
(CSIR NET June 2016) z
given by . Then
 z
1  e sin z
20
1. z  0 is a pole of order 2. 3. p  z   z n for all complex numbers z

2. for every k  , z  2 ik is a simple
4. p  z  is a constant polynomial
pole.
3. for every k   \{0}, z  k is a simple (CSIR NET Dec 2017)
pole. 22. Let f be an entire function. Consider
4. z    2 i is a pole. 
A  z   | f    z   0 for some positive
n
(CSIR NET Dec 2016)

18. Let f be analytic on the open unit disk integer n . Then
1. if A  , then f is a polynomial
D : z  1 such that
2. if A  , then f is a constant function
f ( z) 3. if A is uncountable, then f is a
  n  1 z  1 dz  0  n   then polynomial
z 1 4. if A is uncountable, then f is a constant
function
1. f is constant
(CSIR NET Dec 2017)
2. f  0
23. Suppose that f :    is an analytic
3. f is polynomial of degree atmost two
function. Then f is a polynomial if
4. None of these
1. for any point a  , if
19. Let f  u  iv be an entire function where 
u , v are the real and imaginary parts of f n
respectively. If the Jacobian matrix

f  z  a  z  a
0
n is a power series
u x  a  u y  a  
Ja    expansion at a, then an  0 for at least
 vx  a  v y  a  
one n
is symmetric for all a   , then
1. f is a polynomial. 2. lim f  z   
z 
2. f is a polynomial of degree  1.
3. f is necessarily a constant function.
4. f is a polynomial of degree strictly 3. lim f  z   M for some M
z 
greater than 1.
n
(CSIR NET June 2017) 4. f  z   M z for z sufficiently large
sin   z / 2 
20. Consider the function f  z   . and for some n
sin   z 
Then f has poles at (CSIR NET June 2018)
1. all integers 24. Let  be an open connected subset of  .
2. all even integers
3. all odd integers Let E   z1, z 2 ,...., zr    . Suppose that
4. all integers of the form 4k  1, k  
f :    is a function such that f|   \E  is
analytic. Then f is analytic on  if
21. Let p  z   z n  an1 z n 1  ...  a0 , where
1. f is continuous on 
a0 ,...., an 1 are complex numbers and let
2. f is bounded on 
q  z   1  an 1 z  ....  a0 z n . If p  z   1 for
all z with z  1 then m
1. q  z   1 for all z with z  1

3. for every j, if 
m

am z  z j  is
2. q  z  is a constant polynomial Laurent series expansion of f at z j ,

Page 21
then am  0 for m  1, 2, 3,....
m
4. for every j, if 
m

am z  z j  is
Laurent series expansion of f at z j ,
then a1  0

22
True false key 85. 4 86. 3 87. 3 88. 3
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 89. 3 90. 3 91. 3 92. 3
5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 93. 3 94. 1 95. 4 96. 4
9. T 10. F 11. F 12. F 97. 3 98. 2 99. 1 100. 1
13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 101. 4 102. 3 103. 4 104. 2
17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T 105. 2 106. 1 107. 3 108. 2
21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 109. 3 110. 1 111. 2 112. 1
25. T 26. F 27. F 28. T 113. 1 114. 4 115. 2 116. 2
29. T 30. T 31. T 32. T 117. 4 118. 3 119. 1 120. 4
33. F 34. T 35. T 36. T 121. 1 122. 3 123. 2 124. 3
37. F 38. T 39. F 125. 1 126. 1 127. 2 128. 1

129. 4 130. 4 131. 2 132. 1
Assignment key 133. 2 134. 3 135. 2 136. 1
SCQ 137. 2 138. 3 139. 2 140. 3
1. 2 2. 4 3. 2 4. 3 141. 1 142. 3 143. 1 144. 3
5. 2 6. 1 7. 3 8. 3 145. 2 146. 3 147. 1 148. 1
9. 3 10. 3 11. 2 12. 2 149. 3 150. 3 151. 3 152. 4
13. 2 14. 3 15. 2 16. 1 153. 1 154. 2
17. 2 18. 3 19. 4 20. 3

21. 4 22. 1 23. 2 24. 3 MCQ
25. 4 26. 1 27. 2 28. 1 1. 2,4 2. 3,4 3. 3,4 4. 2,3
29. 3 30. 1 31. 1 32. 4 5. 2,4 6. 3,4 7. 2,3,4 8. 2,3,4
33. 2 34. 1 35. 1 36. 3 9. 1,2,3,4 10. 1,3 11. 1,2,3,4 12.1,2,3,4
37. 3 38. 1 39. 1 40. 1 13. 3,4 14. 1,2,3 15. 1,2,3 16. 1,3
41. 2 42. 2 43. 3 44. 3 17. 2,3 18. 1,2 19. 1,2 20. 3,4
45. 3 46. 3 47. 3 48. 1 21. 1,2,3 22. 1,3 23. 1,2,3,4 24. 1,3
49. 3 50. 3 51. 2 52. 1
53. 3 54. 4 55. 2 56. 4
57. 2 58. 1 59. 3 60. 3
61. 2 62. 2 63. 4 64. 2
65. 2 66. 4 67. 2 68. 1
69. 4 70. 4 71. 3 72. 2
73. 2 74. 3 75. 3 76. 4
77. 2 78. 2 79. 3 80. 3
81. 1 82. 2 83. 3 84. 4
Page 1
Chapter - 5
Some transformations
5.1 Linear Transformations
Def. Linear Transformation : A function w  f  z   az  b , where ‘a’ and ’b’ are both complex
constants, defined on z-plane is called complex linear transformation.
There are three basic linear transformation :

(i) Linear Translation (ii) Rotation (iii) Magnification
Def. Linear Translation: In a Linear Translation w  az  b ; a  1 and ‘b’ is arbitrary complex

number i.e., it is of the form w  z  b .
eg. Consider the case of given rectangle and linear translation w  z  2  i .......(1)
y v
2+2i 4+2i
i 2+i
2+i 4+i
x
0 2 u
Put z  0 in (1)  w  02i  2i

z2  w  2 2i  4i
z i  w  i  2  i  2  2i
z  2i  w  2  i  2  i  4  2i
Remark : Translation mapping does not change the shape and size of the figure.
Def. Rotation : The linear transformation of the type w  az ; where a  1 is called a rotation.
OR
w  ei .z ; where  is a real number is called rotation.

2
eg. Again consider the case of above rectangle and rotation w  iz we have
y v
–1+2i
2i
i 2+i
0 x
2 –1 0 u
Put z  0  w  i0  0
z2  w  2i
z  2i  w  1  2i
z i  w  1
Remark : A rotation does not change the size and shape of a figure.
Def. Magnification : A linear transformation of the form w  az , where a  0 i.e ‘a’ is real number
greater than zero, then it is called magnification.
e.g. Consider the case of above rectangle and the magnification w  2 z we have
y v
2i 4+2i
i 2+i
0 0 u
2 x 4
Remark : Magnification mapping does not change the shape of the figure but it changes the size of
the figure provided a  1 .
Exercise 5.1
1. Find the image of the closed disc z  1 under the given linear mapping w  f  z 
(i) f  z   z  3i (ii) f  z   z  2  i (iii) f  z   3iz
(iv) f  z   1  i  z (v) f  z   2 z  i (vi) f  z    6  5i  z  1  3i
2. Find the image of the triangle with vertices 0,1 and i under the given linear mapping w  f  z 
i
(i) f  z   z  2i (ii) f  z   3 z (iii) f  z  e4 z
1
(iv) f  z   iz (v) f  z   3 z  i (vi) f  z   1  i  z  2
2
3. Express the given linear mapping w  f  z  as a composition of a rotation, magnification and
translation
Page 3
i
1
(i) f  z   3i z  4 (ii) f  z   5e 5 z  7i (iii) f  z    z  1  3 i
2
4. Which one of the following is true?
(a) T o R  R oT (b) T o M = M oT (c) R o M  M o R (d) None of these.
Answers
1. (i) w  3i  1 (ii) w  2  i  1 (iii) w  3
(iv) w  2 (v) w  i  2 (vi) w  1  3i  61
2. (i) Triangle with vertices 2i,1  2i and 3i

(ii) Triangle with vertices 0,3 and 3i
1 1 1 1
(iii) Triangle with vertices 0, 2 2 i and  2 2i
2 2 2 2
1 1
(iv) Triangle with vertices 0, i and 
2 2
(v) Triangle with vertices i,  3  i and  2i
(vi) Triangle with vertices 2,  1  i and i  1

i
3. (i) f  z   T  M  R  z  where R  z   e 2 z, M  z   3z and T  z   z  4

i
(ii) f  z   T  M  R  z  where R  z   e 5 z, M  z   5 z and T  z   z  7i
1
(iii) f  z   T  M  R  z  where R  z   e i z , M  z   z and T  z   z  1  3 i 4. (c)
2
5.2 Bilinear Transformation
Def. Bilinear Transformation (Mobius transformation) (Linear fractional transformation) : A

az  b
mapping T  z   , where a,b,c,d are complex constants is called bilinear transformation if
cz  d
ad  bc  0 .
Note : If ad  bc  0 then it becomes a constant mapping.
4
Results :
1. A bilinear transformation maps circles or straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
2. If pole of the bilinear transformation lies on the boundary then the image is straight line and if it is
not on the boundary then image is circle.
3. The set of all bilinear transformation forms a non-abelian group under composition of mappings.
Exercise 5.2
In problem 1–4 find the images of the points 0, 1, i and  under the given linear fractional
transformation.
i 2 zi z 1
1. f  z   2. f  z   3. f  z   4. f  z  
z zi z i z
In the problems 5-8, find the image of the disks z  1 and z  i  1 under the given linear fractional
transformation f .
i 2 zi z 1
5. f  z  6. f  z  7. f  z  8. f  z 
z zi z i z
In problems 9-12, find the images of half-planes x  0 and y  1 under the given linear fractional
transformation :-
i 2 zi z 1
9. f  z  10. f  z   11. f  z   12. f  z  
z zi z i z
In problems 1316, find the image of the shaded region under the given bilinear transformation.
z z i
13. f  z   14. f  z   y
z2 z 1
1 x
1
z 1  z 1  i
15. f  z   16. f  z  
z2 z 1 i
1+i .
3 2
.
1i
Page 5
iw
17. In the transformation z  , show that positive half of w-plane given by v  0 correspond to
iw
the circle z  1 in the z-plane.
5  4z
18. Show that the transformation w  transforms the circle z  1 into a circle of radius unity in
4z  2
the w plane. Also find the centre of the circle.
iz  z
19. Show that the relation w  transforms the real axis in z-plane to a circle in the w-plane. Find
4z  i
the centre and radius of the circle and the point in the z-plane which is mapped on the centre of the
circle.
20. Find the radius and the centre of the circle in the w-plane, which corresponds to real axis in z-plane
zea  i
where w  , a being a real constant.
z  ie a
21. Show that the transformation awz  bw  bz  a  0 maps the circle z  1 on the circle w  1 , if
a  b . Find the condition that the interior of first circle may be mapped on the interior of the
second circle.
Answers
1. f  0   , f 1  i, f  i   1, f     0 2. f  0   2i, f 1 1  i, f  i   , f     0
3. f  0    1, f 1  i, f  i   , f    1 4. f  0   , f 1  0, f  i  1  i, f     1
1
5. w  1 and u  6. v  1 and w  2
2
1
7. u  0 and w  1  2 8. w  1  1 and v 
2
1 1
9. v  0 and w   10. u  0 and v  0
2 2
i 1
11. v  0 and u  1 12. u  1 and w  1  
2 2
1 2
13. The image consists of a set of all points w  u  iv such that w   and v  0.
3 3
14. The image consists of a set of all points w  u  iv such that u  v  0 and u  v  1  0.
6
1 9 1
15. The image consists of a set of all points w  u  iv such that w   and u   .
20 20 2
16. The image consists of a set of all points w  u  iv such that w  1 and v  0.
 1  1 1 1
18.   , 0  19. Centre  ,  and radius
 2  8 8 2 2
 1  e 2a  1  e 2a
20. Centre  ,0  and radius
 2e a  2e a
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.3 Some properties of bilinear transformations
Def. Invariant or fixed points : The points which coincide with their transformations are called
invariant or fixed points of the transformation i.e. fixed points of a transformation w  f  z  are
az  b
obtained by the equation z  f  z  . For the transformation w  , the fixed points are given by
cz  d
az  b
w  z i.e. z  .
cz  d
2
Result : In general, there are two fixed points but there is only one fixed point if  a  d   4bc  0 . If
w p z p
there are two distinct fixed point p and q, then transformation may be put in the form k
wq zq
1 1
and if there is only one fixed point p, then transformation may be put in the form  K .
w p z p
Def. Critical points : Consider the bilinear transformation
az  b
w  f ( z)  ......(1)
cz  d
Solving this for z, we get the inverse map
b  wd
z  f 1 (w)  ......(2)
wc  a
The transformation f associates a unique point of the w-plane to any point of z-plane except the point
d
z=  (c  0). The transformation f 1 associates a unique point of the z-plane to any point of
c
a
w-plane except the point w = (c  0). These exceptional points are mapped into the points w = 
c
and z =  respectively which is clear from (1) and (2).
From (1), we have
Page 7
dw (cz  d ).a  (az  b).c ad  bc

 2

dz (cz  d ) (cz  d )2
 d
dw   if z   , c  0
  c
dz 
0 if z  
d
The points z =  and z =  , where the conformal property does not hold are called critical points.
c
Def. Cross Ratio of the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 , z4 is the complex number

 z4  z1   z2  z3  .
 z1  z2   z3  z4 
Result : If w  f  z  is a bilinear transformation that maps the distinct points z1, z2 , z3 and z4 onto
the distinct points w1, w2 , w3 and w4 respectively, then
 z4  z1   z2  z3    w4  w1   w2  w3  i.e a bilinear transformation preserves the cross ratio.

 z1  z2   z3  z4   w1  w2   w3  w4 
Exercise 5.3
In problems 16, construct a linear fractional transformation that takes the given points z1, z2 and z3
onto the given points w1, w2 and w3 respectively :
1. z1  1 , z2  0 , z3  2 ; w1  0 , w2  1 , w3  
2. z1  i , z2  0 , z3  i ; w1  0 , w2  1 , w3  
3. z1  0 , z2  i , z3   ; w1  0 , w2  1 , w3  2
4. z1  1 , z2  0 , z3  1 ; w1  i , w2  0 , w3  
5. z1  1 , z 2  i , z3  i ; w1  1 , w2  0 , w3  3
6. z1  1 , z 2  i , z3  i ; w1  i , w2  i , w3  
In problems 7 to 9, find the invariant (fixed) points of the given transformation :

5z  4 z 1 2iz  5
7. f  z   8. f  z   9. f  z  
z 5 z 1 z  2i
10. Let a,b,c and d be complex numbers such that ad  bc  0.
az  b
(a) Solve the equation w  for z .
cz  d
8
(b) Explain why (a) implies that the linear fractional transformation f  z  
 az  b  is a
 cz  d 
one-to-one function.
11. Consider the equation z  a   z  b where  is a positive real constant.
(a) Show that the set of points satisfying the equation is a line if  1 .
(b) Show that the set of points satisfying the equation is a circle if  1
az  b
12. Let T  z   be a linear fractional transformation.
cz  d
(a) If T  0   0 , then what, if anything, can be said about the coefficients a, b, c,and d ?
(b) If T 1 1, then what, if anything, can be said about the coefficients a, b, c and d ?
(c) T     , then what, if anything, can be said about the coefficients a, b, c and d ?
13. Use problem 12 to show that if T is a linear fractional transformation and T  0   0, T 1 1,
and T      , then T must be the identity function. That is, T  z   z .
14. If  is a fixed point of a bilinear transformation then it must be of the form f  z    z   where
 0.
15. If  is the only fixed point of a bilinear transformation then it must be of the form f  z   z  
where   0 .
16. If 0 and  are the fixed points of a bilinear transformation then it must be of the form f  z    z
where   0 .
17. If 0 and  are the only fixed points of a bilinear transformation then it must be of the form
f  z    z where   0,1 .
Answers
2z  2 iz 2z
1. T  z   2. T  z   3. T  z  
z  2 iz z i
2i z 3 z  3i 3  z  1  i  z  1
4. T  z   5. T  z   6. T  z  
z 1 1  4i  z   4  i   z  1  i 1  z 
7. z  2 8. z  i 9. z  2i  1
b  dw
10. (a) z 
cw  a
Page 9
5.4 Evaluation of Bilinear Transformations
Def. Inverse points of a circle : Two points A and B are said to be inverse points of a circle with
centre at ‘O’ and radius ‘r’ , if A and B are on the same side of centre i.e ‘O’ and  OA  .  OB   r 2 .
O . A. .
B
Results :
1. If a point is outside the circle then its inverse point will be inside the circle and vice-versa.
2. The inverse point of centre of circle is the point at infinity.
3. The inverse point of a point on the boundary is the point itself.
r2
4. Inverse point of ‘a’ w.r.t circle z  z0  r is given by Inv  a   z0 
a  z0
Def. Symmetric points of a line : Two points A and B are said to be symmetric points of a line L if L
is perpendicular bisector of the segment AB.
Three famous equations of a circle in complex plane :
(i) z z  bz  bz  c  0 , where c is real constant and b may be complex.
(ii) z  z0  r ; here z0 is the centre of the circle and the r is the radius.
z p
(iii)  k ; k  1 where p and q are inverse points of circle.
zq
Two equations of line in complex plane :
(i) bz  bz  c  0 ; where c is real constant and b may be complex.
z p
(ii)  1 ; where p and q are symmetric points of the line.
zq
Theorem : Four important theorems on Bilinear Transformation:-
1. If under a bilinear transformation line l1 goes to line l2 then symmetric points of l1 goes to
symmetric points of l2 .
2. If under a bilinear transformation line l goes to circle C then symmetric points of l goes to inverse
points of C.
10
3. If under a bilinear transformation circle C1 goes to circle C2 then inverse points of C1 goes to
inverse points of C2 .
4. If under a bilinear transformation circle C goes to line l then inverse points of C goes to
symmetric points of l.
Results :
1. Symmetric point of ‘z’ w.r.t. x-axis is ‘ z ’.
2. Symmetric point of ‘z’ w.r.t. y-axis is ‘  z ’.
Exercise 5.4
1. Find all bilinear transformations which maps Im  z   0 to w  1 i.e which maps upper half plane
to unit circle with centre at origin.

2. Find all bilinear transformations which maps Im  z   0 to w  1 i.e which maps lower half plane
to unit circle with centre at origin.

3. Find all bilinear transformations which transforms Re  z   0 to w  1 i.e right half plane to unit
circle.
4. Find all bilinear transformations which transforms Re  z   0 to w  1 i.e left half plane to unit
circle.
5. Find all bilinear transformations which maps z  1 to w  1 i.e unit circle to unit circle.
6. Find all bilinear transformations which maps z  r1 to w  r2 .
Answers
 z    z  
1. w  ei    , Im    0 3. w  ei   , Re    0
 z    z  
 z  
5. w  ei  z if c  0 and w  ei   ,   1 if c  0
  z 1 
r2 i   z  
6. w  e z if c  0 and w  r2r1 ei  ,   r1 if c  0
r1   z  r 2 
 1 
Page 11
5.5 Conformal Mappings
Def. Conformal Mapping : Let w  f  z  be a complex mapping defined in a domain D and let z0 be
a point in D. Then we say that w  f  z  is conformal at z0 if for every pair of smooth curves
C1 and C2 in D intersecting at z0 the angle between C1 and C2 at z0 is equal to the angle between the
image curves C1 and C2 at f  z0  in both magnitude and sense.
Def. Isogonal mapping : A mapping which preserves the magnitudes of angles but not necessarily the
sense is called isogonal mapping.
Example : The mapping w  z is isogonal but not conformal.
Theorem 1 : Conformal mapping : If f is an analytic function in a domain D containing z0 , and if
f   z0   0, then w  f  z  is a conformal mapping at z0 .
Def. Critical point : If a complex function f is analytic at a point z0 and if f   z0   0, then z0 is
called a critical point of f.

Although it does not follow from Theorem 1, it is true that analytic functions are not conformal
at critical points. More specifically, we can show that the following magnification of angles occurs at
a critical point.
Theorem 2 : Angle Magnification at a Critical Point : Let f be analytic at the critical point z0 . If
n  1 is an integer such that f   z0   f   z0   ...  f    z0   0 and f    z0   0, then the angle

n 1 n
between any two smooth curves intersecting at z0 is increased by a factor of n by the complex
mapping w  f  z  . In particular, w  f  z  is not a conformal mapping at z0 .
Exercise 5.5
In problems 114, determine where the complex mapping w  f  z  is conformal.
1. f  z   z 3  3 z  1 2. f  z   z 2  2iz  3 3. f  z   z  e  z  1  i
2 2
4. f  z   ze z 5. f  z   tan z 6. f  z   z  Ln  z  i 
1
7. f  z   8. f  z   sin z 9. f  z   cos z
z
12
1 3
10. f  z   z  11. f  z   z  e z  5 12. f  z   ze z  1
z
13. f  z   z  az 2 14. f  z   z  az 3
In problems 15-22 determine points where the complex mapping w  f  z  fails to be conformal.
2
15. f  z   z 2 16. f  z   z 2  e z 17. f  z   z 5  1 18. f  z   cosh z
3 2 2
19. f  z   sinh z 20. f  z    z  i  21. f  z    iz  3 22. f  z   e z
Answers
 1 1 
1.   1, 1 2.   i 3.    2n  1  i 4.    i,  i
 2 2 
 
5.    2n  1  6.    z : x  0, y  1  0  1  i 7.   0
 2
 
8.    2n  1  9.   n  10.   0,1, 1 11.   2n i
 2
 1 1 1 
 1  3  1  3  1  3 2   1
12.      ,     ,      13.  if a  0 and     if a  0
 3   3   3   2a 
 
 i i  log 
14.  if a  0 and    ,  if a  0 15. 0 16. 0,  i
 3a 3a  
i
17. 0 18. n i 19.  2n  1 20. i 21. 3i 22. 0
2
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5.6 Some more mappings
Results : The mappings w  sin z and w  cos z

(i) maps the horizontal lines to ellipses.
(ii) maps the vertical lines to the hyperbolas.
Exercise 5.6
1
1. Find the image of z  1 and x  0 under the mapping f  z   .
z
1
2. Find the image of unit circle z  1 under the mapping f  z   z  .
z
Page 13
3. Find the image of x  1 and y  1 under the mapping f  z   z 2 .
4. Find the image of first quadrant i.e., S   z : Re  z   0, Im  z   0 under the mapping w  z 2 .
5. Find the image of x  1, and y  1 under the mapping f  z   sin z .
6. Find the image of x  1 and y  1 under the mapping f  z   cos z .
Answers
v2 v2
1. w  1 and u  0 2. w  2cos ,0    2 3. u  1  and u   1
4 4
2 2 2 2
 u   v   u   v 
5.      1 and     1
 sin1   cos1   cosh1   sinh1 
2 2 2 2
 u   v   u   v 
6.      1 and     1
 cos1   sin1   cosh1   sinh1 
Page 1
True-false exercise 12. Given any three distinct points z1 , z2 and

z3 there is a linear fractional transformation
1. If f ( z ) is analytic at a point z0 , then the that maps z1 , z2 and z3 onto 0,1 and  .
mapping w  f ( z ) is conformal at z0 .
13. The inverse of the linear fractional
2
2. The mapping w  z  iz  1 is not transformation T ( z )  (az  b) / (cz  d ) is
i T 1 ( z )  (cz  d ) / (az  b) .
conformal at z   .
2
14. There exist transcendental entire functions
2
3. The mapping w  z  1 is not conformal at having no fixed points.
z  i .
15. The composition of two Mobius
4. The mapping w  z fails to be conformal transformations is again a Mobius
at every point in the complex plane. transformation.
5. A linear fractional transformation is 16. The set M of all Mobius transformations

conformal at every point in its domain. az  b
Tabcd ( z )  with ad  bc  0, forms a
cz  d
6. The entire complex plane is mapped onto group with respect to the composition as a
the real axis v  0 by w  z  z . binary operation.
7. The entire complex plane is mapped onto 17. A Mobius transformation f :     

z
the unit circle w  1 by w  . taking 0, 1, 6 into 2, 3, 4 respectively, is
z z  (2 / 3)
f (z)  .
z  (3 / 2)
8. A Mobius transformation which carries the
upper half-plane onto the unit disk D such 18. A Mobius transformation, which maps the
that z  2i is mapped onto w  0 while
upper half-plane  z : Im z  0 onto itself
2i  z
z   is mapped onto w  1 is . and fixing 0,  and no other points, must
z  2i
be of the form T ( z )   z for some   0
9. The lines x  3 and x  3 are mapped and   1 .
onto to the same parabola by w  z 2 .
19. A Mobius transformation, which maps the
10. The image of a circle under a linear upper half-plane  z : Im z  0 onto itself
fractional transformation is a circle. which fixes  and no other points must be
of the form T ( z )  z   for some   0
11. The linear fractional transformation with    .
z i
T (z)  maps the points 0, 1 and i
zi 20. Let T be a Mobius transformation such that
onto the points i,  and 0 respectively. T fixes  . Then T carries  onto itself iff
T ( z )   z   for some    \ 0 ,    .
2
Assignment 1
8. Under the transformation w  , the image
z
---------------- S C Q --------------------- 1
of the line y  in z –plane is
4
1. The inverse point of 1  i with respect to the 1. circle u  v 2  4v  0
2
circle z  1  2 is 2. circle u 2  v 2  4
1. 1  i 2. 1  4i 3. circle u 2  v 2  2
3. 1  2i 4. 1  i 4. None of the above
2. The inverse point of the point z with respect 9. The mapping w  z 2  2 z  3 is

to the circle z  r is 1. conformal within z  1
r2 r2 2. not conformal at z 1
1. 2.
z z 3. not conformal at z   1 and z  3
r 4. conformal everywhere
3. 4. None of these
z
10. The fixed points of the mapping
i
4
3. By the transformation w  ze , the line w
 5 z  4  are
x  0 is transformed into the line  z  5
1. v   u 2. v  u 1. 2, 2 2. 2, 2
3. u  v 1 4. v  0 4
3. 2, 2 4. ,5
5
4. Under the transformation w  z  1  i, the
image of the line y  0 in the z –plane is z2 z
11. If T1  z   and T2  z   , then
1. v  1 2. v   1 z 3 z 1
3. u  1 4. u  0 T2T1  z  is
2
1. z  2 2.
z  2z  5
5. Critical points of w  ,     0
 z  z2
3. 4. None of these
are 2z  5
 
1.  2.  and  12. The invariant point of the transformation
 
z 1
 w are
3.  and 0 4. None of these z 1

1. z  i 2. z   i
6. The bilinear transformation which maps the i i
3. z  4. z 
points z  1, z  0, z   1 of z-plane into 2 2
w  i, w  0, w   i of w-plane respectively is
z2
1. w  iz 2. w  z 13. If T  z   , then T 1  z  is
z3
3. w  i  z  1 4. None of these 2  3z 2  3z
1. 2.
z 1 z 1
7. Under the transformation w  1  i  z  2  i, 1
3. 4. None of these
the line x  0 is mapped into the line z 3
1. u  v 1 2. v  u 1
3. u  2v 1 4. None of these
Page 3
14. The Mobius transformation maps the 3. a circle 4. a hyperbola

points 1  2i, 2  i, 2  3i, respectively into 19. The mapping f  z   z is
2  2i, 1  3i, 4 is 1. conformal
i 1  z  2. isogonal
1.   3. neither conformal nor isogonal
1 z
4. analytic
1 z
2.  
1 z az  b
20. The transformation w  is said to be
cz  d
3.  
 20  18i    32  12i  z normalized, if ad  bc is equal to
 29  17i   11  3i  z 1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
4.  
 20  18i    32  12i  z 21. Under the mapping w  z  2  i, the image
 29  17i   11  3i  z of line y  0 is
1. Im  w  1 2. Im  w    1
15. For which of the following mappings the 3. Re  w  1 4. Re  w    1
point  is the only fixed point.
1. f  z   2 z  3 
i
2. f  z   3 z 22. By the transformation w  ze 3 , the line
z 1
y  0 in the z-plane is transformed into the
3. f  z   line
z 1
4. f  z   z  2018i 1. v  3u 2. u  3v
3. u  3v  0 4. v  3u  0
z2 z
16. If T1  z   and T2  z   , then 23. The function f  z   z 2 maps the first
z 3 z 1
1
T2 T1  z  is equal to quadrant onto
1. itself
1. z  3 2. z  2 2. upper half plane
3. z  6 4. z  3 3. third quadrant
4. right half plane
z2 z
17. If T1  z   and T2  z   , then
z 3 z 1 24. An example of a map which is conformal
T1T2  z  is equal to in the whole of its domain of definition is
3z  2 2 1. f  z   z 2 2. f  z   e z 2
1. 2. 2
4z  2 2z 1 3. f  z   cos z 4. f  z   e z
3z
3. 4. None of these
4z  2 2z
25. The bilinear transformation w 
z2
18. If z1  z 2  z3  z4 in C . Then, cross ratio
maps  z : z  1  1 onto
 z1 , z2 , z3 , z4  is a real number if
z1 , z 2 , z3 , z4 lies on
1. w : Re  w  0
1. triangle 2. a parabola 2. w : Im  w  0
4
3. w : Re  w  0 1. The horizontal lines to circles.

2. The horizontal lines to ellipses.
4. w : w  2  1 3. The horizontal lines to hyperbolas.
3
26. If f  z    z  2  g  z  , where g  z  is 4. The horizontal lines to vertical lines.
analytic in z  2  r and g  2   0, if az  b
33. The Mobius transformation w 
 cz  d
angle at the vertex z  2 is , then the
3 maps the unit circles in the w-plane into
angle at f  2  is straight line in the z-plane, if
1. a  b 2. b  c
2  
1. 2.  3. 4.
3 2 3 3. c  d 4. d  a
27. The cross ratio of the four points 34. The magnification factor of the conformal
 z1 , z2 , z3 , z4  is real if and only if the four i
mapping w  2e 4 z  1  2i  is
points, lie on a
1. circle 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 2
2. straight line
3. circle and on a straight line az  b
35. If a bilinear transformation w 
4. circle or on a straight line cz  d
which has one fixed point at  and the
2iz  5 other fixed point  , has the form
28. The fixed points of f  z   are
z  2i w      z    , then  equal to
1. 1  i 2. 1  2i d c a b
3. 2i  1 4. i  1 1. 2. 3. 4.
a b d c
29. A Mobius transformation which 100
transforms the upper half plane onto the 36. Let f  z    z  z0  e z , then the mapping
lower half plane is w  f  z  magnifies the angle at the vertex
zi
1. w  z 2. w  z0 by the factor k, where k is
z i
1 z i 1. 1 2. 100 3. 101 4. 0
3. w  4. w 
z zi
37. A linear transformation which takes the
30. Bilinear transformation, which maps the triangle   z    0,1, i  in the z-plane into
half plane Im  z   0 onto the circular the triangle   w    1,  i, i  in the w-
disc w  1, is plane is
1. W  1  i  z  1 2. W  1  i  z  1
 z    z  
1. w  ei   2. w  ei   3. W  1  i  z  1 4. W  1  i  z  1
 z    z  
 z  
3. w  ei   4. None of these 38. Which of the following transformation is
  z 1 
not conformal in a unit disc centered at
origin
31. The image of x  constant under the
1. esin z 2. elog z
transformation w  sin z is 2
1. a parabola 2. a hyperbola 3. esin z 4. e tan z

3. a circle 4. an ellipse
39. The non constant transformation w  z is
32. The mapping f  z   sin z maps 1. both isogonal and conformal
2. isogonal but not conformal
Page 5
3. conformal but not isogonal 45. Let f be a bilinear transformation that maps
4. neither isogonal nor conformal 1 to 1, i to  and i to 0. Then, f 1 is
5  4z equal to
40. A transformation w  transforms
4z  2 1. –2 2. –1 3. iI 4. i
the circle z 1 into a circle (in w-plane) (GATE 2008)
whose centre is 46. Let G1 and G2 be the images of the disc
1 
1.  ,0 
 1 1
2.   ,   z   : z  1  1 under the
2   2 2 1  i  z  2
 1  1 1 transformations   and
3.   , 0  4.  ,   1  i  z  2
 2  2 2

1  i  z  2 , respectively. Then,
41. The bilinear transformation that maps the 1  i  z  2
points z1  2, z 2  i, z3   2 into the points 1. G1  w   : Im  w   0 and
w1 1, w2  i, w3   1 is G2  w   : Im  w   0
3z  2i 3z  2i
1. w  2. w  2. G1  w   : Im  w   0 and
iz  6 iz  6
3 z  2i 3 z  2i G2  w   : Im  w   0
3. w  4. w 
iz  6 iz  6 3. G1 w   : w  2 and
42. Critical points of transformation G2  w   : w  2

1 1 4. G1 w   : w  2 and
w   z   are
2 z
G2  w   : w  2
1. ,0 2. 0,
(GATE 2007)
3. 1 4. 
47. Define f :    by
43. The bilinear transformation w which maps
the points 0,1, in the z-plane onto the 0, if Re  z   0 or Im  z   0,
f  z 
points i, ,1 in the w-plane is  z, otherwise
z 1 z i Then, the set of points, where f is analytic
1. 2.
z i z 1 is
z i z 1 1.  z : Re  z   0 and Im  z   0
3. 4.
z 1 z i 2.  z : Re  z   0
(GATE 2003)
3.  z : Re  z   0 or Im  z   0
44. The function f  z   z 2 maps the first 4.  z : Im  z   0 (GATE 2007)
quadrant onto 48. Let w  f  z  be the bilinear transformation
1. itself 2. upper half plane
that maps 1, 0 and 1 to i,1 and i,
3. third quadrant 4. right half plane
(GATE 2002) respectively. Then, f 1  i  equals
1. 1  2i 2. 2i
3. 2  i 4. 1  i
(GATE 2004)
6
49. Let f  u  iv and g  v  iu be non zero 54. The set of all bilinear transformations
analytic functions on z  1. Then, it under the product of transformations forms
1. a semi group
follows that 2. an abelian group
1. f   0 3. a non abelian group
2. f is conformal on z  1 4. None of these
3. f  kg for some real k 55. Consider the map  :  \ 1   given by
4. f is one to one
1 z
(GATE 2004)   z  .
1 z
az  b z   Which of the following is true ?
50. Let w  z   and f  z   be
cz  d  z 
bilinear (Mobius) transformations. Then, 1.  z   | z | 1  z   | z | 1
the following is also a bilinear
transformation 2.   z   Re  z   0   z   Re  z   0
1. f  z  w  z  2. f  w  z  
3.  is onto
1
3. f  z   w  z  4. f  z  
w z 4.    \ 1    \ 1
(GATE 2002) (CSIR NET June 2018)
2iz  5
51. The fixed points of f  z   are ----------------------- MCQ -------------------------
z  2i
1. 1  i 2. 1  2i
3. 2i  1 4. i  1 1. Define H    z   : y  0
(GATE 2001) H    z   : y  0
L   z   : x  0
 z p 
52. The transformation w  ei   , where L   z   : x  0
 pz  1 
p is a constant, maps z  1 onto z
The function f  z  
3z  1
1. w  1, if p  1 2. w  1, if p  1
1. maps H onto H  and H  onto H 

3. w  1, if p  1 4. w  3, if p  0 2. maps H  onto H  and H  onto H 

(GATE 2000) 3. maps H  onto L and H  onto L
4. maps H  onto L and H  onto L
53.Let a, b, c, d   be such that ad  bc  0 . (CSIR NET June 2011)
Consider the Mobius transformation 2. Let U be an open subset of  containing
Ta ,b ,c ,d  z  
az  b
. Define  z  : z  1 and let f :U   be the map
cz  d za
H    z   :Im  z   0 , defined by f  z   ei for a  D and
1  az
H    z   :Im  z   0    0, 2 . Which of the following
R   z   :Re  z   0, statements are true ?
R   z   :Re  z   0 1. f  ei  1for 0    2
Then, Ta ,b ,c ,d maps 2. f maps  z   : z  1 onto itself
1. H  to H  2. H  to H  3. f maps  z   : z  1 into itself
3. R to R 4. R to R 4. f is one one
(CSIR NET Dec 2015) (CSIR NET Dec 2011)
Page 7
3. For z   of the form z  x  iy, define open unit disc. Suppose that f is a Mobius
H +   z   : y  0 , transformation, which maps H conformally
onto D. Suppose that f  2i   0 . Pick each
H -   z   : y  0 ,
correct statement from below.
L+   z   : x  0 , 1. f has a simple pole at z  2i .
L-   z   : x  0. 2. f satisfies f  i  f  i   1 .
2z  1 3. f has an essential singularity at
The function f  z  
5z  3 z  2i .
1. maps H + onto H + and H - onto H - 1
4. f  2  2i   .
2. maps H + onto H - and H - onto H + 5
3. maps H + onto L+ and H - onto L-
4. maps H + onto L- and H - onto L+ 7. Consider the Mobius transformation
(CSIR NET June 2012) 1
f  z   , z  , z  0 . If C denotes a
z
1 circle with positive radius passing through
4. Let f  z   z  for z   with z  0.
z the origin, then f maps C \ 0 to
Which of the following are always true ?
1. a circle
1. f is an analytic function on  \ 0. 2. a line
2. f is a conformal map on  \ 0. 3. a line passing through the origin
3. f maps the unit circle to a subset of the 4. a line not passing through the origin
real axis. (CSIR NET June 2017)
4. The image of any circle in  \ 0 is
again a circle.
(CSIR NET Dec 2012)
1 z
5. Let f  z   . Which of the following
1 z
is/are true?
1. f maps  z 1 onto Re  z   0.
2. f maps  z 1, Im  z   0 , onto
Re  z   0, Im  z   0.
3. f maps  z 1, Im  z   0 onto
Re  z   0, Im  z   0.
4. f maps  z 1 onto Im  z   0 .
(CSIR NET Dec 2013)
6. Let H   z  x  iy   : y  0 be the upper

half plane and D   z   : z  1 be the
8
True false key

1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T
5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T
9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T
13. F 14. T 15. T 16. T
17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T
Assignment key
SCQ
1. 2 2. 2 3. 1 4. 2
5. 2 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1
9. 2 10. 2 11. 3 12. 2
13. 2 14. 4 15. 4 16. 2
17. 4 18. 3 19. 2 20. 2
21. 2 22. 1 23. 2 24. 2
25. 1 26. 2 27. 4 28. 3
29. 3 30. 1 31. 2 32. 2
33. 3 34. 4 35. 3 36. 2
37. 1 38. 3 39. 2 40. 3
41. 4 42. 3 43. 3 44. 2
45. 2 46. 2 47. 1 48. 1
49. 1 50. 2 51. 3 52. 1
53. 1 54. 3 55. 4
MCQ
1. 1 2. 1,2,3,4 3. 1
4. 1,3 5. 1,2 6. 1,2,4
7. 2,4
Page 1
Chapter - 6
Some more topics
6.1 Maximum and minimum modulus principle
Maximum Modulus Principle : Let D be a domain and D denotes its boundary. If a function f is
non-constant and analytic on D  D then f  z  attains its maximum on D .
Minimum Modulus Principle : Let D be a domain and D denotes its boundary. If a function f is non
constant and analytic on D  D and f  z   0 for all z  D then f  z  attains its minimum on D .
Maximum modulus theorem : Let D be a domain and D denotes its boundary. If a function f is
non-constant and analytic on D and continuous on D  D then f  z  attains its maximum on D .
Minimum modulus theorem : Let D be a domain and D denotes its boundary. If a function f is
non-constant and analytic on D , f  z   0 for all z  D and continuous on D  D then f  z 
attains its minimum on D .

Remarks :
1. The function f  z   z 2 is analytic and non-constant on z  1 and minimum value of f  z  is
attained on the point z  0 , which is not a point of the boundary. Is this a contradiction to
minimum modulus principle.
2. Another version of maximum modulus principle : If a function f is analytic within and on the
boundary of a domain D and f  z  assumes the maximum value at some interior point of D, then
f must be constant.
Some Results :
1. Maximum modulus of f  z   az  b on the circular region z  1 is a  b and this maximum is
attained at the point z  ei  where   arg  b   arg  a  .
2. Maximum modulus of f  z   az  b on the circular region z  r is a r  b and this maximum is
attained at the point z  r ei  where   arg  b   arg  a  .
3. Maximum modulus of f  z   az  b on the circular region z  z0  r is a  z0  r   b .

2
4. Maximum modulus of f  z   az n  b on the circular region z  1 is a  b .
5. Maximum modulus of f  z   e z on the circular region z  z0  r is e  0  and this maximum

R e z r
is attained at the point z0  r .
Exercise 6.1
Find the maximum modulus and its point of attainment of the following function on the indicated
region :
(1) f  z   2 z  5i on z  1 (2) f  z   iz  i on z  5
(3) f  z   z 2  4 z on z  1 (4) f  z   z 3  3z  1 on z  1
2
(5) f  z   z 2 on z  1  i  1 (6) f  z    iz  3 on z  1
2
(7) f  z   2iz 2  5 on z  1 
(8) f  z   z  2  2 3i  on z  1
Answers
1. 7 at z  i 2. 6 at z  5 3. 5 at z  1 4. 5 at z  1
5. 3  2 2 6. 16 at z  i 7. 7 8. 25
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.2 Schwartz Lemma
Schwarz Lemma : Let D   z  C : z  1 and f : D  D be an analytic function such that z  0 is
a simple zero of f  z  i.e., f  0   0, f '  0   0.
Then
(i) f  z   z for all z  D .
(ii) f '  0   1 .
Further, inequality holds either in (i) for some z0  0 or in (ii) iff f  z   cz with c  1 i.e., f is a
rotation.
Proof : Let f  z   a0  a1 z  a2 z 2  ...... be the Taylor’s series expansion of f  z  in D. Now,
f  0   0 gives a0  0 so that f  z   a1 z  a2 z 2  a3 z 3  .....
 f z
 for z  0, z  D
Here, f '  0   a1 . Now, we define a function g on D by g  z    z
 f '  0   a1 for z0

Page 3
Then, clearly, g is analytic on D  0 and continuous on D, so by Riemann’s removability theorem,
g must be analytic on D. Now, we claim that g  z   1 for all z  D . Let 0  r  1 and
Dr   z : z  r , then g is analytic on Dr and continuous on its closure Dr   z : z  r  . Therefore,
maximum modulus theorem is applicable. Now f  z   1 for all z  D so for z  r , we have
f z 1 1
g  z   i.e., is an upper bound of g  z  on z  r . So by maximum modulus theorem,
z r r
1
we obtain g  z   for all z  r . Since r is arbitrary, by letting r  1, we obtain that g  z   1 for
r
f  z
all z  D   1 for all z  D  f  z   z for all z  D which proves (i).
z
To prove (ii), we see that g  z   1 for all z  D . Taking z  0 , we have g  0   1  f '  0  1 .
Further, equality holds in (i) for some z0  0, z0  D implies that f  z0   z0 i.e., g  z0   1 . It
follows that g attains its maximum modulus at an interior point z0 . Therefore, by maximum modulus
theorem, g must be a constant function, say g  z   c for all z  D . Then, g  z0   1 gives c  1 and
so f  z   cz with c  1 .
Also, equality holds in (ii) implies that f '  0   1 i.e., g  0   1, which shows that g attains its
maximum at interior point z  0 . By above reasoning, we obtain the required result at once.
General version of Schwartz Lemma : Let f  z  be analytic in z  a  r such that f  z  has a zero
of order n at z  a and f  z   M for all z in z  a  r . Then

n
M za
(i) f  z  for all z in z  a  r .
rn
M n
f   a  n
n
(ii)
r
Further equality holds in (i) (for some z  a ) or in (ii) if and only if f  z  is of the form
n
M .c  z  a 
f  z  where c  1.
rn
4
Schwartz Pick Lemma : Let f  z  be analytic in D   z : z  1 such that f  z   1 for all z in D.
2
1 f  z
Then (i) f ' z   2
for all z in D.
1 z
f  z   f a za
(ii)  for all a and z in D.
1 f a f  z  1  az
f  0  z
(iii) f  z  for all z in D.
1  f 0 z
Remark : Schwartz Lemma is a special case of Schwartz Pick Lemma.
Exercise 6.2
1  3  17
1. Prove that there exists no function f that is analytic in D s.t. f    0 and f     .
4  4  20
1
2. Prove that there exists no function f that is analytic in D such that f  z   1 , f    0 and
3
 2 5
f    .
 3 6
1 1
3. Find the estimate of f   where f is an analytic function from D to D s.t. f    0 .
4 2
1  1  19
4. Prove that there exists no function f : D  D s.t. f    0 and f     .
2  2  20
19 4
5. Prove that the existence of the function is guaranteed in above question if is replaced by .
20 5
1  1 3
6. Show that there exists an analytic function f : D  D s.t. f    0 and f     .
 3  3 5
1 1 4
7. Prove that there exists an analytic function f : D  D s.t. f    0 and f '    .
2 2 3
1 3
8. Prove that there exists an analytic function f : D  D s.t. f  0   and f '  0   .
2 4
1 3 1 3
9. Prove that there exists no function f : D  D s.t. f    and f '    .
2 4 2 4
1 3
10. Does there exists an analytic function f : D  D with f  0    and f '  0   .
2 4
1 4
11. Does there exists an analytic function f : D  D with f  0    and f '  0   .
2 5
Page 5
6.3 Rouche’s theorem
Rouche’s theorem : Let f  z  and g  z  are analytic within and on a simple closed contour C such
that g  z   f  z  for all z on C (i.e. boundary) then f  z  and f  z   g  z  has same number of
zeros inside C, counting multiplicity.
Exercise 6.3
1. Determine the number of zeros, counting multiplicities, of the polynomial
(i) z 6  5 z 4  z 3  2 z (ii) 2 z 4  2 z 3  2 z 2  2 z  9 (iii) z 7  4 z 3  z  1  0

inside the circle z  1 .
2. Determine the number of zeros, counting multiplicities of the polynomial
(i) z 4  3 z 3  6 (ii) z 4  2 z 3  9 z 2  z  1 (iii) z 5  3 z 3  z 2  1

inside the circle z  2 .
3. Determine the number of roots, counting multiplicities, of the equation 2 z 5  6 z 2  z  1  0 in the

annulus 1  z  2 .
4. Show that the polynomial z 6  5 z 4  7 has no zeros in z  1 , four zeros in z  2 and all the six
zeros in z  3 .
5. Show that all the seven zeros of the polynomial z 7  10 z 3  14 lie within the annulus 1  z  2 .
1
6. Show that the polynomial 4 z 4  2 1  i  z  1 has one zero in z  and three zeros in the annulus
2
1
 z  1.
2
7. Show that all the roots of the equation z 4  6 z  3  0 are inside the circle z  2 .
8. Show that if c is a complex number s.t. c  e , then the equation c z n  e z has n roots, counting
multiplicities, inside the circle z  1 .
9. How many roots of the equation 6 z 4  z 3  7 z 2  z  1  0 lie in the disc z  1 . [NET Dec.2010]
6
Answers
1. (i) 4 (ii) 0 (iii) 3 2. (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 5 3. 3 9. 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.4 Argument Principle
Argument principle : Let C be a simple closed contour lying entirely within a domain D. Suppose f
is analytic in D except at a finite number of poles inside C, and that f  z   0 on C. Then
1 f ' z 
 dz  N  P
2 i C f  z 
where N is the total number of zeros of f inside C and P is the total number of poles of f inside C
(counting multiplicities).
Exercise 6.4
f ( z )
In problems 1-2, evaluate the integral  f ( z)
dz for the given function f and closed contour C :
C
1. f ( z )  z 6  2iz 4  (5  i ) z 2  10 , C encloses all zeros of f
( z  3iz  2)2 3
2. f ( z )  2 5
, C is z 
z ( z  2 z  2) 2
In problems 3-6 , evaluate the given integral on the indicated closed contour C:
2z 1 z
3.  z 2  z dz , C is z  2 4.  z 2  4 dz , C is z  3
C C
5.  cot z dz , C is the rectangular contour with vertices 10  i ,  4  i ,  4  i and 10  i

C
6.  tan  z dz , C is z 1  2
C
Answers
1. 12 i 2. 18 i 3. 4 i 4. 2 i 5. 10 i 6. 8i
Page 7
6.5 Constant function theorem

Little Picard theorem : A non-constant entire function can omit atmost one value.
OR
If an entire function omit two or more values, then it becomes constant function.
Result : (i) e    0 , i.e., the function f ( z )  e z omit the number zero.
(ii) sin   , cos   , sinh   , cosh    , i.e., sin z, cos z, sinh z and cosh z omit no
complex number.
Constant function theorem : Let f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y  be an entire function. Then if any one of
the following conditions is satisfied then f  z  will be a constant function.
1. f ' z   0 2. Re  f  z   is constant 3. Im  f  z   is constant
4. f  z  is constant 5. Arg  f  z   is constant 6. Re  f  z   is bounded
7. Im  f  z   is bounded 8. Re  f  z    k 9. Im  f  z    k
10. Re  f  z    k 11. Im  f  z    k 12. f  z  is harmonic
13. f  z  is analytic in D 14. u  v 2 15. v  u 2
16. au  bv  c ; where a,b and c are complex constant

17. If u  x, y  and v  x, y  are harmonic conjugate of each other.
Open mapping theorem : A non-constant analytic function maps open set to a open set.
or
If image of an open set is not open under an analytic function then the function is a constant function.
or
Let f be a non-constant analytic function on a domain D. Let x0 be an interior point of D then f ( x0 )
is an interior point of f ( D ) .
Corollary : If f is an analytic function in a domain D and f ( D ) lies on a curve then function is a
constant function.
Result : A non-constant entire function can have atmost countable zeros. In other words, a non-
constant entire function has either finitely many zeros or denumerable zeros.
8
6.6 Some more theorems
Extended Liouville’s theorem : Let f :    be an entire function such that

k
f ( z )  A  B z ; A, B  0, k    0  f ( z)  A z  for sufficient large  , then f is a
k
polynomial of degree atmost k.

Riemann’s Removability theorem : Let f be a continuous function a domain D   and analytic on
D except the points of line segment ( or a fine curve in D ) then f is analytic in D.
Picard’s theorem for meromorphic functions : A non constant meromorphic function can omit
atmost two points.
Page 1
True-false exercise 12. If f  u  iv is entire and u 2  v 2  2004

on  , then f is a constant.
1. There exist an analytic function f defined
on  \ 0 such that f '( z )  1/ z 13. All the roots of the polynomial
p( z )  1  z  z 2  z 3  z 4 have absolute
2. There exists an analytic function f of  value less than 2.
onto itself such that
f (0)  1/ 2, f (1/ 2)  1/ 3 and 14. If f  u  iv is analytic in a domain D such
f (1/ 3)  1/ 4 . that au  bv is constant, where a, b are real
constants (not both zero), then f is
3. There exists an analytic function constant.
f :    such that f (1/ 2)  0 and
f '(1 / 2)  4 / 3 15. If f is analytic in   except for a finite
number of poles, then the number poles and
zeros of f (counted according to
4. There exists an analytic function
multiplicity) are equal.
f :    such that f (0)  1/ 2 and
1
f '(0)  3 / 4 . 16.  z dz  2 i .
z 1
e 1  2z
5. There exists an analytic function
f :    such that f (1/ 2)  3 / 4 and
f '(1/ 2)  3 / 4 . Assignment
6. If f and g are two entire functions such ---------------- S C Q ---------------------

that e f  e g  1 , then f and g are constant
1. The number of zeros, counting multiplicities, of
functions.
the polynomial z 5  3z 3  z 2  1 inside the
7. If f is entire and Re f ( z ) is bounded as circle z  2 is
1. 0 2. 2 3. 3 4. 5
z   , then f is constant. (GATE 2004)
8. Suppose f is entire which takes real z into 2. If f  z   z 5  3iz 2  2 z  i  1 and C encloses

real and purely imaginary into purely f ' z 
imaginary. Then f is an odd function. zeros of f  z  , then  f  z  dz is
C
9. If f is entire such that f omits a non-empty 1. 5 i 2. 0

disk, then f is constant. 3. 10 i 4. None of these
3. Let f be a polynomial function on the entire

10. An entire function f whose imaginary part
is the square of the real part is constant in complex plane, such that f  z   0 for z such
. 1 f  z 
that z 1 . Then,  dz
2 i z 1 f  z 
11. If k  1 is a fixed constant and f is entire 1. can take only integer values
such that f ( z )  f (kz ) for all z   , then f 2. can take any value
is constant on  . 3. is zero
4. is equal to degree of f
2
f  z   0 for any z in E  E , then f

f  z attains its minimum on E
4. The value of  dz , where
C f  z (GATE 2004)
2
f z
z 2
 1
and C is the circle z  3 9. Let f : D  D be a holomorphic function
3
 z 2  3z  2  with f  0   0 , where D is the open unit
with positive sense, is
1. 2 i 2. 2 i disc  z   : z  1. Then
3. 4 i 4. 4 i 1 1
1. f   0  1 2. f   
5. The number of roots of the equation 2 2
z 5  12 z 2  14  0 that lie in the region 1 1 1
3. f    4. f   0  
 5 2 4 2
 z  C : 2  z   is
 2 (CSIR NET Dec 2012)
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5
10.Let a, b, c be non collinear points in the
6. Let T be the closed unit disk and T be the unit complex plane and let  denote the closed
circle. Then, which one of the following holds triangular region of the plane with vertices
for every analytic function f : T  .
a, b, c . For z   , let
1. f attains its minimum and its maximum of
h  z   z  a  z  b  z  c . The maximum
T
value of the function h :
2. f attains its minimum on T but need not
1. is not attained at any point of  .
attain its maximum on T 2. is attained at an interior point of  .
3. f attains its maximum on T but need not 3. is attained at the centre of gravity of  .
attain its minimum on T 4. is attained at a boundary point of  .
4. f need not attain its maximum on T and (CSIR NET Dec 2013)
also it need not attain its minimum on T
(GATE 2008) 11. Let p  z  , q  z  be two non zero complex
_______
7. Let f  z   2 z 2  1. Then, the maximum value of polynomials. Then p  z  q  z  is analytic if
f  z  on the unit disc D   z  C : z  1 and only if
equals to 1. p  z  is constant
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
2. p  z  q  z  is constant
(GATE 2007)
3. q  z  is a constant
8. Let f  z  be defined on the domain _______
E : z  2i  3 and on its boundary E . Then, 4. p  z  q  z  is a constant

which one of the following statements is (CSIR NET June 2013)
always true ?
1. If f  z  is analytic on E and f  z   0 for 12. Let f be a non constant entire function.
Which of the following properties is
any z in E, then f attains its maximum on
possible for f for each z   ?
E
1. Re f  z   Im f  z  .
2. If f  z  is analytic on E  E , then f
attains its minimum on E 2. f  z  1.
3. If f  z  is analytic on E and continuous on 3. Im f  z   0.
E  E , then f attains its maximum and 4. f  z   0.
minimum on E
(CSIR NET Dec 2013)
4. If f  z  is analytic on E  E and
Page 3
13. If G is a region and f is non constant analytic 19. The origin and the points representing the roots
function on G. Then, open mapping theorem of the equation z 2  pz  q  0 form an
states, for any open set U  G equilateral triangle if
1. f U  is closed 2. f U  is open 1. p  3q 2 2. p  3q
3. f U   U 4. None of these 3. p 2  q 4. p 2  3q
14. If f  z   u  iv is analytic and  u , v  lies on a 20. The number of roots of the equation
circle of unit radius with centre origin for all z 8  4 z 5  z 2  1  0 that lie inside the circle
values of z  , then z 1 (Using the Rouche’s theorem) is
1. f  z  has countably infinite singularity 1. 8 2. 5
2. f  z  is non constant entire function 3. 6 4. None of these
3. f  z  is meromorphic function with non
21. If f  z   z 2  2, then the minimum value of
empty set of singularity
4. f  z  is constant f  z  over the closed region z  1 is
1. 0 2. 1 3. 3 4. 2
15. It D is the open unit disk in  and f :   D
1 22. Let h  z  is analytic in the whole plane,
is analytic with f 10   , then f 10  i  is
2 h  0   3  4i and h  z   5 in z  1. Then,
1 i 1 i 1 i choose the incorrect statement
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2 1. h  z  is bounded
z
16. Let f : C  C s.t. f  z   e , then 2. h  0   0
1. f  z  is univalent but not onto 3. h  z  is analytic at z  
2. f  z  is univalent in z  a for a   but 4. h  z  is non constant polynomial
not onto
3. f  z  is univalent in z   and onto on C 23. Let f  z  be an entire function such that for
4. f  z  is univalent in z   but not onto 3
some constant  , f  z    z and z  1 and
therein
f  z   f  iz  for all z  , then
17. Let f  u  iv be analytic in a connected open 1. f  z    z 3 , z  
set D where u and v are real valued. If u and v 2. f  z  is a constant
satisfies the condition 2u  3v 1, then
3. f  z  is a quadratic polynomial
1. f   0  1 2. f   0   0
4. No such f  z  exists
3. f   0   2 4. f   0   3
24. If f is an entire function, then
18. Let f be an entire function and satisfies the
1. f has a power series expansion
following two equations 2. f has not a power series expansion
f  z  1  f  z  , f  z  i   f  z  for every z in 3. f is constant
C, then 4. None of above
1. f   z   f  z 
2. f  z   C 25. Let f  z  be analytic on D   z : z  1  1
3. f  constant such that f 1 1. If f  z   f  z 2  ,  z  D,
4. f is non constant polynomial
4
then which one of the following statements is 4. f is a rational function.
not correct ? (CSIR NET Dec 2013)
2
1. f  z    f  z   , z  D 31. Suppose f and g are entire functions and
z 1
g ( z )  0 for all z   . If f ( z )  g ( z ) ,
2. f    f  z  ,  z  D
2 2 then we conclude that
3 1. f ( z )  0 for all z   .
3. f  z 3    f  z  ,  z  D
2. f is a constant function.
4. f  1  0 3. f (0)  0.
(GATE 2010) 4. for some C  , f ( z )  Cg ( z ) .
(CSIR NET Dec 2016)
26. Let S be the open unit disk and f : S   be a
32. Let f and g be two entire functions such
real valued analytic function with f  0  1.
that Re  f ( z )   k Re g ( z )  z   then
Then, the set  z  S : f  z   1 is
1. empty 2. non empty finite which of following is true
3. coutably infinite 4. uncountable
(GATE 2008) 1. f and g are constant functions
2. f ( z )  a g ( z )  b
 1 
27. Let S  0   : n 1,2,... . Then, the
 4 n  7  3. g ( z )  e f ( z )
number of analytic functions which vanish only
on S is 4. None of these
1. infinite 2. 0 3. 1 4. 2 33. Let f is an entire function and
(GATE 2007)
3
f ( z )  A  B z 2 then
28. Let f  z  be an entire function such that
f  z   K z ,  z , for some K  0. If 1. f is constant
f 1  i, the value of f  i  is 2. f is a linear polynomial
1. 1 2. –1 3. i 4. i 3. f is quadratic polynomial
(GATE 2011)
4. f can’t be entire
29. Consider the functions f , g :    34. Let f be an entire function such that
defined by f  z   e z , g  z   eiz . Let
f '( z )  z then
S  z   : Re z    ,  . Then
1. f is an onto entire function. 1. f ( z )  a  bz
2. g is a bounded function on  . 1
3. f is bounded on S. 2. f ( z )  a  bz 2 ; b 
2
4. g is bounded on S.
(CSIR NET Dec 2012) 3. f is constant
4. f ( z ) is a polynomial of degree  3
30. Let f be a non constant holomorphic
function in the unit disc  z 1 such 35. Suppose that f is a non-constant analytic
that f  0   1 . Then it is necessary that function defined over  . Then which one
1. there are infinitely many points z in the of the following is false ?
unit disc such that f  z  1. 1. f is unbounded
2. f is bounded.
2. f sends open sets into open sets
3. there are at most finitely many points z
in the unit disc such that f  z  1. 3. There exists an open connected domain
Page 5
U on which f is never zero but f / U D  z : z 1 . Which of the following

attains its minimum at some point of U statements are correct ?
1 4
4. The image of f is dense in  1. f    
 2 3
2. f   0  1
1 4
--------------------------MCQ--------------------- 3. f     and f   0   1
2 3
1. Let f : D  D be holomorphic with 4. f  z   z , z  D
1 1 (CSIR NET June 2012)
f  0   and f    0, where
2 2
D   z : z  1. Which of the following is 4. Let D   z   : z  1. Which of the
correct ? following are correct ?
3 1. there exists a holomorphic function
1. f   0   f : D  D with f  0   0 and f   0   2
4
1 4 2. there exists a holomorphic function
2. f     3 3
2 3 f : D  D with f    and
3 4 4
1 4
3. f   0   and f     2 3
4 2 3 f   
3 4
4. f  z   z , z  D
3. there exists a holomorphic function
(CSIR NET June 2011) 3 3
f : D  D with f     and
2. Let f be a holomorphic function on 4 4
D   z   : z  1 such that f  z   1 . 3 3
f    
4 4
Define g : D   by
4. there exists a holomorphic function
 f z 1 1
 if z  D, z  0, f : D  D with f     and
g  z  z 2 2
 f  0 if z  0
 1
Which of the following statements are f    1
4
true ? (CSIR NET June 2013)
1. g is holomorphic on D
5. Let D   z   : z 1. Then there exists a
2. g  z   1 for all z  D
holomorphic function f : D  D with
3. f   z   1 for all z  D
f  0   0 with the property
4. f   0   1 (CSIR NET Dec 2011)
1 1 1
1. f   0   2. f   
2 3 4
3. Let f : D  D be holomorphic with
1 1  
1 3. f    4. f   0   sec  
f  0   0 and f    0 , where 3 2 6
 2
6
6. Let B be an open subset of  and B real and imaginary parts of f respectively.
Then f is constant if
denotes the boundary of B ; then which of
1. u  x, y  : z  x  iy   is bounded.
following statements are correct :
2. v  x, y : z  x  iy   is bounded.
1. for every entire function f we have
3. u  x, y   v  x, y : z  x  iy   is
( f ( B))  f (B ) bounded.
2. for every entire function f and Q bounded 4. u 2  x, y   v 2  x, y  : z  x  iy   is
open set B we have ( f ( B))  f (B ) bounded.
3. for every entire function f we have
( f ( B))  f (B) 11. Consider the polynomial
 5  9 
4. There exist an unbounded open subset B of P ( z )    an z n   bn z n  where
 n 0  n  0 
 and an entire function f such that   
( f ( B))  f (B ) an , bn    n, a5  0, b9  0 . Then
(CSIR NET Dec 2014) counting roots with multiplicity we can
conclude that P( z ) has
7. Let f be an entire function. If Re f is 1. at least two real roots.
bounded then 2. 14 complex roots.
1. Im f is constant 3. no real roots.
2. f is constant 4. 12 complex roots.
3. f  0 (CSIR NET Dec 2016)
4. f  is a non zero constant
(CSIR NET June 2011) 12. Let  be the open unit disc in  . Let
g :   be holomorphic, g (0)  0, and
8. Let f be an entire function. If Im f  0,  g ( z ) / z , z  , z  0
then let h( z )   .
 g '(0), z0
1. Re f is constant
2. f is constant Which of the following statements are true?
3. f  0 1. h is holomorphic in  2. h()   .
4. f  is a non zero constant 3. g '(0)  1 4. g (1 / 2)  1 / 2
(CSIR NET June 2012) (CSIR NET Dec 2016)
13. Let f be an meromorphic function on 
9. Let f be an entire function. Which of the
following statements are correct ? such that f ( z )  z at each point z when f
1. f is constant if the range of f is
is holomorphic then which of following
contained in a straight line.
2. f is constant if f has uncountably many is/are true ?
zero.
1. The hypothesis are contrary so no such f
3. f is constant if f is bounded on
 z   :Re  z   0 exist
4. f is constant if the real part of f is 2. there is a unique f satisfying given
bounded.
(CSIR NET June 2015) condition
3. such f is an entire function
10. Let f :    be an entire function.
4. there is a A   such that A  1 and
Suppose that f  u  iv where u, v are the
f ( z )  Az  z  
Page 7
14. Let  be the of all entire functions; then True false key
under pointwise addition and 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T
multiplication, which are true : 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T
1. the units in  are precisely the no- 9. T 10. T 11. T 12. T
where vanishing entire function 13. T 14. T 15. F 16. T
2.  is integral domain
3.  is field
4. All of these Assignment key
15. Let  be the open unit disk centered at 0 in
SCQ
 and f :    be an analytic function.
1. 4 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3
Let f  u  iv , where u , v are the real and 5. 2 6. 3 7. 3 8. 4
9. 2 10. 4 11. 3 12. 4
imaginary parts of f. If f  z   a zn
n
is
13. 2 14. 4 15. 3 16. 4
the power series of f, then f is constant if 17. 2 18. 3 19. 4 20. 2
1. f is analytic 21. 2 22. 4 23. 2 24. 1
2. u 1/ 2   u  z   z  25. 2 26. 1 27. 2 28. 2

29. 3 30. 3 31. 4 32. 2
3. The set n   | an  0 is infinite
33. 2 34. 2 35. 3
4. For any closed curve  in  ,
f  z  dz MCQ
 0  a   with a  1 / 2
  z  a

2
1. 1,2,3 2. 1,2,4 3. 1,2,3
4. 2,3,4 5. 1,2 6. 2,4
7. 1,2 8. 1,2 9. 1,2,4
10. 1,2,3,4 11. 1,2 or 1,2,4 12. 1,2,4
13. 3,4 14. 1,2 15. 1,2,4

J.R. Institute of Mathematics: Chapter - 1 Basic Concepts

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J.R. Institute of Mathematics: Chapter - 1 Basic Concepts

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J.R.

z  x  iy ; where x and y are real numbers and i  1 .

denoted by z , and is defined as z  x  iy .

z  x  iy and is defined as the non negative real number given by z  x 2  y 2 .

2. If z  x  iy , then z  z  2Re  z  and z  z  2i Im  z 

3. z is purely real iff z  z  0

Properties : Let z1 and z2 be any complex numbers then

10. z1  z2  z1  z2 iff arg z1  arg z2  2n

11. z1  z 2  z1  z 2 iff arg  z1   arg  z2    2n  1 

17. If Re  z1   0 and Re  z2   0 , then Arg  z1z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2  .

(a) Arg  z1z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2  (b) Arg  z1 / z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2 

(vi) 10  cos3  i sin 3  ; 10  cos   i sin  

centered at z0 and is called an open circular annulus.

an open disc centered at z0 which is entirely contained in S excluding the point z0 .

Def. Domain : An open connected set is called a domain.

of a closed region and referred to as a closed disc. A neighborhood of a point z0 defined by

z  z0  r is an open set or an open region and is said to be an open disc.

neighborhood of the origin.

2. z   : z  z 1  z  z2  K  represent the ellipse with foci z1 and z2 .

(iv) Im  z  i   Re  z  4  3i  (v) Re 1  i z   3 (vi) z 2  z 2  2

Def. Complex exponential function : The complex exponential function is defined as

e z  e xiy  e x  cos y  i sin y 

1. The modulus of e z is given by ez  ex

2. The argument of e z is given by arg e z  y  2n ; n  0, 1, 2,....

3. The conjugate of e z is given by e z  e z  

5. The complex exponential function e z is periodic with purely imaginary period of 2 i .

eiz  e iz eiz  e iz

8. tan z and cot z have real period  .

8. For z  x  iy , sinh y  cos  x  iy   cosh y

1. (ii) sec 2 z  tan 2 z  1 sec h 2 z  tanh 2 z  1

(i) sin( z )   sin z sinh ( z )   sinh z

3. (ii) cos( z )  cos z cosh ( z )  cosh z

(iii) tan( z )   tan z tanh ( z )   tanh z

4. (i) sin 2 z  2sin z cos z sinh 2 z  2sinh z cosh z

(ii) cos 2 z  cos 2 z  sin 2 z cosh 2 z  cosh 2 z  sinh 2 z

(i) sin 3z  3sin z  4sin 3 z sinh 3z  3sinh z  4sinh 3 z

(ii) cos3z  4cos3 z  3cos z cosh 3 z  4cosh3 z  3cosh z

(i) 2sin A cos B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B) 2sinh A cosh B  sinh (A  B)  sinh (A  B)

(ii) 2cos Asin B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B) 2cosh Asinh B  sinh (A  B)  sinh (A  B)

(iv) 2sin Asin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B) 2sinh Asinh B  cosh (A  B)  cosh (A  B)

(i) sin C  sin D  2sin

(ii) sin C  sin D  2 cos

(iv) cos C  cos D  2sin

Def. Complex Logarithmic Function : The complex function log z is defined as

log z  log e z  i arg  z 

(a) e w  i (b) e w  1  i (c) e w  2

log z  log e z  i arg  z 

Each value of w is a solution to e w  1  i .

w  log  2   log e 2  i   2n 

 w  log e 2   2n  1  i, n  0, 1, 2,....

Each value of w is a solution to e w  2 .

Example : Compute the principal value of the complex logarithm

2. sin z Yes 2 sin x Yes 2

(v) f  z   cos z (vi) f  z   sin h z (vii) f  z   cosh z

2. Solve the following equations :

(i) e z  0 (ii) e z  1 (iii) e z  1 (iv) sin z  0

6. Find all complex values of the given logarithm

6. (i) log e 5   2n  1  i (ii)

True-false exercise 16. The domain of the function

5. If z  0, then Arg( z  z )  0 . 19. There are no solutions to the equation

4. The real part of the complex number 1  i 

18. The set S is closed if then value of

then the value of 1  2  3 2  ....  n n1 27. f ( z ):   defined by f ( z )  sin z is